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{{Infobox Company
|company_name = '''IKEA International Group'''
|company_logo = [[Image:Ikea logo.svg|200px]]
|company_type = [[Sweden|Swedish]] - [[Netherlands|Dutch]] [[private company]]
||foundation = 1943 in [[Älmhult Municipality|Älmhult]], [[Småland]], [[Sweden]]
|founder = [[Ingvar Kamprad]]
|location = [[Delft]], [[South Holland]], [[The Netherlands]]
|area_served = See section on [[IKEA#IKEA stores|IKEA Stores]]
|key_people = [[Anders Dahlvig]], [[President]]<br />Hans Gydell, President Inter IKEA Group
= [[Retailer|Retail (Specialty)]]
|products = [[self-assembly furniture]], [[#Products|See section on products]]
||revenue = $28.8 billion [[United States dollar|USD]] ({{profit}} 7%) ([[Fiscal year|FY]] 2008)
|num_employees = 120,000 (2008)
|homepage = [http://www.IKEA.com/ www.IKEA.com]
}}
[[Image:IKEA stores.svg|thumb|500px|right|World Map showing locations of IKEA stores in 2007. Green represents countries with stores in operation and blue shows proposed locations.]]
'''IKEA''' is a privately-held, international home products [[retailing|retailer]] that sells [[ready-to-assemble furniture|flat pack]] [[furniture]], accessories, and bathroom and kitchen items in their retail stores around the world. The company, which pioneered flat-pack design furniture at affordable prices, is now the world's largest furniture manufacturer.<ref>Reuters (January 8, 2008) [http://www.reuters.com/article/consumerproducts-SP/idUSL0861625720080108 IKEA mulls joint venture with Bosnia furniture maker].</ref>
IKEA was founded in 1943 by [[Ingvar Kamprad]] in [[Sweden]] and it is owned by a [[Netherlands|Dutch]]-registered foundation controlled by the Kamprad family. IKEA is an acronym comprising the initials of the founder's name ('''I'''ngvar '''K'''amprad), the farm where he grew up ('''E'''lmtaryd), and his home parish ('''A'''gunnaryd, in [[Småland]], South Sweden).<ref>"Ingvar Kamprad and IKEA". Harvard Business School Publishing, Boston, MA, 02163. 1996</ref>
INGKA Holding B.V. is the parent company for all IKEA Group companies, including the industrial group Swedwood, which commissions the manufacturing of IKEA furniture coming from any manufacturer worldwide ([[outsourcing]]), the sales companies that run IKEA stores, as well as purchasing and supply functions, and IKEA of Sweden, which is responsible for the design and development of products in the IKEA range. INGKA Holding B.V. is wholly owned by [[Stichting INGKA Foundation]], which is a [[non-profit]] [[Foundation (nonprofit organization)#Netherlands|foundation]] registered in [[Leiden]] in [[the Netherlands]].
Inter IKEA Systems B.V. in [[Delft]], also in the Netherlands, owns the IKEA concept and trademark, and there is a franchising agreement with every IKEA store in the world. The IKEA Group is the biggest franchisee of Inter IKEA Systems B.V. Inter IKEA Systems B.V. is not owned by INGKA Holding B.V., but by Inter IKEA Holding S.A. registered in [[Luxemburg]], which in turn is part of Inter IKEA Holding registered in the [[Netherlands Antilles]]. The ownership of the holding companies has not been disclosed.<ref>[http://www.economist.com/business/displaystory.cfm?story_id=6919139 Economist, May 11, 2006]</ref>
In August 2008, IKEA also announced that it had created IKEA GreenTech, a [[Euro|€]]50 million venture capital fund. Located in [[Lund]] (a university town in Sweden), it will invest in 8-10 companies in the coming five years with focus on [[solar cells|solar panels]], alternative light sources, product materials, energy efficiency, and water saving and purification. The aim is to commercialise green technologies for sale in IKEA stores within 3-4 years. <ref>[http://futurethinktank.com/2008/08/07/ikea-sets-its-sights-on-the-sun/]</ref><ref>[http://www.greenvc.org/ikea_greentech/]</ref>
== General overview ==
[[Image:IKEA Flags.jpg|thumb|right|230px|Flags at the store in [[Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania]]]]
The company distributes its products through its retail outlets. As of March 2009, the chain has 296 stores in 36 countries, most of them in [[Europe]], the [[United States]], [[Canada]], [[Asia]] and [[Australia]]. 2006 saw the opening of 16 new stores. A total of at least 12 openings or relocations are planned for 2009. {{Fact|date=March 2009}} IKEA is one of the few store chains to have locations both in [[Israel]] and in other [[Middle East]]ern nations.
In most languages, "IKEA" is pronounced something like {{IPAlink|iˈke.a}}, but in English it is generally {{IPAlink-en|aɪˈkiː.ə}}, similar to the word "idea." As such, IKEA brought action in the [[Supreme Court of British Columbia]] successfully preventing a competitor in [[Victoria, British Columbia|Victoria]] from using the name "Idea." Its Chinese name is "yíjiā" ({{lang|zh|宜家}}), which literally means "fit for home" in written [[Chinese (language)|Chinese]] and sounds like the phrase "right now" in [[Cantonese]] pronunciation.
[http://www.ikea.com The IKEA Website] contains about 12,000 products and is the closest representation of the entire IKEA range. There were over 470 million visitors to the IKEA websites in the year from Sep. 2007-Sep. 2008 <ref>Inter IKEA Systems B.V. November 2008</ref>.
IKEA has shown leadership in adopting more [[environmentally friendly]] measures in its manufacturing processes. In 1990, IKEA adopted [[The Natural Step]] framework as the basis for its environmental plan (''see'' "[[IKEA#Environmental performance|Environmental performance]]," below).<ref name = Owens>Owens,Heidi (1998) [http://www.ortns.org/documents/IKEA.pdf IKEA: A Natural Step Case Study]. Oregon Natural Step Network. Retrieved on: April 6, 2008.</ref>
IKEA has been an inspiration to [[Master of European Design|MEDes]] .
== IKEA stores ==
[[File:IKEA Store Elmhult.jpg|thumb|right|250px|The first IKEA store in the world. The store is located in Älmhult in Sweden, not so far from the place where the founder of IKEA was born.]]
{{main|List of IKEA stores}}
The first IKEA store was opened in [[Sweden]] in 1958. The first stores outside Sweden were opened in [[Norway]] (1963) and [[Denmark]] (1969). The 1970s saw the spread of stores to other parts of Europe, with the first store outside Scandinavia opening in [[Switzerland]] (1973), followed by [[Germany]] (1974). During the same decade, stores were opened in other parts of the world, including [[Japan]] (1974), [[Australia]] and [[Hong Kong]] (1975), [[Canada]] (1976) and [[Singapore]] (1978). Germany, with 44 stores, is IKEA's biggest market, followed by the [[United States]], with 36. IKEA now has 296 stores in 36 countries. However, the company has thus far not shown much of a presence in the [[Developing country|developing countries]].<ref>Inter IKEA Systems B.V. [http://franchisor.ikea.com/showContent.asp?swfId=facts3 Facts and Figures].</ref>
===Store format===
[[Image:IKEA Singapore.jpg|thumb|left|250px|An IKEA Store along [[Alexandra Road]] in [[Queenstown, Singapore|Queenstown]], [[Singapore]]]]
Newer IKEA stores are usually very large blue buildings with few windows and yellow accents (the company's colors are also the national colors of [[Sweden]]). They are often designed around a "one-way" layout which leads customers along "the long natural way.". This layout is designed to encourage the customer to see the store in its entirety (as opposed to a traditional retail store, which allows a consumer to go right to the section where the goods and services needed are displayed) although there are often shortcuts to other parts of the showroom. The sequence first involves going through furniture showrooms making note of selected items. Then the customer collects a trolley and proceeds to a open-shelf warehouse for smaller items (Market Hall). Then the customer visits the furniture warehouse (Self Serve) where they collect previously noted showroom products in [[flat pack]] form.
Sometimes they are directed to collect products from an external warehouse on the same site or at a site nearby. Finally they take their products to the cashier's station to make payment.
Newer IKEA stores, like the one in [[Koblenz]], [[Germany]], make more use of glass, both for aesthetic and functional reasons. Skylights are also now common in the Self-serve warehouses. More natural light reduces energy costs, improves worker morale and gives a better impression of the product.
Whilst the original design involved the warehouse on the lower level and the showroom and marketplace on the upper, today most stores globally have the Showroom upstairs with the marketplace and warehouse downstairs. Additionally, some stores are single level. Some stores maintain separate warehouses to allow more stock to be kept on-site at any given time, although this occasionally results in challenges in finding the items, as well as a perception of having to queue in line twice. Single-level stores are found predominantly in areas where the cost of land would be less than the cost of building a 2-level store – examples include the store in [[Saarlouis]], Germany and [[Haparanda]], [[Sweden]].
[[File:Ikea multistory Leeds.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Multi story car park at Ikea in [[Leeds]], [[UK]]]]
Most IKEA stores offer an "as-is" area at the end of the warehouse just prior to the cashiers. Returned, damaged and formerly showcased products which are not in new condition or taken out of the IKEA product range are displayed here, and sold with a significant discount, but also with a "no-returns" policy. Most IKEA stores communicate the IKEA policy on environmental issues in the "as-is." In the United Kingdom, and Canada this is referred to as "Bargain Corner."
In Hong Kong, where shop space is limited and costly, IKEA has opened three outlets across the city, which are actually part of shopping malls. They are tiny compared to common "large blue box" store design, but are huge by Hong Kong standard. Most of the outlets still have a "one-way" layout. An exception is the newest outlet in [[Telford Plaza]], where the three independent floors can be accessed freely from each. Following IKEA tradition, though, the only cashier is located on the lowest floor.
The vast majority of IKEA stores are located outside of city centres, primarily because of land cost and traffic access. Several smaller store formats have been unsuccessfully tested in the past (the "midi" concept in the early 90s, which was tested in Ottawa and Heerlen with 9,300 m<sup>2</sup>, or a "boutique" shop in Manhattan). A new format for a full-size, city centre store was introduced with the opening of the Coventry (UK) store in December 2007. This is in response to UK government restrictions blocking retail establishment outside city centres,{{Fact|date=March 2008}} and the format is expected to be used for future IKEA stores in the UK. The Coventry store has 7 levels and therefore has a flow different from other IKEA stores.
===Restaurants and food markets===
[[Image:RedHookIkeaByLuigiNovi3.jpg|thumb|The cafeteria of the [[Red Hook, Brooklyn]] IKEA in [[New York City]].]]
Many stores include [[restaurant]]s serving typical [[cuisine of Sweden|Swedish food]] such as potatoes with [[Meatball#The_meatball_in_various_countries|Swedish meatballs]], cream sauce and [[lingonberry jam]], hot dogs and drinks for around 5 SEK (approx $1 USD), a few varieties of the local cuisine, and beverages such as [[Vaccinium vitis-idaea|lingonberry]] juice. The restaurant area is usually the one place in the store where there are large windows.
In many locations the IKEA restaurants open daily before the rest of the store and serve a cheap [[breakfast]]. In Canada, this breakfast costs $1 and has eggs, sausage, and home fries. In the United States, the local variation serves scrambled eggs, bacon, country potatoes and choice of [[swedish pancakes]] or [[french toast]] sticks. In the Netherlands it costs €1 and consists of a [[croissant]], a small [[bread roll]], [[butter]] or [[margarine]], [[jam]], a slice of [[cheese]], a [[boiled egg]], and [[coffee]] or [[tea]]. In Australia it costs AUD$2.50 and consists of hash browns, bacon, scrambled eggs, a sausage and tomato, with a $2 vegetarian option with baked beans which omits the sausage and bacon.
Refills of coffee, tea, and softdrinks are free of charge, even in countries where this is uncommon in other restaurants.
Many stores also have a mini-shop selling Swedish-made, Swedish-style groceries, such as Swedish meatballs, packages of gravy, and various Scandinavian cookies and crackers, as well as salmon and salmon [[roe]]. IKEA also sells lingonberry jam in a wide array of sizes, including buckets.
