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Wikipedia versus Encyclopedia Britannica (view source)
Revision as of 18:35, 9 June 2008
, 18:35, 9 June 2008Israel Labor Party, Ferdinand I
The purpose of this page is to take 10 random articles from Wikipedia that have exactly equivalent articles in Encyclopedia Brittanica, and compare their contents (as extracted from June 3 through June 5, 2008), in a way that is more scientifically authentic than the [http://www.theregister.co.uk/2006/03/23/britannica_wikipedia_nature_study/ "rigged" Nature news study].
The purpose of this page is to take 6 random articles from Wikipedia that have exactly equivalent articles in Encyclopedia Brittanica, and compare their contents (as extracted from June 3 through June 9, 2008), in a way that is more scientifically authentic than the [http://www.theregister.co.uk/2006/03/23/britannica_wikipedia_nature_study/ "rigged" Nature news study] that cherry-picked articles. Note that it required 84 "Random article" clicks to find 6 articles that matched availability in Britannica.
Those interested in engaging in discussion about these extracted articles are welcome to contribute to [[Talk:Editing Wikipedia versus Encyclopedia Britannica|our Talk page]].
Those interested in engaging in discussion about these extracted articles are welcome to contribute to [[Talk:Editing Wikipedia versus Encyclopedia Britannica|our Talk page]].
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==Caledonia==
==Caledonia==
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==Topic==
==Israel Labor Party==
===Encyclopedia Britannica version===
===Encyclopedia Britannica version===
'''Israel Labour Party''': Hebrew ''Mifleget ha-'Avoda ha-Yisra'elit , byname Avoda'' Israeli social-democratic political party founded in January 1968 in the union of three socialist-labour parties. It and its major component, [[Mapai]], dominated Israel's government from the country's independence in 1948 until 1977, when the rival [[Likud]] coalition first came to power. Thereafter, Labour and Likud alternated in government, though the country's fragmented party system and unique security needs sometimes resulted in so-called “[[unity governments]]” of both Labour and Likud.
The major partner in the labour alliance and (by its antecedents) the oldest party in Palestine-Israel was [[Mapai]] (an acronym for Mifleget Po'ale Eretz Yisra'el [“Party of the Workers of the Land of Israel”]). Mapai was formed in 1930 through the merger of two older labour parties, Ahdut ha-'Avoda (“Unity of Workers”), which was founded in 1919, and ha-Po'el ha-Tza'ir (“Young Worker”), which was founded in 1905 and was the first party of David Ben-Gurion, Israel's first prime minister. Mapai quickly became the dominant party among Jews in Palestine, and, after Israel achieved its independence in 1948, it controlled the government for 29 years (from 1968 as part of the Israel Labour Party). Among the party's leading figures throughout the second half of the 20th century were [[Levi Eshkol]] (prime minister, 1963–69), [[Abba Eban]] (foreign minister, 1966–74), [[Golda Meir]] (prime minister, 1969–74), [[Yitzhak Rabin]] (prime minister, 1974–77 and 1992–95), and [[Shimon Peres]] (prime minister, 1984–86 and 1995–96). Rabin and Peres were awarded the Nobel Prize for Peace in 1994 for their efforts to establish a lasting peace treaty with the Palestinians.
The second partner in the Israel Labour Party was [[Ahdut ha-'Avoda–Po'ale Tziyyon]] (“Unity of Labour–Workers of Zion”), founded in 1944 by a group of dissident Mapai members who broke away from the party to protest its alleged reformist tendencies. It attracted significant support from those living in Israel's [[kibbutzim]], or collective settlements. It rejoined Mapai in a “Labour Alignment” in 1965 and then joined in the founding of the Israel Labour Party three years later.
The third partner was [[Rafi]] (an acronym for Reshimat Po'ale Yisra'el [“Israel Workers List”]), formed in 1965 when [[Ben-Gurion]], after a political and personal feud with Eshkol, withdrew with his supporters to form a new party. Although most Rafi members joined the new Israel Labour Party in 1968, Ben-Gurion and a few followers formed their own tiny party, known as the State List.
Since its founding, the Israel Labour Party has usually formed a Labour Alignment (Ma'arach) with [[Mapam]], a left-wing Zionist and socialist party. The Ma'arach has also included two Arab lists, Progress and Development and the Arab Bedouin List. In 1999, under the leadership of [[Ehud Barak]] (who was elected prime minister that year), the party ran under the banner of One Israel with Gesher (which had run on a single list with Likud during the previous election) and Meimad (a moderate religious party). In the election of 2001, Likud's [[Ariel Sharon]] easily defeated Barak, who subsequently resigned as leader of the Labour Party, and the party was reduced to 25 seats in the Knesset (parliament). In 2003 the party was once again easily defeated by Likud, and its representation in the Knesset fell to 19 seats, its worst-ever election result.
