Difference between revisions of "Directory talk:Korcula History"
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==If we put aside political correctness, concerning Korcula's history-Article Prep== | ==If we put aside political correctness, concerning Korcula's history-Article Prep== | ||
| − | + | If we put aside political correctness, one could ask the question what '''happened''' to the ''Roman'' families in the 7th century when the Slavs invaded the island of '''Korcula'''? The Slavic tribes invaded the [[Directory:Fausto Veranzio#Dalmatian|Dalmatian]] province of the ''Eastern Roman Empire'' (Byzantine). | |
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| − | If we put aside political correctness, one could ask the question what '''happened''' to the ''Roman'' families in the 7th century when the Slavs invaded the island of ''' | ||
===Events=== | ===Events=== | ||
| − | Events could have unfolded (& most probably did) which led to them being attacked and killed. The survivors could have fled from Korčula to Ragusa (Dubrovnik), then a place of refuge. Maybe some survived and remained on the island. The Roman cities of Dalmatia; ''Epidaurum'', ''Narona'' and ''Salona'' (which were then part of the Eastern Roman Empire-Byzantine, these towns were destroyed or just abandoned. This was due the to fact that cities where not strategically set up for defence of constant invasions. The Avari participated in these events too.<ref>Ostrogoths tribes | + | Events could have unfolded (& most probably did) which led to them being attacked and killed. The survivors could have fled from Korčula to Ragusa (Dubrovnik), then a place of refuge. Maybe some survived and remained on the island. The Roman cities of Dalmatia; ''Epidaurum'', ''Narona'' and ''Salona'' (which were then part of the Eastern Roman Empire-Byzantine, these towns were destroyed or just abandoned. This was due the to fact that cities where not strategically set up for defence of constant invasions. The Avari participated in these events too.<ref>Ostrogoths tribes invaded Dalmatia in the 6th century</ref> In this historic period it is recorded that many of the churches on the island of Korčula were destroyed (then rebuilt at a later stage). <ref>According to recent studies done at the University of Zadar, Slavs on the island of Korčula accepted Christianity fully in the 14th century. Reference from: University of Zadar-Sociogeographic Transformation of the Western Part of Korcula Island by Lena Mirosevic-2008/page 161</ref> According to [[Directory:Historical Compendium of the Island of Korcula|''"Historical Compendium of the Island of Korcula"'']] by Nikola Ostoic, the Roman families survived. They spoke the ''Romance language''-'''Dalmatian'''. |
The new population likely settled in the centre of the island (near the village Čara) they spoke '''Chakavian-Croatian'''. The centre of the island had its strategic qualities which allowed protection on all sides from attack by sea. It also had fertile land which allowed cultivation. After the invasion of Slavic tribes the region stabilised to a certain extent. The ''Eastern Roman Empire'' (Byzantine) and the ''Republic of Venice'' and others,<ref>Narantani (Neretljani Slavs)</ref> started to exert a political influence over the region. These events have been recorded historically by both Empires in chronicles of the time. | The new population likely settled in the centre of the island (near the village Čara) they spoke '''Chakavian-Croatian'''. The centre of the island had its strategic qualities which allowed protection on all sides from attack by sea. It also had fertile land which allowed cultivation. After the invasion of Slavic tribes the region stabilised to a certain extent. The ''Eastern Roman Empire'' (Byzantine) and the ''Republic of Venice'' and others,<ref>Narantani (Neretljani Slavs)</ref> started to exert a political influence over the region. These events have been recorded historically by both Empires in chronicles of the time. | ||
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This is a term (a pronoun) which is used to describe ones identity is quiet odd! | This is a term (a pronoun) which is used to describe ones identity is quiet odd! | ||
