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'''Les Golden''' is an astronomer as well as an internationally-known gambling writer, actor, and political, environmental, and animal welfare activist.  He lives in Oak Park, [[Illinois]].<ref> http://www.illinoisauthors.org/authors/Leslie_Morris_Golden</ref><ref>http://www.librarything.com/profile/Les_Golden</ref><ref> http://www.librarything.com/author/goldenlesliem</ref><ref>http://www.authorsden.com/lesgolden</ref>  He has written for "gambling.com", "iGamingBusiness", "gamblingonline", and [[Bluff Magazine|"Bluff Europe"]] print magazines. He became aware of card counting systems and became a card counter at the popular casino game of blackjack while a graduate student at the University of California, Berkeley, by reading the 1966 revised edition of Beat the Dealer,<ref>Thorp, E. O.  (1966) ''Beat the Dealer: A Winning Strategy for the Game of Twenty-One'', Random House, New York</ref> the seminal work of mathematician Edward O. Thorp, who was aided in his computer simulations by programmers Julian Braun and Harvey Dubner.<ref>Thorp, E. O. (1966),''Beat the Dealer: A Winning Strategy for the Game of Twenty-One'', Random House, New York, pp. 93-94</ref>  As a graduate student in astronomy at the University of California, Berkeley, Golden made monthly trips to [[Reno]], [[Nevada]] and played blackjack using Thorp’s systems.  He is the developer of the [[Golden Diagram]] <ref name="lexica"/> technique for countering casino countermeasures at blackjack and the Magic Circle system for winning at biased roulette wheels.  He currently resides in Oak Park, [[Illinois]], and [[Reno]], [[Nevada]].

'''Les Golden''' is an astronomer as well as an internationally-known gambling writer, actor, and political, environmental, and animal welfare activist.  He lives in Oak Park, [[Illinois]].<ref> http://www.illinoisauthors.org/authors/Leslie_Morris_Golden</ref><ref>http://www.librarything.com/profile/Les_Golden</ref><ref> http://www.librarything.com/author/goldenlesliem</ref><ref>http://www.authorsden.com/lesgolden</ref>  He has written for "gambling.com", "iGamingBusiness", "gamblingonline", and [[Bluff Magazine|"Bluff Europe"]] print magazines. He became aware of card counting systems and became a card counter at the popular casino game of blackjack while a graduate student at the University of California, Berkeley, by reading the 1966 revised edition of Beat the Dealer,<ref>Thorp, E. O.  (1966) ''Beat the Dealer: A Winning Strategy for the Game of Twenty-One'', Random House, New York</ref> the seminal work of mathematician Edward O. Thorp, who was aided in his computer simulations by programmers Julian Braun and Harvey Dubner.<ref>Thorp, E. O. (1966),''Beat the Dealer: A Winning Strategy for the Game of Twenty-One'', Random House, New York, pp. 93-94</ref>  As a graduate student in astronomy at the University of California, Berkeley, Golden made monthly trips to [[Reno]], [[Nevada]] and played blackjack using Thorp’s systems.  He is the developer of the [[Golden Diagram]] <ref name="lexica"/> technique for countering casino countermeasures at blackjack and the Magic Circle system for winning at biased roulette wheels.  Golden was named an International Gambling Institute (IGI) Scholar (University of Nevada, Las Vegas) Scholar for 2106.  He currently resides in Oak Park, [[Illinois]], and [[Reno]], [[Nevada]].

==Background==

==Background==

[[File: LesGoldenBiologyET.jpg|thumb|left|175px|<small> Dr. Les Golden, a popular UIC professor of physics and director of the Near Earth Asteroid Reconnaissance Project, delivers a colloquium on the subject of Extraterrestrial Life to the University of Illinois at Chicago Biology Colloquium. </small>]]Players soon realized intuitively that both these changes in the game reduced their probabilities of winning.  In games with a multiple deck, compared to single-deck or double-deck games, players experience frequency, magnitude, and depth (the fraction of the deck which has been dealt in playing previous hands) effects:  1) The deck becomes favorable less frequently at all depths, 2) when the deck does becomes favorable, the magnitude of the advantage is not as great, 3) all decks are favorable infrequently until a significant portion of the deck has been dealt and this occurs at greater depths into the deck in games  using multiple decks.

