Korcula Dialect

Town of Korcula. Photo link for a aerial view of old Korcula Town.

Dalmatia (the dark purple) within todays modern Croatia The island of Korcula is marked red.

Korcula dialect (or Korčulanski) is a Croatian dialect from the island of Korčula. The island of Korčula lies just off the Dalmatian coast in Croatia. The language base of the Korčula dialect is Chakavian Croatian (Old Croatian plus it is also intermixed with Shtokavian). The dialect has remnants of the extinct Latin Romance language, Dalmatian. The Dalmatian remnants within the dialect have been sometimes referred to as Corzulot. Additionally it has strong influences of Venetian-Italian.

The local dialect in the past was referred (and is still sometimes today) to as Naski or more correctly Naški. The š is pronounced sh. Sir John Gardner Wilkinson, a 19 century English historian, referred to the Dalmatian Slavic dialect as Illirskee. He also wrote “Italian is spoken in all the seaports of Dalmatia “.

Examples

Examples of Corzulot words compared with Vegliot, English and Croatian:

Corzulot - Dalmatian Vegliot - English - Croatian ^[1]

buža - bus - hole - rupa
čimitir - chimitier - graveyard - groblje
dent - diant - teeth - zubi
faculet - fazuol - handkerchief - rubac
fatiga - fatica - work - radi
fermaj - fermai - stop - stoj
jeloz - golaus - jealous - ljubomoran
kantat - cantar - to sing - pjevati (Latin: canto)

Encyclopedia Britannica on Vegliot:

“	Romance language formerly spoken along the Dalmatian coast from the island of Veglia (modern Krk) to Ragusa (modern Dubrovnik). Ragusan Dalmatian probably disappeared in the 17th century. The Vegliot Dalmatian dialect became extinct in the 19th century.	„

A Korcula postcard from 1902 in Italian. The last Italian government school was abolished in Korcula on the 13th of September 1876.

Additional examples of words from the Korcula dialect of Croatia

(Korčula dialect - English - Croatian)

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adio - goodbye - doviđenja (addio: meaning in Italian goodbye)
afitat - rent (Venetian:afìt)
aimemeni - poor me or oh dear
alavia - done properly or it's Ok! - u redu
apoteka - pharmacy (Venetian: apoteca)
arbol - ship's mast (In Venetian it means tree)
aria - air - zdrak (Venetian: aria)
arma - armed (Venetian: arma)
avižat - to arrive - došao
baleta - bullet - metak (Venetian: bal)
banda - side - strana (In Venetian it means side & flank)
balun - football (Venetian: balón)
banak - bench (Venetian: banca)
baraka - shed or shack (Venetian: baràca)
barba - uncle - stric (Venetian: barba)
barilo - barrel (Venetian: barìla)
barka - type of local boat (Venetian: bàrca)
bat - a type of hammer (Venetian: batu meaning to strike)
bevanda - wine with water - vino sa vodom (Venetian: bevànda "watery wine")
beštija - animal - životinja (Latin: bestia also beast)
beštimat - swear (Venetian: bestiemàr)
bičve - socks - čarape
bićerin - small glass (Venetian: bicér "glass")
Brigela - local nickname (Venetian: brighela joker)
bobon - lolly
boca - bottle - flaša (Venetian: boca)
bonaca - the sea is dead calm (Venetian: bonàça)
botilja - bottle (Romance Dalmatian: botaila)
botun - button (Romance Dalmatian: botaun)
bravo - well done
buka - noisy (Romance Dalmatian: mouth)
bukva - herring
bura - local wind
butiga - shop
buža - hole - rupa (Venetian: bus or buxa)
cilo - wine without water - vino bez vode
cukar - sugar - šečer (Venetian: sucaro)
čakule - gossip
čagalj - jackal
čorav - blind (Venetian: ciòro "blind person")
damižana - a netted bottle
daž - rain - kiša
Dreto - straight (Romance Dalmatian: drat)
Defora in old Venetian means "from the outside".
Di greš?- Where are you going?
faca - face - lice (Venetian: faca)
fabrika - factory - tvornica (Latin: fabrica- manufacture or to craft, trade, art, trick, device)
fabrikat - to trick
falso - fake (Venetian: falso "liar")
feral - a gas or petroleum lamp for attracting fish (night fishing). Also in Venetian feral means "lamp".
fermai - stop - stani
feta - slice (Venetian: feta)
figura - figure (Venetian: figura)
fjaka - When one feels sleepy on a lazy summer day afternoon.
forma - shape (Venetian: forma)
fraja - to go out and have a good time (Venetian: fraja-happy company or happy bunch)
frigati - to fry (Romance Dalmatian: fregur)
forca - power (apply with strength)
fortuna - strong wind
fratar - priest (Latin: frater meaning brother)
fuga - gap (Latin: flight, escape)
fumar - chimney (Venetian: fuma meaning smoke)
fumati - smoking - pušiti
furešti - foreigner - stranac
gira - a fish from Croatia.
griža - a form of very hard stone
gundula - type of boat
gusti - enjoyment (Venetian: gusto-pleasurable)
gusto - thick
gustrina - underground rainwater reservoir
guzica - bottom
hoča - lets go
idra or jidra - sails
ito- and - i
izilo - eaten
kadena - chain (Romance Dalmatian:kataina)
kajić - type of local boat
Kalafat - means masters (shipyard workers) who filled the fissures between boards on a wooden boat.
kamara - bedroom - soba (Latin: camera-vault, vaulted room)
kantat - to sing - pjevati (Latin: canto)
kapula - onion - luk (Romance Dalmatian: kapula)
karoca - small carriage (Venetian: carosa)
katrida - chair - stolica (Romance Dalmatian: katraida)
katun - corner (Latin: cantus)