===Småland===
Many stores have a [[play area]], named Småland, for children aged 3 to 10 years (there is a height range requirement). The service is offered completely free of charge. Parents drop off their children at a gate to the playground, and pick them up after they arrive at another entrance. Parents are also given free pagers by the on-site staff; the staff will set off these pagers should a child need his/her parents sooner than expected. The area mostly features things such as [[Playground slide|slide]]s, [[seesaw]]s, [[cartoon]]s, a [[ball pit]], etc. [[Småland]] is also the [[province]] in Sweden where Ingvar Kamprad was born (translated from Swedish to English: Små = little (plural) and land = land, "littleland").
== Products ==
=== Furniture ===
[[Image:IKEA Billy bookshelf (80x106 cm birch veneer).jpg|thumb|100px||A completed IKEA flat pack bookshelf]]
Much of IKEA's furniture is designed to be [[Ready-To-Assemble furniture|assembled by the consumer]] rather than being sold pre-assembled. IKEA claims this permits them to reduce costs and use of packaging by not shipping air; the [[volume]] of a bookcase, for example, is considerably less if it is shipped unassembled rather than assembled. This is also a practical point for many of the chain's European customers, where [[public transport]] is commonly used; the flat-pack distribution methods allow for easier transport via public transport from the store to a customer's home for assembly.
[[Image:IKEA_clock_crop.jpg|thumb|An IKEA "PUGG" clock.]]
IKEA contends that it has been a pioneering force in sustainable approaches to mass [[Consumerism|consumer culture]].{{Fact|date=February 2008}} Kamprad refers to the concept as "democratic design," meaning that the company applies an integrated approach to [[manufacturing]] and [[design]] (see also [[environmental design]]). In response to the explosion of human population and material expectations in the 20th and 21st century, the company implements [[economies of scale]], capturing material streams and creating manufacturing processes that hold costs and resource use down, such as the extensive use of [[particle board]]. The intended result is flexible, adaptable home furnishings, scalable both to smaller homes and dwellings as well as large houses.
Not all furniture is stocked at the store level. For example, while a particular color of sofa model may be stocked and can be picked up at the store, another color of the same model that is not available in the store will instead have to be shipped from a warehouse to the customer's home for an additional delivery charge. Unlike with other retail stores, any requests for a model to be shipped from the warehouse to the store for pickup would also incur the same delivery charge to the customer. Delivery charges can easily add another 10% to 25% to the purchase price.
=== Houses, flats ===
IKEA has also expanded their product base to include flat-pack houses, in an effort to cut prices involved in a first-time buyer's home. The product, named [http://www.boklok.com/ BoKlok] was launched in Sweden in 1996 in a joint venture with [[Skanska]]. Now working in the Nordic countries and in UK, sites confirmed in [[England]] include [[London]], [[Manchester]], [[Leeds]], [[Gateshead]] and [[Liverpool]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://shopping.guardian.co.uk/household/story/0,1587,1403793,00.html|title=Buying a house? Pick up a flatpack at Ikea|date=2005-02-02|publisher=guardian.co.uk}}</ref>
=== Family Mobile ===
On 8 August 2008, IKEA UK launched '''Family Mobile''' – a [[Mobile virtual network operator|virtual mobile phone network]] which uses the [[T-mobile]] network.<ref>Press release of 3 August 08: [http://www.opt-development.co.uk/press-office/release.php?id=224 T-Mobile – the network behind IKEA Family Mobile, the UK’s newest mobile service]</ref><ref>[http://www.mobilenewscwp.co.uk/News/95182/tmobile_signs_ikea_mvno.html T-Mobile signs Ikea MVNO – Ikea claims its prepay service is 25 per cent cheaper than any rival offering], Mobile News, 4 August 08</ref>
Family Mobile is available to all UK IKEA Family members and offers UK calls for 9p per min and UK text messages for 6p each, with a minimum initial top up of £10. According to IKEA this made the network the cheapest pay as you go operator in the UK at time of launch – "at least 25 per cent cheaper than any other comparable prepay offer." The service targets families and allows customers a number of SIM cards per account, so credit is shared among the different lines. Customers can order a free SIM at the Family Mobile website [http://www.familymobile.co.uk/ familymobile.co.uk].
As part of the launch for the service all 9500 UK employees were given a free mobile phone along with a free Family Mobile SIM card with £5 credit pre-loaded on 5 August 2008.
=== Manufacturing ===
Although IKEA household products and furniture are designed in Sweden, they are largely manufactured in developing countries to keep down costs. With suppliers in 50 countries, roughly 2/3 of purchasing is from Europe with about 1/3 from Asia. A small amount of products are produced in North America. Comparatively little production actually takes place in Sweden, though it still remains the fourth-largest supplier country (behind China, Poland and Italy).{{Fact|date=February 2008}} China accounts for about 2.5 times as much supply as Sweden. For most of its products, the final assembly is performed by the end-user (consumer).
===Product names===
IKEA products are identified by single word names. Most of the names are [[Swedish language|Swedish]] in origin. Although there are some notable exceptions, most product names are based on a special naming system developed by IKEA.<ref>{{De icon}} {{cite web|url=http://www.stern.de/wirtschaft/unternehmen/index.html?eid=504885&id=506948&nv=ex_rt|title=Waren Sie schon mal in Klippan?}}</ref>
* ''Upholstered furniture, coffee tables, rattan furniture, bookshelves, media storage, doorknobs:'' Swedish placenames (for example: [[Klippan (sofa)|Klippan]])
* ''Beds, wardrobes, hall furniture:'' Norwegian place names
* ''Dining tables and chairs:'' Finnish place names
* ''Bookcase ranges:'' Occupations
* ''Bathroom articles:'' Scandinavian lakes, rivers and bays
* ''Kitchens:'' grammatical terms, sometimes also other names
* ''Chairs, desks:'' men's names
* ''Materials, curtains:'' women's names
* ''Garden furniture:'' Swedish islands
* ''Carpets:'' Danish place names
* ''Lighting:'' terms from music, chemistry, meteorology, measures, weights, seasons, months, days, boats, nautical terms
* ''Bedlinen, bed covers, pillows/cushions:'' flowers, plants, precious stones; words related to sleep, comfort, and cuddling
* ''Children's items:'' mammals, birds, adjectives
* ''Curtain accessories:'' mathematical and geometrical terms
* ''Kitchen utensils:'' foreign words, spices, herbs, fish, mushrooms, fruits or berries, functional descriptions
* ''Boxes, wall decoration, pictures and frames, clocks:'' colloquial expressions, also Swedish place names
For example, ''DUKTIG'' (meaning: good, well-behaved) is a line of children's toys, ''[[Oslo|OSLO]]'' is a name of a bed, ''BILLY'' (a Swedish masculine name) is a popular shelf, ''DINERA'' (meaning: (to) dine) for tableware, ''KASSETT'' (meaning: cassette) for media storage. One range of office furniture is named ''EFFEKTIV'' (meaning: efficient), ''SKÄRPT'' (meaning: sharp or clever) is a line of kitchen knives.
A notable exception is the ''IVAR'' shelving system, which dates back to the early 1970s. This item is named after the item's designer.
Because IKEA is a worldwide company working in several countries with several different languages, sometimes the Nordic naming leads to problems where the word means something completely different to the product. While exotic-sounding names draw an attention, e.g., in [[anglophone]] countries, a number of them call for a snicker. Notable examples are "Jerker" desk, "Fartfull" workbench, or "Lessebo" sofa.<ref>[http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4155/is_200408/ai_n12556896 'Fartfull' workbench, 'Jerker' desk: Is Ikea hiding a grin?], ''[[Chicago Sun-Times]],'' August 17, 2004</ref> The products are withdrawn, probably after someone pointed at blunders, but not before generating some news. Similar blunders happen with other companies as well.<ref>[http://www.news.com.au/couriermail/story/0,23739,23142815-5003501,00.html 'Lolita' bed set for girls withdrawn]</ref>
Company founder Ingvar Kamprad, who is [[dyslexia|dyslexic]], found that naming the furniture with proper names and words, rather than a product code, made the names easier to remember {{Fact|date=September 2007}}.
==Catalogue==
{{main|IKEA Catalogue}}
[[Image:Ikea2009 en-US.png|upright|thumb|Cover of the 2009 edition US Catalogue]] IKEA publishes an annual [[catalogue]]. First published in [[Swedish language|Swedish]] in 1951,{{Fact|date=April 2007}} the catalogue is now published in 55 editions, in 27 languages for 36 countries,<ref>{{cite web|title=IKEA FAQs|url=http://www.ikea.com.sg/faqs/faqs.asp}}</ref> and is considered to be the main marketing tool of the retail giant, consuming 70% of the company's annual marketing budget.<ref>{{cite web|title=IKEA student info|url=http://www.ikea.com/ms/en_GB/about_ikea/press_room/student_info.html}}</ref>
The catalogue is distributed both in stores and by mail.<ref>{{cite web|title=IKEA FAQ |url=http://www.ikea.com/ms/en_US/customer_service/faq/faq.html#0100}}</ref> Most of the catalogue is produced by IKEA Communications AB in IKEA's hometown of [[Älmhult Municipality|Älmhult]], Sweden where IKEA operates the largest photo studio in northern Europe at 8,000 square metres in size.<ref>{{cite web|title=2003 IKEA Catalogue printable facts|url=http://www.ikea.com/ms/en_GB/about_ikea/press_room/thecatalogue.pdf|format=PDF}}</ref> The catalogue itself is printed on chlorine-free paper of 10-15% post-consumer waste.
According to Canadian broadcaster, [[CTV Television Network|CTV]], "IKEA's publications have developed an almost cult-like following online. Readers have found all kinds of strange tidbits, including mysterious cat pictures, apparent Mickey Mouse references and [[Bookseller/Diagram Prize for Oddest Title of the Year|weird books]] wedged into the many shelves that clutter the catalogues."
== IKEA Family ==
In common with some other retailers, IKEA has launched a [[loyalty card]] in its stores in Sweden, Denmark, Finland, the UK, the Netherlands, Belgium, Germany, Austria, Russia, China, Japan, Switzerland, Slovakia, Czech Republic, Poland, Italy, France, Portugal and Spain called "IKEA Family." The distinctive orange card is free of charge and can be used to obtain discounts on a special range of products found in each IKEA store. In particular, it gives 25% off the price of commissioned ranges of IKEA products on presentation of the card. The card also gives discounts on food purchased in the restaurant and the Swedish Food Market. In the Netherlands, Denmark, Belgium, Germany, Austria, Russia, Japan, UK, Switzerland, Slovakia, Czech Republic and Poland it also entitles the holder to free coffee in the restaurant. In Spain this offer is only available in working days.
In conjunction with the card, IKEA also publishes and sells a printed quarterly magazine titled ''IKEA Family Live'' which supplements the card and catalogue. The magazine is already printed in thirteen languages and an English edition for the [[United Kingdom]] was launched in February 2007. It is expected to have a subscription of over 500,000.<ref>{{cite web|author=Daniel Farey-Jones|title=Ikea to introduce UK magazine in February|url=http://www.brandrepublic.com/bulletins/media/article/567690/ikea-introduce-uk-magazine-february/}}</ref>
== Corporate structure ==
{{main|Stichting INGKA Foundation|IKANO|Ingvar Kamprad}}
[[Image:Rom vorstadt 04.jpg|thumb|right|300px|IKEA in [[Rome]], [[Italy]]]]
[[Image:Ikea in dhahran saudi arabia.JPG|thumb|right|300px|IKEA in [[Dhahran]], [[Saudi Arabia]]]]
[[Image:BloomingtonIKEA.jpg|thumb|right|300px|IKEA Twin Cities in [[Bloomington, MN]], USA]]
Despite its Swedish roots, IKEA is owned and operated by a complicated array of [[not-for-profit]] and [[for-profit]] [[corporations]].
