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== Turkey<br>https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/maps/tu-map.gif ==
{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="6" border="0" align="center"
|-
| valign="middle" bgcolor="#cccccc" | '''Introduction'''
| valign="middle" bgcolor="#cccccc" | '''Turkey'''
|}
{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="6" border="0" align="center"
| <div align="right">Background:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | Modern '''Turkey''' was founded in 1923 from the Anatolian remnants of the defeated Ottoman Empire by national hero Mustafa KEMAL, who was later honored with the title Ataturk or "Father of the Turks." Under his authoritarian leadership, the country adopted wide-ranging social, legal, and political reforms. After a period of one-party rule, an experiment with multi-party politics led to the 1950 election victory of the opposition Democratic Party and the peaceful transfer of power. Since then, Turkish political parties have multiplied, but democracy has been fractured by periods of instability and intermittent military coups (1960, 1971, 1980), which in each case eventually resulted in a return of political power to civilians. In 1997, the military again helped engineer the ouster - popularly dubbed a "post-modern coup" - of the then Islamic-oriented government. Turkey intervened militarily on Cyprus in 1974 to prevent a Greek takeover of the island and has since acted as patron state to the "Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus," which only Turkey recognizes. A separatist insurgency begun in 1984 by the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) - now known as the People's Congress of Kurdistan or Kongra-Gel (KGK) - has dominated the Turkish military's attention and claimed more than 30,000 lives. After the capture of the group's leader in 1999, the insurgents largely withdrew from Turkey mainly to northern Iraq. In 2004, KGK announced an end to its ceasefire and attacks attributed to the KGK increased. Turkey joined the UN in 1945 and in 1952 it became a member of NATO. In 1964, Turkey became an associate member of the European Community; over the past decade, it has undertaken many reforms to strengthen its democracy and economy enabling it to begin accession membership talks with the European Union.
|}
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{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="6" border="0" align="center"
| valign="middle" bgcolor="#cccccc" | '''Geography'''
| valign="middle" bgcolor="#cccccc" | '''Turkey'''
|}
{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="6" border="0" align="center"
| <div align="right">Location:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | Southeastern Europe and Southwestern Asia (that portion of Turkey west of the Bosporus is geographically part of Europe), bordering the Black Sea, between Bulgaria and Georgia, and bordering the Aegean Sea and the Mediterranean Sea, between Greece and Syria
|-
| <div align="right">Geographic coordinates:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 39 00 N, 35 00 E
|-
| <div align="right">Map references:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | Middle East
|-
| <div align="right">Area:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | ''total:'' 780,580 sq km <br />''land:'' 770,760 sq km <br />''water:'' 9,820 sq km
|-
| <div align="right">Area - comparative:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | slightly larger than [[Directory:Texas|Texas]]
|-
| <div align="right">Land boundaries:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | ''total:'' 2,648 km <br />''border countries:'' [[Directory:Armenia|Armenia]] 268 km, [[Directory:Azerbaijan|Azerbaijan]] 9 km, [[Directory:Bulgaria|Bulgaria]] 240 km, Georgia 252 km, [[Directory:Greece|Greece]] 206 km, [[Directory:Iran|Iran]] 499 km, [[Directory:Iraq|Iraq]] 352 km, [[Directory:Syria|Syria]] 822 km
|-
| <div align="right">Coastline:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 7,200 km
|-
| <div align="right">Maritime claims:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | ''territorial sea:'' 6 nm in the Aegean Sea; 12 nm in Black Sea and in Mediterranean Sea <br />''exclusive economic zone:'' in Black Sea only: to the maritime boundary agreed upon with the former USSR
|-
| <div align="right">Climate:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | temperate; hot, dry summers with mild, wet winters; harsher in interior
|-
| <div align="right">Terrain:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | high central plateau (Anatolia); narrow coastal plain; several mountain ranges
|-
| <div align="right">Elevation extremes:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | ''lowest point:'' Mediterranean Sea 0 m <br />''highest point:'' Mount Ararat 5,166 m
|-
| <div align="right">Natural resources:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | coal, iron ore, copper, chromium, antimony, mercury, gold, barite, borate, celestite (strontium), emery, feldspar, limestone, magnesite, marble, perlite, pumice, pyrites (sulfur), clay, arable land, hydropower
|-
