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Directory:Akahele/The persistence of misinformation (view source)
Revision as of 01:35, 23 October 2010
, 01:35, 23 October 2010"Om nom nom nom"? (partial)
As we mature in years through the Internet Age, we take notice of a disappointing trend regarding the reliability of information found online. Message boards full of pseudonymous theories and rumors compete for space against opinion editorials penned by professional journalists. Breathless blog posts exceed the reach of a mere university lecture series. And many popular homespun YouTube videos find a much wider audience than the televised proceedings of the legislative bodies of the United States. To be sure, for ages harmless mistakes and deliberate misinformation alike have been part and parcel of publishing and broadcasting information for wider audiences. Yet, it seems that the persistence of misinformation in this modern age is even more pernicious than it was, say, thirty years ago. More people today seem eager to believe anything they see in electronically-formatted print; things that have no more credibility than a supermarket tabloid announcing the birth of Pamela Anderson's secret alien abduction love child. And so, I would like to take this time and space to explore just a few anecdotal examples of the longevity of untruth on the Internet.
As we mature in years through the Internet Age, we take notice of a disappointing trend regarding the reliability of information found online. Message boards full of pseudonymous theories and rumors compete for space against opinion editorials penned by professional journalists. Breathless blog posts exceed the reach of a mere university lecture series. And many popular homespun YouTube videos find a much wider audience than the televised proceedings of the legislative bodies of the United States. To be sure, for ages harmless mistakes and deliberate misinformation alike have been part and parcel of publishing and broadcasting information for wider audiences. Yet, it seems that the persistence of misinformation in this modern age is even more pernicious than it was, say, thirty years ago. More people today seem eager to believe anything they see in electronically-formatted print; things that have no more credibility than a supermarket tabloid announcing the birth of Pamela Anderson's secret alien abduction love child. And so, I would like to take this time and space to explore just a few anecdotal examples of the longevity of untruth on the Internet.
'''Snopes approved'''
Just the other day, a friend of my wife's forwarded an e-mail "alert" of the chain-mail variety, warning automobile travelers not to lock their cars with their key-fob remotes, because lurking high-tech burglars might capture the frequency of that signal, then gain access to your vehicle and rob it of its contents while you are inside Starbucks ordering your caramel latte.
Just the other day, a friend of my wife's forwarded an e-mail "alert" of the chain-mail variety, warning automobile travelers not to lock their cars with their key-fob remotes, because lurking high-tech burglars might capture the frequency of that signal, then gain access to your vehicle and rob it of its contents while you are inside Starbucks ordering your caramel latte.
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What I already know, and undoubtedly many readers here also know, is that there is a website, <a title="Snopes.com - Rumor Has It" href="http://www.snopes.com" target="_blank">Snopes.com</a>, whose sole purpose is to debunk Internet mythologies such as this one. (If you haven't yet discovered Snopes, add it to your bookmarked arsenal of useful sites.) Yet, what was particularly disconcerting to me about this specific e-mail legend, was that it proclaimed in bold letters, "THIS HAS BEEN CHECKED ON SNOPES". Snopes, of course, <a title="Snopes.com - Lock Stalk" href="http://www.snopes.com/autos/techno/lockcode.asp" target="_blank">takes issue</a> with almost every piece of information in the thread, but that doesn't mean some readers can't be thrown off track with this meaningless assurance that the information has been "checked". This kind of fraudulent diversionary ploy will rope in another small portion of readers for whom Snopes.com is a reputable information source.
What I already know, and undoubtedly many readers here also know, is that there is a website, [http://www.snopes.com Snopes.com], whose sole purpose is to debunk Internet mythologies such as this one. (If you haven't yet discovered Snopes, add it to your bookmarked arsenal of useful sites.) Yet, what was particularly disconcerting to me about this specific e-mail legend, was that it proclaimed in bold letters, "THIS HAS BEEN CHECKED ON SNOPES". Snopes, of course, [http://www.snopes.com/autos/techno/lockcode.asp takes issue] with almost every piece of information in the thread, but that doesn't mean some readers can't be thrown off track with this meaningless assurance that the information has been "checked". This kind of fraudulent diversionary ploy will rope in another small portion of readers for whom Snopes.com is a reputable information source.