The IKEA corporate structure is divided into two main parts: operations and franchising. Most of IKEA's operations, including the management of the majority of its stores, the design and manufacture of its furniture, and purchasing and supply functions are overseen by Ingka Holding, a private, for-profit [[Netherlands|Dutch]] company. Of the IKEA stores in 36 countries, 235 are run by the INGKA Holding. The remaining 30 stores are run by franchisees outside of the INGKA Holding.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ikea-group.ikea.com/corporate/about_ikea/index.html|title=IKEA Group corporate site: about us}}</ref>
INGKA Holding is not an independent company, but is wholly owned by the [[Stichting Ingka Foundation]], which Kamprad established in 1982 in the Netherlands as a tax-exempt, not-for-profit [[Foundation (charity)|foundation]]. The Ingka Foundation is controlled by a five-member executive committee that is chaired by Kamprad and includes his wife and attorney.<ref name="economist">{{cite web|url=http://www.economist.com/business/displaystory.cfm?story_id=6919139|title=IKEA: Flat-pack accounting}}''The Economist,'' May 11, 2006.</ref>
While most IKEA stores operate under the direct purview of Ingka Holding and the Ingka Foundation, the IKEA [[trademark]] and concept is owned by an entirely separate Dutch company, '''Inter IKEA Systems.''' Every IKEA store, including those run by Ingka Holding, pays a [[franchise fee]] of 3% of the revenue to Inter IKEA Systems. The ownership of Inter IKEA Systems is exceedingly complicated and, ultimately, uncertain. Inter IKEA Systems is owned by Inter IKEA Holding, a company registered in Luxembourg. Inter IKEA Holding, in turn, belongs to an identically named company in the [[Netherlands Antilles]] that is run by a trust company based in [[Curaçao]]. The owners of this trust company are unknown (IKEA refuses to identify them) but are assumed to be members of the Kamprad family.<ref name="economist"/>
In [[Australia]], IKEA is operated by two companies. Stores located on the East Coast including [[Queensland]], [[New South Wales]], and [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]] are owned by [[INGKA Holding]]. Stores elsewhere in the country including [[South Australia]] and [[Western Australia]] are owned by Cebas Pty Ltd.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cebas.ikea.com.au/Template3.asp?page_id=63970300051041&se_id=22&site_id=30005|title=Disclaimer|author=Cebas Pty Ltd|accessdate=2007-04-10}}</ref> Like elsewhere, all stores are operated under a franchise agreement with Inter IKEA Systems.
=== Non-taxable profit ===
In 2004, the last year that the INGKA Holding group filed accounts, the company reported profits of €1.4 billion on sales of €12.8 billion, a margin of nearly 11 percent. Because INGKA Holding is owned by the nonprofit INGKA Foundation, none of this profit is taxed. The foundation's nonprofit status also means that the Kamprad family cannot reap these profits directly, but the Kamprads do collect a portion of IKEA sales profits through the franchising relationship between INGKA Holding and Inter IKEA Systems.
Inter IKEA Systems collected €631 million of [[franchise fee]]s in 2004, but reported pre-tax profits of only €225 million in 2004. One of the major pre-tax expenses that Inter IKEA systems reported was €590 million of “other operating charges.” IKEA has refused to explain these charges, but Inter IKEA Systems appears to make large payments to I.I. Holding, another Luxembourg-registered group that, according to ''[[The Economist]],'' “is almost certain to be controlled by the Kamprad family.” I.I. Holding made a profit of €328 million in 2004.
In 2004, the Inter IKEA group of companies and I.I. Holding reported combined profits of €553m and paid €19m in taxes, or approximately 3.5 percent.<ref name="economist"/>.
The [http://www.evb.ch/en/index.cfm Berne Declaration], a non-profit organization in [[Switzerland]] that promotes corporate responsibility, has formally criticized IKEA for its tax avoidance strategies. In 2007, the Berne Declaration nominated IKEA for one of its Public Eye “awards,” which highlight corporate irresponsibility and are announced during the [[World Economic Forum]] in [[Davos]], Switzerland.<ref>{{citeweb|url=http://www.evb.ch/en/p11676.html|title=Berne Declaration Public Eye Awards, 2007 Nominations}}www.evb.ch/en/index.cfm</ref>
===Control by Kamprad===
Along with helping IKEA make non-taxable profit, IKEA's complicated corporate structure allows Kamprad to maintain tight control over the operations of Ingka Holding, and thus the operation of most IKEA stores. The Ingka Foundation’s five-person executive committee is chaired by Kamprad. It appoints the board of Ingka Holding, approves any changes to Ingka Holding’s bylaws, and has the right to preempt new share issues. If a member of the executive committee quits or dies, the other four members appoint his or her replacement.
In Kamprad's absence the foundation's bylaws include specific provisions requiring it to continue operating the Ingka Holding group and specifying that shares can be sold only to another foundation with the same objectives as the Ingka Foundation.<ref name="economist"/>
===Charitable giving===
The [[Stichting INGKA Foundation|INGKA Foundation]] is officially dedicated to promoting “innovations in [[architecture]] and [[interior design]].”<ref name="economist"/> With an estimated net worth of $36 billion, the foundation is unofficially the world’s largest [[charitable organization]], beating out the much better known [[Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation]], which has a net worth of approximately $33 billion.<ref name=FoundationFactSheet>{{cite web|url=http://www.gatesfoundation.org/MediaCenter/FactSheet/|title=Foundation Fact Sheet|publisher=[[Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation]]|accessdate=2007-03-09}}</ref>
Despite its enormous wealth, the Ingka Foundation does very little [[Charity (practice)|charitable giving]]. Detailed information about its grantmaking is unavailable, as foundations in the Netherlands are not required to publish their records. But IKEA has reported that in 2004-2005, the Ingka Foundation's donations were concentrated on the [[Lund Institute of Technology]] in Sweden, and the Lund Institute reported the receipt of $1.7 million grants from the foundation during both of those years. By way of comparison, the Gates Foundation made gifts of more than $1.5 billion in 2005.<ref name=FoundationFactSheet/>
Notwithstanding the Ingka Foundation's lack of concerted philanthropic activity, IKEA is involved in several international charitable causes, particularly in partnership with [[UNICEF]]. These include:
* IKEA contributed 1 euro to UNICEF from each soft toy sold during the 2006 holiday season, raising a total of €1.75 million.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unicef.org/corporate_partners/index_25092.html|title=UNICEF's corporate partnerships}}</ref>
* In the wake of the 2005 Boxing Day Tsunami, IKEA Australia agreed to match dollar for dollar co-workers donations and donated all sales of the IKEA Blue Bag to the cause.
* After the Pakistan earthquake of 2006, IKEA gave 500,000 blankets to the relief effort in the region<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2006%5C01%5C04%5Cstory_4-1-2006_pg7_29|title=Quake children at greater risk after rain, snowfall: UN}}</ref>
* IKEA has provided furniture for over 100 "bridge schools" in [[Liberia]].<ref>[http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/liberia_27130.html http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/liberia_27130.html]</ref>
* In the [[2008 Sichuan earthquake]] in China, IKEA Beijing sold an alligator toy for 40 [[renminbi|yuan]] (US$5.83, €3.70) with all income going to the children in the earthquake struck area
IKEA also supports [[American Forests]] to restore forests and reduce pollution.<ref>[http://www.ikea.com/ms/en_US/about_ikea/plant_trees.html IKEA | Plant Trees<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>[http://www.americanforests.org/planttrees/af_info.php?campaign=ikea American Forests<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
Links with Education
In 2008 Ikea was a supporter of the [[Design Wales]] [[Ffres Awards]], providing a creative brief for undergraduate design competition.
==Environmental performance==
In 1990, IKEA invited [[Karl-Henrik Robèrt]], founder of [[The Natural Step]], to address its board of directors. Robert's system conditions for sustainability provided a [[Strategy|strategic approach]] to improving the company's environmental performance. This led to the development of an Environmental Action Plan, which was adopted in 1992. The plan focused on structural change, allowing IKEA to "maximize the impact of resources invested and reduce the energy necessary to address isolated issues."<ref name = Owens/> The environmental measures taken, include the following:
# Replacing [[polyvinylchloride]] (PVC) in wallpapers, home textiles, shower curtains, lampshades, and furniture—PVC has been eliminated from packaging and is being phased out in electric cables;
# minimizing the use of [[formaldehyde]] in its products, including textiles;
# eliminating acid-curing [[lacquer]]s;
# producing a model of chair (OGLA) made from 100% [[Post-consumer waste|post-consumer]] plastic waste;
# introducing a series of air-inflatable furniture products into the product line. Such products reduce the use of raw materials for framing and stuffing and reduce transportation weight and volume to about 15% of that of conventional furniture;
# reducing the use of [[chromium]] for metal surface treatment;
# limiting the use of substances such as [[cadmium]], [[lead]], [[Polychlorinated biphenyl|PCB]], [[Pentachlorophenol|PCP]], and [[Azo compound|AZO pigments]];
# using wood from responsibly-managed forests that replant and maintain [[Biodiversity|biological diversity]];
# using only recyclable materials for flat packaging and "pure" (non-mixed) materials for packaging to assist in recycling.<ref name = Owens/>
# introducing rental bicycles with trailers for customers in Denmark.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://usingbicycles.blogspot.com/2008/07/ikea-bikes-no-theyre-not-made-of.html | title = IKEA Bikes (no, they're not made of plywood) | work = Using Bicycles | author = Sherwood Stranieri | date = 2008-07-17 | accessdate = 2008-07-27 }}</ref>
More recently, IKEA has begun charging for each plastic bag, while offering a paper bag for no extra cost. The IKEA restaurants also only offer reusable plates, knives, forks, spoons, etc. Toilets in some IKEA restrooms have been outfitted with dual-function flushers. Most stores only offer paper plates and plastic knives, forks, and spoons.
== Community impact ==
IKEA's goals of sustainability and environmental design in their merchandise have sometimes been at odds with the impact a new IKEA store can have on a community.
* In September 2004, when IKEA offered a limited number of free $150 vouchers at the opening of a new store in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, three people were crushed to death in a stampede that followed the store's opening.<ref name>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/3618190.stm BBC NEWS | World | Middle East | Three die in Saudi shop stampede<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
[[Image:Midtown Excursion 061.jpg|thumb|right|IKEA at [[Atlantic Station]] in [[Atlanta, GA]].]]
* IKEA has demolished historic buildings<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.metropolismag.com/html/content_0203/ob/ob05_0203.html|title=Disposable Architecture|author=Christopher Hawthorne|publisher=[[Metropolis (American magazine)|Metropolis]]|month=February | year=2003|accessdate=2007-06-08}}</ref> in at least one case for a parking area.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/boroughs/2006/11/22/2006-11-22_suit_aims_to_make_an_ikea_lot_history.html|title=Suit aims to make an IKEA lot history|publisher=[[New York Daily News]]|date=2006-11-22|accessdate=2007-06-08}}</ref> (At the College Park, Maryland, USA, store there is an interactive digital display which tells the history of a tavern which used to exist where the store is currently located.)
* IKEA was refused planning permission for a future store in the [[United Kingdom]] in 2004 (to be based in [[Stockport]], [[Greater Manchester]]) by the [[Office of the Deputy Prime Minister]]. It applied for [[judicial review]] but lost in 2005.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/manchester/4278539.stm|title=Ikea loses fight to build store|publisher=BBC News|date=2005-02-18}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.manchesteronline.co.uk/news/s/125/125859_fury_as_prescott_blocks_ikea_store.html|title= Fury as Prescott blocks Ikea store|date=2004-08-03|publisher=manchesteronline}}</ref> However, they later received permission to build a store within [[Greater Manchester]] a few miles from the originally planned site in [[Ashton-Under-Lyne]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/manchester/4604024.stm|title=Ikea's superstore plans approved|publisher=BBC News|date=2006-01-11}}</ref> An estimated £10,000 was spent on traffic policing, and even more on rerouting traffic from the [[M60 motorway]] around [[Ashton-Under-Lyne|Ashton]].