| <div align="right">Land use:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | ''arable land:'' 29.81% <br />''permanent crops:'' 3.39% <br />''other:'' 66.8% (2005)
|-
| <div align="right">Irrigated land:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 52,150 sq km (2003)
|-
| <div align="right">Total renewable water resources:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 234 cu km (2003)
|-
| <div align="right">Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural):</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | ''total:'' 39.78 cu km/yr (15%/11%/74%) <br />''per capita:'' 544 cu m/yr (2001)
|-
| <div align="right">Natural hazards:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | severe earthquakes, especially in northern Turkey, along an arc extending from the Sea of Marmara to Lake Van
|-
| <div align="right">Environment - current issues:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | water pollution from dumping of chemicals and detergents; air pollution, particularly in urban areas; deforestation; concern for oil spills from increasing Bosporus ship traffic
|-
| <div align="right">Environment - international agreements:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | ''party to:'' Air Pollution, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands <br />''signed, but not ratified:'' Environmental Modification
|-
| <div align="right">Geography - note:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | strategic location controlling the Turkish Straits (Bosporus, Sea of Marmara, Dardanelles) that link Black and Aegean Seas; Mount Ararat, the legendary landing place of Noah's Ark, is in the far eastern portion of the country
|}
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| valign="middle" bgcolor="#cccccc" | '''People'''
| valign="middle" bgcolor="#cccccc" | '''Turkey'''
|}
{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="6" border="0" align="center"
| <div align="right">Population:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 71,158,647 (July 2007 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">Age structure:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | ''0-14 years:'' 24.9% (male 9,034,731/female 8,703,624) <br />''15-64 years:'' 68.1% (male 24,627,270/female 23,857,507) <br />''65 years and over:'' 6.9% (male 2,253,383/female 2,682,132) (2007 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">Median age:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | ''total:'' 28.6 years <br />''male:'' 28.4 years <br />''female:'' 28.8 years (2007 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">Population growth rate:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 1.04% (2007 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">Birth rate:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 16.4 births/1,000 population (2007 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">Death rate:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 6 deaths/1,000 population (2007 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">Net migration rate:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2007 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">Sex ratio:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | ''at birth:'' 1.05 male(s)/female <br />''under 15 years:'' 1.038 male(s)/female <br />''15-64 years:'' 1.032 male(s)/female <br />''65 years and over:'' 0.84 male(s)/female <br />''total population:'' 1.019 male(s)/female (2007 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">Infant mortality rate:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | ''total:'' 38.33 deaths/1,000 live births <br />''male:'' 41.85 deaths/1,000 live births <br />''female:'' 34.64 deaths/1,000 live births (2007 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">Life expectancy at birth:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | ''total population:'' 72.88 years <br />''male:'' 70.43 years <br />''female:'' 75.46 years (2007 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">Total fertility rate:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 1.89 children born/woman (2007 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | less than 0.1%; note - no country specific models provided (2001 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | NA
|-
| <div align="right">HIV/AIDS - deaths:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | NA
|-
| <div align="right">Nationality:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | ''noun:'' Turk(s) <br />''adjective:'' Turkish
|-
| <div align="right">Ethnic groups:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | Turkish 80%, Kurdish 20% (estimated)
|-
| <div align="right">Religions:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | Muslim 99.8% (mostly Sunni), other 0.2% (mostly Christians and Jews)
|-
| <div align="right">Languages:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | Turkish (official), Kurdish, Dimli (or Zaza), Azeri, Kabardian <br />''note:'' there is also a substantial Gagauz population in the European part of Turkey
|-
| <div align="right">Literacy:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | ''definition:'' age 15 and over can read and write <br />''total population:'' 87.4% <br />''male:'' 95.3% <br />''female:'' 79.6% (2004 est.)