The party has generally supported greater concessions to the [[Palestinians]] in the peace process than Likud, and it has endorsed the controversial “land-for-peace” principle (though elements of the party have always supported the building of settlements in the territories Israel conquered in 1967). The Labour Party has also taken a fairly pragmatic approach to both economic and foreign policy, eschewing extremist approaches. For most of its history, it supported state economic planning and extensive social benefits, but later, particularly in the 1990s, it moderated its traditional socialist policies in favour of greater economic liberalization and deregulation. The party is particularly strong among secular and Ashkenazi (European) Jews, trade unionists, and those living on the kibbutzim.
===Wikipedia version===
===Wikipedia version===
The '''Israeli Labor Party''' ({{lang-he|מפלגת העבודה הישראלית}}, ''Mifleget HaAvoda HaYisraelit''), generally known in Israel as '''Avoda''' ({{lang-he|עבודה}}) is a [[center-left]] [[political party]] in [[Israel]]. It is a [[social democracy|social democratic]] and [[Labor Zionism|Zionist]] party, a member of the [[Socialist International]] and an observer member of the [[Party of European Socialists]]. Since 1999 the party has been allied to the small left-wing, [[Religious Zionism|religious zionist]] [[Meimad]], in an agreement whereby Meimad gets the tenth seat on Labor's list.
:History
The foundations for the formation of the Israeli Labour Party were laid shortly before the [[Israeli legislative election, 1965|1965 Knesset elections]] when [[Mapai]], the largest left-wing party in the country formed an alliance with [[Labour Unity]]. The alliance was an attempt by Mapai to shore up the party's share of the vote following a break-away of eight MKs (around a fifth of Mapai's Knesset faction) led by [[David Ben-Gurion]] to form a new party, [[Rafi (political party)|Rafi]], in protest against Mapai's failure to approve a change to the country's proportional representation voting system.
The alliance, called the [[Alignment (political party)|Labour Alignment]] won 45 seats in the elections, and was able to form the government in coalition with the [[National Religious Party]], [[Mapam]], the [[Independent Liberals (Israel)|Independent Liberals]], [[Agudat Israel Workers]], [[Progress and Development]] and [[Cooperation and Brotherhood]]. After the [[Six-Day War]] broke out, Rafi and [[Gahal]] joined the coalition.
In 1968, Mapam and Rafi officially joined the Labour Alignment (though Ben-Gurion resigned from Rafi and created another new party, the [[National List]], in protest), with it renamed just ''Alignment''. Although Mapam retained its independence within the alliance, Mapai, Labour Unity and Rafi decided to officially merge into one body; the '''Israeli Labor Party'''.
As the largest faction within the Alignment, Labor came to dominate it. Mapam left during the [[Israeli legislative election, 1973|eighth Knesset]], but rejoined shortly afterwards. They broke away again during the [[Israeli legislative election, 1984|eleventh Knesset]], angry at [[Shimon Peres]]'s decision to form a national unity government with [[Likud]]. Although the Independent Liberals merged into the Alignment in the 1980s, they had no Knesset representation at the time.
Shortly before the [[Israeli legislative election, 1992|1992 elections]], the Alignment ceased to exist, with all factions formally merged into the Labor Party. Led by [[Yitzhak Rabin]], the party won the elections and formed the government. Rabin's decision to advance peace talks with the Palestinians to the point of signing the [[Oslo Accords]] led to his [[Assassination of Yitzhak Rabin|his assassination]] by [[Yigal Amir]] in 1995. Peres decided to call early elections in 1996 to give him a mandate for advancing the peace process. However, his ploy failed; although Labor won the most seats in the [[Israeli legislative election, 1996|Knesset election]], he lost to the [[Israeli prime ministerial election, 1996|election for Prime Minister]] to [[Benjamin Netanyahu]] following a wave of [[suicide bombing]]s by [[Hamas]]. Netanyahu and Likud were thus able to form the government.
With his coalition falling apart, Netanyahu decided to call early elections in 1999. [[Ehud Barak]] won the internal primaries, and was nominated as the Labor candidate for Prime Minister. Meanwhile, the party entered an electoral alliance with [[Meimad]] and [[Gesher (political party)|Gesher]] called [[One Israel]]. Barak won the [[Israeli prime ministerial election, 1999|Prime Minister election]], whilst One Israel won the [[Israeli legislative election, 1999|Knesset elections]], albeit with only 26 seats.
