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Directory:Sequent Computer Systems (view source)
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[[Image:SequentLogo.jpg|right|164px]]
'''Sequent Computer Systems''', or '''Sequent''', was a computer company that designed and manufactured [[multiprocessing]] [[computer system]]s. They were among the pioneers in high-performance [[symmetric multiprocessing]] (SMP) [[Open system (computing)|open systems]], innovating in both hardware (e.g. [[cache]] management and [[interrupt]] handling) and software (e.g. [[read-copy-update]]).
Through a close partnership with [[Oracle Corporation]] that included the introduction of hardware and software optimizations{{cite needed}}, Sequent became a dominant high-end [[Unix|UNIX]] platform in the late [[1980s]] and early [[1990s]]. Later, after several corporate missteps, they returned to their roots, producing a next-generation high-end platform for UNIX and [[Windows NT]] based on a [[non-uniform memory access]] architecture, NUMA-Q.
As hardware prices fell in the late 1990s Sequent found their market shrinking{{cite needed}}, and eventually they were purchased by [[IBM]] in 1999.
The death knell for NUMA-Q and Sequent technology was sounded when in [[2002]], two layoffs at Sequent's former headquarters in [[Beaverton, Oregon]] ended all development on the systems for which IBM had acquired the company. According to a May 30, 2002 article in the ''[[Wall Street Journal]]'' (WSJ) entitled "Sequent Deal Serves Hard Lesson for IBM":
:When IBM bought Sequent, ...it [Sequent] lacked the size and resources to compete with [[Sun Microsystems|Sun]] and [[Hewlett-Packard|Hewlett-Packard Co.]] in the Unix server market....
:In 1999, IBM had problems of its own with an aged and high-priced line of [[Server (computing)|server]]s, particularly for its version of Unix known as [[AIX operating system|AIX]]. It also faced huge losses in [[personal computer]]s and declining sales in its cash-cow [[Mainframe computer|mainframe line]]. Robert Stephenson, who headed the server group at IBM, saw acquiring Sequent as the best route to make IBM competitive in the market for large Unix servers where Sun was gobbling up market share.
When Stephenson retired shortly after IBM completed its acquisition of Sequent, responsibility for servers fell on [[Samuel J. Palmisano]]. The ''WSJ'' article noted that Palmisano wanted to "simplify IBM's multipronged server strategy"; it also quoted [[Scott Gibson]], one of two executives (along with [[Casey Powell]]) who led Sequent when it was founded. Gibson told the ''WSJ'' the acquisition was doomed because "the guy who sponsored the acquisition retired."
Vestiges of Sequent's innovations live on{{cite needed}} in the form of data clustering software from [[PolyServe]], various projects within [[OSDL]], IBM contributions to the [[Linux kernel]], and claims in the [[SCO v. IBM]] lawsuit.
== History ==
Sequent formed in 1983 when a group of seventeen engineers and executives (including Scott Gibson) left [[Intel]] after the failed [[Intel iAPX 432|iAPX 432]] "mainframe on a chip" project was cancelled{{cite needed}}; they were joined by one non-[[Intel]] employee. They started Sequent to develop a line of SMP computers, then considered one of the up-and-coming fields in computer design. Several engineers from [[AT&T]] [[Bell Labs]] also came over, bringing systems programming expertise.
Sequent's first computer systems were the Balance 8000 and Balance 21000 released in [[1984]]. The Balance included up to 20 [[National Semiconductor]] [[NS32016]] processors, each with a small cache connected to a common memory to form a [[shared memory]] system. The systems ran a modified version of [[Berkeley Software Distribution|BSD 4.2]] [[Unix]] the company called [[Dynix|DYNIX]], for DYNamic unIX. The machines were designed to compete with the [[Digital Equipment Corporation|DEC]] [[VAX|VAX 11/780]], with each of their inexpensive processors dedicated to a particular process. In addition the system included a series of libraries that could be used by programmers to develop applications that could use more than one processor at a time. The Balance systems were originally intended{{cite needed}} to be sold to OEMs as computing engines, but that market could not be developed. When the commercial market discovered their reliability and cost advantages, the company re-thought its marketing strategy. The Balance line sold well for three years{{cite needed}} to banks, the government, other commercial enterprises, and universities interested in [[parallel computing]].