|}
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{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="6" border="0" align="center"
| valign="middle" bgcolor="#cccccc" | '''Government'''
| valign="middle" bgcolor="#cccccc" | '''Turkey'''
|}
{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="6" border="0" align="center"
| <div align="right">Country name:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | ''conventional long form:'' Republic of Turkey <br />''conventional short form:'' Turkey <br />''local long form:'' Turkiye Cumhuriyeti <br />''local short form:'' Turkiye
|-
| <div align="right">Government type:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | republican parliamentary democracy
|-
| <div align="right">Capital:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | ''name:'' Ankara <br />''geographic coordinates:'' 39 56 N, 32 52 E <br />''time difference:'' UTC+2 (7 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time) <br />''daylight saving time:'' +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October
|-
| <div align="right">Administrative divisions:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 81 provinces (iller, singular - ili); Adana, Adiyaman, Afyonkarahisar, Agri, Aksaray, Amasya, Ankara, Antalya, Ardahan, Artvin, Aydin, Balikesir, Bartin, Batman, Bayburt, Bilecik, Bingol, Bitlis, Bolu, Burdur, Bursa, Canakkale, Cankiri, Corum, Denizli, Diyarbakir, Duzce, Edirne, Elazig, Erzincan, Erzurum, Eskisehir, Gaziantep, Giresun, Gumushane, Hakkari, Hatay, Icel (Mersin), Igdir, Isparta, Istanbul, Izmir (Smyrna), Kahramanmaras, Karabuk, Karaman, Kars, Kastamonu, Kayseri, Kilis, Kirikkale, Kirklareli, Kirsehir, Kocaeli, Konya, Kutahya, Malatya, Manisa, Mardin, Mugla, Mus, Nevsehir, Nigde, Ordu, Osmaniye, Rize, Sakarya, Samsun, Sanliurfa, Siirt, Sinop, Sirnak, Sivas, Tekirdag, Tokat, Trabzon (Trebizond), Tunceli, Usak, Van, Yalova, Yozgat, Zonguldak
|-
| <div align="right">Independence:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 29 October 1923 (successor state to the Ottoman Empire)
|-
| <div align="right">National holiday:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | Republic Day, 29 October (1923)
|-
| <div align="right">Constitution:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 7 November 1982
|-
| <div align="right">Legal system:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | civil law system derived from various European continental legal systems; note - member of the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR), although Turkey claims limited derogations on the ratified European Convention on Human Rights; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
|-
| <div align="right">Suffrage:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 18 years of age; universal
|-
| <div align="right">Executive branch:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | ''chief of state:'' President Abdullah GUL (since 28 August 2007) <br />''head of government:'' Prime Minister Recep Tayyip ERDOGAN (since 14 March 2003); Deputy Prime Minister Cemil CICEK (since 29 August 2007); Deputy Prime Minister Hayati YAZICI (since 29 August 2007); Deputy Prime Minister Nazim EKREN (since 29 August 2007) <br />''cabinet:'' Council of Ministers appointed by the president on the nomination of the prime minister <br />''elections:'' president elected by the National Assembly for a maximum of two five-year terms; prime minister appointed by the president from among members of parliament <br />''election results:'' Abdullah GUL received 339 votes in the third round of voting on 28 August 2007, after failing to garner the two thirds vote required by law in the first two rounds <br />''note:'' president-elect must have a two-thirds majority of the National Assembly on the first two ballots and a simple majority on the third ballot
|-
| <div align="right">Legislative branch:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | unicameral Grand National Assembly of Turkey or Turkiye Buyuk Millet Meclisi (550 seats; members are elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms) <br />''elections:'' last held on 22 July 2007 (next to be held on November 2012) <br />''election results:'' percent of vote by party - AKP 46.7%, CHP 20.8%, MHP 14.3%, independents 5.2%, and other 13.0%; seats by party - AKP 341, CHP 112, MHP 71, independents 26; note - seats by party as of 17 December 2007 - AKP 340, CHP 87, MHP 70, DTP 20, DSP 13, independents 6, other 12, vacant 2 (DTP entered parliament as independents; DSP entered parliament on CHP's party list); only parties surpassing the 10% threshold are entitled to parliamentary seats
|-
| <div align="right">Judicial branch:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | Constitutional Court; High Court of Appeals (Yargitay); Council of State (Danistay); Court of Accounts (Sayistay); Military High Court of Appeals; Military High Administrative Court
|-
| <div align="right">Political parties and leaders:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | Anavatan Partisi (Motherland Party) or Anavatan [Erkan MUMCU]; Democratic Left Party or DSP [Mehmet Zeki SEZER]; Democratic Society Party or DTP [Nurettin DEMIRTAS]; Felicity Party or SP [Recai KUTAN] (sometimes translated as Contentment Party); Justice and Development Party or AKP [Recep Tayyip ERDOGAN]; Nationalist Action Party or MHP [Devlet BAHCELI] (sometimes translated as Nationalist Movement Party); People's Rise Party (Halkin Yukselisi Partisi) or HYP [Yasar Nuri OZTURK]; Republican People's Party or CHP [Deniz BAYKAL]; Social Democratic People's Party or SHP [Murat KARAYALCIN]; True Path Party or DYP [Mehmet AGAR] (sometimes translated as Correct Way Party); Young Party or GP [Cem Cengiz UZAN] <br />''note:'' the parties listed above are some of the more significant of the 49 parties that Turkey had on 1 December 2004