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klapa - an a cappella form of music (Venetian:clapa "singing crowd")
koltrine - curtains
kontra - against - protiv (Latin: contra)
korač - hammer
kormilo - rudder
kurijozan - curiosity
kužin - cousin - rođak (Venetian: cuxìn)
lacun - bed sheets
lapis - pencil - olovka (Venetian: apis)
lavadin - washbasin (Venetian: lavandin)
lešada - a type of fish soup (boiled)/ Lesada in Venetian means boil.
leut - type of local boat
levant - local wind
libro - book - knjiga
licenca - licence - dozvola (Venetian: icenca)
lipo - nice or beautiful - ljepo
maistral - local wind
makina - machine or engine
Malandrin - Local nickname. In Venetian it means: dishonest or crook
mat or mati - mother - majka
Maragun - wood worker (Venetian: Marangòn)
mapa - map (Venetian: mapa)
meća - to throw
mezo - in between (Venetian: mèzo "half")
mlinko - milk
motika - local agricultural tool
mudante - underwear (Venetian: mudande)
noštromo - boatswain
parića - to prepare
pamidora - tomato (Italian pamidore)
pandur - policemen - policija (Venetian: panduro)
papit - this word is used when feeding a child - jedi djete (Venetian: papa-means baby food)
perun - fork (Venetian: pirón from Greek: pirouni)
piat - plate
pikolo - small, little (Venetian: picolo)
Pelišac - Pelješac (other names used: Stonski Rat, Puncta Stagni, Ponta di Stagno and Sabioncello)
pirula - pill - tableta (Venetian: pirola)
pistun - piston (Venetian: piston)
pitura - paint (Venetian: pitura-painting)
poć na ribe - going fishing - ići na ribanje
Pola - Pula (a city in today's modern Croatia)
porat or porto - port, harbour - luka
postoli - shoes - cipele
postelja - bed
potato - potato - krumpir
punistra - window (Latin: fenestra)
rič - word
ritko - not often
setemana - week - tijedan (Venetian: setemana)
spim - I'm sleeping
skula - school - škola
soldi - money - novac (Latin: solidus)
soto - underneath - ispod (Venetian: sot or soto)
svit - people - narod
šestan - attractive or good looking (Venetian:sesto-grace, well mannered)
šija - reverse - natrag
šiloko - local wind (Venetian: siròco)
škoj - island - otok
škver - shipyard - brodgradilište
špirit - spirit
šporko - dirty (Venetian: spórco)
štrada - street - ulica
šufit - attic or loft (Venetian: sofìta)
šugaman - beach towel
tata - father - otac
torta - a type of cake (Venetian: torta)
tavajol - tablecloth (Venetian: toaja)
temple or timpre - temple (anatomical)
terpeza - table - stol
ura - hour - jedan sat
vapor - ferry - trajekt (Venetian: Bapor meaning steamship)
vara vamo - move on
vedro - clear sky
vijaž (or vijaz) - meaning a sailors tour
vrime (or brime) - weather - vrijeme
Vi ga niste vidili - You did not see him.
zeje - local dish
zrcalo - mirror - ogledalo

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Each town and village on the island have their own unique version of the dialect. The Korčula dialect is found in the local folk music. The local Klape groups (an a cappella form of music) sing using the Korčula dialect. The well know Croatian singer, Oliver Dragojevic, has used the dialect in his music.