* After viewing the 100-foot tall sign of an IKEA under construction near [[Portland International Airport]], Randy Leonard, the city commissioner in charge of sign permits in [[Portland, Oregon]], placed a moratorium on all pending and future sign permits in the area.<ref>[http://www.kgw.com/business/stories/kgw_031907_biz_ikea_sign.2c476aab.html Business | kgw.com | News for Oregon and SW Washington<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
== Criticisms ==
{{criticism-section}}
[[Image:VillepinteFrance.JPG|thumb|250px|right|Paris Nord 2, Roissy, France]]
Some criticisms of IKEA:
* In the 1990s, there were several complaints arising from IKEA's [[United Kingdom|British]] television [[advertising campaign]]s:
** “Stop being so English:” In which a “Swedish [[psychologist]]” claims the British are uptight due to their taste in “English” furniture (complaints were dismissed).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ofcom.org.uk/static/archive/itc/itc_publications/complaints_reports/advertising_complaints/show_complaint.asp-ad_complaint_id=143.html|title=Television Advertising Complaints Reports: uptight British|publisher=ofcom.org.uk}}</ref>
** An advertisement where a [[Management consulting|management consultant]] suggests how much more furniture a company could buy if it fired an office worker (complaints were dismissed but IKEA voluntarily withdrew the advert).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ofcom.org.uk/static/archive/itc/itc_publications/complaints_reports/advertising_complaints/show_complaint.asp-ad_complaint_id=10.html|title=Television Advertising Complaints Reports: management consultant|publisher=ofcom.org.uk}}</ref>
** A campaign under the slogan, "Just pack up, ship out, find a place of your own. And for all your new things, you know where to come. Make a fresh start," got complaints that it was trivializing [[Legal separation|marriage breakups]] (complaints were dismissed).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ofcom.org.uk/static/archive/itc/itc_publications/complaints_reports/advertising_complaints/show_complaint.asp-ad_complaint_id=288.html|title=Television Advertising Complaints Reports: homosexual marriage breakup|publisher=ofcom.org.uk}}</ref>
* IKEA founder [[Ingvar Kamprad]] was, as a teen, directly involved in the pro-Nazi New Swedish Movement (''Nysvenska Rörelsen'') until at least 1945, causing tensions when IKEA began opening stores in Israel.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jewishsf.com/content/2-0-/module/displaystory/story_id/13393/edition_id/259/format/html/displaystory.html|title=Founder of Ikea store haunted by Nazi past|date=2000-04-07}}</ref> Kamprad devotes two chapters to his time in Nysvenska Rörelsen in his book, ''Leading By Design: The IKEA Story'' and, in a 1994 letter to IKEA employees, called his affiliation with the organization the "greatest mistake of his life."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://entrepreneurs.about.com/cs/famousentrepreneur/p/ingvarkamprad.htm|title=Ingvar Kamprad - IKEA Founder and One of the World's Richest Men}}</ref>
* Former Norwegian prime minister [[Kjell Magne Bondevik]] has criticized IKEA for not depicting women assembling furniture in its instruction booklets, despite the fact that many sets of instructions do, in fact, show women - though not often.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thelocal.se/article.php?ID=1085&date=20050310|title=Norwegian prime minister slams IKEA|date=2005-03-10}}</ref> Ironically, Kjell and Magne respectively translate in the IKEA product code list to 'Bar stool' and 'Outer pillow pocket with filling'.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ikea.com/us/en/catalog/productsaz/|title=Products A-Z|date=2009-05-08}}</ref>
*In 2004 there was controversy about an Irish law restricting the maximum size of a retail outlet to 6,000 m<sup>2</sup>. IKEA's plan to build a much larger store in [[Dublin]] caused the law to be put up for debate. The law was changed to remove the size limit for retail outlets selling durable goods in designated areas.<ref>[http://www.rte.ie/business/2005/0105/ikea.html RTÉ report on the loosening of shop planning laws]</ref> The Minister for the Environment was criticized for allegedly changing the law to suit one company and other agencies protested the law change as damaging to small businesses while the government defended their decision stating that the move was a positive one for Irish consumers. IKEA have continued with their development of the Dublin store without comment.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ikea.ie|title=IKEA Ireland|accessdate=2008-04-15}}</ref>
*June 2007: the [[designated nationalist]] [[Social Democratic and Labour Party]] complained about an artist's rendering of IKEA Belfast that included both the [[Union Flag]] and the [[Ulster Banner]] flag as two of the three flags in front of the store. After being labelled "an upmarket [[Orange Institution|Orange]] hall" by the party, IKEA assured customers and coworkers that only the Swedish flag would be seen outside the actual store.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/northern_ireland/6746905.stm|title='No Union flag at new Ikea store'|publisher=[[BBC News]]|date=2007-06-12|accessdate=2007-08-09}}</ref>
*June 2007: some prospective customers took offense at an email newsletter<ref>[http://links.ikea-usa.com/servlet/MailView?ms=OTAzNDc4S0&r=MjU3NzcyMDg4MgS2&j=Mjk2NTQzNjcS1&mt=1] {{Dead link|date=December 2008}}</ref> with questionable advertising copy. To wit, the BRUNKRISSLA bedding notes said, "Brightens up your grad's dorm. Unlike a creepy gothic roommate, who can be a bad influence." Members of the [[goth subculture]] took offense at the [[stereotype]].<ref>[http://blog.wired.com/tableofmalcontents/2007/06/griping-goths-g.html Wired]</ref>
*A researcher from the [[University of Copenhagen]] discovered that for years, IKEA has named their cheap [[rug making|rugs]] after Danish places, while the more expensive and luxurious furniture was named after Swedish places. The researcher, Klaus Kjøller, who is well-known for tongue-in-cheek statements, accused IKEA of [[imperialism]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thelocal.se/10054/20080220/|title=Ikea guilty of 'cultural imperialism': Danes|author=O'Mahony, Paul|publisher=[[The Local]]|date=2008-02-20|accessdate=2008-03-08}}</ref>
*People in [[Canada]] became upset with IKEA when a TV station discovered that IKEA charged as much as twice the price in their Canadian stores for the same items sold in their American stores, this despite the Canadian dollar reaching parity with the U.S. dollar.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.citynews.ca/news/news_16470.aspx/|title=Ikea confronted over Canadian-U.S. price differences|date=2007-11-05|accessdate=2008-06-19}}</ref>
==Advertising==
IKEA ran a commercial widely thought to be the first commercial featuring a homosexual couple. It aired only once, in 1994.<ref>[http://www.commercialcloset.org/common/adlibrary/adlibrarydetails.cfm?clientID=11064&QID=76 Commercial Closet<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> IKEA has run other commercials targeting the gay community as well as a commercial featuring a [[transgender]] woman.<ref>[http://www.commercialcloset.org/common/adlibrary/adlibrarydetails.cfm?clientID=11064&QID=546 Commercial Closet<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
IKEA launched a UK wide advertising campaign in September 2007 titled 'Home is the Most Important Place in the World' using estate agent signs with the term 'Not For Sale' written on them as part of the wider campaign. However, after the campaign appeared in the [[Metro newspaper London]] the business news website www.mad.co.uk remarked that the IKEA campaign had amazing similarities with the marketing activity of UK home refurbishment company Onis who had launched their own Not For Sale advertising campaign<ref>http://www.onisliving.co.uk/about-onis/not-for-sale.html</ref> 2 years previously and in November 2006 had been awarded the Interbuild 2006 Construction Marketing Award for best campaign under £25,000.
<ref>http://www.constructionmarketingawards.com/testimonials.html</ref>
[[Image:Onis Not For Sale sign.jpg|thumb|right|Onis' Not For Sale sign.]] A debate ensued between Fraser Patterson, Chief Executive of Onis and Andrew McGuinness, partner at [[Beattie McGuinness Bungay]] (BMB), the advertising and PR agency awarded the £12m IKEA account.<ref>http://www.mad.co.uk/BreakingNews/BreakingNews/Articles/bd5d7deae8ff43a0bbd83f8a9dc15ff3/Ikea-campaign-attracts-copycat-claims.html</ref><ref>[http://www.sundayherald.com/business/businessnews/display.var.1741413.0.ikeas_new_marketing_campaign_remarkably_similar_to_strategy_used_by_scotsled_firm.php Ikea’s new marketing campaign ‘remarkably similar’ to strategy used by Scots-led firm]</ref> The essence of the debate was that BMB claimed to be unaware of Onis' campaign as Onis were not an advertising agency. Onis' argument was that they had already been accredited for their Not For Sale campaign and that their advertising could be seen in prominent landmarks throughout London, they were concerned about the impact IKEA's campaign would have on the originality of their own.
After some negotiations BMB and IKEA agreed to provide Onis with a feature page on the IKEA campaign site (www.notgoinganywhere.co.uk) linking through to Onis' site (www.onisliving.co.uk), for a period of 1 year. Onis is possibly the only company to have ever been advertised by IKEA in such a fashion.
IKEA recently paired up with the makers of popular video game [[The Sims 2]] to make a stuff pack called [[The Sims 2 Stuff packs#IKEA Home Stuff|The Sims 2 IKEA Home Stuff]]. The game features many items that you could find in IKEA and was released on June 24, 2008 in North America and June 26, 2008 in Europe. It is the second stuff pack with a major brand, the first being [[The Sims 2 Stuff packs#H&M Fashion Stuff|The Sims 2 H&M Fashion Stuff]], which are both coincidentally companies of [[Sweden|Swedish]] origin.
IKEA has taken over title sponsorship of Philadelphia's annual [[6abc Ikea Thanksgiving Day Parade|Thanksgiving Day parade]] in 2008, replacing [[Boscov's]], who filed for bankruptcy in August 2008.
In November 2008 a subway train decorated in IKEA style [http://metkere.com/2008/11/ikea.html was introduced] in [[Novosibirsk]], [[Russia]]. Four cars were turned into a mobile showroom of the Swedish design. The redesigned train, which features colourful seats and fancy curtains, will carry passengers until June 6, 2009.
[[File:Red Osprey in IKEA livery.JPG|thumb|right|200px|The Red Osprey in her IKEA livery.]]
In January 2009, just before the new store opened in [[Southampton]], [[England]], the [[MV Red Osprey]] of [[Red Funnel]] was re-painted in an entirely yellow and blue livery to celebrate the opening of the new IKEA store in Southampton. This is the first time a Red Funnel ferry has been re-painted out of its own red and white colour scheme. It is expected to stay in these colours for 12 months as part of a deal between Red Funnel and IKEA to provide home delivery services to the [[Isle of Wight]].
==Awards==
IKEA was named one of the 100 Best Companies for Working Mothers in 2004 and 2005 by ''Working Mothers'' magazine. It ranked 96 in Fortune's 100 Best Companies to Work For in 2006 and in October 2008, IKEA Canada LP was named one of "[[Canada's Top 100 Employers]]" by Mediacorp Canada Inc., and was featured in ''[[Maclean's]]'' newsmagazine.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eluta.ca/top-employer-ikea-canada|title=Reasons for Selection, 2009 Canada's Top 100 Employers Competition}}</ref>
==References==
{{reflist|2}}
==External links==
{{commonscat|IKEA}}
* [http://www.ikea.com/ IKEA] - Official site
===News coverage===
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/6288588.stm IKEA to cut 300 managerial jobs]
* [http://thecrazynews.wordpress.com/2007/07/16/swedish-design-chain-ikea-wants-you-to-sleep-in-store-over-night/ Ikea opens overnight stay stores]
* [http://news.sina.com.cn/c/p/2007-07-03/080813362600.shtml Ikea destroyed ten ancient tombs during new store construction in China] ''(Chinese)''
* [http://www.guardian.co.uk/g2/story/0,,1240462,00.html "The miracle of Älmhult" by Oliver Burkeman from the Guardian newspaper. The writer talks about his visit to IKEA's HQ in Älmhult]
* {{cite news
|url = http://economist.com/business/displaystory.cfm?story_id=6919139
|title = IKEA: Flat-pack accounting
|publisher = [[The Economist]]
|date = [[2006-05-11]]}}
{{Finance links
|name = IKEA International A/S
|google = 5118386
|yahoo = 42/42925
|hoovers = 42925
}}
|company_name = '''IKEA International Group'''
|company_logo = [[Image:Ikea logo.svg|200px]]
|company_type = [[Sweden|Swedish]] - [[Netherlands|Dutch]] [[private company]]
||foundation = 1943 in [[Älmhult Municipality|Älmhult]], [[Småland]], [[Sweden]]
|founder = [[Ingvar Kamprad]]
|location = [[Delft]], [[South Holland]], [[The Netherlands]]
|area_served = See section on [[IKEA#IKEA stores|IKEA Stores]]
|key_people = [[Anders Dahlvig]], [[President]]<br />Hans Gydell, President Inter IKEA Group
= [[Retailer|Retail (Specialty)]]
|products = [[self-assembly furniture]], [[#Products|See section on products]]
||revenue = $28.8 billion [[United States dollar|USD]] ({{profit}} 7%) ([[Fiscal year|FY]] 2008)
|num_employees = 120,000 (2008)
|homepage = [http://www.IKEA.com/ www.IKEA.com]
}}
[[Image:IKEA stores.svg|thumb|500px|right|World Map showing locations of IKEA stores in 2007. Green represents countries with stores in operation and blue shows proposed locations.]]