|-
| <div align="right">Political pressure groups and leaders:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | Confederation of Public Sector Unions or KESK [Ismail Hakki TOMBUL]; Confederation of Revolutionary Workers Unions or DISK [Suleyman CELEBI]; Independent Industrialists' and Businessmen's Association or MUSIAD [Omer BOLAT]; Moral Rights Workers Union or Hak-Is [Salim USLU]; Turkish Confederation of Employers' Unions or TISK [Tugurl KUDATGOBILIK]; Turkish Confederation of Labor or Turk-Is [Salih KILIC]; Turkish Confederation of Tradesmen and Craftsmen or TESK [Dervis GUNDAY]; Turkish Industrialists' and Businessmen's Association or TUSIAD [Omer SABANCI]; Turkish Union of Chambers of Commerce and Commodity Exchanges or TOBB [M. Rifat HISARCIKLIOGLU]
|-
| <div align="right">International organization participation:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | ADB (nonregional members), Australia Group, BIS, BSEC, CE, CERN (observer), EAPC, EBRD, ECO, EU (applicant), FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC, MIGA, NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OIC, OPCW, OSCE, PCA, SECI, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNMIS, UNOCI, UNOMIG, UNRWA, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WEU (associate), WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC
|-
| <div align="right">Diplomatic representation in the US:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | ''chief of mission:'' Ambassador Nabi SENSOY <br />''chancery:'' 2525 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 <br />''telephone:'' [1] (202) 612-6700 <br />''FAX:'' [1] (202) 612-6744 <br />''consulate(s) general:'' Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, New York
|-
| <div align="right">Diplomatic representation from the US:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | ''chief of mission:'' Ambassador Ross WILSON <br />''embassy:'' 110 Ataturk Boulevard, Kavaklidere, 06100 Ankara <br />''mailing address:'' PSC 93, Box 5000, APO AE 09823 <br />''telephone:'' [90] (312) 455-5555 <br />''FAX:'' [90] (312) 467-0019 <br />''consulate(s) general:'' Istanbul <br />''consulate(s):'' Adana; note - there is a Consular Agent in Izmir
|-
| <div align="right">Flag description:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | red with a vertical white crescent (the closed portion is toward the hoist side) and white five-pointed star centered just outside the crescent opening
|}
{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="6" border="0" align="center"
| valign="middle" bgcolor="#cccccc" | '''Economy'''
| valign="middle" bgcolor="#cccccc" | '''Turkey'''
|}
{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="6" border="0" align="center"
| <div align="right">Economy - overview:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | Turkey's dynamic economy is a complex mix of modern industry and commerce along with a traditional agriculture sector that still accounts for more than 35% of employment. It has a strong and rapidly growing private sector, yet the state still plays a major role in basic industry, banking, transport, and communication. The largest industrial sector is textiles and clothing, which accounts for one-third of industrial employment; it faces stiff competition in international markets with the end of the global quota system. However, other sectors, notably the automotive and electronics industries, are rising in importance within Turkey's export mix. Real GNP growth has exceeded 6% in many years, but this strong expansion has been interrupted by sharp declines in output in 1994, 1999, and 2001. The economy is turning around with the implementation of economic reforms, and 2004 GDP growth reached 9%, followed by roughly 5% annual growth from 2005-07. Inflation fell to 7.7% in 2005 - a 30-year low but climbed back to 8.5% in 2007. Despite the strong economic gains from 2002-07, which were largely due to renewed investor interest in emerging markets, IMF backing, and tighter fiscal policy, the economy is still burdened by a high current account deficit and high external debt. Further economic and judicial reforms and prospective EU membership are expected to boost foreign direct investment. The stock value of FDI currently stands at about $85 billion. Privatization sales are currently approaching $21 billion. Oil began to flow through the Baku-Tblisi-Ceyhan pipeline in May 2006, marking a major milestone that will bring up to 1 million barrels per day from the Caspian to market. In 2007, Turkish financial markets weathered significant domestic political turmoil, including turbulence sparked by controversy over the selection of former Foreign Minister Abdullah GUL as Turkey's 11th president. Economic fundamentals are sound, marked by strong economic growth and foreign direct investment. Turkey's high current account deficit leaves the economy vulnerable to destabilizing shifts in investor confidence, however.