Barak started by forming a 75-member coalition together with [[Shas]], [[Meretz-Yachad|Meretz]], [[Yisrael BaAliyah]], the [[National Religious Party]] and [[United Torah Judaism]]. The coalition with religious parties (NRP, Shas and UTJ) caused tensions with the secularist Meretz, who quit the coalition after a disagreement with Shas over the authority of the Deputy Education Minister. The rest of the parties left before the [[Camp David 2000 summit]]. Following the [[October 2000 riots]] and the violence of the [[al-Aqsa Intifada]], Barak resigned from office. He then lost a [[Israeli prime ministerial election, 2001|special election for Prime Minister]] to [[Likud]]'s [[Ariel Sharon]]. However, Labor remained in Sharon's coalition as he formed a [[National government|national unity government]] with Likud, Labor, Shas, Yisrael BaAliyah and United Torah Judaism, and were given two of the most important cabinet portfolios; Peres was appointed [[Foreign Affairs Minister of Israel|Minister of Foreign Affairs]] and [[Benjanin Ben-Eliezer]] was made [[List of Defense Ministers of Israel|Defense Minister]]. Labor supported [[Operation Defensive Shield]], which was conducted in April 2002 against Palestinian terrorists in the [[West Bank]]. After harsh criticism that Peres and Ben-Elizer were "puppets" of Sharon and not promoting the peace process, Labor quit the government in 2003.
Prior to the [[Israeli legislative election, 2003|2003 elections]], [[Amram Mitzna]] won the party primaries, and led the party into the election with a platform that included unilateral withdrawal from the Gaza Strip. The party was routed in the elections, winning only 19 seats (its lowest ever), whilst Sharon's Likud won 38 (40 after [[Yisrael BaAliyah]] merged into the party). Subsequently, due to internal opposition, Mitzna resigned from the party leadership,<ref>[http://www.ynet.co.il/articles/1,7340,L-2608896,00.html Mitzna's resignation speech]</ref> and soon there after was replaced by Shimon Peres. Despite being omitted from the original right-wing coalition, Sharon invited Labor into the coalition to shore up support for the [[Israel's unilateral disengagement plan|disengagement plan]] (effectively Mitzna's policy which he had earlier lambasted) after the [[National Union (Israel)|National Union]] and the [[National Religious Party]] had left the government.
On [[8 November]] [[2005]] Shimon Peres was replaced as the leader of the Labor party by the election of left-wing Histadrut union leader [[Amir Peretz]] in an internal Labor party ballot. Peretz stated his intention to reassert Labor's traditional [[socialist]] policies and took Labor party out of the government, prompting Sharon to resign and call for new [[Israeli legislative election, 2006|elections in March 2006]].
:Current status
In the [[Israeli legislative election, 2006|elections in March 2006]] the party placed second with 19 seats, a loss of 3 from the previous elections.
After the March 2006 election Labor joined Ehud Olmert's coalition government as the junior partner with Kadima. Labor was awarded a number of ministries including the defense ministry, which went to Labor leader Amir Peretz. The IDF performed poorly in the Second Lebanon War with Hezbollah in June-July 2006. Both Olmert and Peretz suffered the blame for this performance.
On 28 May 2007, Labor members went to the polls in party primaries. Amir Peretz finished third in the primaries, trailing both former Prime Minister [[Ehud Barak]] and political newcomer [[Ami Ayalon]] - the former head of [[Shin Bet]], Israel's primary intelligence agency. Neither Ayalon nor Barak achieved the 40% necessary for an outright victory, so a second round of voting took place on 12 June 2007. Both Barak and Ayalon stated that they would withdraw from Ehud Olmert's coalition unless the Prime Minister resigns.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/6699993.stm Israel party votes to oust leader] BBC News, 29 May 2007</ref> On the night of the 12th of June, 2007, Ehud Barak won back the leadership of the party.
:Ideology
::Past
Mapai evolved from the [[socialist]] [[Poale Zion]] movement and adhered to the [[Socialist Zionist]] ideology promulgated by [[Nahum Syrkin]] and [[Ber Borochov]]. During Ben-Gurion's leadership (1930s-1950s) Mapai focused mainly on the [[Zionist]] agenda, since it was the most urgent issue then - establishing a national homeland for [[Jew]]s.