'''IKEA''' is a privately-held, international home products [[retailing|retailer]] that sells [[ready-to-assemble furniture|flat pack]] [[furniture]], accessories, and bathroom and kitchen items in their retail stores around the world. The company, which pioneered flat-pack design furniture at affordable prices, is now the world's largest furniture manufacturer.<ref>Reuters (January 8, 2008) [http://www.reuters.com/article/consumerproducts-SP/idUSL0861625720080108 IKEA mulls joint venture with Bosnia furniture maker].</ref>
IKEA was founded in 1943 by [[Ingvar Kamprad]] in [[Sweden]] and it is owned by a [[Netherlands|Dutch]]-registered foundation controlled by the Kamprad family. IKEA is an acronym comprising the initials of the founder's name ('''I'''ngvar '''K'''amprad), the farm where he grew up ('''E'''lmtaryd), and his home parish ('''A'''gunnaryd, in [[Småland]], South Sweden).<ref>"Ingvar Kamprad and IKEA". Harvard Business School Publishing, Boston, MA, 02163. 1996</ref>
INGKA Holding B.V. is the parent company for all IKEA Group companies, including the industrial group Swedwood, which commissions the manufacturing of IKEA furniture coming from any manufacturer worldwide ([[outsourcing]]), the sales companies that run IKEA stores, as well as purchasing and supply functions, and IKEA of Sweden, which is responsible for the design and development of products in the IKEA range. INGKA Holding B.V. is wholly owned by [[Stichting INGKA Foundation]], which is a [[non-profit]] [[Foundation (nonprofit organization)#Netherlands|foundation]] registered in [[Leiden]] in [[the Netherlands]].
Inter IKEA Systems B.V. in [[Delft]], also in the Netherlands, owns the IKEA concept and trademark, and there is a franchising agreement with every IKEA store in the world. The IKEA Group is the biggest franchisee of Inter IKEA Systems B.V. Inter IKEA Systems B.V. is not owned by INGKA Holding B.V., but by Inter IKEA Holding S.A. registered in [[Luxemburg]], which in turn is part of Inter IKEA Holding registered in the [[Netherlands Antilles]]. The ownership of the holding companies has not been disclosed.<ref>[http://www.economist.com/business/displaystory.cfm?story_id=6919139 Economist, May 11, 2006]</ref>
In August 2008, IKEA also announced that it had created IKEA GreenTech, a [[Euro|€]]50 million venture capital fund. Located in [[Lund]] (a university town in Sweden), it will invest in 8-10 companies in the coming five years with focus on [[solar cells|solar panels]], alternative light sources, product materials, energy efficiency, and water saving and purification. The aim is to commercialise green technologies for sale in IKEA stores within 3-4 years. <ref>[http://futurethinktank.com/2008/08/07/ikea-sets-its-sights-on-the-sun/]</ref><ref>[http://www.greenvc.org/ikea_greentech/]</ref>
== General overview ==
[[Image:IKEA Flags.jpg|thumb|right|230px|Flags at the store in [[Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania]]]]
The company distributes its products through its retail outlets. As of March 2009, the chain has 296 stores in 36 countries, most of them in [[Europe]], the [[United States]], [[Canada]], [[Asia]] and [[Australia]]. 2006 saw the opening of 16 new stores. A total of at least 12 openings or relocations are planned for 2009. {{Fact|date=March 2009}} IKEA is one of the few store chains to have locations both in [[Israel]] and in other [[Middle East]]ern nations.
In most languages, "IKEA" is pronounced something like {{IPAlink|iˈke.a}}, but in English it is generally {{IPAlink-en|aɪˈkiː.ə}}, similar to the word "idea." As such, IKEA brought action in the [[Supreme Court of British Columbia]] successfully preventing a competitor in [[Victoria, British Columbia|Victoria]] from using the name "Idea." Its Chinese name is "yíjiā" ({{lang|zh|宜家}}), which literally means "fit for home" in written [[Chinese (language)|Chinese]] and sounds like the phrase "right now" in [[Cantonese]] pronunciation.
[http://www.ikea.com The IKEA Website] contains about 12,000 products and is the closest representation of the entire IKEA range. There were over 470 million visitors to the IKEA websites in the year from Sep. 2007-Sep. 2008 <ref>Inter IKEA Systems B.V. November 2008</ref>.
IKEA has shown leadership in adopting more [[environmentally friendly]] measures in its manufacturing processes. In 1990, IKEA adopted [[The Natural Step]] framework as the basis for its environmental plan (''see'' "[[IKEA#Environmental performance|Environmental performance]]," below).<ref name = Owens>Owens,Heidi (1998) [http://www.ortns.org/documents/IKEA.pdf IKEA: A Natural Step Case Study]. Oregon Natural Step Network. Retrieved on: April 6, 2008.</ref>
IKEA has been an inspiration to [[Master of European Design|MEDes]] .
== IKEA stores ==
[[File:IKEA Store Elmhult.jpg|thumb|right|250px|The first IKEA store in the world. The store is located in Älmhult in Sweden, not so far from the place where the founder of IKEA was born.]]
{{main|List of IKEA stores}}
The first IKEA store was opened in [[Sweden]] in 1958. The first stores outside Sweden were opened in [[Norway]] (1963) and [[Denmark]] (1969). The 1970s saw the spread of stores to other parts of Europe, with the first store outside Scandinavia opening in [[Switzerland]] (1973), followed by [[Germany]] (1974). During the same decade, stores were opened in other parts of the world, including [[Japan]] (1974), [[Australia]] and [[Hong Kong]] (1975), [[Canada]] (1976) and [[Singapore]] (1978). Germany, with 44 stores, is IKEA's biggest market, followed by the [[United States]], with 36. IKEA now has 296 stores in 36 countries. However, the company has thus far not shown much of a presence in the [[Developing country|developing countries]].<ref>Inter IKEA Systems B.V. [http://franchisor.ikea.com/showContent.asp?swfId=facts3 Facts and Figures].</ref>
===Store format===
[[Image:IKEA Singapore.jpg|thumb|left|250px|An IKEA Store along [[Alexandra Road]] in [[Queenstown, Singapore|Queenstown]], [[Singapore]]]]
Newer IKEA stores are usually very large blue buildings with few windows and yellow accents (the company's colors are also the national colors of [[Sweden]]). They are often designed around a "one-way" layout which leads customers along "the long natural way.". This layout is designed to encourage the customer to see the store in its entirety (as opposed to a traditional retail store, which allows a consumer to go right to the section where the goods and services needed are displayed) although there are often shortcuts to other parts of the showroom. The sequence first involves going through furniture showrooms making note of selected items. Then the customer collects a trolley and proceeds to a open-shelf warehouse for smaller items (Market Hall). Then the customer visits the furniture warehouse (Self Serve) where they collect previously noted showroom products in [[flat pack]] form.
Sometimes they are directed to collect products from an external warehouse on the same site or at a site nearby. Finally they take their products to the cashier's station to make payment.
Newer IKEA stores, like the one in [[Koblenz]], [[Germany]], make more use of glass, both for aesthetic and functional reasons. Skylights are also now common in the Self-serve warehouses. More natural light reduces energy costs, improves worker morale and gives a better impression of the product.
Whilst the original design involved the warehouse on the lower level and the showroom and marketplace on the upper, today most stores globally have the Showroom upstairs with the marketplace and warehouse downstairs. Additionally, some stores are single level. Some stores maintain separate warehouses to allow more stock to be kept on-site at any given time, although this occasionally results in challenges in finding the items, as well as a perception of having to queue in line twice. Single-level stores are found predominantly in areas where the cost of land would be less than the cost of building a 2-level store – examples include the store in [[Saarlouis]], Germany and [[Haparanda]], [[Sweden]].
[[File:Ikea multistory Leeds.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Multi story car park at Ikea in [[Leeds]], [[UK]]]]
Most IKEA stores offer an "as-is" area at the end of the warehouse just prior to the cashiers. Returned, damaged and formerly showcased products which are not in new condition or taken out of the IKEA product range are displayed here, and sold with a significant discount, but also with a "no-returns" policy. Most IKEA stores communicate the IKEA policy on environmental issues in the "as-is." In the United Kingdom, and Canada this is referred to as "Bargain Corner."
In Hong Kong, where shop space is limited and costly, IKEA has opened three outlets across the city, which are actually part of shopping malls. They are tiny compared to common "large blue box" store design, but are huge by Hong Kong standard. Most of the outlets still have a "one-way" layout. An exception is the newest outlet in [[Telford Plaza]], where the three independent floors can be accessed freely from each. Following IKEA tradition, though, the only cashier is located on the lowest floor.
The vast majority of IKEA stores are located outside of city centres, primarily because of land cost and traffic access. Several smaller store formats have been unsuccessfully tested in the past (the "midi" concept in the early 90s, which was tested in Ottawa and Heerlen with 9,300 m<sup>2</sup>, or a "boutique" shop in Manhattan). A new format for a full-size, city centre store was introduced with the opening of the Coventry (UK) store in December 2007. This is in response to UK government restrictions blocking retail establishment outside city centres,{{Fact|date=March 2008}} and the format is expected to be used for future IKEA stores in the UK. The Coventry store has 7 levels and therefore has a flow different from other IKEA stores.
===Restaurants and food markets===
[[Image:RedHookIkeaByLuigiNovi3.jpg|thumb|The cafeteria of the [[Red Hook, Brooklyn]] IKEA in [[New York City]].]]
Many stores include [[restaurant]]s serving typical [[cuisine of Sweden|Swedish food]] such as potatoes with [[Meatball#The_meatball_in_various_countries|Swedish meatballs]], cream sauce and [[lingonberry jam]], hot dogs and drinks for around 5 SEK (approx $1 USD), a few varieties of the local cuisine, and beverages such as [[Vaccinium vitis-idaea|lingonberry]] juice. The restaurant area is usually the one place in the store where there are large windows.
In many locations the IKEA restaurants open daily before the rest of the store and serve a cheap [[breakfast]]. In Canada, this breakfast costs $1 and has eggs, sausage, and home fries. In the United States, the local variation serves scrambled eggs, bacon, country potatoes and choice of [[swedish pancakes]] or [[french toast]] sticks. In the Netherlands it costs €1 and consists of a [[croissant]], a small [[bread roll]], [[butter]] or [[margarine]], [[jam]], a slice of [[cheese]], a [[boiled egg]], and [[coffee]] or [[tea]]. In Australia it costs AUD$2.50 and consists of hash browns, bacon, scrambled eggs, a sausage and tomato, with a $2 vegetarian option with baked beans which omits the sausage and bacon.
Refills of coffee, tea, and softdrinks are free of charge, even in countries where this is uncommon in other restaurants.
Many stores also have a mini-shop selling Swedish-made, Swedish-style groceries, such as Swedish meatballs, packages of gravy, and various Scandinavian cookies and crackers, as well as salmon and salmon [[roe]]. IKEA also sells lingonberry jam in a wide array of sizes, including buckets.