[[File: LesGoldenBiologyET.jpg|thumb|left|175px|<small> Dr. Les Golden, a popular UIC professor of physics and director of the Near Earth Asteroid Reconnaissance Project, delivers a colloquium on the subject of Extraterrestrial Life to the University of Illinois at Chicago Biology Colloquium. </small>]]Players soon realized intuitively that both these changes in the game reduced their probabilities of winning.  In games with a multiple deck, compared to single-deck or double-deck games, players experience frequency, magnitude, and depth (the fraction of the deck which has been dealt in playing previous hands) effects:  1) The deck becomes favorable less frequently at all depths, 2) when the deck does becomes favorable, the magnitude of the advantage is not as great, 3) all decks are favorable infrequently until a significant portion of the deck has been dealt and this occurs at greater depths into the deck in games  using multiple decks.

[[File: DrLeslieMGoldenBlackjackArticle.jpg|thumb|right|125px|<small> The June, 2011, paper in <i>The Mathematical Scientist</i>, a peer-reviewed British scholarly journal, established Prof. Les Golden as a recognized expert in the probability and statistics as well as strategy of the casino game of blackjack. </small>]]Golden, based on a Monte Carlo simulation and theoretical arguments, calculated the magnitude of these effects.  The results of his analysis are displayed as [[Golden Diagram|Golden diagrams]]. <ref name="lexica"/><ref>Golden, Les (2010).  “Countering the Casino Countering of Counters:  The Golden Diagram to the Rescue,” ''Bluff Europe'',  June, p. 84-85</ref><ref>Golden, Les (2011). “Trust Me:  An Undetectable Winning System For Blackjack! ,” ''Bluff Europe'', March, p. 94-95</ref>  He also suggested a stepwise betting strategy to reduce the effects.<ref>Golden, Leslie M. (2011). “An Analysis of the Disadvantage to Players of Multiple Decks in the Game of 21.”  ''The Mathematical Scientist'', '''32''', 2,  p. 57-69</ref><ref>http://www.appliedprobability.org/content.aspx?Group=tms&Page=tmsabstracts</ref><ref>Golden, Les (2011). “Stepping Out With My Baby:  The Stepwise Betting Strategy,” ''Bluff Europe'', April, p. 92-93</ref>

[[File: DrLeslieMGoldenBlackjackArticle.jpg|thumb|right|125px|<small> The June, 2011, paper in <i>The Mathematical Scientist</i>, a peer-reviewed British scholarly journal, established Prof. Les Golden as a recognized expert in the probability and statistics as well as strategy of the casino game of blackjack. </small>]]Golden, based on a Monte Carlo simulation and theoretical arguments, calculated the magnitude of these effects.  The results of his analysis are displayed as [[Golden Diagram|Golden diagrams]]. <ref name="lexica"/><ref>Golden, Les (2010).  “Countering the Casino Countering of Counters:  The Golden Diagram to the Rescue,” ''Bluff Europe'',  June, p. 84-85</ref><ref>Golden, Les (2011). “Trust Me:  An Undetectable Winning System For Blackjack! ,” ''Bluff Europe'', March, p. 94-95</ref>  He also suggested a stepwise betting strategy to reduce the effects.<ref>Golden, Leslie M. (2011). “An Analysis of the Disadvantage to Players of Multiple Decks in the Game of 21.”  ''The Mathematical Scientist'', '''32''', 2,  p. 57-69</ref><ref>http://www.appliedprobability.org/content.aspx?Group=tms&Page=tmsabstracts</ref><ref>Golden, Les (2011). “Stepping Out With My Baby:  The Stepwise Betting Strategy,” ''Bluff Europe'', April, p. 92-93</ref>  His paper on the subject was accepted for presentation at the 2016 triennial Gambling and Risk Taking Conference at the Mirage Hotel/Casino in Las Vegas.<ref>https://www.unlv.edu/sites/default/files/page_files/27/IGI-DraftConferenceSchedule.pdf</ref>