Their next series was the [[Intel 80386]]-based Symmetry, released in 1987. Various models supported between 2 and 30 processors, using a new [[write-back cache|copy-back cache]] and a wider [[64-bit]] [[Front side bus|memory bus]]. 1991's Symmetry 2000 models added [[SCSI]] drives, and were offered in versions with from one to six [[Intel 80486]] processors. The next year they added the [[VMEbus]] based Symmetry 2000/x50 with faster CPUs.
The late [[1980s]] and early [[1990s]] saw big changes on the software side for Sequent. DYNIX was replaced by DYNIX/ptx, which was based on a merger of [[UNIX System V|AT&T's version of UNIX]] and [[Berkeley Software Distribution|BSD 4.2]]. And this was during a period when Sequent's high-end systems became particularly successful due to a close working relationship with [[Oracle Corporation|Oracle]], specifically [[Oracle database|their high-end database servers]]. In 1993 they added the Symmetry 2000/x90 along with their ptx/Cluster software, which added various [[High-availability cluster|high availability]] features and introduced custom support for [[Oracle Parallel Server]].
In 1994 Sequent introduced the Symmetry 5000 series models SE20, SE60 and SE90, which used 66 MHz [[Pentium]] CPUs in systems from 2 to 30 processors. The next year they expanded that with the SE30/70/100 lineup using 100 MHz Pentiums, and then in 1996 with the SE40/80/120 with 166 MHz Pentiums. With the addition of a VGA card and the Winserver NT software, the 5000 series could also run Windows NT.
Recognizing the increase in competition for SMP systems after having been early adopters of the architecture, Sequent sought its next source of differentiation{{cite needed}}. They licensed their technology to [[Intel]] to help commoditize the SMP market{{cite needed}}, and began investing in the development of a system based on a cache-coherent non-uniform memory architecture (ccNUMA). NUMA dedicates separate portions of memory to different processors, avoiding the bottleneck that occurs because only one processor can access memory at a time. Using NUMA would allow their multiprocessor machines to generally outperform SMP systems, at least when the tasks are tightly coupled with their memory — as is the case for [[Server (computing)|server]]s, where each user tends to be looking at different files.
In 1996 they released the first of a new series of machines based on this new architecture. Known internally as STiNG{{cite needed}}, an [[abbreviation]] for ''Sequent: The Next Generation (with Intel inside)'', it was productized as NUMA-Q and was the last of the systems released before the company was purchased by IBM for over $800 million. IBM then started [[Project Monterey]] with [[Santa Cruz Operation]], intending to produce a NUMA-capable standardized [[Unix]] running on [[IA-32]], [[IA-64]] and [[IBM POWER|POWER]] and [[PowerPC]] platforms. This project later fell through as both IBM and SCO turned to the [[Linux]] market, but is the basis for "the new SCO"'s [[SCO v. IBM]] Linux lawsuit{{cite needed}}.
In [[2002]], after [[Sun Microsystems]] began a public discussion of IBM's silence on their NUMA-based x430 system{{cite needed}}, IBM had a reduction-in-force, and announced that it had no further plans to market the x430 and would eventually drop support for the over 10,000 systems that Sequent and IBM had deployed.
== Detailed model descriptions ==
The following is a more detailed description<ref>Sequent Computer Systems (1991). ''Symmetry Multiprocessor Architecture Overview''. Company publication number 1003-50113-01</ref> of the first two generations of Symmetry products, released between 1987 and 1990.
=== The Symmetry 80386-based platform ===
* Symmetry S3: The S3 was the low-end platform based on commodity PC components running a fully-compatible version of DYNIX 3. It featured a single 33 [[Megahertz|MHz]] [[Intel 80386]] processor, up to 40 [[megabyte]]s of RAM, up to 1.8 [[gigabyte]]s of [[SCSI]]-based disk storage, and up to 32 direct-connected [[serial port]]s.
* Symmetry S16: The S16 was the entry-level multiprocessing model, which ran DYNIX/ptx. It featured up to six 20 MHz Intel 80386 processors, each with a 128 [[kilobyte]] [[cache]]. It also supported up to 80 MB of RAM, up to 2.5 GB of SCSI-based disk storage, and up to 80 direct-connected serial ports.