===Småland===
Many stores have a [[play area]], named Småland, for children aged 3 to 10 years (there is a height range requirement). The service is offered completely free of charge. Parents drop off their children at a gate to the playground, and pick them up after they arrive at another entrance. Parents are also given free pagers by the on-site staff; the staff will set off these pagers should a child need his/her parents sooner than expected. The area mostly features things such as [[Playground slide|slide]]s, [[seesaw]]s, [[cartoon]]s, a [[ball pit]], etc. [[Småland]] is also the [[province]] in Sweden where Ingvar Kamprad was born (translated from Swedish to English: Små = little (plural) and land = land, "littleland").
== Products ==
=== Furniture ===
[[Image:IKEA Billy bookshelf (80x106 cm birch veneer).jpg|thumb|100px||A completed IKEA flat pack bookshelf]]
Much of IKEA's furniture is designed to be [[Ready-To-Assemble furniture|assembled by the consumer]] rather than being sold pre-assembled. IKEA claims this permits them to reduce costs and use of packaging by not shipping air; the [[volume]] of a bookcase, for example, is considerably less if it is shipped unassembled rather than assembled. This is also a practical point for many of the chain's European customers, where [[public transport]] is commonly used; the flat-pack distribution methods allow for easier transport via public transport from the store to a customer's home for assembly.
[[Image:IKEA_clock_crop.jpg|thumb|An IKEA "PUGG" clock.]]
IKEA contends that it has been a pioneering force in sustainable approaches to mass [[Consumerism|consumer culture]].{{Fact|date=February 2008}} Kamprad refers to the concept as "democratic design," meaning that the company applies an integrated approach to [[manufacturing]] and [[design]] (see also [[environmental design]]). In response to the explosion of human population and material expectations in the 20th and 21st century, the company implements [[economies of scale]], capturing material streams and creating manufacturing processes that hold costs and resource use down, such as the extensive use of [[particle board]]. The intended result is flexible, adaptable home furnishings, scalable both to smaller homes and dwellings as well as large houses.
Not all furniture is stocked at the store level. For example, while a particular color of sofa model may be stocked and can be picked up at the store, another color of the same model that is not available in the store will instead have to be shipped from a warehouse to the customer's home for an additional delivery charge. Unlike with other retail stores, any requests for a model to be shipped from the warehouse to the store for pickup would also incur the same delivery charge to the customer. Delivery charges can easily add another 10% to 25% to the purchase price.
=== Houses, flats ===
IKEA has also expanded their product base to include flat-pack houses, in an effort to cut prices involved in a first-time buyer's home. The product, named [http://www.boklok.com/ BoKlok] was launched in Sweden in 1996 in a joint venture with [[Skanska]]. Now working in the Nordic countries and in UK, sites confirmed in [[England]] include [[London]], [[Manchester]], [[Leeds]], [[Gateshead]] and [[Liverpool]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://shopping.guardian.co.uk/household/story/0,1587,1403793,00.html|title=Buying a house? Pick up a flatpack at Ikea|date=2005-02-02|publisher=guardian.co.uk}}</ref>
=== Family Mobile ===
On 8 August 2008, IKEA UK launched '''Family Mobile''' – a [[Mobile virtual network operator|virtual mobile phone network]] which uses the [[T-mobile]] network.<ref>Press release of 3 August 08: [http://www.opt-development.co.uk/press-office/release.php?id=224 T-Mobile – the network behind IKEA Family Mobile, the UK’s newest mobile service]</ref><ref>[http://www.mobilenewscwp.co.uk/News/95182/tmobile_signs_ikea_mvno.html T-Mobile signs Ikea MVNO – Ikea claims its prepay service is 25 per cent cheaper than any rival offering], Mobile News, 4 August 08</ref>
Family Mobile is available to all UK IKEA Family members and offers UK calls for 9p per min and UK text messages for 6p each, with a minimum initial top up of £10. According to IKEA this made the network the cheapest pay as you go operator in the UK at time of launch – "at least 25 per cent cheaper than any other comparable prepay offer." The service targets families and allows customers a number of SIM cards per account, so credit is shared among the different lines. Customers can order a free SIM at the Family Mobile website [http://www.familymobile.co.uk/ familymobile.co.uk].
As part of the launch for the service all 9500 UK employees were given a free mobile phone along with a free Family Mobile SIM card with £5 credit pre-loaded on 5 August 2008.
=== Manufacturing ===
Although IKEA household products and furniture are designed in Sweden, they are largely manufactured in developing countries to keep down costs. With suppliers in 50 countries, roughly 2/3 of purchasing is from Europe with about 1/3 from Asia. A small amount of products are produced in North America. Comparatively little production actually takes place in Sweden, though it still remains the fourth-largest supplier country (behind China, Poland and Italy).{{Fact|date=February 2008}} China accounts for about 2.5 times as much supply as Sweden. For most of its products, the final assembly is performed by the end-user (consumer).
===Product names===
IKEA products are identified by single word names. Most of the names are [[Swedish language|Swedish]] in origin. Although there are some notable exceptions, most product names are based on a special naming system developed by IKEA.<ref>{{De icon}} {{cite web|url=http://www.stern.de/wirtschaft/unternehmen/index.html?eid=504885&id=506948&nv=ex_rt|title=Waren Sie schon mal in Klippan?}}</ref>
* ''Upholstered furniture, coffee tables, rattan furniture, bookshelves, media storage, doorknobs:'' Swedish placenames (for example: [[Klippan (sofa)|Klippan]])
* ''Beds, wardrobes, hall furniture:'' Norwegian place names
* ''Dining tables and chairs:'' Finnish place names
* ''Bookcase ranges:'' Occupations
* ''Bathroom articles:'' Scandinavian lakes, rivers and bays
* ''Kitchens:'' grammatical terms, sometimes also other names
* ''Chairs, desks:'' men's names
* ''Materials, curtains:'' women's names
* ''Garden furniture:'' Swedish islands
* ''Carpets:'' Danish place names
* ''Lighting:'' terms from music, chemistry, meteorology, measures, weights, seasons, months, days, boats, nautical terms
* ''Bedlinen, bed covers, pillows/cushions:'' flowers, plants, precious stones; words related to sleep, comfort, and cuddling
* ''Children's items:'' mammals, birds, adjectives
* ''Curtain accessories:'' mathematical and geometrical terms
* ''Kitchen utensils:'' foreign words, spices, herbs, fish, mushrooms, fruits or berries, functional descriptions
* ''Boxes, wall decoration, pictures and frames, clocks:'' colloquial expressions, also Swedish place names
For example, ''DUKTIG'' (meaning: good, well-behaved) is a line of children's toys, ''[[Oslo|OSLO]]'' is a name of a bed, ''BILLY'' (a Swedish masculine name) is a popular shelf, ''DINERA'' (meaning: (to) dine) for tableware, ''KASSETT'' (meaning: cassette) for media storage. One range of office furniture is named ''EFFEKTIV'' (meaning: efficient), ''SKÄRPT'' (meaning: sharp or clever) is a line of kitchen knives.
A notable exception is the ''IVAR'' shelving system, which dates back to the early 1970s. This item is named after the item's designer.
Because IKEA is a worldwide company working in several countries with several different languages, sometimes the Nordic naming leads to problems where the word means something completely different to the product. While exotic-sounding names draw an attention, e.g., in [[anglophone]] countries, a number of them call for a snicker. Notable examples are "Jerker" desk, "Fartfull" workbench, or "Lessebo" sofa.<ref>[http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4155/is_200408/ai_n12556896 'Fartfull' workbench, 'Jerker' desk: Is Ikea hiding a grin?], ''[[Chicago Sun-Times]],'' August 17, 2004</ref> The products are withdrawn, probably after someone pointed at blunders, but not before generating some news. Similar blunders happen with other companies as well.<ref>[http://www.news.com.au/couriermail/story/0,23739,23142815-5003501,00.html 'Lolita' bed set for girls withdrawn]</ref>
Company founder Ingvar Kamprad, who is [[dyslexia|dyslexic]], found that naming the furniture with proper names and words, rather than a product code, made the names easier to remember {{Fact|date=September 2007}}.
==Catalogue==
{{main|IKEA Catalogue}}
[[Image:Ikea2009 en-US.png|upright|thumb|Cover of the 2009 edition US Catalogue]] IKEA publishes an annual [[catalogue]]. First published in [[Swedish language|Swedish]] in 1951,{{Fact|date=April 2007}} the catalogue is now published in 55 editions, in 27 languages for 36 countries,<ref>{{cite web|title=IKEA FAQs|url=http://www.ikea.com.sg/faqs/faqs.asp}}</ref> and is considered to be the main marketing tool of the retail giant, consuming 70% of the company's annual marketing budget.<ref>{{cite web|title=IKEA student info|url=http://www.ikea.com/ms/en_GB/about_ikea/press_room/student_info.html}}</ref>
The catalogue is distributed both in stores and by mail.<ref>{{cite web|title=IKEA FAQ |url=http://www.ikea.com/ms/en_US/customer_service/faq/faq.html#0100}}</ref> Most of the catalogue is produced by IKEA Communications AB in IKEA's hometown of [[Älmhult Municipality|Älmhult]], Sweden where IKEA operates the largest photo studio in northern Europe at 8,000 square metres in size.<ref>{{cite web|title=2003 IKEA Catalogue printable facts|url=http://www.ikea.com/ms/en_GB/about_ikea/press_room/thecatalogue.pdf|format=PDF}}</ref> The catalogue itself is printed on chlorine-free paper of 10-15% post-consumer waste.
According to Canadian broadcaster, [[CTV Television Network|CTV]], "IKEA's publications have developed an almost cult-like following online. Readers have found all kinds of strange tidbits, including mysterious cat pictures, apparent Mickey Mouse references and [[Bookseller/Diagram Prize for Oddest Title of the Year|weird books]] wedged into the many shelves that clutter the catalogues."
== IKEA Family ==
In common with some other retailers, IKEA has launched a [[loyalty card]] in its stores in Sweden, Denmark, Finland, the UK, the Netherlands, Belgium, Germany, Austria, Russia, China, Japan, Switzerland, Slovakia, Czech Republic, Poland, Italy, France, Portugal and Spain called "IKEA Family." The distinctive orange card is free of charge and can be used to obtain discounts on a special range of products found in each IKEA store. In particular, it gives 25% off the price of commissioned ranges of IKEA products on presentation of the card. The card also gives discounts on food purchased in the restaurant and the Swedish Food Market. In the Netherlands, Denmark, Belgium, Germany, Austria, Russia, Japan, UK, Switzerland, Slovakia, Czech Republic and Poland it also entitles the holder to free coffee in the restaurant. In Spain this offer is only available in working days.
In conjunction with the card, IKEA also publishes and sells a printed quarterly magazine titled ''IKEA Family Live'' which supplements the card and catalogue. The magazine is already printed in thirteen languages and an English edition for the [[United Kingdom]] was launched in February 2007. It is expected to have a subscription of over 500,000.<ref>{{cite web|author=Daniel Farey-Jones|title=Ikea to introduce UK magazine in February|url=http://www.brandrepublic.com/bulletins/media/article/567690/ikea-introduce-uk-magazine-february/}}</ref>
== Corporate structure ==
{{main|Stichting INGKA Foundation|IKANO|Ingvar Kamprad}}
[[Image:Rom vorstadt 04.jpg|thumb|right|300px|IKEA in [[Rome]], [[Italy]]]]
[[Image:Ikea in dhahran saudi arabia.JPG|thumb|right|300px|IKEA in [[Dhahran]], [[Saudi Arabia]]]]
[[Image:BloomingtonIKEA.jpg|thumb|right|300px|IKEA Twin Cities in [[Bloomington, MN]], USA]]
Despite its Swedish roots, IKEA is owned and operated by a complicated array of [[not-for-profit]] and [[for-profit]] [[corporations]].