|-
| <div align="right">GDP (purchasing power parity):</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | $667.7 billion (2007 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">GDP (official exchange rate):</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | $482 billion (2007 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">GDP - real growth rate:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 5.1% (2007 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">GDP - per capita (PPP):</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | $9,400 (2007 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">GDP - composition by sector:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | ''agriculture:'' 8.9% <br />''industry:'' 30.8% <br />''services:'' 59.3% (2007 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">Labor force:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 25.27 million <br />''note:'' about 1.2 million Turks work abroad (2007 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">Labor force - by occupation:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | ''agriculture:'' 35.9% <br />''industry:'' 22.8% <br />''services:'' 41.2% (3rd quarter, 2004)
|-
| <div align="right">Unemployment rate:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 9.7% plus underemployment of 4% (2007 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">Population below poverty line:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 20% (2002)
|-
| <div align="right">Household income or consumption by percentage share:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | ''lowest 10%:'' 2% <br />''highest 10%:'' 34.1% (2003)
|-
| <div align="right">Distribution of family income - Gini index:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 43.6 (2003)
|-
| <div align="right">Inflation rate (consumer prices):</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 8.5% (2007 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">Investment (gross fixed):</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 21% of GDP (2007 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">Budget:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | ''revenues:'' $137.8 billion <br />''expenditures:'' $151.9 billion (2007 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">Public debt:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 58.2% of GDP (2007 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">Agriculture - products:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | tobacco, cotton, grain, olives, sugar beets, pulse, citrus; livestock
|-
| <div align="right">Industries:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | textiles, food processing, autos, electronics, mining (coal, chromite, copper, boron), steel, petroleum, construction, lumber, paper
|-
| <div align="right">Industrial production growth rate:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 4.5% (2007 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">Electricity - production:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 154.2 billion kWh (2005)
|-
| <div align="right">Electricity - production by source:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | ''fossil fuel:'' 79.3% <br />''hydro:'' 20.4% <br />''nuclear:'' 0% <br />''other:'' 0.3% (2001)
|-
| <div align="right">Electricity - consumption:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 129 billion kWh (2005)
|-
| <div align="right">Electricity - exports:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 1.798 billion kWh (2005)
|-
| <div align="right">Electricity - imports:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 636 million kWh (2005)
|-
| <div align="right">Oil - production:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 45,460 bbl/day (2005 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">Oil - consumption:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 660,800 bbl/day (2005 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">Oil - exports:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 112,600 bbl/day (2004)
|-
| <div align="right">Oil - imports:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 724,400 bbl/day (2004)
|-
| <div align="right">Oil - proved reserves:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 300 million bbl (1 January 2006 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">Natural gas - production:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 860.3 million cu m (2005 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">Natural gas - consumption:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 26.25 billion cu m (2005 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">Natural gas - exports:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 0 cu m (2005 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">Natural gas - imports:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 25.48 billion cu m (2005)
|-