===Magic Circle strategy===

===Magic Circle strategy===

[[File: DrLeslieMGoldenBook.jpg|thumb|right|200px|<small> The bookseller flyer for <i>Laboratory Experiments in Physics for Modern Astronomy</i>.</small>]]The game of roulette, being a game of Simple random sample|statistics without replacement, is not amenable to systems such as card counting, which rely on the non-randomness of the particular game.  If, however, the roulette wheel is not perfectly level, laboratory studies, most notably at the British National Weights and Measures Laboratory, and theoretical studies have shown that a skillful croupier can by virtue of muscle memory release the roulette ball with a speed and at a location on the table to bias the bin in which it comes to rest.<ref>Dixon, P. (2005). “Roulette Wheel Testing,” ''Report on Stage 3.1 of NWML/GBGB Project Proposal''</ref><ref>http://large.stanford.edu/courses/2007/ph210/hall1/</ref>

[[File: DrLeslieMGoldenBook.jpg|thumb|right|200px|<small> The bookseller flyer for <i>Laboratory Experiments in Physics for Modern Astronomy</i>.</small>]]The game of roulette, being a game of Simple random sample|statistics without replacement, is not amenable to systems such as card counting, which rely on the non-randomness of the particular game.  If, however, the roulette wheel is not perfectly level, laboratory studies, most notably at the British National Weights and Measures Laboratory, and theoretical studies have shown that a skillful croupier can by virtue of muscle memory release the roulette ball with a speed and at a location on the table to bias the bin in which it comes to rest.<ref>Dixon, P. (2005). “Roulette Wheel Testing,” ''Report on Stage 3.1 of NWML/GBGB Project Proposal''</ref><ref>http://large.stanford.edu/courses/2007/ph210/hall1/</ref>

The Magic Circle strategy takes advantage of this potential bias and the non-random location of the various bets on the roulette wheel.<ref>Golden, Les (2009).  “Vodka Can Make You Tilt:  How You Can Win At Roulette,” ''Bluff Europe'', November, p. 90-92</ref><ref>Golden, Les (2009).  “With The Tips In This Article You’ll Become Wealthy Beyond Your Wildest Dreams!,” ''Bluff Europe'',  December, p. 90-92</ref><ref>Golden, Les (2010).  “Beginners in the Casino:  Camouflaging Team Roulette,” ''Bluff Europe'',  January, p. 90-91.</ref>  Golden showed that, after influencing the croupier to direct the ball into certain sectors of the roulette wheel, a team of players can lay bets in strategic locations on the wheel to secure profitable play.

The Magic Circle strategy takes advantage of this potential bias and the non-random location of the various bets on the roulette wheel.<ref>Golden, Les (2009).  “Vodka Can Make You Tilt:  How You Can Win At Roulette,” ''Bluff Europe'', November, p. 90-92</ref><ref>Golden, Les (2009).  “With The Tips In This Article You’ll Become Wealthy Beyond Your Wildest Dreams!,” ''Bluff Europe'',  December, p. 90-92</ref><ref>Golden, Les (2010).  “Beginners in the Casino:  Camouflaging Team Roulette,” ''Bluff Europe'',  January, p. 90-91.</ref>  Golden showed that, after influencing the croupier to direct the ball into certain sectors of the roulette wheel, a team of players can lay bets in strategic locations on the wheel to secure profitable play. His paper on the subject was accepted for presentation at the 2016 triennial Gambling and Risk Taking Conference at the Mirage Hotel/Casino in Las Vegas.<ref>https://www.unlv.edu/sites/default/files/page_files/27/IGI-DraftConferenceSchedule.pdf</ref>

==Political Activity==

==Political Activity==