One of Korčula's older names was Curzola. The island was from 1420 to 1797 part of the Republic of Venice. The Old-Slavic term was Krkar. According to Antun Rosanovic (Defence of Korcula in 1571) the Greeks named it Kórkyra Melaena meaning Black Corfu after their homeland and the dense woods on the island.

Note: The last Italian language government school was abolished in Korčula (Curzola) on the 13th of September 1876.

Information below taken from Beginnings of Formal Education - Vela Luka:

"Italian language was not only the official language in all public Dalmatian establishments, but also was the spoken language in a significant number of white-collar, civil service and merchant families in the cities and major markets within towns. "

From the late 19th century onwards the old Dalmatian culture has been all but disappearing from the region.

A Vela Luka-Vallegrande postcard from 1903, written in Croatian and Italian. Photo taken by Ernesto Furlani.

Korcula Town photo by Peter Zuvela

Additional History

Arneri Lords of Korcula

Historic quote taken from Researches on the Danube and the Adriatic written by Andrew Archibald Paton in 1861. Chapter 4 - The Dalmatian Archipelago on page 164.

Signor Arneri from the town of Korčula stated to Andrew Archibald Paton:

“	These three pears you see on the wall," said he, "are the arms of my family. Perussich was the name, when, in the earlier part of the fifteenth century, my ancestors built this palace; so that, you see, I am Dalmatian. All the family, fathers, sons, and brothers, used to serve in the fleets of the Republic [Editors notes: Republic of Venice]; but the hero of our race was Arneri Perussich, whose statue you see there, who fought, bled, and died at the Siege of Candia,?whose memory was honoured by the Republic, and whose surviving family was liberally pensioned; so his name of our race. We became Arneri, and ceased to be Perussich	„

Note: Andrew Archibald Paton (1811-1874) was a British diplomat and writer from the 19 century he visited Korčula in the early 1860s. He spoke Italian very fluently.

Canon Pietro Casola's Pilgrimage to Jerusalem

Below is Pietro Casola writing about Korčula (Curzola) in 1494:

" On Friday, the 13th of June, we left the canal of Lesina [Hvar-Editors note] after sunrise and made sail with a very slight wind ; but as the day advanced the wind improved and we came opposite the citadel of Curzola (Note 58), which is beautiful to look at from the outside. The captain did not wish to stop there for fear of losing the favourable wind, and thus we passed by, and could only admire the place from the outside; it is said to be sixty miles from Lesina. The captain related that a few years ago King Ferdinand, the former King of Naples, sent his fleet there to pry and steal it from the Venetians, but he failed completely because the people of Curzola were valiant, and defended themselves from that attack without additional help from the Signoria of Venice, to whom they are subject. (p171)

Curzola: Reached Curzola, (1.) a citadel in Dalmatia, and as bright and clean as a beautiful jewel. It has no drawbridges, but it has strong walls, and it will be stronger still when a wall is finished which has been begun towards the sea. At first sight the said citadel appears to be flat, but one perceives on entering it that all the streets ascend a little. The streets are narrow and dark, but they are paved with stones. The city is built on a rock. Many of the houses are built in the modern style and are handsome enough for a great city. They are built of white stone like marble and sculptured. It was a marvel to me to see so many beautiful houses in that place. The Cathedral Church, considering its importance and also that of the city, is beautiful. It is entirely built of beautiful squared stones. The choir is beautiful and the church is well served. The said citadel is full of people.

(1.) In 1494 the Venetian Count or Governor of Curzola was Ser Simon Capello, who remained there three years, until January, 1496. Segretario alle Voci, Reg. vi. p, 68. Archives of Venice. (p327,p328)
'Note 58': Curzola. The battle referred to by Casola took place in August, 1483. During the war between Venice and Ferrara (1482 — 1484), King Ferdinand of Naples, in support of his son-in-law the Duke of Ferrara, sent a fleet against Curzola. It was defeated by the inhabitants under Giorgio Viario, the then Count or Governor. (p377)

The Chapel of Saint Cosmas (Kuzma) and Saint Damian on the island of Korcula. The foundations are from the 6th century AD, whilst the rest of the Chapel was rebuilt in the 11 century.Photo by Peter Zuvela

Dalmatia's Coat of arms

External Links

Coat of arms of Croatia (Hrvatska)

Notes and References

^ Language and Identity in the Balkans: Serbo-Croatian and Its Disintegration ... By Robert D. Greenberg