The IKEA corporate structure is divided into two main parts: operations and franchising. Most of IKEA's operations, including the management of the majority of its stores, the design and manufacture of its furniture, and purchasing and supply functions are overseen by Ingka Holding, a private, for-profit [[Netherlands|Dutch]] company. Of the IKEA stores in 36 countries, 235 are run by the INGKA Holding. The remaining 30 stores are run by franchisees outside of the INGKA Holding.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ikea-group.ikea.com/corporate/about_ikea/index.html|title=IKEA Group corporate site: about us}}</ref>
INGKA Holding is not an independent company, but is wholly owned by the [[Stichting Ingka Foundation]], which Kamprad established in 1982 in the Netherlands as a tax-exempt, not-for-profit [[Foundation (charity)|foundation]]. The Ingka Foundation is controlled by a five-member executive committee that is chaired by Kamprad and includes his wife and attorney.<ref name="economist">{{cite web|url=http://www.economist.com/business/displaystory.cfm?story_id=6919139|title=IKEA: Flat-pack accounting}}''The Economist,'' May 11, 2006.</ref>
While most IKEA stores operate under the direct purview of Ingka Holding and the Ingka Foundation, the IKEA [[trademark]] and concept is owned by an entirely separate Dutch company, '''Inter IKEA Systems.''' Every IKEA store, including those run by Ingka Holding, pays a [[franchise fee]] of 3% of the revenue to Inter IKEA Systems. The ownership of Inter IKEA Systems is exceedingly complicated and, ultimately, uncertain. Inter IKEA Systems is owned by Inter IKEA Holding, a company registered in Luxembourg. Inter IKEA Holding, in turn, belongs to an identically named company in the [[Netherlands Antilles]] that is run by a trust company based in [[Curaçao]]. The owners of this trust company are unknown (IKEA refuses to identify them) but are assumed to be members of the Kamprad family.<ref name="economist"/>
In [[Australia]], IKEA is operated by two companies. Stores located on the East Coast including [[Queensland]], [[New South Wales]], and [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]] are owned by [[INGKA Holding]]. Stores elsewhere in the country including [[South Australia]] and [[Western Australia]] are owned by Cebas Pty Ltd.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cebas.ikea.com.au/Template3.asp?page_id=63970300051041&se_id=22&site_id=30005|title=Disclaimer|author=Cebas Pty Ltd|accessdate=2007-04-10}}</ref> Like elsewhere, all stores are operated under a franchise agreement with Inter IKEA Systems.
=== Non-taxable profit ===
In 2004, the last year that the INGKA Holding group filed accounts, the company reported profits of €1.4 billion on sales of €12.8 billion, a margin of nearly 11 percent. Because INGKA Holding is owned by the nonprofit INGKA Foundation, none of this profit is taxed. The foundation's nonprofit status also means that the Kamprad family cannot reap these profits directly, but the Kamprads do collect a portion of IKEA sales profits through the franchising relationship between INGKA Holding and Inter IKEA Systems.
Inter IKEA Systems collected €631 million of [[franchise fee]]s in 2004, but reported pre-tax profits of only €225 million in 2004. One of the major pre-tax expenses that Inter IKEA systems reported was €590 million of “other operating charges.” IKEA has refused to explain these charges, but Inter IKEA Systems appears to make large payments to I.I. Holding, another Luxembourg-registered group that, according to ''[[The Economist]],'' “is almost certain to be controlled by the Kamprad family.” I.I. Holding made a profit of €328 million in 2004.
In 2004, the Inter IKEA group of companies and I.I. Holding reported combined profits of €553m and paid €19m in taxes, or approximately 3.5 percent.<ref name="economist"/>.
The [http://www.evb.ch/en/index.cfm Berne Declaration], a non-profit organization in [[Switzerland]] that promotes corporate responsibility, has formally criticized IKEA for its tax avoidance strategies. In 2007, the Berne Declaration nominated IKEA for one of its Public Eye “awards,” which highlight corporate irresponsibility and are announced during the [[World Economic Forum]] in [[Davos]], Switzerland.<ref>{{citeweb|url=http://www.evb.ch/en/p11676.html|title=Berne Declaration Public Eye Awards, 2007 Nominations}}www.evb.ch/en/index.cfm</ref>
===Control by Kamprad===
Along with helping IKEA make non-taxable profit, IKEA's complicated corporate structure allows Kamprad to maintain tight control over the operations of Ingka Holding, and thus the operation of most IKEA stores. The Ingka Foundation’s five-person executive committee is chaired by Kamprad. It appoints the board of Ingka Holding, approves any changes to Ingka Holding’s bylaws, and has the right to preempt new share issues. If a member of the executive committee quits or dies, the other four members appoint his or her replacement.
In Kamprad's absence the foundation's bylaws include specific provisions requiring it to continue operating the Ingka Holding group and specifying that shares can be sold only to another foundation with the same objectives as the Ingka Foundation.<ref name="economist"/>
===Charitable giving===
The [[Stichting INGKA Foundation|INGKA Foundation]] is officially dedicated to promoting “innovations in [[architecture]] and [[interior design]].”<ref name="economist"/> With an estimated net worth of $36 billion, the foundation is unofficially the world’s largest [[charitable organization]], beating out the much better known [[Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation]], which has a net worth of approximately $33 billion.<ref name=FoundationFactSheet>{{cite web|url=http://www.gatesfoundation.org/MediaCenter/FactSheet/|title=Foundation Fact Sheet|publisher=[[Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation]]|accessdate=2007-03-09}}</ref>
Despite its enormous wealth, the Ingka Foundation does very little [[Charity (practice)|charitable giving]]. Detailed information about its grantmaking is unavailable, as foundations in the Netherlands are not required to publish their records. But IKEA has reported that in 2004-2005, the Ingka Foundation's donations were concentrated on the [[Lund Institute of Technology]] in Sweden, and the Lund Institute reported the receipt of $1.7 million grants from the foundation during both of those years. By way of comparison, the Gates Foundation made gifts of more than $1.5 billion in 2005.<ref name=FoundationFactSheet/>
Notwithstanding the Ingka Foundation's lack of concerted philanthropic activity, IKEA is involved in several international charitable causes, particularly in partnership with [[UNICEF]]. These include:
* IKEA contributed 1 euro to UNICEF from each soft toy sold during the 2006 holiday season, raising a total of €1.75 million.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unicef.org/corporate_partners/index_25092.html|title=UNICEF's corporate partnerships}}</ref>
* In the wake of the 2005 Boxing Day Tsunami, IKEA Australia agreed to match dollar for dollar co-workers donations and donated all sales of the IKEA Blue Bag to the cause.
* After the Pakistan earthquake of 2006, IKEA gave 500,000 blankets to the relief effort in the region<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2006%5C01%5C04%5Cstory_4-1-2006_pg7_29|title=Quake children at greater risk after rain, snowfall: UN}}</ref>
* IKEA has provided furniture for over 100 "bridge schools" in [[Liberia]].<ref>[http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/liberia_27130.html http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/liberia_27130.html]</ref>
* In the [[2008 Sichuan earthquake]] in China, IKEA Beijing sold an alligator toy for 40 [[renminbi|yuan]] (US$5.83, €3.70) with all income going to the children in the earthquake struck area
IKEA also supports [[American Forests]] to restore forests and reduce pollution.<ref>[http://www.ikea.com/ms/en_US/about_ikea/plant_trees.html IKEA | Plant Trees<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>[http://www.americanforests.org/planttrees/af_info.php?campaign=ikea American Forests<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
Links with Education
In 2008 Ikea was a supporter of the [[Design Wales]] [[Ffres Awards]], providing a creative brief for undergraduate design competition.
==Environmental performance==
In 1990, IKEA invited [[Karl-Henrik Robèrt]], founder of [[The Natural Step]], to address its board of directors. Robert's system conditions for sustainability provided a [[Strategy|strategic approach]] to improving the company's environmental performance. This led to the development of an Environmental Action Plan, which was adopted in 1992. The plan focused on structural change, allowing IKEA to "maximize the impact of resources invested and reduce the energy necessary to address isolated issues."<ref name = Owens/> The environmental measures taken, include the following:
# Replacing [[polyvinylchloride]] (PVC) in wallpapers, home textiles, shower curtains, lampshades, and furniture—PVC has been eliminated from packaging and is being phased out in electric cables;
# minimizing the use of [[formaldehyde]] in its products, including textiles;
# eliminating acid-curing [[lacquer]]s;
# producing a model of chair (OGLA) made from 100% [[Post-consumer waste|post-consumer]] plastic waste;
# introducing a series of air-inflatable furniture products into the product line. Such products reduce the use of raw materials for framing and stuffing and reduce transportation weight and volume to about 15% of that of conventional furniture;
# reducing the use of [[chromium]] for metal surface treatment;
# limiting the use of substances such as [[cadmium]], [[lead]], [[Polychlorinated biphenyl|PCB]], [[Pentachlorophenol|PCP]], and [[Azo compound|AZO pigments]];
# using wood from responsibly-managed forests that replant and maintain [[Biodiversity|biological diversity]];
# using only recyclable materials for flat packaging and "pure" (non-mixed) materials for packaging to assist in recycling.<ref name = Owens/>
# introducing rental bicycles with trailers for customers in Denmark.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://usingbicycles.blogspot.com/2008/07/ikea-bikes-no-theyre-not-made-of.html | title = IKEA Bikes (no, they're not made of plywood) | work = Using Bicycles | author = Sherwood Stranieri | date = 2008-07-17 | accessdate = 2008-07-27 }}</ref>
More recently, IKEA has begun charging for each plastic bag, while offering a paper bag for no extra cost. The IKEA restaurants also only offer reusable plates, knives, forks, spoons, etc. Toilets in some IKEA restrooms have been outfitted with dual-function flushers. Most stores only offer paper plates and plastic knives, forks, and spoons.
== Community impact ==
IKEA's goals of sustainability and environmental design in their merchandise have sometimes been at odds with the impact a new IKEA store can have on a community.
* In September 2004, when IKEA offered a limited number of free $150 vouchers at the opening of a new store in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, three people were crushed to death in a stampede that followed the store's opening.<ref name>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/3618190.stm BBC NEWS | World | Middle East | Three die in Saudi shop stampede<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
[[Image:Midtown Excursion 061.jpg|thumb|right|IKEA at [[Atlantic Station]] in [[Atlanta, GA]].]]
* IKEA has demolished historic buildings<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.metropolismag.com/html/content_0203/ob/ob05_0203.html|title=Disposable Architecture|author=Christopher Hawthorne|publisher=[[Metropolis (American magazine)|Metropolis]]|month=February | year=2003|accessdate=2007-06-08}}</ref> in at least one case for a parking area.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/boroughs/2006/11/22/2006-11-22_suit_aims_to_make_an_ikea_lot_history.html|title=Suit aims to make an IKEA lot history|publisher=[[New York Daily News]]|date=2006-11-22|accessdate=2007-06-08}}</ref> (At the College Park, Maryland, USA, store there is an interactive digital display which tells the history of a tavern which used to exist where the store is currently located.)
* IKEA was refused planning permission for a future store in the [[United Kingdom]] in 2004 (to be based in [[Stockport]], [[Greater Manchester]]) by the [[Office of the Deputy Prime Minister]]. It applied for [[judicial review]] but lost in 2005.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/manchester/4278539.stm|title=Ikea loses fight to build store|publisher=BBC News|date=2005-02-18}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.manchesteronline.co.uk/news/s/125/125859_fury_as_prescott_blocks_ikea_store.html|title= Fury as Prescott blocks Ikea store|date=2004-08-03|publisher=manchesteronline}}</ref> However, they later received permission to build a store within [[Greater Manchester]] a few miles from the originally planned site in [[Ashton-Under-Lyne]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/manchester/4604024.stm|title=Ikea's superstore plans approved|publisher=BBC News|date=2006-01-11}}</ref> An estimated £10,000 was spent on traffic policing, and even more on rerouting traffic from the [[M60 motorway]] around [[Ashton-Under-Lyne|Ashton]].