| <div align="right">Natural gas - proved reserves:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 8.147 billion cu m (1 January 2006 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">Current account balance:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | $-36.27 billion (2007 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">Exports:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | $110.5 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">Exports - commodities:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | apparel, foodstuffs, textiles, metal manufactures, transport equipment
|-
| <div align="right">Exports - partners:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | Germany 11.3%, UK 8%, Italy 7.9%, US 6%, France 5.4%, Spain 4.4% (2006)
|-
| <div align="right">Imports:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | $156.9 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">Imports - commodities:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | machinery, chemicals, semi-finished goods, fuels, transport equipment
|-
| <div align="right">Imports - partners:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | Russia 12.8%, Germany 10.6%, China 6.9%, Italy 6.2%, France 5.2%, US 4.5%, Iran 4% (2006)
|-
| <div align="right">Economic aid - recipient:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | ODA, $464 million (2005)
|-
| <div align="right">Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | $74.39 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">Debt - external:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | $226.4 billion (30 June 2007)
|-
| <div align="right">Stock of direct foreign investment - at home:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | $84.53 billion (2006 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | $9.249 billion (2006 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">Market value of publicly traded shares:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | $162.4 billion (2006)
|-
| <div align="right">Currency (code):</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | Turkish lira (TRY); old Turkish lira (TRL) before 1 January 2005
|-
| <div align="right">Currency code:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | TRL, YTL
|-
| <div align="right">Exchange rates:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | Turkish liras per US dollar - 1.319 (2007), 1.4286 (2006), 1.3436 (2005), 1.4255 (2004), 1.5009 (2003) <br />''note:'' on 1 January 2005 the old Turkish lira (TRL) was converted to new Turkish lira (TRY) at a rate of 1,000,000 old to 1 new Turkish lira
|-
| <div align="right">Fiscal year:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | calendar year
|}
{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="6" border="0" align="center"
| valign="middle" bgcolor="#cccccc" | '''Communications'''
| valign="middle" bgcolor="#cccccc" | '''Turkey'''
|}
{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="6" border="0" align="center"
| <div align="right">Telephones - main lines in use:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 18.978 million (2005)
|-
| <div align="right">Telephones - mobile cellular:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 52.663 million (2006)
|-
| <div align="right">Telephone system:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | ''general assessment:'' undergoing rapid modernization and expansion especially with cellular telephones <br />''domestic:'' additional digital exchanges are permitting a rapid increase in subscribers; the construction of a network of technologically advanced intercity trunk lines, using both fiber-optic cable and digital microwave radio relay, is facilitating communication between urban centers; remote areas are reached by a domestic satellite system; the number of subscribers to mobile cellular telephone service is growing rapidly <br />''international:'' country code - 90; international service is provided by the SEA-ME-WE-3 submarine cable and by submarine fiber-optic cables in the Mediterranean and Black Seas that link Turkey with Italy, Greece, Israel, Bulgaria, Romania, and Russia; satellite earth stations - 12 Intelsat; mobile satellite terminals - 328 in the Inmarsat and Eutelsat systems (2002)
|-
| <div align="right">Radio broadcast stations:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | AM 16, FM 107, shortwave 6 (2001)
|-
| <div align="right">Radios:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 11.3 million (1997)
|-
| <div align="right">Television broadcast stations:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 635 (plus 2,934 repeaters) (1995)
|-
| <div align="right">Televisions:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 20.9 million (1997)
|-
| <div align="right">Internet country code:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | .tr
|-
| <div align="right">Internet hosts:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 217,887 (2007)
|-
| <div align="right">Internet Service Providers (ISPs):</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 50 (2001)
|-
| <div align="right">Internet users:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 12.284 million (2006)
|}
{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="6" border="0" align="center"
| valign="middle" bgcolor="#cccccc" | '''Transportation'''
| valign="middle" bgcolor="#cccccc" | '''Turkey'''
|}
{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="6" border="0" align="center"
