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[[File:250px-Croatia-Dalmatia.png|thumb|right|500px|Dalmatia (the dark purple) within todays modern [[Croatia]]]]

The '''region''' of the former Yugoslavia (Western Balkans) has problems when interpreting its multicultural, multiethnic history and societies. This most certainly applies to the history of '''Dalmatian Italians''', the former Republic of Ragusa and other regions. The statement below comes from a book called ''Dalmatia'' (History, Culture, Art Heritage) written by Antun Travirka: {{Cquote|''By the 14th century the city had become wholly Croatian'' <ref>Dalmatia (History, Culture, Art Heritage) by Antun Travirka (p137)</ref>}}

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The book itself is primarily for the [[Croatia|Croatian]] tourist market and is easily available in several languages in all major bookstores. This quote is on page 137 and it’s referring to the ''Republic of Ragusa''. The old Republic of Ragusa (with it's famous city Dubrovnik) <ref>{{citeweb|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/172803/Dubrovnik|title="Dubrovnik." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 08 Mar. 2011. |date=[[2011]]|accessdate=2011-03-8}}</ref><ref>{{citeweb|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/143561/Croatia|title="Croatia." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 09 Mar. 2011.|date=[[2011]]|accessdate=2011-03-8}}</ref><ref>[http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Ragusa,_Austria Encyclopaedia Britannica (publ. 1911):]</ref> is now within the borders of the modern Croatia. This monolithic description is an outright lie and it’s a form of cultural genocide (the crucial word is '''''wholly'''''). Additionally the book did not even use the term Republic of Ragusa (the closest that it got to this was ''RESPUBLICA RAGUSINA'' on page 141),<ref>Dalmatia (History, Culture, Art Heritage) by Antun Travirka (p141)</ref> which was used for more than a '''millennium'''. The City State and then latter the Republic was set up by Roman Latin-Illyrian families and was a nation in its own right. It was also made up of many ethnic nationalities.<ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=CaK6DeZXX7sC&pg=PA190&dq=republic+of+ragusa+dubrovnik+jewish+community&hl=en&ei=2D52TfSIN9DzcbSmhf8E&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CDgQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=republic%20of%20ragusa%20dubrovnik%20jewish%20community&f=false Jews, Christians, and Muslims in the Mediterranean World after 1492] By Alisa Meyuhas Ginio (p190)</ref><ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=RsoMAQAAMAAJ&q=republic+of+ragusa+dubrovnik+jewish+community&dq=republic+of+ragusa+dubrovnik+jewish+community&hl=en&ei=2D52TfSIN9DzcbSmhf8E&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=5&ved=0CEYQ6AEwBA The Chicago Jewish forum, Volume 23] by Benjamin Weintroub (p271)</ref><ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=33KU0F-p2HcC&pg=PA271&dq=republic+of+ragusa+dubrovnik+jewish+community&hl=en&ei=M0N2TeamIM6WcZaj7IwF&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=9&ved=0CFMQ6AEwCA#v=onepage&q=republic%20of%20ragusa%20dubrovnik%20jewish%20community&f=false Footprint Croatia] by Jane Foster (p271)</ref><ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=7RyKgdyV8VgC&pg=PA82&dq=orthodox+church++Dubrovnik&hl=en&ei=VEh2TZPoJsfJcb6kkYUF&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=8&ved=0CF8Q6AEwBw#v=onepage&q=orthodox%20church%20%20Dubrovnik&f=false Croatia] by Michael Schuman (p82)</ref> As a Maritime nation it traded all over the Mediterranean and even had trade with the Americas. Additionally it was in competition with Venice, the most powerful and influential maritime nation during that era.