'''Voter eligibility'''
Every election season we witness another persistent form of Internet-disseminated misinformation: fraudulent alerts about voter eligibility. Leading up to our most recent election day (Tuesday, November 4, 2008), I heard mainstream media stories about e-mails being circulated with the advice:
Every election season we witness another persistent form of Internet-disseminated misinformation: fraudulent alerts about voter eligibility. Leading up to our most recent election day (Tuesday, November 4, 2008), I heard mainstream media stories about e-mails being circulated with the advice:
<blockquote>Due to heavy expected turnouts at the polls, Republicans are urged to vote on Tuesday, while Democrats are advised to vote on Wednesday.</blockquote>
<blockquote>Due to heavy expected turnouts at the polls, Republicans are urged to vote on Tuesday, while Democrats are advised to vote on Wednesday.</blockquote>
Or, alternative hoaxes circulated that polling places would be staffed with undercover police ready to arrest anyone with so much as an outstanding parking ticket, to frighten away any voter who might have had an infraction with the authorities. Level-headed, rational adults might laugh away these pranks, but with <a title="USA Today - Registered voters" href="http://www.usatoday.com/news/opinion/columnist/neuharth/2004-01-22-neuharth_x.htm" target="_blank">nearly 170 million</a> estimated registered voters in the United States, I'm sure that at least a few hundred were adversely persuaded by these nuggets of misinformation.
Or, alternative hoaxes circulated that polling places would be staffed with undercover police ready to arrest anyone with so much as an outstanding parking ticket, to frighten away any voter who might have had an infraction with the authorities. Level-headed, rational adults might laugh away these pranks, but with [http://www.usatoday.com/news/opinion/columnist/neuharth/2004-01-22-neuharth_x.htm nearly 170 million] estimated registered voters in the United States, I'm sure that at least a few hundred were adversely persuaded by these nuggets of misinformation.
'''Another diversionary ploy'''
Over on Wikipedia, I see a similar diversionary ploy that is gaining strength. Users of the largest encyclopedia are <a title="Wikipedia - General disclaimer" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer" target="_blank">cautioned</a> by Wikipedia proponents not to believe every claim they read therein, but to "double check" the reference citations that are provided at the end of most articles. Problem is, most readers don't take the time to do such double work. Figuring that because there <em>are</em> references nearby, the content is <em>likely </em>reliable, readers assume the bare facts stated within the Wikipedia articles are "good enough" to gain a background on the topic at hand. They also hear time and time again (in news article comments, and blogs, and message boards, no doubt) that virtually every mistake ever introduced to Wikipedia would "<a title="Twist Image - by Mitch Joel" href="http://www.twistimage.com/blog/archives/why-business-needs-to-stop-worrying-and-love-wikipedia/" target="_blank">probably be corrected in less time than it took you to read this article</a>". Again, this is a largely untested diversionary ploy that will rope in another portion of readers for whom Wikipedia suddenly becomes a reputable information source.
Over on Wikipedia, I see a similar diversionary ploy that is gaining strength. Users of the largest encyclopedia are [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer cautioned] by Wikipedia proponents not to believe every claim they read therein, but to "double check" the reference citations that are provided at the end of most articles. Problem is, most readers don't take the time to do such double work. Figuring that because there ''are'' references nearby, the content is ''likely ''reliable, readers assume the bare facts stated within the Wikipedia articles are "good enough" to gain a background on the topic at hand. They also hear time and time again (in news article comments, and blogs, and message boards, no doubt) that virtually every mistake ever introduced to Wikipedia would "[http://www.twistimage.com/blog/archives/why-business-needs-to-stop-worrying-and-love-wikipedia/ probably be corrected in less time than it took you to read this article]". Again, this is a largely untested diversionary ploy that will rope in another portion of readers for whom Wikipedia suddenly becomes a reputable information source.
'''Where was Lincoln?'''
Last week, I had a conversation with published author Pat Glesner. He lived and was educated in Kalamazoo, Michigan, not far from my birthplace of Jackson, Michigan, where he now resides. He views editing Wikipedia as a casual hobby, something he doesn't go out of his way to do, but if he finds errors in an article, he fixes them. He says of Wikipedia, "it's not a particularly good research site". In early January, Glesner came upon something that first appeared in the lead section of the Wikipedia article about Jackson, Michigan. Ever <a title="Wikipedia - Lincoln in Jackson" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jackson,_Michigan&diff=prev&oldid=131751213" target="_blank">since May 18, 2007</a>, the article claimed that Abraham Lincoln from Illinois was in attendance at Jackson's early convention of the brand-new Republican Party, in 1854.