There is archaeological evidence from 16 century where the Croatian identity was used. Stone writings in Zavalatica are dedicated to events from 889 AD. It describes a clash between the Slavic population and the Venetian army. Marinko Gjivoje wrote about the find in 1972. The stone writings uses: ''Hrvat Dalmatinac'' in its writings. ''Hrvat'' means Croatian in Slavic.<ref>[http://www.korcula.net/history/mmarelic/script.htm History-Korcula.net] Marko Marelic-S. Francisco-USA</ref> | There is archaeological evidence from 16 century where the Croatian identity was used. Stone writings in Zavalatica are dedicated to events from 889 AD. It describes a clash between the Slavic population and the Venetian army. Marinko Gjivoje wrote about the find in 1972. The stone writings uses: ''Hrvat Dalmatinac'' in its writings. ''Hrvat'' means Croatian in Slavic.<ref>[http://www.korcula.net/history/mmarelic/script.htm History-Korcula.net] Marko Marelic-S. Francisco-USA</ref> | ||
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| + | == Former Yugoslavia-West Balkans History == | ||
| + | |||
| + | The region of the former Yugoslavia-West Balkans has problems with interpreting multicultural and ''multiethnic'' history (& societies). The statement below comes from a book called '''Dalmatia''' (History, Culture, Art Heritage) written by Antun Travirka. | ||
| + | |||
| + | {{Cquote|''By the 14th century the city had become wholly Croatian'' <ref>Dalmatia (History, Culture, Art Heritage) by Antun Travirka</ref>}} | ||
| + | The book it self is primarily for the tourist market and is easily available in serval languages. It is on page 137 and it’s referring to the ''Republic of Ragusa''. The old Republic of '''Ragusa''' (Dubrovnik) is now within the borders of the modern Croatia. This monolithic description is an outright lie and it’s a form of culture genocide. Additionally the book did not even mention Ragusa the name at all, which was used for more than a millennium.The peoples of Ragusa were a nation in their own right; the Republic was also made up of many ethnic nationalities. The Republic was a Maritime nation that traded all over the Mediterranean and even had trade with the Americas. Additionally it was in competition with Venice itself. | ||
| + | |||
| + | Concerning the former Yugoslavia (which [[Croatia|Croatian]] was part of) the Cold War era played a major role in this style of historical documentation of the region’s history. Yugoslav Communist history is now dogma in Croatia. Many of today’s Croatians live with this dogma as their reality even though the Berlin Wall fell in 1989. | ||
| + | *'''Quote''' by contemporary historian Danijel Dzino: {{Cquote| ''Medieval studies in Croatia and in most of the former Yugoslav space were firmly rooted in political history and suffered from isolationism and lack of interest in foreign scholarship. In the [[Titoism and Totalitarianism|communist era]], especially after the 1960s, Marxist ideology and national and Yugoslav political-ideological frameworks strongly impacted on the research into medieval history in Croatia '' <ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=6UbOtJcF8rQC&pg=PA43&dq=Becoming+Slav,+Becoming+Croat:+Identity+Transformations+in+Post-Roman+Medieval+studies+in+croatia&hl=en&ei=aEVLTZXLC5GevgPU26QW&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCoQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false Becoming Slav, Becoming Croat:] Identity Transformations in Post-Roman and and Early Medieval Dalmatia by Danijel Dzino (p43)</ref>}} | ||
| + | *'''Note''': Communist Yugoslavia executed Historian - ''Kerubin Segvic''. He was executed mainly for proposing a different historic model than that of Yugoslav regime state policies of Croatians arriving in the Western Balkans.<ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=6UbOtJcF8rQC&pg=PA20&dq=Kerubin+Segvic+Becoming+Slav,+Becoming+Croat:+Identity+Transformations+in+Post-Roman&hl=en&ei=ITrwTP7nLsW3cO_RwJYK&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCcQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false Becoming Slav, Becoming Croat:] Identity Transformations in Post-Roman and Early Medieval Dalmatia by Danijel Dzino (p20)</ref> | ||
====Some of the latest research studies==== | ====Some of the latest research studies==== | ||
Revision as of 14:15, 28 February 2011
If we put aside political correctness, concerning Korcula's history-Article Prep
If we put aside political correctness, one could ask the question what happened to the Roman families in the 7th century when the Slavs invaded the island of Korcula? The Slavic tribes invaded the Dalmatian province of the Eastern Roman Empire (Byzantine).
