7,921
edits
Changes
attempt at merging
* [http://www.anchist.mq.edu.au/staff/danijel-dzino.html Dr Danijel Dzino] - Macquarie University, Sydney Australia stated: {{quote|
* [http://www.anchist.mq.edu.au/staff/danijel-dzino.html Dr Danijel Dzino] - Macquarie University, Sydney Australia stated: {{quote|
''The first evidence of the Croat name, dux/rex Croatorum, does not appear until the ninth century. The Charter of Duke Trpimir is indeed the oldest text that mentions the Croat name, dux Chroatorum but its authenticity is disputed for good reason. The earliest certain evidence is the title dux Cruatorum from duke Branimir's inscription (c. 880), so that before this date we cannot assume with certainty that the Croat identity existed at all.'' <ref>[http://mq.academia.edu/DanijelDzino/Papers/163667/Becoming_Slav_Becoming_Croat_New_approaches_in_research_of_identities_in_post-Roman_Illyricum Becoming Slav, Becoming Croat: New approaches in research of identities in post-Roman Illyricum] by Danijel Dzino</ref>}}
''The first evidence of the Croat name, dux/rex Croatorum, does not appear until the ninth century. The Charter of Duke Trpimir is indeed the oldest text that mentions the Croat name, dux Chroatorum but its authenticity is disputed for good reason. The earliest certain evidence is the title dux Cruatorum from duke Branimir's inscription (c. 880), so that before this date we cannot assume with certainty that the Croat identity existed at all.'' <ref>[http://mq.academia.edu/DanijelDzino/Papers/163667/Becoming_Slav_Becoming_Croat_New_approaches_in_research_of_identities_in_post-Roman_Illyricum Becoming Slav, Becoming Croat: New approaches in research of identities in post-Roman Illyricum] by Danijel Dzino</ref>}}
=Medieval Croatia=
'''Medieval Croatia''' evolved from province of the old Roman Empire named Dalmatia. From 480 to 535 AD Roman Dalmatia was ruled by the Ostrogoths (a Germanic tribe related to the Goths). After the collapse of the Ostrogoth Kingdom it was divided between the '''Byzantine Empire''' (Eastern Roman Empire) and the Carolingian Empire - Franks (the old Roman neighbouring province of Pannonia was at one stage under the Avar<ref>"Avar, one of a people of undetermined origin and language, who, playing an important role in eastern Europe (6th–9th century)" '''referenced''' from: http://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/45428/Avar The Slavs and Avar at one stage had a shared history.</ref>). Both the Byzantine Empire and the Carolingian Empire created their own Dalmatian Ducatus. The Dalmatian province had a Roman Latin-Illyrian population as well as Liburnians, Greeks, Guduscani<ref>[http://self.gutenberg.org/articles/guduscani self.gutenberg.org:] ''"It has been assumed, that they were part of the Vandals, Goths or Lombards."'' </ref> , Ostrogoths and the late arrivals, Slavs.
With time one of the Slavic tribes <ref>The term ''Slav'' was first used by the Byzantines-Eastern Roman Empire (i.e. Procopius-Byzantine scholar, Jordanes- 6th century Roman bureaucrat) and was recorded in the 6th century (cia. 550) in [[Ancient Greece|Greek]] (Σκλαβῖνοι-Sklabenoi). Later in '''Latin''' it was written Sclaveni.</ref> within Dalmatian Ducatus of the Carolingian Empire became the political elite and the leaders (dux) of the province. The fore-mentioned Slavic political elite from the late 9th century onwards were referred to as Cruatorum. This was the first time that the [[Croatian Identity|Croatian identity]] (Hrvat) was used c. 880 AD.<ref>[http://mq.academia.edu/DanijelDzino/Papers/163667/Becoming_Slav_Becoming_Croat_New_approaches_in_research_of_identities_in_post-Roman_Illyricum Becoming Slav, Becoming Croat: New approaches in research of identities in post-Roman Illyricum] by Danijel Dzino
*''"The first evidence of the Croat name, dux/rex Croatorum, does not appear until the ninth century. The Charter of Duke Trpimir is indeed the oldest text that mentions the Croat name, dux Chroatorum but its authenticity is disputed for good reason. The earliest certain evidence is the title dux Cruatorum from duke Branimir's inscription (c. 880), so that before this date we cannot assume with certainty that the Croat identity existed at all."''</ref><ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=EqNiAAAAMAAJ&q=BRANIMIRO+COMITE+DUX+CRUATORUM+cogitavit&dq=BRANIMIRO+COMITE+DUX+CRUATORUM+cogitavit&hl=en&ei=MljwTfHIIoyKuAOO3_WhBA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CC4Q6AEwAA A History of the Croatian Language:] by Milan Mogus (p.13)</ref> Cruatorum is a '''Latin''' translation of Hrvat. <ref>It is believed that Hrvat in medieval times was pronounced "'''Harvat or Hrovat'''". Hrovat was translated to Latin: Chroatorum and then simplified to Croatorum.</ref><ref>Hrvat or Horoúathos are names of Sarmatian origins. In 1853 a Russian archaeologist Pavel Mikhailovich Leontjev discovered the Tanais Tablets. The Tanais Tablets mention three men: Horoúathos, Horoáthos, and Horóathos (Χορούαθ[ος], Χοροάθος, Χορόαθος). They are written in Greek and are from the 3rd century AD from the city of Tanais, today's Azov, [[Russia]]. At that time the region had a mixed [[Greece|Greek]]-Sarmatian population (Persian in origins).