Last week, I had a conversation with published author Pat Glesner. He lived and was educated in Kalamazoo, Michigan, not far from my birthplace of Jackson, Michigan, where he now resides. He views editing Wikipedia as a casual hobby, something he doesn't go out of his way to do, but if he finds errors in an article, he fixes them. He says of Wikipedia, "it's not a particularly good research site". In early January, Glesner came upon something that first appeared in the lead section of the Wikipedia article about Jackson, Michigan. Ever [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jackson,_Michigan&diff=prev&oldid=131751213 since May 18, 2007], the article claimed that Abraham Lincoln from Illinois was in attendance at Jackson's early convention of the brand-new Republican Party, in 1854.
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Not only that, but a diversionary ploy was put in place, with the assuring text, "Undisputed is the fact that..." Upon whose authority was this "undisputed fact" entered into the world's largest encyclopedia? That would be IP address editor 66.231.37.178 (no real name, not even a pseudonymous identity). The paragraph was later supported with a reference citation to a news article served on Boston.com, but that link <a title="Boston.com - dead link" href="http://www.boston.com/news/local/new_hampshire/articles/2004/04/10/four_cities_claim_to_be_birthplace_of_the_republican_party?mode=PF" target="_blank">points now</a> to a non-working address. And so, a veneer of authority was built around this supposed "fact", it being "undisputed" after all -- and cited, to boot!
Not only that, but a diversionary ploy was put in place, with the assuring text, "Undisputed is the fact that..." Upon whose authority was this "undisputed fact" entered into the world's largest encyclopedia? That would be IP address editor 66.231.37.178 (no real name, not even a pseudonymous identity). The paragraph was later supported with a reference citation to a news article served on Boston.com, but that link [http://www.boston.com/news/local/new_hampshire/articles/2004/04/10/four_cities_claim_to_be_birthplace_of_the_republican_party?mode=PF points now] to a non-working address. And so, a veneer of authority was built around this supposed "fact", it being "undisputed" after all -- and cited, to boot!
Glesner, a multi-degreed Historical Commissioner, knew that one of Kalamazoo's claims to fame is that it was the only city in Michigan documented to have received a visit from Abe Lincoln (in 1856, to support then presidential candidate John Fremont). So, Glesner knew the "fact" about Lincoln's presence in Jackson two years earlier must be wrong. He took some time to check his understanding, then Glesner modified the Wikipedia article <a title="Wikipedia - Lincoln not in Jackson" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jackson,_Michigan&diff=262826238&oldid=262550036" target="_blank">on January 8, 2009</a>.
Glesner, a multi-degreed Historical Commissioner, knew that one of Kalamazoo's claims to fame is that it was the only city in Michigan documented to have received a visit from Abe Lincoln (in 1856, to support then presidential candidate John Fremont). So, Glesner knew the "fact" about Lincoln's presence in Jackson two years earlier must be wrong. He took some time to check his understanding, then Glesner modified the Wikipedia article [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jackson,_Michigan&diff=262826238&oldid=262550036 on January 8, 2009].
So, Wikipedia had a falsehood stuck in place for 601 days, on an article we <a title="Henrik's Wikipedia article traffic calculator" href="http://stats.grok.se/en/200801/Jackson%2C%20Michigan" target="_blank">estimate to have been viewed</a> over 89,000 times before finally being fixed. The misinformation surrounded the earliest political career of perhaps the most important American individual of all time. But nobody spotted it for over six hundred days.
So, Wikipedia had a falsehood stuck in place for 601 days, on an article we [http://stats.grok.se/en/200801/Jackson%2C%20Michigan estimate to have been viewed] over 89,000 times before finally being fixed. The misinformation surrounded the earliest political career of perhaps the most important American individual of all time. But nobody spotted it for over six hundred days.