Venetian-English English-Venetian: When in Venice Do as the Venetians by Lodovico Pizzati
Encyclopedia Britannica: "Korčula, Italian Curzola, Greek Corcyra Melaina, island in the Adriatic Sea, on the Dalmatian coast, in Croatia. With an area of 107 square miles (276 square km), it has a hilly interior rising to 1,863 feet (568 m). The Greeks colonized it in the 4th century bc. Korčula was subsequently occupied by the Romans, Goths, Slavs, Byzantines, and Genoese; the kings of Hungary and Croatia"
Dalmatia and Montenegro: With a Journey to Mostar in Herzegovina by Sir John Gardner Wilkinson.Sir John Gardner Wilkinson (October 5, 1797 – October 29, 1875) was an English traveller, writer and pioneer Egyptologist of the 19th century. He is often referred to as "the Father of British Egyptology.
Venice and the Slavs: The Discovery of Dalmatia in the Age of Enlightenment by Larry Wolff.
Note: Recent DNA studies have stated that more than three quarters of today's Croatian men are the descendants of Europeans who inhabited Europe 13 000-20 000 years ago. The first primary source (factual-that its authenticity isn't disputed) to mention the Croatian-Hrvat identity in the Balkans was Duke Branimir (Latin: "Branimiro comite dux cruatorum cogitavit" c. 880 AD). Branimir was a Slav from Dalmatia.
The Siege of Candia (modern Heraklion-Crete) was a military conflict in which Ottoman forces besieged the Venetian ruled city and were victorious. Lasting from 1648 to 1669, it is conceded by some to be the longest siege in history.
Researches on the Danube and the Adriatic: By Andrew Archibald Paton. Chapter 4. The Dalmatian Archipelago. Andrew Archibald Paton (1811-1874) was a British diplomat and writer from the 19th century.
Otok Korčula (2nd edition) by Marinko Gjivoje, Zagreb 1969. The book outlines A-Z about the island of Korcula, from traditions, history, culture to wildlife, politics & geography: Piruzović
Smiciklas, CD V, N. Klaic, Povijest Hrvata u Razvijenom & When Ethnicity Did not Matter in the Balkans (by John Van Antwerp Fine): “ In 1262 the Venetian praised the Slavs and Latins on the island of Korcula for submitting to the prince Venice had sent. ”

A 19th century engraving of a Venetian galley fighting a Genoese fleet at the Battle of Curzola in 1298. The Granger Collection-England

The Land of 1000 Islands by Igor Rudan
The Cambridge Ancient History Vol. 11 : The High Empire, AD 70-192 by Peter Rathbone
An Inventory of Archaic and Classical Poleis: An Investigation Conducted by The Copenhagen Polis Centre for the Danish National Research Foundation by Mogens Herman Hansen,2005,Index
Croatian Adriatic: History, Culture, Art & Natural Beauties
The Shores of the Adriatic (Illustrated Edition) by F Hamilton Jackson
The Italians of Dalmatia by Luciano Monzali
Editor's note: In the neighbouring Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia a Croatian nationalistic movement was established and alongside that, within the Balkan region a Pan-Slavic movement was growing (the beginnings of the ill fated Yugoslavia). These political on goings started to be felt in the Kingdom of Dalmatia. The Austrians in the 1860s started to introduce (a process of Croatisation) within the Kingdom of Dalmatia a standardised Croatian language sometimes referred to as Illirski. It then replaced Italian altogether. In effect the government undertook culture genocide. For centuries the Italian language was the official language of the Dalmatian establishment. It was also the spoken language in white-collar, civil service and merchant families. Privately Italian schools were still being run in the Kingdom of Dalmatia, i.e the city of Zadar and Split (Lega Nazionale at Spalato).
Beginnings of Formal Education - Vela Luka: (beginnings of literacy and Lower Primary School 1857 – 1870)
Note: The traditional Klapa was composed of up to a dozen male singers (in recent times there are female Klape groups). Klapa singing dates back centuries. The arrival of the Slavic-Croatians to Dalmatia and their subsequent settlement in the area, began the process of the cultural mixing of Slavic culture with that of the traditions of the Roman-Latin population of Dalmatia. This process was most evident in the coastal and island regions of Dalmatia. In the 19th century a standard form of Klapa singing emerged. Church music heavily influences the arrangements of this music giving it the musical form that exists today.

Korcula Korčula Korčulanski Directory:Korcula History Korcula History Corzulot Korzulot Croatian dialect Dalmatian Venetian Latin Klapa Korcula town Vela Luka Blato Lumbarda Racisce Zrnovo Pupnat Smokvica Cara Croatia Dalmatia Korcula Korčula Dalmatia Korčulanski Korčula Dialect Dalmatian Language Arneri Lords of Korcula

[1] Language and Identity in the Balkans: Serbo-Croatian and Its Disintegration ... By Robert D. Greenberg

[1]