After the founding of the [[state of Israel]], Mapai engaged in nation building - the establishment of the [[Israel Defense Forces]] (while dismantling every other armed group), the establishment of many settlements, the settling of more than 1,000,000 Jewish immigrants and the desire to unite all the inhabitants of Israel under a new Zionist Jewish Israeli culture (an ideology known as the "[[Melting pot]]" כור היתוך).
Labor in the past was even more [[hawkish]] on security and defense issues than it is today. During its years in office, Israel has fought the [[Suez Crisis|1956 Sinai War]], the [[1967 Six Day War]] and the [[1973 Yom Kippur War]].
::Current
In recent years (up until 2005), the ILP became a centrist party. It was no longer considered [[socialist]] or [[social democratic]] (though it retained membership in the [[Socialist International]]) but had a centrist platform, similar to the third-way of [[Labour Party (UK)|British Labour Party]] under [[Tony Blair]]. Economic policies in Israel being seldom hotly debated even within the major parties, actual policies depended much more on initiative by the civil service than on political ideologies. Therefore, Labor's terms in office during this period did not differ significantly in terms of economic policy from those of its rival.
In 2003, the ILP experienced a small split when former members [[Yossi Beilin]] and [[Yael Dayan]] joined [[Meretz-Yachad]] to form a new left wing party.
In November 2005, [[Amir Peretz]], leader of the social democratic [[One Nation (Israel)|One Nation]] which had merged into the ILP, was elected chairman of the party, defeating [[Shimon Peres]]. Under Peretz, and especially in the [[Israeli legislative election, 2006|2006 electoral campaign]], the party took a significant ideological turn, putting social and economic issues on top of its agenda, and advocating a moderate social democratic approach (including increases in minimum wage and social security payments), in sharp contrast to the [[neo-liberal]] policies led by former Finance Minister [[Binyamin Netanyahu]].
In 2006, several members of the ILP left to join the new centrist grouping, [[Kadima]]; these included former Labor leader Shimon Peres, [[Haim Ramon]], and [[Dalia Itzik]].
:Party leaders
*[[Levi Eshkol]] 1968-1969 (also leader of the Alignment)
*[[Golda Meir]] 1969-1974 (also leader of the Alignment)
*[[Yitzhak Rabin]] 1974-1977 (also leader of the Alignment)
*[[Shimon Peres]] 1977-1992 (also leader of the Alignment)
*[[Yitzhak Rabin]] 1992-1995
*[[Shimon Peres]] 1995-1997
*[[Ehud Barak]] 1997-2001
*[[Binyamin Ben-Eliezer]] 2001-2002
*[[Amram Mitzna]] 2002-2003
*[[Shimon Peres]] 2003-2005
*[[Amir Peretz]] 2005-2007
*[[Ehud Barak]] 2007-
:Other prominent members
Prominent former members include:
*[[Yigal Allon]] - Acting Prime-Minister
*[[Moshe Dayan]] - Defense Minister
*[[Abba Eban]] - Minister of Foreign Affairs
*[[Chaim Herzog]] - President of Israel
*[[Efraim Katzir]] - President of Israel
*[[Yitzhak Navon]] - President of Israel
*[[Zalman Shazar]] - President of Israel
*[[Ezer Weizman]] - President of Israel
:Current MKs
#[[Amir Peretz]] (slot reserved for ILP Chairman)
#[[Isaac Herzog]]
#[[Ophir Pines-Paz]]
#[[Avishay Braverman]] (former president of the [[Ben-Gurion University of the Negev]])
#[[Yuli Tamir]] (slot reserved for women)
#[[Ami Ayalon]] (former head of [[Shin Bet]])
#[[Eitan Cabel]] (slot reserved for ILP General Secretary)
#[[Binyamin Ben-Eliezer]]
#[[Shelly Yachimovich]] (slot reserved for women)
#[[Michael Melchior]] (slot reserved for [[Meimad]])
#[[Matan Vilnai]]
#[[Colette Avital]] (slot reserved for women)
#[[Efraim Sneh]]
#[[Dani Yatom]]
#[[Nadia Hilou]] (slot reserved for women)
#[[Shalom Simhon]] (slot reserved for ''[[Moshav]]im'')
#[[Orit Noked]] (slot reserved for ''[[Kibbutz]]im'')
#[[Yoram Marciano]] (slot reserved for poor neighbourhoods)
#[[Raleb Majadele]] (slot reserved for [[Arab]] sector)
:References
{{reflist}}
:External links
*[http://www.havoda.org.il/ Official website] {{he icon}}
*[http://www.knesset.gov.il/faction/eng/FactionPage_eng.asp?PG=0 Israel Labor Party] Knesset website {{en icon}}
*[http://www.knesset.gov.il/faction/eng/FactionPage_eng.asp?PG=122 Labor-Meimad] Knesset website {{en icon}}
{{Israeli political parties}}
[[Category:Labour parties|Israel]]
[[Category:Political parties in Israel]]
[[Category:Social Democratic parties]]
[[Category:Socialist International]]
[[Category:Zionist political parties in Israel]]
[[Category:Parties related to PES]]
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==Topic==
==Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor==
===Encyclopedia Britannica version===
===Encyclopedia Britannica version===
'''Ferdinand I'''
born March 10, 1503, Alcalá de Henares, Spain
died July 25, 1564, Vienna, Habsburg domain [now in Austria]
Ferdinand I, engraving by Barthel Beham, 1531
Archiv fur Kunst und Geschichte, Berlin
Holy Roman emperor (1558–64) and king of Bohemia and Hungary from 1526, who, with his [[Peace of Augsburg]] (1555), concluded the era of religious strife in Germany following the rise of Lutheranism by recognizing the right of territorial princes to determine the religion of their subjects. He also converted the elected crowns of Bohemia and Hungary into hereditary possessions of the house of Habsburg.