Events
Events could have unfolded (& most probably did) which led to them being attacked and killed. The survivors could have fled from Korčula to Ragusa (Dubrovnik), then a place of refuge. Maybe some survived and remained on the island. The Roman cities of Dalmatia; Epidaurum, Narona and Salona (which were then part of the Eastern Roman Empire-Byzantine, these towns were destroyed or just abandoned. This was due the to fact that cities where not strategically set up for defence of constant invasions. The Avari participated in these events too.[1] In this historic period it is recorded that many of the churches on the island of Korčula were destroyed (then rebuilt at a later stage). [2] According to "Historical Compendium of the Island of Korcula" by Nikola Ostoic, the Roman families survived. They spoke the Romance language-Dalmatian.
The new population likely settled in the centre of the island (near the village Čara) they spoke Chakavian-Croatian. The centre of the island had its strategic qualities which allowed protection on all sides from attack by sea. It also had fertile land which allowed cultivation. After the invasion of Slavic tribes the region stabilised to a certain extent. The Eastern Roman Empire (Byzantine) and the Republic of Venice and others,[3] started to exert a political influence over the region. These events have been recorded historically by both Empires in chronicles of the time.
Dalmatians of Roman-Latin ancestry brought Mediterranean cultural to the Slavs. Christianity was one aspect of this. In essence Slavs-Croatians on the island were Romanized. The 19th century theories concerning the identity of these early Slavs is flawed. The latest scholarly & archaeological research states that the Slavs of Southern Dalmatian were identified as neither Croatians or Serbs. They were called Slavs. This term was first used by Eastern Roman Empire (Byzantine) and was written in the 6th century in Byzantine Greek.
Later the Slavic peoples started to identify themselves (or by others) into separate ethnic groups which is perfectly normal. It seems that in Southern Dalmatia the Slavic identity lasted much longer. As centuries went by Dalmatian Slavs started to referred to themselves as just Dalmatians.
Signor Arneri stated: Historic quote taken from Researches on the Danube and the Adriatic: By Andrew Archibald Paton. Chapter 4. The Dalmatian Archipelago.p164 (1861)
| “ | These three pears you see on the wall," said he, "are the arms of my family. Perussich was the name, when, in the earlier part of the fifteenth century, my ancestors built this palace; so that, you see, I am Dalmatian. All the family, fathers, sons, and brothers, used to serve in the fleets of the Republic (Republic of Venice); but the hero of our race was Arneri Perussich, whose statue you see there, who fought, bled, and died at the Siege of Candia, whose memory was honoured by the Republic, and whose surviving family was liberally pensioned; so his name of our race. We became Arneri, and ceased to be Perussich[4] (According to Marinko Gjivoje, Perussich is Piruzović.) [5] | ” |
The Statute of Korčula [6] which was first drafted in 1214 was probably written by Latin & Slavic Nobility.
Historic quote taken from When Ethnicity Did not Matter in the Balkans by John Van Antwerp Fine:
| “ | "In 1262 the Venetians praised the Slavs and Latins on the island of Korcula for submitting to the prince Venice had sent" [7] | ” |
Today we have surnames on the island that are not of Slavic origin, for example:
- Izmaeli - originally de Ismael
- Gabrijeliċ - originally Gabriel
- Đunio - originally de Giunio
Korčula Dialect
Korčula Dialect (or Korčulanski) is a Croatian dialect from the island of Korčula in Croatia. According to the Croatian Anthropological Society in their Collegium Antropologicum (Volumes 15-16) the language base of the Korčula dialect is Chakavian Croatian (it is also intermixed with Shokavian).[8] The dialect has remnants of the extinct Romance language, Dalmatian. [9] The Dalmatian remnants within the dialect have been referred to as Corzulot. Additionally it has influences of Venetian:
- Defora in old Venetian means "from the outside".