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The book itself is primarily for the [[Croatia|Croatian]] tourist market and is easily available in several languages in all major bookstores within Croatia. This quote is on page 137 and it’s referring to the ''Republic of Ragusa''. The old Republic of Ragusa (with it's famous city Dubrovnik) <ref>{{citeweb|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/172803/Dubrovnik|title="Dubrovnik." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 08 Mar. 2011. |date=[[2011]]|accessdate=2011-03-8}}</ref><ref>{{citeweb|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/143561/Croatia|title="Croatia." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 09 Mar. 2011.|date=[[2011]]|accessdate=2011-03-8}}</ref><ref>[http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Ragusa,_Austria Encyclopaedia Britannica (publ. 1911):]</ref> is now within the borders of the modern Croatia. This monolithic description is an outright lie and it’s a form of cultural genocide (the crucial word is '''''wholly'''''). Additionally the book did not even use the term Republic of Ragusa (the closest that it got to this was ''RESPUBLICA RAGUSINA'' on page 141),<ref>Dalmatia (History, Culture, Art Heritage) by Antun Travirka (p141)</ref> which was used for more than a '''millennium'''. The City State and then latter the Republic was set up by Roman Latin-Illyrian families and was a nation in its own right. It was also made up of many ethnic nationalities.<ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=CaK6DeZXX7sC&pg=PA190&dq=republic+of+ragusa+dubrovnik+jewish+community&hl=en&ei=2D52TfSIN9DzcbSmhf8E&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CDgQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=republic%20of%20ragusa%20dubrovnik%20jewish%20community&f=false Jews, Christians, and Muslims in the Mediterranean World after 1492] By Alisa Meyuhas Ginio (p190)</ref><ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=RsoMAQAAMAAJ&q=republic+of+ragusa+dubrovnik+jewish+community&dq=republic+of+ragusa+dubrovnik+jewish+community&hl=en&ei=2D52TfSIN9DzcbSmhf8E&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=5&ved=0CEYQ6AEwBA The Chicago Jewish forum, Volume 23] by Benjamin Weintroub (p271)</ref><ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=33KU0F-p2HcC&pg=PA271&dq=republic+of+ragusa+dubrovnik+jewish+community&hl=en&ei=M0N2TeamIM6WcZaj7IwF&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=9&ved=0CFMQ6AEwCA#v=onepage&q=republic%20of%20ragusa%20dubrovnik%20jewish%20community&f=false Footprint Croatia] by Jane Foster (p271)</ref><ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=7RyKgdyV8VgC&pg=PA82&dq=orthodox+church++Dubrovnik&hl=en&ei=VEh2TZPoJsfJcb6kkYUF&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=8&ved=0CF8Q6AEwBw#v=onepage&q=orthodox%20church%20%20Dubrovnik&f=false Croatia] by Michael Schuman (p82)</ref> As a Maritime nation it traded all over the Mediterranean and even had trade with the Americas. Additionally it was in competition with Venice, the most powerful and influential maritime nation during that era.

*Statement made by the contemporary historian John Van Antwerp Fine (Professor Emeritus of History at the University of Michigan, [[USA]]): {{Cquote|''This is not surprising since the “Ragusans” identified themselves as Ragusans and not as Croats.''<ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=wEF5oN5erE0C&pg=PA157&dq=When+Ethnicity+did+not+Matter+in+the+Balkans+call+themselves+ragusans&hl=en&ei=_WmHTa-ZAo_Bcc63hZcD&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCkQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=When%20Ethnicity%20did%20not%20Matter%20in%20the%20Balkans%20call%20themselves%20ragusans&f=false When Ethnicity did not Matter in the Balkans:] by John Van Antwerp Fine (p157)</ref>}}

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* "In chapters 29 and 30, two similar accounts are given for the fall of nearby Salona to the Avars and Slavs ..."</ref><ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=kMXURN7sxh4C&pg=PA5&dq=Roman+empire+Dalmatia+slavs&hl=en&ei=H6bpTNqiDcyHcZyF9aEK&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CDIQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=Roman%20empire%20Dalmatia%20slavs&f=false The Italians of Dalmatia:] From Italian Unification to World War One by Luciano Monzali (p5)</ref> invaded and plundered Byzantine-Roman Dalmatia. This eventually led to the settlement of different Slavic tribes in the Balkans. Modern scholarly research now puts the time of the invasion of the Slavic tribes in the region to be much later.<ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=6UbOtJcF8rQC&pg=PA212&dq=immigration+Slav+groups+in+Dalmatia+Danijel+Dzino&hl=en&ei=ONB2Tf7SA4vevQOYybjLBQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CD0Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false Becoming Slav, Becoming Croat:] Identity Transformations in Post-Roman and Early Medieval Dalmatia by Danijel Dzino (p212).</ref> Archaeological evidence found in the old Roman city of ''Salon'' and in particular the artefacts found at the'' Old Croatian'' grave sites in Dalmatia (during recent excavations) <ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=6UbOtJcF8rQC&pg=PA52&dq=croatian+graves+medieval+dalmatian+dating&hl=en&ei=LA6HTan-IsGHcYbf3Y4D&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CD4Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false Becoming Slav, Becoming Croat:] Identity Transformations in Post-Roman and Early Medieval Dalmatia by Danijel Dzino (p52).</ref> seems to confirm this. Some historians have placed the arrival and settlement of Slavs in larger groups now to be more in the region of the late 8th century.