'''Hoaxes galore'''
It's not like this one incident is alone on Wikipedia. Entire articles have been <a title="Wikipedia - Hoaxes" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Shii/Hoaxes&oldid=276937327" target="_blank">cut from whole cloth</a>, pulling the wool over the public's eyes for not just months, but years on end. There's the Wikipedia story of Argusto Emfazie, failed occultist. For four and a half years, Wikipedia published the tale of this fictitious man's "biography that promotes mysticism and the occult purely for the sake of mysticism and the occult". For well over three years, Wikipedia hosted a tongue-in-cheek article about the "Brahmanical See", a fabricated account of how the Hindu religion has its own version of the Pope. Indeed, one of the first editors to spot this hoax was chastised and blocked by the Wikipedia powers-that-be for having the nerve to attempt deletion of <a title="Wikipedia Review - Brahmanical See" href="http://wikipediareview.com/index.php?showtopic=15472&st=0&p=75220&#entry75220" target="_blank">a fake article</a>.
It's not like this one incident is alone on Wikipedia. Entire articles have been [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Shii/Hoaxes&oldid=276937327 cut from whole cloth], pulling the wool over the public's eyes for not just months, but years on end. There's the Wikipedia story of Argusto Emfazie, failed occultist. For four and a half years, Wikipedia published the tale of this fictitious man's "biography that promotes mysticism and the occult purely for the sake of mysticism and the occult". For well over three years, Wikipedia hosted a tongue-in-cheek article about the "Brahmanical See", a fabricated account of how the Hindu religion has its own version of the Pope. Indeed, one of the first editors to spot this hoax was chastised and blocked by the Wikipedia powers-that-be for having the nerve to attempt deletion of [http://wikipediareview.com/index.php?showtopic=15472&st=0&p=75220&#entry75220 a fake article].
<blockquote>...the vandal Nexxt 1 has reprised vandalism by adding the {{prod}} tag to the page and fraudulently backdating the tag start date by five days or more, in an attempt to trigger immediate deletion (e.g. in a 13 October 2007 edit, he/she added the tag with the start date of 8 October 2007). The vandal has repeated the abuse of the {{prod}} tag despite being warned on his/her talk page (see above). The vandal has been concurrently warned for actions on other pages.</blockquote>
<blockquote>...the vandal Nexxt 1 has reprised vandalism by adding the {{prod}} tag to the page and fraudulently backdating the tag start date by five days or more, in an attempt to trigger immediate deletion (e.g. in a 13 October 2007 edit, he/she added the tag with the start date of 8 October 2007). The vandal has repeated the abuse of the {{prod}} tag despite being warned on his/her talk page (see above). The vandal has been concurrently warned for actions on other pages.</blockquote>
Just a few days ago, the Wikipedia article about Indian author Ravi Belagere was <a title="Wikipedia - Ravi Belagere's article blanking" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ravi_Belagere&action=history&year=2009&month=3" target="_blank">completely blanked</a> by an administrator and re-started with much more basic information, because over a six-month period, the article had been allowed to acquire all sorts of defamatory rubbish inserted by anonymous IP address editors (again, no real names to attribute to, no real identity to hold accountable). So, this is our situation with today's Internet host of the largest encyclopedia. Unnamed assailants are free to pin allegations of statutory rape and underworld mob connections on real-named subjects of biographies on Wikipedia, and the only defense for the victim is to just... keep... monitoring... their Wikipedia article. Every day. For the rest of their life.
Just a few days ago, the Wikipedia article about Indian author Ravi Belagere was [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ravi_Belagere&action=history&year=2009&month=3 completely blanked] by an administrator and re-started with much more basic information, because over a six-month period, the article had been allowed to acquire all sorts of defamatory rubbish inserted by anonymous IP address editors (again, no real names to attribute to, no real identity to hold accountable). So, this is our situation with today's Internet host of the largest encyclopedia. Unnamed assailants are free to pin allegations of statutory rape and underworld mob connections on real-named subjects of biographies on Wikipedia, and the only defense for the victim is to just... keep... monitoring... their Wikipedia article. Every day. For the rest of their life.
'''Highest offices vulnerable to the wiki-mob'''
Even the hundred Wikipedia articles about the 100 United States senators were found to be vulnerable to drive-by defamation, and lots of it. A systematic study evaluated each and every edit made to these specific 100 articles, throughout the fourth quarter of 2007. The survey's <a title="MyWikiBiz - Wikipedia Vandalism Study" href="http://www.mywikibiz.com/Wikipedia_Vandalism_Study" target="_blank">data revealed</a> that 6.8% of the time, there was something wrong, vindictive, or defamatory lurking in these articles.