- Regarding the Shokavian dialect (taken from-Land of 1000 Islands by Igor Rudan):
| “ | However, the clashes between the Ottoman Empire and Venetian Republic produced extensive migrations from the mainland areas, especially from today's Bosnia and Herzegovina, to the eastern parts of the islands of Brač, Hvar, Korčula, and Pag. The newcomers brought their gene pool and a variety of cultural specificities, including the “Shokavian” dialect of the Croatian language to the predominantly “Chakavian” area. The most extensive migrations to these islands occurred during the Cypriote (1571-1573), Candian (1645-1669), and Morean wars (1684-1699). The newcomers were given land and awarded special privileges “The Paštrović Privileges”. [10] | ” |
The new arrivals to the island who were predominately Slavic (Shtokavian) speakers. This must have put the Slavic speaks (Old Croatian Slavic - Chakavian + Slavic - Shtokavian) on the island in a majority. Interesting today some Croatians and Serbs share this dialect. Venetian was still Lingua franca on the island and must have replaced Latin as the official written language.
Korčula dialect and Venetian
- adio/goodbye - Venetian: adio
- afitat/rent - Venetian: afìt
- ala/come on - Venetian: ala
- aria/air - Venetian: aria
- arma/armed - Venetian: arma
- balun/football - Venetian: balón
- banak/bench - Venetian: banca [11]
- baraka/shed or shack - Venetian: baràca
- barba/uncle - Venetian: barba
- barilo/ barrel - Venetian: barìla
- barka/type of local boat - Venetian: bàrca
- bareta/ cap, hat - Venetian: bareta
- bevanda/wine with water- Venetian: bevànda "watery wine"
- beštimat/swear - Venetian: bestiemàr
- bićerin/small glass - Venetian: bicér "glass"
- bira/beer-Venetian: bira
- biskot/cookies-biscot
- boca/bottle - Venetian:boca
- bonaca/the sea is dead calm - Venetian:bonàca
- bonbon/sweet - Venetian: bonbon
- botun/ botton - Venetian: boton
- bova/ bouy - Venetian: bova
- Brigela/ local nickname- Venetian: brighela (meaning joker)
- britva/ knife- Venetian: britolada
- bura/ northern wind - Venetian: bora
- burin/ light northern wind - Venetian: borin
- buža/ hola - Venetian: bus or buxa
- čorav/blind - Venetian: ciòro "blind person"
- Defora in old Venetian means "from the outside".
- karoca/ small carriage - Venetian: carosa (carriage)
- kartun/ cupboard - Venetian: carton
- kasa/ case - Venetian: casa
- katrida/ chair - Venetian: carega
- klapa/an a cappella form of music - Venetian:clapa "singing crowd"
- kužin/ cousin - Venetian:cuxìn
- Maragun/wood worker - Venetian:Marangòn
- mezo/in between - Venetian: mèzo "half"
- perun/fork - Venetian: pirón from Greek: pirouni
- šiloko/local wind - Venetian: siròco
- šporko/dirty - Venetian: spórco
- šufit/ attic or loft - Venetian: sofìta
Historic classifies of Korčula's political life in the following phases
- Indigenous population of Korčula were Illyrians.[12] It is believed that the Illyrians arrived in the Balkans approximately 1000 BC.[13]
- Greek colony was founded on Korčula.[14] Greek colonists from Corcyra (Corfu) formed a small colony on the island in the 4th century B.C. The Greeks named it "Black Corfu" after their homeland and the dense pine-woods on the island.
Lumbarda Psephisma is a stone inscription on the island of Korčula, in modern-day Croatia. It is believed that the psephism is from the 4th century B.C. The Greeks established a settlement on the basis of a prior agreement with the representatives of the local Illyrians who were Pil and his son Daz.
- The island became part of the Roman province of Illyricum. [15] After the Illyrian Wars. Roman migration followed and Roman citizens arrived on the island. [16] In 10 AD Illyricum was split into two provinces, Pannonia and Dalmatia.[17] Korčula became part of the ancient Roman province of Dalmatia.