The younger brother of the Holy Roman emperor [[Charles V]], Ferdinand was granted Austria, with the regency of both the Habsburg German lands and Württemberg. For more than three decades he was Charles's deputy in German affairs, representing him at imperial diets and serving as president of the Reichsregiment (imperial governmental council). Initially he followed Charles's policies almost unquestioningly. Hostile toward Protestantism, he bore some responsibility for the Lutheran secession from the Diet of Speyer (1529), and, after he had lost Württemberg to the Lutheran landgrave Philip the Magnanimous of Hesse (1534), he helped the emperor defeat the Protestant Schmalkaldic League in 1546–47. Aggrieved, however, at Charles's refusal to reinstate him in recaptured Württemberg and at the emperor's attempts to ensure the succession of his son Philip (the future Philip II of Spain) to the imperial crown, Ferdinand began to take a more independent stand. The imperial heir since 1531, he was not finally placated until Charles agreed in 1553 to exclude Philip from the German succession, which then passed to Ferdinand's son, the future Maximilian II. On the Protestant issue, Ferdinand, unlike Charles, eventually became convinced of the need for a compromise. In 1552 he negotiated the Treaty of Passau with the Lutheran elector Maurice of Saxony, who was at war with the emperor; and in 1555 he signed the Peace of Augsburg, which, with few interruptions, brought half a century of peace to Germany's warring religious factions.
In foreign affairs Ferdinand was no less successful. In 1526, on the death of his brother-in-law, King Louis II of Bohemia and Hungary, Ferdinand claimed both domains. He took possession of Bohemia without difficulty but faced a rival claimant, [[János Zápolya]], in Hungary. Each was elected by a rival faction, and Hungary remained divided among Ferdinand, Zápolya, and the [[Ottoman Empire]]. In 1538, by the Peace of Nagyvárad (German: Grosswardein), Ferdinand became Zápolya's successor, but he was unable to enforce the agreement in his lifetime. The Ottoman Empire almost continually threatened Europe during Ferdinand's reign. The Turks failed to take Vienna in 1529 but threatened Austria again in 1532 and 1541. After repeated and mostly futile pleas for assistance from the German princes, Ferdinand finally reestablished an uneasy peace in 1562, when he agreed to pay tribute to the Ottoman sultan for Austria's share of Hungary.
Ferdinand took over Charles's imperial functions in 1555 and was elected emperor in 1558 after his brother's abdication. With his accession, the Habsburg domains became separated into more easily governable Austrian and Spanish parts, with Spain going to Philip and Germany to Ferdinand. The new emperor centralized his administration and, though only with limited success, sought to revive Roman Catholicism in his lands. His eldest son, Maximilian, succeeded him in 1564. Though always overshadowed by his brother Charles V, Ferdinand had become one of the most successful Habsburg rulers of the 16th century, increasing the hereditary possessions of the Austrian Habsburgs significantly and restoring peace to the empire after decades of religious warfare.
===Wikipedia version===
===Wikipedia version===
----
'''Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor''' ([[Alcala de Henares]] (near [[Madrid]]), [[Kingdom of Castile]] (now [[Spain]]), [[10 March]] [[1503]] – [[Prague]], [[Bohemia]] (now [[Czech Republic]]), [[25 July]] [[1564]]) was a [[Central Europe]]an [[monarch]] from the [[Habsburg|House of Habsburg]]. His titles from birth were ''[[Archduke of Austria]]'', from his father, and ''[[Infante]]'' of [[Kingdom of Castile|Castile]], [[Kingdom of León|León]], [[Kingdom of Aragon|Aragon]] and [[Kingdom of Navarre|Navarre]] from his mother.