* Symmetry S27: the S27 ran either DYNIX/ptx or DYNIX 3. It featured up to ten 20 MHz Intel 80386 processors, each with a 128 KB cache. It also supported up to 128 MB of RAM, up to 12.5 GB of disk storage, and up to 144 direct-connected serial ports.
* Symmetry S81: the S81 ran either DYNIX/ptx or DYNIX 3. It featured up to 30 20 MHz Intel 80386 processors, each with a 128 KB cache. It also supported up to 384 MB of RAM, up to 84.8 GB of disk storage, and up to 256 direct-connected serial ports.
=== Symmetry 2000 platforms ===
* Symmetry 2000/40: The S2000/40 was the low-end platform based on commodity PC components running a fully-compatible version of DYNIX/ptx. It featured a single 33 [[Megahertz|MHz]] [[Intel 80486]] processor, up to 64 [[megabyte]]s of RAM, up to 2.4 [[gigabyte]]s of [[SCSI]]-based disk storage, and up to 32 direct-connected [[serial port]]s.
* Symmetry 2000/200: The S2000/200 was the entry-level multiprocessing model, which ran DYNIX/ptx. It featured up to six 25 MHz Intel 80486 processors, each with a 512 [[kilobyte]] [[cache]]. It also supported up to 128 MB of RAM, up to 2.5 GB of SCSI-based disk storage, and up to 80 direct-connected serial ports.
* Symmetry 2000/400: the S2000/400 ran either DYNIX/ptx or DYNIX 3. It featured up to ten 25 MHz Intel 80486 processors, each with a 512 KB cache. It also supported up to 128 MB of RAM, up to 14.0 GB of disk storage, and up to 144 direct-connected serial ports.
* Symmetry 2000/700: the S2000/700 ran either DYNIX/ptx or DYNIX 3. It featured up to 30 25 MHz Intel 80486 processors, each with a 512 KB cache. It also supported up to 384 MB of RAM, up to 85.4 GB of disk storage, and up to 256 direct-connected serial ports.
'''Sequent Computer Systems''', or '''Sequent''', was a computer company that designed and manufactured [[multiprocessing]] [[computer system]]s. They were among the pioneers in high-performance [[symmetric multiprocessing]] (SMP) [[Open system (computing)|open systems]], innovating in both hardware (e.g. [[cache]] management and [[interrupt]] handling) and software (e.g. [[read-copy-update]]).
Through a close partnership with [[Oracle Corporation]] that included the introduction of hardware and software optimizations{{cite needed}}, Sequent became a dominant high-end [[Unix|UNIX]] platform in the late [[1980s]] and early [[1990s]]. Later, after several corporate missteps, they returned to their roots, producing a next-generation high-end platform for UNIX and [[Windows NT]] based on a [[non-uniform memory access]] architecture, NUMA-Q.
As hardware prices fell in the late 1990s Sequent found their market shrinking{{cite needed}}, and eventually they were purchased by [[IBM]] in 1999.
The death knell for NUMA-Q and Sequent technology was sounded when in [[2002]], two layoffs at Sequent's former headquarters in [[Beaverton, Oregon]] ended all development on the systems for which IBM had acquired the company. According to a May 30, 2002 article in the ''[[Wall Street Journal]]'' (WSJ) entitled "Sequent Deal Serves Hard Lesson for IBM":
:When IBM bought Sequent, ...it [Sequent] lacked the size and resources to compete with [[Sun Microsystems|Sun]] and [[Hewlett-Packard|Hewlett-Packard Co.]] in the Unix server market....
:In 1999, IBM had problems of its own with an aged and high-priced line of [[Server (computing)|server]]s, particularly for its version of Unix known as [[AIX operating system|AIX]]. It also faced huge losses in [[personal computer]]s and declining sales in its cash-cow [[Mainframe computer|mainframe line]]. Robert Stephenson, who headed the server group at IBM, saw acquiring Sequent as the best route to make IBM competitive in the market for large Unix servers where Sun was gobbling up market share.