- In the 6th century it came under Eastern Roman Empire-Byzantine (by then the Greek families would have been Romanized). The Illyrian population according to the Historical Compendium of the Island of Korcula suffered greatly under the Romans. After the Illyrian Wars the males were excited and females were sold of to slavery. [18]
- Migrations of the 7th century, brought the Slavic peoples into the Dalmatian region. The Neretljani Slavs invaded the island and occupied it. The Old-Slavic term for Korčula for was Krkar.
- Conquered by the Veneti under the management of the doge Pietro Orscolo from 999 to 1100.
- Held by the Genoese from 1100 to 1129.
- Recaptured by Popone Zorzi, from the Veneto Region, and by the Republic subjected to this house from 1129 to 1180, from 1252 to 1254, and from 1258 until 1357.
- Possessed on behalf of the king of Hungary from 1257 and with brief interruptions of the Genoese until 1418.
- Korčula was devastated by the plague in 1558.[19]
- Devoting itself of its own accord to the Republic of Venice in 1420, and held by it with exemption from any tax until 1797.
- Surrendered with the Veneto State to Napoleon I of France, and united with the Kingdom of Italy from 1806 to 1807, and later from 1808 to 1813 annexed with Dalmatian to the Illyrian provinces.
- Taken and held by the Russians in 1808
- Taken from the French by the English and guarded for themselves from 1813 to 1815.
- Occupied by Austria, first by obligation from 1797 to 1806, later by Vienna Treaty from 1815 to 1918.
- Under the Treaty of Rapallo (Nov. 12, 1920 between Italy and Yugoslavia), Korčula became part of Yugoslavia. It was interpreted back then as the formation of the Kingdom of Serbia, Croatia & Slovenia.
Additional:
- Venetian & Ragusan families.
- Second Slavic (Croatian) migration in 17th & 18th century.
Korčula originally a Latin town. Latter became Latin/Slavic (Croatian), latter the Venitians arrived. Čara originally a Slavic village. Interesting: Čara used to be called Hara. The Austria-Hungary census registered Čara's name as Kcara.
In 1918 Korcula was part of Dalmatia
In 1918 Korčula [20] (then called Curzola) was part of Dalmatia. Dalmatia was a province in the Austro-Hungarian Empire and was already more than a century old. Dalmatia itself as a region, dates back to the Roman Empire which was well before the Slavic invasions of the 7th century. According to the Austrian censuses it was predominately made up of Croatians and Italians (and other minorities). With the disintegration of the Austro-Hungarian Empire in 1918, Serbia started occupying the region (Italy did the same). This was part of the Treaty of Rapallo.[21] It was interpreted back then as the formation of the Kingdom of Serbia, Croatia & Slovenia.
The new kingdom had the support of Great Britain and France, who were the superpowers of the day. In retrospect this was a tragic move, one that the United States was against. The effects of this political stupidity are still felt today. It is interesting how this newly created state “Kingdom of Serbia, Croatia & Slovenia”, which later became better know as the ill fated Yugoslavia, was given a lot of support over the succeeding decades. This part of European history surely needs more academic attention.
The Croatian identity called Naši - meaning: The Us people
- Below taken from Dalmatia and Montenegro: With a Journey to Mostar in Herzegovina by John Gardner Wilkinson. Published in 1848 (p33).
| “ | Naski (ours) or Illirskee is a Slavonic Dialect.[22] | ” |
- Editors notes: Naski or in Croatian Naški. The š is pronounced sh. (Interesting: Blato was called Blatta)
This is a term (a pronoun) which is used to describe ones identity is quiet odd! There is archaeological evidence from 16 century where the Croatian identity was used. Stone writings in Zavalatica are dedicated to events from 889 AD. It describes a clash between the Slavic population and the Venetian army. Marinko Gjivoje wrote about the find in 1972. The stone writings uses: Hrvat Dalmatinac in its writings. Hrvat means Croatian in Slavic.[23]
Former Yugoslavia-West Balkans History
The region of the former Yugoslavia-West Balkans has problems with interpreting multicultural and multiethnic history (& societies). The statement below comes from a book called Dalmatia (History, Culture, Art Heritage) written by Antun Travirka.