* After viewing the 100-foot tall sign of an IKEA under construction near [[Portland International Airport]], Randy Leonard, the city commissioner in charge of sign permits in [[Portland, Oregon]], placed a moratorium on all pending and future sign permits in the area.<ref>[http://www.kgw.com/business/stories/kgw_031907_biz_ikea_sign.2c476aab.html Business | kgw.com | News for Oregon and SW Washington<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
== Criticisms ==
{{criticism-section}}
[[Image:VillepinteFrance.JPG|thumb|250px|right|Paris Nord 2, Roissy, France]]
Some criticisms of IKEA:
* In the 1990s, there were several complaints arising from IKEA's [[United Kingdom|British]] television [[advertising campaign]]s:
** “Stop being so English:” In which a “Swedish [[psychologist]]” claims the British are uptight due to their taste in “English” furniture (complaints were dismissed).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ofcom.org.uk/static/archive/itc/itc_publications/complaints_reports/advertising_complaints/show_complaint.asp-ad_complaint_id=143.html|title=Television Advertising Complaints Reports: uptight British|publisher=ofcom.org.uk}}</ref>
** An advertisement where a [[Management consulting|management consultant]] suggests how much more furniture a company could buy if it fired an office worker (complaints were dismissed but IKEA voluntarily withdrew the advert).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ofcom.org.uk/static/archive/itc/itc_publications/complaints_reports/advertising_complaints/show_complaint.asp-ad_complaint_id=10.html|title=Television Advertising Complaints Reports: management consultant|publisher=ofcom.org.uk}}</ref>
** A campaign under the slogan, "Just pack up, ship out, find a place of your own. And for all your new things, you know where to come. Make a fresh start," got complaints that it was trivializing [[Legal separation|marriage breakups]] (complaints were dismissed).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ofcom.org.uk/static/archive/itc/itc_publications/complaints_reports/advertising_complaints/show_complaint.asp-ad_complaint_id=288.html|title=Television Advertising Complaints Reports: homosexual marriage breakup|publisher=ofcom.org.uk}}</ref>
* IKEA founder [[Ingvar Kamprad]] was, as a teen, directly involved in the pro-Nazi New Swedish Movement (''Nysvenska Rörelsen'') until at least 1945, causing tensions when IKEA began opening stores in Israel.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jewishsf.com/content/2-0-/module/displaystory/story_id/13393/edition_id/259/format/html/displaystory.html|title=Founder of Ikea store haunted by Nazi past|date=2000-04-07}}</ref> Kamprad devotes two chapters to his time in Nysvenska Rörelsen in his book, ''Leading By Design: The IKEA Story'' and, in a 1994 letter to IKEA employees, called his affiliation with the organization the "greatest mistake of his life."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://entrepreneurs.about.com/cs/famousentrepreneur/p/ingvarkamprad.htm|title=Ingvar Kamprad - IKEA Founder and One of the World's Richest Men}}</ref>
* Former Norwegian prime minister [[Kjell Magne Bondevik]] has criticized IKEA for not depicting women assembling furniture in its instruction booklets, despite the fact that many sets of instructions do, in fact, show women - though not often.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thelocal.se/article.php?ID=1085&date=20050310|title=Norwegian prime minister slams IKEA|date=2005-03-10}}</ref> Ironically, Kjell and Magne respectively translate in the IKEA product code list to 'Bar stool' and 'Outer pillow pocket with filling'.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ikea.com/us/en/catalog/productsaz/|title=Products A-Z|date=2009-05-08}}</ref>
*In 2004 there was controversy about an Irish law restricting the maximum size of a retail outlet to 6,000 m<sup>2</sup>. IKEA's plan to build a much larger store in [[Dublin]] caused the law to be put up for debate. The law was changed to remove the size limit for retail outlets selling durable goods in designated areas.<ref>[http://www.rte.ie/business/2005/0105/ikea.html RTÉ report on the loosening of shop planning laws]</ref> The Minister for the Environment was criticized for allegedly changing the law to suit one company and other agencies protested the law change as damaging to small businesses while the government defended their decision stating that the move was a positive one for Irish consumers. IKEA have continued with their development of the Dublin store without comment.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ikea.ie|title=IKEA Ireland|accessdate=2008-04-15}}</ref>
*June 2007: the [[designated nationalist]] [[Social Democratic and Labour Party]] complained about an artist's rendering of IKEA Belfast that included both the [[Union Flag]] and the [[Ulster Banner]] flag as two of the three flags in front of the store. After being labelled "an upmarket [[Orange Institution|Orange]] hall" by the party, IKEA assured customers and coworkers that only the Swedish flag would be seen outside the actual store.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/northern_ireland/6746905.stm|title='No Union flag at new Ikea store'|publisher=[[BBC News]]|date=2007-06-12|accessdate=2007-08-09}}</ref>
*June 2007: some prospective customers took offense at an email newsletter<ref>[http://links.ikea-usa.com/servlet/MailView?ms=OTAzNDc4S0&r=MjU3NzcyMDg4MgS2&j=Mjk2NTQzNjcS1&mt=1] {{Dead link|date=December 2008}}</ref> with questionable advertising copy. To wit, the BRUNKRISSLA bedding notes said, "Brightens up your grad's dorm. Unlike a creepy gothic roommate, who can be a bad influence." Members of the [[goth subculture]] took offense at the [[stereotype]].<ref>[http://blog.wired.com/tableofmalcontents/2007/06/griping-goths-g.html Wired]</ref>
*A researcher from the [[University of Copenhagen]] discovered that for years, IKEA has named their cheap [[rug making|rugs]] after Danish places, while the more expensive and luxurious furniture was named after Swedish places. The researcher, Klaus Kjøller, who is well-known for tongue-in-cheek statements, accused IKEA of [[imperialism]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thelocal.se/10054/20080220/|title=Ikea guilty of 'cultural imperialism': Danes|author=O'Mahony, Paul|publisher=[[The Local]]|date=2008-02-20|accessdate=2008-03-08}}</ref>
*People in [[Canada]] became upset with IKEA when a TV station discovered that IKEA charged as much as twice the price in their Canadian stores for the same items sold in their American stores, this despite the Canadian dollar reaching parity with the U.S. dollar.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.citynews.ca/news/news_16470.aspx/|title=Ikea confronted over Canadian-U.S. price differences|date=2007-11-05|accessdate=2008-06-19}}</ref>
==Advertising==
IKEA ran a commercial widely thought to be the first commercial featuring a homosexual couple. It aired only once, in 1994.<ref>[http://www.commercialcloset.org/common/adlibrary/adlibrarydetails.cfm?clientID=11064&QID=76 Commercial Closet<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> IKEA has run other commercials targeting the gay community as well as a commercial featuring a [[transgender]] woman.<ref>[http://www.commercialcloset.org/common/adlibrary/adlibrarydetails.cfm?clientID=11064&QID=546 Commercial Closet<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
IKEA launched a UK wide advertising campaign in September 2007 titled 'Home is the Most Important Place in the World' using estate agent signs with the term 'Not For Sale' written on them as part of the wider campaign. However, after the campaign appeared in the [[Metro newspaper London]] the business news website www.mad.co.uk remarked that the IKEA campaign had amazing similarities with the marketing activity of UK home refurbishment company Onis who had launched their own Not For Sale advertising campaign<ref>http://www.onisliving.co.uk/about-onis/not-for-sale.html</ref> 2 years previously and in November 2006 had been awarded the Interbuild 2006 Construction Marketing Award for best campaign under £25,000.
<ref>http://www.constructionmarketingawards.com/testimonials.html</ref>
[[Image:Onis Not For Sale sign.jpg|thumb|right|Onis' Not For Sale sign.]] A debate ensued between Fraser Patterson, Chief Executive of Onis and Andrew McGuinness, partner at [[Beattie McGuinness Bungay]] (BMB), the advertising and PR agency awarded the £12m IKEA account.<ref>http://www.mad.co.uk/BreakingNews/BreakingNews/Articles/bd5d7deae8ff43a0bbd83f8a9dc15ff3/Ikea-campaign-attracts-copycat-claims.html</ref><ref>[http://www.sundayherald.com/business/businessnews/display.var.1741413.0.ikeas_new_marketing_campaign_remarkably_similar_to_strategy_used_by_scotsled_firm.php Ikea’s new marketing campaign ‘remarkably similar’ to strategy used by Scots-led firm]</ref> The essence of the debate was that BMB claimed to be unaware of Onis' campaign as Onis were not an advertising agency. Onis' argument was that they had already been accredited for their Not For Sale campaign and that their advertising could be seen in prominent landmarks throughout London, they were concerned about the impact IKEA's campaign would have on the originality of their own.
After some negotiations BMB and IKEA agreed to provide Onis with a feature page on the IKEA campaign site (www.notgoinganywhere.co.uk) linking through to Onis' site (www.onisliving.co.uk), for a period of 1 year. Onis is possibly the only company to have ever been advertised by IKEA in such a fashion.
IKEA recently paired up with the makers of popular video game [[The Sims 2]] to make a stuff pack called [[The Sims 2 Stuff packs#IKEA Home Stuff|The Sims 2 IKEA Home Stuff]]. The game features many items that you could find in IKEA and was released on June 24, 2008 in North America and June 26, 2008 in Europe. It is the second stuff pack with a major brand, the first being [[The Sims 2 Stuff packs#H&M Fashion Stuff|The Sims 2 H&M Fashion Stuff]], which are both coincidentally companies of [[Sweden|Swedish]] origin.
IKEA has taken over title sponsorship of Philadelphia's annual [[6abc Ikea Thanksgiving Day Parade|Thanksgiving Day parade]] in 2008, replacing [[Boscov's]], who filed for bankruptcy in August 2008.
In November 2008 a subway train decorated in IKEA style [http://metkere.com/2008/11/ikea.html was introduced] in [[Novosibirsk]], [[Russia]]. Four cars were turned into a mobile showroom of the Swedish design. The redesigned train, which features colourful seats and fancy curtains, will carry passengers until June 6, 2009.
[[File:Red Osprey in IKEA livery.JPG|thumb|right|200px|The Red Osprey in her IKEA livery.]]
In January 2009, just before the new store opened in [[Southampton]], [[England]], the [[MV Red Osprey]] of [[Red Funnel]] was re-painted in an entirely yellow and blue livery to celebrate the opening of the new IKEA store in Southampton. This is the first time a Red Funnel ferry has been re-painted out of its own red and white colour scheme. It is expected to stay in these colours for 12 months as part of a deal between Red Funnel and IKEA to provide home delivery services to the [[Isle of Wight]].
==Awards==
IKEA was named one of the 100 Best Companies for Working Mothers in 2004 and 2005 by ''Working Mothers'' magazine. It ranked 96 in Fortune's 100 Best Companies to Work For in 2006 and in October 2008, IKEA Canada LP was named one of "[[Canada's Top 100 Employers]]" by Mediacorp Canada Inc., and was featured in ''[[Maclean's]]'' newsmagazine.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eluta.ca/top-employer-ikea-canada|title=Reasons for Selection, 2009 Canada's Top 100 Employers Competition}}</ref>
==References==
{{reflist|2}}
==External links==
{{commonscat|IKEA}}
* [http://www.ikea.com/ IKEA] - Official site
===News coverage===
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/6288588.stm IKEA to cut 300 managerial jobs]
* [http://thecrazynews.wordpress.com/2007/07/16/swedish-design-chain-ikea-wants-you-to-sleep-in-store-over-night/ Ikea opens overnight stay stores]
* [http://news.sina.com.cn/c/p/2007-07-03/080813362600.shtml Ikea destroyed ten ancient tombs during new store construction in China] ''(Chinese)''
* [http://www.guardian.co.uk/g2/story/0,,1240462,00.html "The miracle of Älmhult" by Oliver Burkeman from the Guardian newspaper. The writer talks about his visit to IKEA's HQ in Älmhult]
* {{cite news
|url = http://economist.com/business/displaystory.cfm?story_id=6919139
|title = IKEA: Flat-pack accounting
|publisher = [[The Economist]]
|date = [[2006-05-11]]}}
{{Finance links
|name = IKEA International A/S
|google = 5118386
|yahoo = 42/42925
|hoovers = 42925
}}