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The Roman population survived within the coastal cities,<ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=4Nv6SPRKqs8C&pg=PA269&dq=Roman+empire+Dalmatia+slavs&hl=en&ei=H6bpTNqiDcyHcZyF9aEK&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=5&ved=0CDoQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=Roman%20empire%20Dalmatia%20slavs&f=false The Illyrians] by John Wilkes (p269)</ref> in the inhospitable Dinaric Alps (these people were later known as "Morlachs" or Vlachs) and for a while on the islands. Many of the Dalmatian cities retained their Romanic culture and [[Latin]] language. Among these were Jadera (Zara/Zadar), Spalatum (Spalato/Split), Ragusa (Dubrovnik) and Trau (Trogir). These areas developed their own ''Vulgar Latin'' the Dalmatian language,<ref>[http://~~dalmatianlanguage~~.~~yolasite~~.~~com~~/~~dictionary.php~~ Dalmatian Language~~-Dictionary~~]</ref> a now extinct Romance language.<ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=29BAeKHwvuoC&pg=PA377&dq=Dalmatian+language+extinct+Romance+language&hl=en&ei=MKjpTL_aJs2ecdHXrNwK&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6&ved=0CEcQ6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=Dalmatian%20language%20extinct%20Romance%20language&f=false Encyclopedia of the Languages of Europe] by Glanville Price (p377)</ref> Many coastal cities and towns or the region (politically part of the Byzantine Empire) <ref>[http://www.jstor.org/pss/4204507 University College London, School of Slavonic and East European Studies] The Slavonic and East European Review-The Slavonic Latin Symbiosis in Dalmatia during the Middle Ages ''by'' Victor Novak</ref> maintained political, cultural and economic links with the [[Italy|Italian]] peninsula through the Adriatic sea. Communications with the mainland were difficult because of the Dinaric Alps. Due to the sharp orography <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Orography| title=Encyclopaedia Britannica (1911 Edition): Orography|date=[[2010]]|accessdate=2010-11-22}}

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The Roman population survived within the coastal cities,<ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=4Nv6SPRKqs8C&pg=PA269&dq=Roman+empire+Dalmatia+slavs&hl=en&ei=H6bpTNqiDcyHcZyF9aEK&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=5&ved=0CDoQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=Roman%20empire%20Dalmatia%20slavs&f=false The Illyrians] by John Wilkes (p269)</ref> in the inhospitable Dinaric Alps (these people were later known as "Morlachs" or Vlachs) and for a while on the islands. Many of the Dalmatian cities retained their Romanic culture and [[Latin]] language. Among these were Jadera (Zara/Zadar), Spalatum (Spalato/Split), Ragusa (Dubrovnik) and Trau (Trogir). These areas developed their own ''Vulgar Latin'' the Dalmatian language,<ref>[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalmatian_language Dalmatian Language (Wikipedia)]</ref> a now extinct Romance language.<ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=29BAeKHwvuoC&pg=PA377&dq=Dalmatian+language+extinct+Romance+language&hl=en&ei=MKjpTL_aJs2ecdHXrNwK&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6&ved=0CEcQ6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=Dalmatian%20language%20extinct%20Romance%20language&f=false Encyclopedia of the Languages of Europe] by Glanville Price (p377)</ref> Many coastal cities and towns or the region (politically part of the Byzantine Empire) <ref>[http://www.jstor.org/pss/4204507 University College London, School of Slavonic and East European Studies] The Slavonic and East European Review-The Slavonic Latin Symbiosis in Dalmatia during the Middle Ages ''by'' Victor Novak</ref> maintained political, cultural and economic links with the [[Italy|Italian]] peninsula through the Adriatic sea. Communications with the mainland were difficult because of the Dinaric Alps. Due to the sharp orography <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Orography| title=Encyclopaedia Britannica (1911 Edition): Orography|date=[[2010]]|accessdate=2010-11-22}}

* "OROGRAPHY: That part of physical geography which deals with the geological formation, the surface features and description of mountains. The terms "oreography," "orology" and "oreology" are also sometimes used.</ref> of Dalmatia communications between the different Dalmatian cities occurred mainly through sea links. This helped Dalmatian cities to develop a unique Romance culture, despite the mostly Slavicized mainland.