| <div align="right">Airports:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 117 (2007)
|-
| <div align="right">Airports - with paved runways:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | ''total:'' 90 <br />''over 3,047 m:'' 15 <br />''2,438 to 3,047 m:'' 33 <br />''1,524 to 2,437 m:'' 19 <br />''914 to 1,523 m:'' 19 <br />''under 914 m:'' 4 (2007)
|-
| <div align="right">Airports - with unpaved runways:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | ''total:'' 27 <br />''over 3,047 m:'' 1 <br />''1,524 to 2,437 m:'' 2 <br />''914 to 1,523 m:'' 7 <br />''under 914 m:'' 17 (2007)
|-
| <div align="right">Heliports:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 18 (2007)
|-
| <div align="right">Pipelines:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | gas 7,511 km; oil 3,636 km (2007)
|-
| <div align="right">Railways:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | ''total:'' 8,697 km <br />''standard gauge:'' 8,697 km 1.435-m gauge (1,920 km electrified) (2006)
|-
| <div align="right">Roadways:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | ''total:'' 426,906 km <br />''paved:'' 177,550 km (includes 1,892 km of expressways) <br />''unpaved:'' 249,356 km (2004)
|-
| <div align="right">Waterways:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 1,200 km (2005)
|-
| <div align="right">Merchant marine:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | ''total:'' 565 ships (1000 GRT or over) 4,663,353 GRT/7,039,492 DWT <br />''by type:'' bulk carrier 96, cargo 262, chemical tanker 58, combination ore/oil 1, container 30, liquefied gas 7, passenger 4, passenger/cargo 48, petroleum tanker 32, refrigerated cargo 1, roll on/roll off 25, specialized tanker 1 <br />''foreign-owned:'' 8 (China 1, Cyprus 2, Germany 1, Italy 3, UAE 1) <br />''registered in other countries:'' 470 (Albania 1, Antigua and Barbuda 7, Bahamas 5, Belize 11, Cambodia 20, Comoros 8, Cyprus 1, Dominica 9, Georgia 23, Isle of Man 2, Italy 1, Kiribati 1, North Korea 1, Liberia 7, Malta 143, Marshall Islands 41, Netherlands Antilles 12, Panama 53, Russia 70, Sierra Leone 7, Slovakia 11, St Kitts and Nevis 13, St Vincent and The Grenadines 20, Tuvalu 1, UK 2, unknown 3) (2007)
|-
| <div align="right">Ports and terminals:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | Aliaga, Diliskelesi, Izmir, Kocaeli (Izmit), Mercin Limani, Nemrut Limani
|}
{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="6" border="0" align="center"
| valign="middle" bgcolor="#cccccc" | '''Military'''
| valign="middle" bgcolor="#cccccc" | '''Turkey'''
|}
{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="6" border="0" align="center"
| <div align="right">Military branches:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | Turkish Armed Forces (TSK): Land Forces, Turkish Naval Forces (Turk Deniz Kuvvetleri, TDK; includes naval air and naval infantry), Turkish Air Force (Turk Hava Kuvvetleri, THK) (2006)
|-
| <div align="right">Military service age and obligation:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 20 years of age (2004)
|-
| <div align="right">Manpower available for military service:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | ''males age 20-49:'' 16,756,323 <br />''females age 20-49:'' 16,051,706 (2005 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">Manpower fit for military service:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | ''males age 20-49:'' 13,905,901 <br />''females age 20-49:'' 13,335,812 (2005 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">Manpower reaching military service age annually:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | ''males age 18-49:'' 679,734 <br />''females age 20-49:'' 659,090 (2005 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">Military expenditures - percent of GDP:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 5.3% (2005 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">Military - note:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | in the early 1990s, the Turkish Land Force was a large but badly equipped infantry force; there were 14 infantry divisions, but only one was mechanized, and out of 16 infantry brigades, only six were mechanized; a subsequent overhaul has produced highly mobile forces with greatly enhanced firepower in accordance with NATO's new strategic concept (2005)
|}
{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="6" border="0" align="center"
| valign="middle" bgcolor="#cccccc" | '''Transnational Issues'''
| valign="middle" bgcolor="#cccccc" | '''Turkey'''
|}
{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="6" border="0" align="center"
|-
| <div align="right">Disputes - international:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | complex maritime, air, and territorial disputes with Greece in the Aegean Sea; status of north Cyprus question remains; Syria and Iraq protest Turkish hydrological projects to control upper Euphrates waters; Turkey has expressed concern over the status of Kurds in Iraq; border with Armenia remains closed over Nagorno-Karabakh
|-
| <div align="right">Refugees and internally displaced persons:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | ''IDPs:'' 1-1.2 million (fighting 1984-99 between Kurdish PKK and Turkish military; most IDPs in southeastern provinces) (2006)