| “ | By the 14th century the city had become wholly Croatian [24] | ” |
The book it self is primarily for the tourist market and is easily available in serval languages. It is on page 137 and it’s referring to the Republic of Ragusa. The old Republic of Ragusa (Dubrovnik) is now within the borders of the modern Croatia. This monolithic description is an outright lie and it’s a form of culture genocide. Additionally the book did not even mention Ragusa the name at all, which was used for more than a millennium.The peoples of Ragusa were a nation in their own right; the Republic was also made up of many ethnic nationalities. The Republic was a Maritime nation that traded all over the Mediterranean and even had trade with the Americas. Additionally it was in competition with Venice itself.
Concerning the former Yugoslavia (which Croatian was part of) the Cold War era played a major role in this style of historical documentation of the region’s history. Yugoslav Communist history is now dogma in Croatia. Many of today’s Croatians live with this dogma as their reality even though the Berlin Wall fell in 1989.
- Quote by contemporary historian Danijel Dzino:
| “ | Medieval studies in Croatia and in most of the former Yugoslav space were firmly rooted in political history and suffered from isolationism and lack of interest in foreign scholarship. In the communist era, especially after the 1960s, Marxist ideology and national and Yugoslav political-ideological frameworks strongly impacted on the research into medieval history in Croatia [25] | ” |
- Note: Communist Yugoslavia executed Historian - Kerubin Segvic. He was executed mainly for proposing a different historic model than that of Yugoslav regime state policies of Croatians arriving in the Western Balkans.[26]
Some of the latest research studies
- Becoming Slav, Becoming Croat: Identity Transformations in Post-Roman and and Early Medieval Dalmatia by Danijel Dzino
- When Ethnicity did not Matter in the Balkans by John Van Antwerp Fine.
- Venice and the Slavs: The Discovery of Dalmatia in the Age of Enlightenment by Larry Wolff.
Penny cyclopaedia of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge
(Volume 8-Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge Great Britain - 1837)
| “ | The majority of the inhabitants are descendants of the Sclavonian hordes, who invaded these parts in the seventh century and drove out the old inhabitants.The language of the country is the Herzogovine dialect of the Sclavonian, but Italian is the prevalent tongue among the well-educated classes, and is used in the public offices and courts. The remainder of the population is composed of Italins (about 40 000) who are spread throuhg the maritime towns and the sea coast [27] | ” |
Wikipedia and Korčula
- Wikipedia and Korčula (town):
| “ | Korčula, like other islands and many coastal cities in Dalmatia, also displays a dual Latin-Slav culture which developed from the late Roman era to the emergence of the modern Croatian state. Until the late 19th century, Italians made up the vast majority of the population of Korčula town while the rest of the island was almost completely inhabited by Croatians. The island therefore possesses a distinct Adriatic or Mediterranean cultural personality which sets it apart from the mountainous Dalmatian hinterland and continental Croatia further north. [28] | ” |
Surnames on the west end of the island around Around 1600s
- de Ismael (Croatisation: Izmaeli)
- de Gabriel (Croatisation:Gabrijeliċ)
- de Giunio (Croatisation:Đunio)
- de Arneri
- de Canavel or Kanavelić
- Nikonitia or Nikoničić (according to Zvonko Maričić this is a Croatian family)
- Kolović
- Draginić (Drahinei)
- Tulić
- Nalošić
- Kostričić
- Cetinić (Cettineo)
- Mirošević
- Žuvela (Xuvella)
- Prižmić
- Marinović
- Dragojevič
- Barčot
- Surjan (Surian)
Local folk song: Zbogom, Moja Bobovišća Vala
- Zbogom, Moja Bobovišća vala
- kad san kanta, sva is odavala
- Druga mladost kad bude kantati
- valo moja, nemoj odavati"
- Zbogom, moje sve od Blata divnje
- s kojima san uźa pasat vrime
- (traditional)
Translation:
- Goodbye my Bobvisča bay
- When I sang ...