'''Editors note''': From the information above one can conclude that we are dealing with contact between Slavic and Sarmatian tribes from the late antiquity. From a modern day perspective the Sarmatian historical footprint is non existent. All traces of these people have disappeared other than Slavic terms surrounding the word or name Hrvat which translates to English as Croat.</ref>
During this period the Dalmatian Ducatus became independent and was renamed Ducatus Croatiae. Later it became a kingdom that was called the Regnum Chroatorum (Kingdom of Croatia 925–1102 AD). It had no permanent seat. Nin, Klis, Bijaci and Knin where some of the towns that have been mentioned.
=== Kingdom of Croatia ===
The new Kingdom of Croatia was ruled by Slavic nobility from the Dalmatian hinterland. The kingdom was named after the ruling class, which in turn ruled a medieval multi-ethnic state.
The Kingdom of Croatia with time became a powerful military state and expanded its borders, as well as being a Christian state then later Catholic. The Slavs were pagans upon arrival in Roman Dalmatia. It’s written language was Latin and Croatian Glagolitic. The Slavic rulers spoke old Slavic Chakavian.
The medieval state borders have been a matter of huge debate and will remain so until new historical evidence is found. However there is some factual information. The river Cetina was a major border in the south. The [[Dalmatian Italians#Early History|Roman cities]] of '''Jadera''' (Zara/Zadar), '''Spalatum''' (Spalato/Split), '''Ragusa''' (Dubrovnik) and '''Trau''' (Trogir) with their surrounding areas never became part of the state other than for a short period under Peter Kresimir IV. Other parts of the Dalmatian coast did. In the north the river Sava was a major border (Lower Pannonia). The region south of the river Cetina has been sometimes historically referred to as Red Croatia,<ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=wEF5oN5erE0C&pg=PA62&dq=V.+Klaić+Red+Croatia+John+Fine&hl=en&sa=X&ei=8RbkUN3YJ4iZkAW4lIGIAw&sqi=2&ved=0CDMQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=V.%20Klaić%20Red%20Croatia%20John%20Fine&f=false When Ethnicity Did not Matter in the Balkans:] by John Van Antwerp Fine. (p62-p63)
John V. A. Fine Jr: {{quote|
''F. Rački and V. Klaić think these Croats may have operated not only along the coast but inland as far east as what is now Kosovo, intermixed with Serb or other Slavic tribes...'' }}</ref> which would indicate Croatian influence was felt beyond the river Cetina.
In the late 12 century the state fell into crisis ''when'' the neighbouring Hungarians-Magyars used this opportunity to expand their own state. In 1102 it ceased to exist and it became politically part of the ''Kingdom of Hungary''. Parts of Croatian territory later came under Habsburg rule (Habsburg Monarchy was ''renamed'' Austro Hungarian Empire). The political power within the provence was transferred from Dalmatia's northern hinterland to the city of Zagreb, further inland (Zagreb was a Roman town of Andautonia). Zagreb today is the capital of modern Croatia. Over time the coastal part of Dalmatia became part of the Republic of Venice. The Republic of Venice controlled most of Dalmatia from 1420 to 1797.
Within the old Roman province of Dalmatia's borders, history presents it self as a region of Europe that has a very rich, multicultural and multiethnic past.
=The Term Slav=
The term ''Slav'' was first used by the Byzantines-Eastern Roman Empire (i.e. Procopius-Byzantine scholar, Jordanes- 6th century Roman bureaucrat) and was recorded in the 6th century (cia. 550) in Greek (Σκλαβῖνοι-Sklabenoi). Later in Latin, Sklabenoi was written Sclaveni. Hrvat is a word of Sarmatian (Persian) origins. <ref>Note: The Sarmatian tribes have been referred to as being Persian in origin (modern: ''Iranian people'').</ref> In 1853 a Russian archaeologist Pavel Mikhailovich Leontjev discovered the Tanais Tablets. The Tanais Tablets mention three men: Horoúathos, Horoáthos, and Horóathos (Χορούαθ[ος], Χοροάθος, Χορόαθος). They are written in [[Greece|Greek]] and are from the 3rd century AD from the city of Tanais, today's Azov, Russia. At that time the region had mainly a mix of Greek - Sarmatian population.
The term ''Slav'' was first used by the Byzantines-Eastern Roman Empire (i.e. Procopius-Byzantine scholar, Jordanes- 6th century Roman bureaucrat) and was recorded in the 6th century (cia. 550) in Greek (Σκλαβῖνοι-Sklabenoi). Later in Latin, Sklabenoi was written Sclaveni. Hrvat is a word of Sarmatian (Persian) origins. <ref>Note: The Sarmatian tribes have been referred to as being Persian in origin (modern: ''Iranian people'').</ref> In 1853 a Russian archaeologist Pavel Mikhailovich Leontjev discovered the Tanais Tablets. The Tanais Tablets mention three men: Horoúathos, Horoáthos, and Horóathos (Χορούαθ[ος], Χοροάθος, Χορόαθος). They are written in [[Greece|Greek]] and are from the 3rd century AD from the city of Tanais, today's Azov, Russia. At that time the region had mainly a mix of Greek - Sarmatian population.
[[File:422px-Horovathos.jpg|thumb|right|125px|'''Tanais Tablet''' B containing the word Χοροάθος (Horoáthos).]]
[[File:422px-Horovathos.jpg|thumb|right|125px|'''Tanais Tablet''' B containing the word Χοροάθος (Horoáthos).]]