When Stephenson retired shortly after IBM completed its acquisition of Sequent, responsibility for servers fell on [[Samuel J. Palmisano]]. The ''WSJ'' article noted that Palmisano wanted to "simplify IBM's multipronged server strategy"; it also quoted [[Scott Gibson]], one of two executives (along with [[Casey Powell]]) who led Sequent when it was founded. Gibson told the ''WSJ'' the acquisition was doomed because "the guy who sponsored the acquisition retired."
Vestiges of Sequent's innovations live on{{cite needed}} in the form of data clustering software from [[PolyServe]], various projects within [[OSDL]], IBM contributions to the [[Linux kernel]], and claims in the [[SCO v. IBM]] lawsuit.
== History ==
Sequent formed in 1983 when a group of seventeen engineers and executives (including Scott Gibson) left [[Intel]] after the failed [[Intel iAPX 432|iAPX 432]] "mainframe on a chip" project was cancelled{{cite needed}}; they were joined by one non-[[Intel]] employee. They started Sequent to develop a line of SMP computers, then considered one of the up-and-coming fields in computer design. Several engineers from [[AT&T]] [[Bell Labs]] also came over, bringing systems programming expertise.
Sequent's first computer systems were the Balance 8000 and Balance 21000 released in [[1984]]. The Balance included up to 20 [[National Semiconductor]] [[NS32016]] processors, each with a small cache connected to a common memory to form a [[shared memory]] system. The systems ran a modified version of [[Berkeley Software Distribution|BSD 4.2]] [[Unix]] the company called [[Dynix|DYNIX]], for DYNamic unIX. The machines were designed to compete with the [[Digital Equipment Corporation|DEC]] [[VAX|VAX 11/780]], with each of their inexpensive processors dedicated to a particular process. In addition the system included a series of libraries that could be used by programmers to develop applications that could use more than one processor at a time. The Balance systems were originally intended{{cite needed}} to be sold to OEMs as computing engines, but that market could not be developed. When the commercial market discovered their reliability and cost advantages, the company re-thought its marketing strategy. The Balance line sold well for three years{{cite needed}} to banks, the government, other commercial enterprises, and universities interested in [[parallel computing]].
Their next series was the [[Intel 80386]]-based Symmetry, released in 1987. Various models supported between 2 and 30 processors, using a new [[write-back cache|copy-back cache]] and a wider [[64-bit]] [[Front side bus|memory bus]]. 1991's Symmetry 2000 models added [[SCSI]] drives, and were offered in versions with from one to six [[Intel 80486]] processors. The next year they added the [[VMEbus]] based Symmetry 2000/x50 with faster CPUs.
The late [[1980s]] and early [[1990s]] saw big changes on the software side for Sequent. DYNIX was replaced by DYNIX/ptx, which was based on a merger of [[UNIX System V|AT&T's version of UNIX]] and [[Berkeley Software Distribution|BSD 4.2]]. And this was during a period when Sequent's high-end systems became particularly successful due to a close working relationship with [[Oracle Corporation|Oracle]], specifically [[Oracle database|their high-end database servers]]. In 1993 they added the Symmetry 2000/x90 along with their ptx/Cluster software, which added various [[High-availability cluster|high availability]] features and introduced custom support for [[Oracle Parallel Server]].
In 1994 Sequent introduced the Symmetry 5000 series models SE20, SE60 and SE90, which used 66 MHz [[Pentium]] CPUs in systems from 2 to 30 processors. The next year they expanded that with the SE30/70/100 lineup using 100 MHz Pentiums, and then in 1996 with the SE40/80/120 with 166 MHz Pentiums. With the addition of a VGA card and the Winserver NT software, the 5000 series could also run Windows NT.
Recognizing the increase in competition for SMP systems after having been early adopters of the architecture, Sequent sought its next source of differentiation{{cite needed}}. They licensed their technology to [[Intel]] to help commoditize the SMP market{{cite needed}}, and began investing in the development of a system based on a cache-coherent non-uniform memory architecture (ccNUMA). NUMA dedicates separate portions of memory to different processors, avoiding the bottleneck that occurs because only one processor can access memory at a time. Using NUMA would allow their multiprocessor machines to generally outperform SMP systems, at least when the tasks are tightly coupled with their memory — as is the case for [[Server (computing)|server]]s, where each user tends to be looking at different files.