He ruled the [[Habsburg Monarchy|Austrian Hapsburg]] possessions as '''Archduke of Austria''' most of his public life, at the behest of his elder brother, [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor]] and [[King of Spain]]. Ferdinand was [[Archduke]] of [[Archduchy of Austria|Austria]] from 1521-1564. After the death of his brother-in-law [[Louis II of Hungary and Bohemia|Louis II]], Ferdinand ruled as King of [[Bohemia]] and [[Kingdom of Hungary|Hungary]] (1526–1564). When Charles voluntarily retired in 1556, Ferdinand became his successor as Holy Roman Emperor (de facto in 1556, de jure in 1558),<ref name=valero>{{cite web |url=http://w3.univ-tlse2.fr/espagnol/agreg/2006/Rapport_final_2006_corrig%E9_Gouala.pdf |title=Rapport établi par M. Alet VALERO |accessdate=2008-05-02 |date=2006 |format=[[Portable Document Format|PDF]] |publisher=CENTRE NATIONAL DE DOCUMENTATION PÉDAGOGIQUE}}</ref> while Spain, the [[Spanish Empire]], [[Kingdom of Naples|Naples]], [[Kingdom of Sicily|Sicily]], [[Duchy of Milan|Milan]], [[Seventeen Provinces|the Nethelands]], and [[Franche-Comté]] went to [[Philip II, of Spain|Philip]], son of Charles.
Ferdinand's motto was [[Fiat justitia et pereat mundus]] ("Let justice be done, though the world perish").
:Biography
::Early years
Ferdinand was born on 10 March 1503 in [[Alcala de Henares]], 40 km from [[Madrid]], the son of the [[Infanta]] [[Joanna of Castile]] (1479–1555), the future Queen of Castile known as ''Joanna the Mad'', and Habsburg Archduke [[Philip I of Castile|Philip ''the Handsome'']] (1478–1506), [[Duke of Burgundy]] and future King of Castile, who was heir to Emperor [[Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor|Maximilian I]]. Ferdinand shared his birthday with his maternal grandfather [[Ferdinand II of Aragon|Ferdinand II ''the Catholic'', King of Aragon]].
{{House of Habsburg after Ferdinand I}}
Charles entrusted Ferdinand with the government of the [[Habsburg Monarchy|Habsburg hereditary lands]], roughly modern-day [[Austria]] and [[Slovenia]]. In 1531 Ferdinand was elected [[King of the Romans]], making him Charles's designated heir as emperor. Ferdinand deputised as ruler during his brother's many absences from imperial lands.
After Charles's abdication as emperor in 1556, which was not formal until 1558, Ferdinand assumed the title of Holy Roman Emperor, Charles having agreed to exclude his own son, Philip, from the German succession, which instead passed to Ferdinand's eldest son [[Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor|Maximilian II]] (1527–1576).
::Hungary and the Ottomans
[[Image:Ferdinand I (1503-1564).jpg|thumb|250px|left|Ferdinand I]]
After Sultan [[Suleiman the Magnificent]] defeated Ferdinand's brother-in-law [[Louis II of Hungary and Bohemia|Louis II]], King of [[Bohemia]] and of [[Hungary]], at the [[battle of Mohács]] on [[29 August]] [[1526]], Ferdinand was elected King of Bohemia in his place. [[Nicolaus Olahus]], secretary of Louis, attached himself to the party of King Ferdinand, but retained his position with the queen-[[dowager]] [[Mary of Habsburg]]. The [[Kingdom of Hungary|throne of Hungary]] became the subject of a dynastic dispute between Ferdinand and [[John Zápolya]], [[voivode]] of [[Transylvania]]. Each was supported by different factions of the nobility in the Hungarian kingdom; Ferdinand also had the support of Charles V. After defeat by Ferdinand at the [[Battle of Tokaj]] in 1527, Zápolya gained the support of [[Suleiman the Magnificent|Suleiman]]. Ferdinand was able to win control only of western Hungary because Zápolya clung to the east and the Ottomans to the conquered south. Zápolya's widow, [[Isabella Jagiełło]], ceded [[Royal Hungary]] and Transylvania to Ferdinand in the [[Treaty of Weissenburg]] of 1551. In 1554 [[Ogier Ghiselin de Busbecq]] was sent to [[Istanbul]] by Ferdinand to discuss a border treaty over disputed land with Suleiman.