References
- ^ Ostrogoths tribes invaded Dalmatia in the 6th century
- ^ According to recent studies done at the University of Zadar, Slavs on the island of Korčula accepted Christianity fully in the 14th century. Reference from: University of Zadar-Sociogeographic Transformation of the Western Part of Korcula Island by Lena Mirosevic-2008/page 161
- ^ Narantani (Neretljani Slavs)
- ^ Researches on the Danube and the Adriatic: By Andrew Archibald Paton. Chapter 4. The Dalmatian Archipelago.p164
- Andrew Archibald Paton (1811-1874) was a British diplomat and writer from the 19 century.
- ^ Otok Korčula (2nd edition) by Marinko Gjivoje, Zagreb 1969.
- The book outlines A-Z about the island of Korčula, from traditions, history, culture to wildlife, politics & geography. Page 46-47: Piruzović .
- ^ Korcula Info (www.korculainfo.com): Korcula Town Statute from 1214
- ^ When Ethnicity Did not Matter in the Balkans: by John Van Antwerp Fine. p103
- ^ Collegium Antropologicum, Volumes 15-16 by Croatian Anthropological Society-1991.Pages 312 & 318.
- ^ Collegium Antropologicum, Volumes 15-16 by Croatian Anthropological Society-1991. Page 311.
- ^ The Land of 1000 Islands by Igor Rudan
- ^ Venetian-English English-Venetian: When in Venice Do as the Venetians by Lodovico Pizzati (p19)
- ^ The Cambridge Ancient History Vol. 11 : The High Empire, AD 70-192 by Peter Rathbone
- ^ The Illyrians (The Peoples of Europe) by John Wilkes,ISBN 0631198075-1996
- ^ An Inventory of Archaic and Classical Poleis: An Investigation Conducted by The Copenhagen Polis Centre for the Danish National Research Foundation by Mogens Herman Hansen,2005,Index
- ^ Encyclopedia Britannica.
- The Roman province of Illyricum stretched from the Drilon River (the Drin, in modern Albania) in the south to Istria (modem Slovenia and Croatia)
- ^ Croatian Adriatic: History, Culture, Art & Natural beauties
- ^ John Everett-Healu. "Dalmatia." Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names. Oxford University Press. 2005. Encyclopedia.com
- ^ Historical Compendium of the Island of Curzola by Nicolo Ostoich (p6)
- ^ The Shores of the Adriatic (Illustrated Edition) by F Hamilton Jackson (p239)
- ^ In Croatian the c in Korcula is pronounced ch and is written "č".
- ^ Encyclopedia Britannica-Dalmatia:
- Finally, the Treaty of Rapallo (Nov. 12, 1920) between Italy and Yugoslavia gave all Dalmatia to the Yugoslavs except the mainland Zadar (Italian: Zara) enclave and the coastal islands of Cres, Losinj (Lussino), and Lastovo.
- ^ Dalmatia and Montenegro: With a Journey to Mostar in Herzegovina by Sir John Gardner Wilkinson
- Sir John Gardner Wilkinson (October 5, 1797 – October 29, 1875) was an English traveller, writer and pioneer Egyptologist of the 19th century. He is often referred to as "the Father of British Egyptology".
- ^ History-Korcula.net Marko Marelic-S. Francisco-USA
- ^ Dalmatia (History, Culture, Art Heritage) by Antun Travirka
- ^ Becoming Slav, Becoming Croat: Identity Transformations in Post-Roman and and Early Medieval Dalmatia by Danijel Dzino (p43)
- ^ Becoming Slav, Becoming Croat: Identity Transformations in Post-Roman and Early Medieval Dalmatia by Danijel Dzino (p20)
- ^ Penny cyclopaedia of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge, Volume 8 by Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge (Great Britain) 1837
- ^ Wikipedia: Korcula (town)