In 1996 they released the first of a new series of machines based on this new architecture. Known internally as STiNG{{cite needed}}, an [[abbreviation]] for ''Sequent: The Next Generation (with Intel inside)'', it was productized as NUMA-Q and was the last of the systems released before the company was purchased by IBM for over $800 million. IBM then started [[Project Monterey]] with [[Santa Cruz Operation]], intending to produce a NUMA-capable standardized [[Unix]] running on [[IA-32]], [[IA-64]] and [[IBM POWER|POWER]] and [[PowerPC]] platforms. This project later fell through as both IBM and SCO turned to the [[Linux]] market, but is the basis for "the new SCO"'s [[SCO v. IBM]] Linux lawsuit{{cite needed}}.
In [[2002]], after [[Sun Microsystems]] began a public discussion of IBM's silence on their NUMA-based x430 system{{cite needed}}, IBM had a reduction-in-force, and announced that it had no further plans to market the x430 and would eventually drop support for the over 10,000 systems that Sequent and IBM had deployed.
== Detailed model descriptions ==
The following is a more detailed description<ref>Sequent Computer Systems (1991). ''Symmetry Multiprocessor Architecture Overview''. Company publication number 1003-50113-01</ref> of the first two generations of Symmetry products, released between 1987 and 1990.
=== The Symmetry 80386-based platform ===
* Symmetry S3: The S3 was the low-end platform based on commodity PC components running a fully-compatible version of DYNIX 3. It featured a single 33 [[Megahertz|MHz]] [[Intel 80386]] processor, up to 40 [[megabyte]]s of RAM, up to 1.8 [[gigabyte]]s of [[SCSI]]-based disk storage, and up to 32 direct-connected [[serial port]]s.
* Symmetry S16: The S16 was the entry-level multiprocessing model, which ran DYNIX/ptx. It featured up to six 20 MHz Intel 80386 processors, each with a 128 [[kilobyte]] [[cache]]. It also supported up to 80 MB of RAM, up to 2.5 GB of SCSI-based disk storage, and up to 80 direct-connected serial ports.
* Symmetry S27: the S27 ran either DYNIX/ptx or DYNIX 3. It featured up to ten 20 MHz Intel 80386 processors, each with a 128 KB cache. It also supported up to 128 MB of RAM, up to 12.5 GB of disk storage, and up to 144 direct-connected serial ports.
* Symmetry S81: the S81 ran either DYNIX/ptx or DYNIX 3. It featured up to 30 20 MHz Intel 80386 processors, each with a 128 KB cache. It also supported up to 384 MB of RAM, up to 84.8 GB of disk storage, and up to 256 direct-connected serial ports.
=== Symmetry 2000 platforms ===
* Symmetry 2000/40: The S2000/40 was the low-end platform based on commodity PC components running a fully-compatible version of DYNIX/ptx. It featured a single 33 [[Megahertz|MHz]] [[Intel 80486]] processor, up to 64 [[megabyte]]s of RAM, up to 2.4 [[gigabyte]]s of [[SCSI]]-based disk storage, and up to 32 direct-connected [[serial port]]s.
* Symmetry 2000/200: The S2000/200 was the entry-level multiprocessing model, which ran DYNIX/ptx. It featured up to six 25 MHz Intel 80486 processors, each with a 512 [[kilobyte]] [[cache]]. It also supported up to 128 MB of RAM, up to 2.5 GB of SCSI-based disk storage, and up to 80 direct-connected serial ports.
* Symmetry 2000/400: the S2000/400 ran either DYNIX/ptx or DYNIX 3. It featured up to ten 25 MHz Intel 80486 processors, each with a 512 KB cache. It also supported up to 128 MB of RAM, up to 14.0 GB of disk storage, and up to 144 direct-connected serial ports.
* Symmetry 2000/700: the S2000/700 ran either DYNIX/ptx or DYNIX 3. It featured up to 30 25 MHz Intel 80486 processors, each with a 512 KB cache. It also supported up to 384 MB of RAM, up to 85.4 GB of disk storage, and up to 256 direct-connected serial ports.