The most dangerous moment of Ferdinand's career came in 1529 when he took refuge in Bohemia from a massive but ultimately unsuccessful assault on his capital by Suleiman and the Ottoman armies at the [[Siege of Vienna]]. A further Ottoman attack on [[Vienna]] was repelled in 1533. In that year Ferdinand signed a peace treaty with the [[Ottoman Empire]], splitting the Kingdom of Hungary into a Habsburg sector in the west and John Zápolya's domain in the east, the latter effectively a vassal state of the Ottoman Empire.
In 1538, by the [[Treaty of Nagyvárad]], Ferdinand became Zápolya's successor. He was unable to enforce this agreement during his lifetime because [[John II Sigismund Zápolya]], infant son of John Zápolya and Isabella Jagiełło, was elected King of Hungary in 1540. Zápolya was initially supported by King [[Sigismund I the Old|Sigismund]] of [[Poland]], his mother's father, but in 1543 a treaty was signed between the Habsburgs and the Polish ruler as a result of which Poland became neutral in the conflict. Prince [[Sigismund II Augustus|Sigismund Augustus]] married [[Elisabeth of Austria (1526-1545)|Elisabeth of Austria]], Ferdinand's daughter.
::Government
[[Image:Ferdinand I by Martin Rota.jpg|thumb|left|180px|Engraving by Martin Rota]]
The western rump of Hungary over which Ferdinand retained dominion became known as [[Royal Hungary]]. As the ruler of Austria, Bohemia and Royal Hungary, Ferdinand adopted a policy of centralization and, in common with other monarchs of the time, the construction of an [[absolute monarchy]]. In 1527 he published a constitution for his hereditary domains (''Hofstaatsordnung'') and established Austrian-style institutions in [[Bratislava|Pressburg]] for Hungary, in [[Prague]] for Bohemia, and in [[Wrocław|Breslau]] for [[Silesia]]. Opposition from the nobles in those realms forced him to concede the independence of these institutions from supervision by the Austrian government in [[Vienna]] in 1559.
In 1547 the [[Bohemian Estates]] rebelled against Ferdinand after he had ordered the Bohemian army to move against the German [[Protestantism|Protestants]]. After suppressing Prague with the help of his brother Charles V's [[Spain|Spanish]] forces, he retaliated by limiting the privileges of Bohemian cities and inserting a new bureaucracy of royal officials to control urban authorities. Ferdinand was a supporter of the [[Counter-Reformation]] and helped lead the [[Roman Catholic Church|Catholic]] response against what he saw as the heretical tide of Protestantism. For example, in [[1551]] he invited the [[Society of Jesus|Jesuits]] to Vienna and in [[1556]] to Prague. Finally, in [[1561]] Ferdinand revived the [[Archdiocese of Prague]], which had been previously liquidated due to the success of the Protestants.
Ferdinand died in [[Vienna]] and is buried in [[St. Vitus Cathedral]] in [[Prague]].
:Name in other languages
[[German language|German]], [[Czech language|Czech]], [[Slovak language|Slovak]], [[Croatian language|Croatian]]: ''Ferdinand I.''; [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]]: ''I. Ferdinánd''; [[Spanish language|Spanish]]: ''Fernando I.''
[[Image:Annajagiello.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Anna, Queen of Bohemia and Hungary.]]
:Marriage and children
On 25 May 1521 in [[Linz]], Austria, Ferdinand married [[Anna of Bohemia and Hungary]] (1503–1547), daughter of [[Vladislaus II of Bohemia and Hungary]] and his wife [[Anne de Foix]]. They had fifteen children:
===Wikipedia version===
{| class="wikitable"
! Name || Birth || Death || Notes
|-
| [[Elisabeth of Austria (1526-1545)|Elisabeth of Austria]] || [[July 9]], [[1526]] || [[June 15]], [[1545]] || In 1543 she was married to future King [[Sigismund II Augustus]] of [[Poland]] and [[Lithuania]].
|-
| [[Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor]] || [[July 31]], [[1527]] || [[October 12]], [[1576]] || Married to his first cousin Maria of Spain and had issue.
|-
| [[Anna of Austria (1528-1590)|Anna of Austria]] || [[July 7]] [[1528]] || [[October 16]]/[[October 17]], [[1590]] || Married [[Albert V, Duke of Bavaria]].
|-
| [[Ferdinand II, Archduke of Austria]] || [[June 14]], [[1529]] || [[January 24]], [[1595]] || Married to Philippine Welser and then married his niece [[Anne Juliana Gonzaga]].