Even the hundred Wikipedia articles about the 100 United States senators were found to be vulnerable to drive-by defamation, and lots of it. A systematic study evaluated each and every edit made to these specific 100 articles, throughout the fourth quarter of 2007. The survey's [http://www.mywikibiz.com/Wikipedia_Vandalism_Study data revealed] that 6.8% of the time, there was something wrong, vindictive, or defamatory lurking in these articles.
Indeed it was recent malevolent information added to the Wikipedia biographies about Senators Robert Byrd and Edward Kennedy that prompted Wikipedia co-founder Jimmy Wales to make promises to the mainstream media that he would usher in new editorial controls that would make such loosey-goosey online defamation a thing of the past at Wikipedia.
Indeed it was recent malevolent information added to the Wikipedia biographies about Senators Robert Byrd and Edward Kennedy that prompted Wikipedia co-founder Jimmy Wales to make promises to the mainstream media that he would usher in new editorial controls that would make such loosey-goosey online defamation a thing of the past at Wikipedia.
'''Surely, there must be a fix!'''
It may not surprise you to learn that the Wikimedia Foundation (caretaker of the Wikipedia.org domain) has had at its disposal a technical "fix" that would help prevent probably the vast majority of these "drive-by" misinformation campaigns.
It may not surprise you to learn that the Wikimedia Foundation (caretaker of the Wikipedia.org domain) has had at its disposal a technical "fix" that would help prevent probably the vast majority of these "drive-by" misinformation campaigns.
This broad-reaching solution to what perhaps is Wikipedia's biggest problem and most dangerous legal liability would be the implementation of a Mediawiki software extension called "<a title="Wikipedia - Flagged revisions" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Flagged_revisions&oldid=275049961" target="_blank">Flagged Revisions</a>". With flagged revisions, any new edit to a page would sit in a "holding" space where it would need to be "sighted" by an independent editor who was registered with the community and had a legacy of at least 4 days of editing and 10 accepted edits to Wikipedia. This solution has worked admirably on the German version of Wikipedia, but the English Wikipedia (under the scattered leadership of Jimbo Wales and a do-little Board of Trustees) has <em>still</em> failed to implement flagged revisions. In fact, the Wikimedia leadership has <a title="Wikipedia Review - Flagged Revisions Timeline" href="http://wikipediareview.com/index.php?showtopic=23166" target="_blank">promised flagged revisions for years</a> now, but those in the know ultimately realize a diversionary ploy when they see one.
This broad-reaching solution to what perhaps is Wikipedia's biggest problem and most dangerous legal liability would be the implementation of a Mediawiki software extension called "[http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Flagged_revisions&oldid=275049961 Flagged Revisions]". With flagged revisions, any new edit to a page would sit in a "holding" space where it would need to be "sighted" by an independent editor who was registered with the community and had a legacy of at least 4 days of editing and 10 accepted edits to Wikipedia. This solution has worked admirably on the German version of Wikipedia, but the English Wikipedia (under the scattered leadership of Jimbo Wales and a do-little Board of Trustees) has ''still'' failed to implement flagged revisions. In fact, the Wikimedia leadership has [http://wikipediareview.com/index.php?showtopic=23166 promised flagged revisions for years] now, but those in the know ultimately realize a diversionary ploy when they see one.
<h4>Image credits:</h4>
<h4>Image credits:</h4>
<li><span style="color: #000000;">Snopes.com logo, <a title="Snopes.com logo, Fair use" href="http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html#107" target="_blank"><span class="comment">fair use doctrine</span></a>.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: #000000;">Snopes.com logo, [http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html#107 <span class="comment">fair use doctrine</span>].</span></li>
<li><span style="color: #000000;">Daguerreotype of Abraham Lincoln by Polycarp Von Schneidau, Chicago, October 27, 1854; Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library, <a title="GNU logo" href="http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html#107" target="_blank"><span class="comment">fair use doctrine</span></a>.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: #000000;">Daguerreotype of Abraham Lincoln by Polycarp Von Schneidau, Chicago, October 27, 1854; Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library, [http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html#107 <span class="comment">fair use doctrine</span>].</span></li>
==Comments==
==Comments==