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===Musical styles===

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In some of the musical styles of [[Croatia]] it is quite evident that there was a merging of Slavic and Italian music. One such musical style that demonstrates this is Klapa music (klapa is an a cappella form of music - Venetian: clapa "singing crowd"). Klapa singing dates back centuries. The arrival of the ancestor of to-days Croatians to Dalmatia and their subsequent settlement in the area, began the long process of the cultural mixing of Slavic culture with that of the traditions of the Roman-Latin population of Dalmatia.

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In some of the musical styles of [[Croatia]] it is quite evident that there was a merging of Slavic and Italian music. One such musical style that demonstrates this is '''Klapa music''' (klapa is an a cappella form of music - Venetian: clapa "singing crowd"). Klapa singing dates back centuries. The arrival of the ancestor of to-days Croatians to Dalmatia and their subsequent settlement in the area, began the long process of the cultural mixing of Slavic culture with that of the traditions of the Roman-Latin population of Dalmatia.

The Klape appeared in the coastal and island regions of Dalmatia. In the 19th century a standard form of Klapa singing emerged. The traditional Klapa was composed of up to a dozen male singers (in recent times there are also female Klape groups). Church music heavily influences the arrangements of this music giving it the musical form that exists today.

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The population decreased to 430 in 1910. According to the "Comunita' nazionale italiana del Montenegro", in Perast there are people who still speak at home the original Venetian dialect of Perast called ''"Veneto da mar"''.

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== Perspectives on ~~Dalamtia~~ ==

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== Perspectives on Dalmatia ==

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Dalmatia was named by the Romans after the Dalmatae (or Delmatae) Illyrian tribes <ref>Medieval Greek"Dalmatae": Δαλμᾶται.</ref> who inhabited the region.

=====Sir John Gardner Wilkinson=====

Sir John Gardner Wilkinson (1797 – 1875) was an [[England|English]] traveller, writer and pioneer Egyptologist of the 19th century. He is often referred to as "the Father of British Egyptology". He was in Dubrovnik (then called Ragusa) in 1848, he wrote in his; Dalmatia and Montenegro: With a Journey to Mostar in Herzegovina:

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{{Cquote|''According to Costant (Kosta) Vojnovic, one of the principal Dalmatian Slavophile intellectuals, Dalmatia was part of the 'Slav-Hellenic' peninsula and was populated exclusively by the ' Slav race'; there were no Italians in Dalmatia, and so it was necessary to 'nationalize' the schools, the administration, and the courts in order to erase the traces left by Venetian rule and damage it caused. The Italian culture could survive only within the limits of Slav national character of the country and, in any case, without any recognition as a autochthonus element of Dalmatian society.'' <ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=kMXURN7sxh4C&pg=PA65&dq=The+Italians+of+Dalmatia+autochthonous+element+of+dalmatian+society&hl=en&ei=56efTe3kBJTKcaas0fAB&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CDIQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=The%20Italians%20of%20Dalmatia%20autochthonous%20element%20of%20dalmatian%20society&f=false The Italians of Dalmatia:] From Italian Unification to World War I by Luciano Monzali (p65)</ref>}}

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=====Edwin Veggian=====

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=====Edwin Dino Veggian=====

{{Cquote|''Some Croatian historians and researchers are a legion of agit-props engaged in the “patriotic mission” of promoting the grandeur of their homeland. Their patriotism obeys to a categorical imperative: the country comes first, at any cost, even lying. They “Croatianize“ everybody and everything. Literally hundreds of public figures, artists, scientists, and academics - Italian Dalmatia had in XIX century 32 newspapers and periodicals, a rich history, an incredible artistic, academic and literary life, and glorious maritime traditions - today are mentioned as “Croatian“. Of the original Italian speaking population of the town only about 40 individuals survived. Unnoticed by academic authorities in the West, an implacable (first Panslavistic, then Pan Croat) “nationalisation” of non-Croatian history continued for decades in a dramatic crescendo.''}}

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== External links ==

* [http://secretdalmatia.wordpress.com/2010/11/24/zadar-the-charming-past/ Image of Zadar post Allied bombings (February 4th 1944)]

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* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalmatian_language Dalmatian Language (Wikipedia)]

==References==

Peter Z.

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