|-
| [[Maria of Habsburg, Archduchess of Austria|Maria of Austria]] || [[May 15]] [[1531]] || [[December 11]] [[1581]] || Consort of [[Wilhelm, Duke of Jülich-Cleves-Berg]].
|-
| Magdalena of Austria || [[August 14]], [[1532]] || [[September 10]], [[1590]] || A nun.
|-
| [[Catharine of Austria]] || [[September 15]], [[1533]] <td> [[February 28]], [[1572]] || In 1553 she was married to king [[Sigismund II Augustus]] of [[Poland]] and [[Grand Duke]] of [[Lithuania]].
|-
| Eleonora of Austria || [[November 2]], [[1534]] || [[August 5]], [[1594]] || Married [[William I, Duke of Mantua]].
|-
| Margaret of Austria || [[February 16]], [[1536]] || [[March 12]], [[1567]] || A nun.
|-
| Johann of Austria ||[[April 10]], [[1538]] || [[March 20]], [[1539]] || Died in childhood.
|-
| [[Barbara of Austria]] || [[April 30]], [[1539]] || [[September 19]], [[1572]] || Married [[Alfonso II d'Este]].
|-
| [[Charles II, Archduke of Austria]] <td> [[June 3]], [[1540]] || [[July 10]], [[1590]] || father of [[Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor]].
|-
| Ursula of Austria || [[July 24]], [[1541]] || [[April 30]], [[1543]] || Died in childhood.
|-
| Helen of Austria || [[January 7]], [[1543]] || [[March 5]], [[1574]] || A nun.
|-
| [[Johanna of Austria]] || [[January 24]], [[1547]] || [[April 10]], [[1578]] || Married [[Francesco I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany]]. Ancestors of [[Charles II of England]] and [[Louis XIII of France]].
</td></tr></table>
:Ancestors
'''Ferdinand's ancestors in three generations'''
===Encyclopedia Britannica version===
{{Ahnentafel4
| 1 = '''Ferdinand I'''
| 2 = [[Philip I of Castile]]
| 3 = [[Joanna of Castile]]
| 4 = [[Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor]]
| 5 = [[Mary of Burgundy]]
| 6 = [[Ferdinand II of Aragon]]
| 7 = [[Isabella I of Castile]]
| 8 = [[Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor]]
| 9 = [[Eleanor of Portugal, Empress]]
|10 = [[Charles the Bold]]
|11 = [[Isabella of Bourbon]]
|12 = [[John II of Aragon]]
|13 = [[Juana Enriquez]]
|14 = [[John II of Castile]]
|15 = [[Infanta Isabel of Portugal]]
}}
[[Image:2002 Austria Renaissance Ferdinand I back.jpg|thumb|160px|[[Euro gold and silver commemorative coins (Austria)#2002 coinage|The Renaissance coin]]]]
:Ferdinand I Coin
Ferdinand I has been the main motif for many collector coins and medals, the most recent one is the famous silver 20 euro [[Euro gold and silver commemorative coins (Austria)#2002 coinage|Renaissance coin]] issued in [[June 12]] [[2002]]. A portrait of Ferdinand I is shown in the reverse of the coin, while in the obverse a view of the Swiss Gate of the Hofburg Palace can be seen.
:See also
*[[Kings of Germany family tree]]. He was related to every other king of Germany.
:External links
{{commons2|Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor}}
*[http://genealogy.euweb.cz/habsburg/habsburg4.html#E2Fe1 A pedigree of the Habsburg]
:Notes
{{reflist}}
{{Holy Roman Emperors}}
{{German monarchs}}
===Wikipedia version===
<!-- Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]] -->
{{Persondata
|NAME = Ferdinand I
|ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
|SHORT DESCRIPTION = Holy Roman Emperor
|DATE OF BIRTH = [[10 March]] [[1503]]
|PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Alcala de Henares]]
|DATE OF DEATH = [[25 July]] [[1564]]
|PLACE OF DEATH = Vienna, Austria
}}
[[Category:Holy Roman Emperors]]
[[Category:House of Habsburg]]
[[Category:German kings]]
[[Category:Bohemian monarchs]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic monarchs]]
[[Category:Hungarian monarchs]]
[[Category:Rulers of Austria]]
[[Category:Rulers of Styria]]
[[Category:Dukes of Carinthia]]
[[Category:Counts of Tyrol]]
[[Category:Knights of the Garter]]
[[Category:Knights of the Golden Fleece]]
[[Category:People from Madrid]]
[[Category:1503 births|Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor]]
[[Category:1564 deaths|Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor]]
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