|-
| <div align="right">Illicit drugs:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | key transit route for Southwest Asian heroin to Western Europe and, to a lesser extent, the US - via air, land, and sea routes; major Turkish and other international trafficking organizations operate out of Istanbul; laboratories to convert imported morphine base into heroin exist in remote regions of Turkey and near Istanbul; government maintains strict controls over areas of legal opium poppy cultivation and over output of poppy straw concentrate; lax enforcement of money-laundering controls
|}
[[Category:Country]]
== Turkey<br>https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/maps/tu-map.gif ==
{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="6" border="0" align="center"
|-
| valign="middle" bgcolor="#cccccc" | '''Introduction'''
| valign="middle" bgcolor="#cccccc" | '''Turkey'''
|}
{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="6" border="0" align="center"
| <div align="right">Background:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | Modern '''Turkey''' was founded in 1923 from the Anatolian remnants of the defeated Ottoman Empire by national hero Mustafa KEMAL, who was later honored with the title Ataturk or "Father of the Turks." Under his authoritarian leadership, the country adopted wide-ranging social, legal, and political reforms. After a period of one-party rule, an experiment with multi-party politics led to the 1950 election victory of the opposition Democratic Party and the peaceful transfer of power. Since then, Turkish political parties have multiplied, but democracy has been fractured by periods of instability and intermittent military coups (1960, 1971, 1980), which in each case eventually resulted in a return of political power to civilians. In 1997, the military again helped engineer the ouster - popularly dubbed a "post-modern coup" - of the then Islamic-oriented government. Turkey intervened militarily on Cyprus in 1974 to prevent a Greek takeover of the island and has since acted as patron state to the "Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus," which only Turkey recognizes. A separatist insurgency begun in 1984 by the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) - now known as the People's Congress of Kurdistan or Kongra-Gel (KGK) - has dominated the Turkish military's attention and claimed more than 30,000 lives. After the capture of the group's leader in 1999, the insurgents largely withdrew from Turkey mainly to northern Iraq. In 2004, KGK announced an end to its ceasefire and attacks attributed to the KGK increased. Turkey joined the UN in 1945 and in 1952 it became a member of NATO. In 1964, Turkey became an associate member of the European Community; over the past decade, it has undertaken many reforms to strengthen its democracy and economy enabling it to begin accession membership talks with the European Union.
|}
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{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="6" border="0" align="center"
| valign="middle" bgcolor="#cccccc" | '''Geography'''
| valign="middle" bgcolor="#cccccc" | '''Turkey'''
|}
{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="6" border="0" align="center"
| <div align="right">Location:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | Southeastern Europe and Southwestern Asia (that portion of Turkey west of the Bosporus is geographically part of Europe), bordering the Black Sea, between Bulgaria and Georgia, and bordering the Aegean Sea and the Mediterranean Sea, between Greece and Syria
|-
| <div align="right">Geographic coordinates:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 39 00 N, 35 00 E
|-
| <div align="right">Map references:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | Middle East
|-
| <div align="right">Area:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | ''total:'' 780,580 sq km <br />''land:'' 770,760 sq km <br />''water:'' 9,820 sq km
|-
| <div align="right">Area - comparative:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | slightly larger than [[Directory:Texas|Texas]]
|-
| <div align="right">Land boundaries:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | ''total:'' 2,648 km <br />''border countries:'' [[Directory:Armenia|Armenia]] 268 km, [[Directory:Azerbaijan|Azerbaijan]] 9 km, [[Directory:Bulgaria|Bulgaria]] 240 km, Georgia 252 km, [[Directory:Greece|Greece]] 206 km, [[Directory:Iran|Iran]] 499 km, [[Directory:Iraq|Iraq]] 352 km, [[Directory:Syria|Syria]] 822 km
|-
| <div align="right">Coastline:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 7,200 km
|-
| <div align="right">Maritime claims:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | ''territorial sea:'' 6 nm in the Aegean Sea; 12 nm in Black Sea and in Mediterranean Sea <br />''exclusive economic zone:'' in Black Sea only: to the maritime boundary agreed upon with the former USSR
|-
| <div align="right">Climate:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | temperate; hot, dry summers with mild, wet winters; harsher in interior
|-
| <div align="right">Terrain:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | high central plateau (Anatolia); narrow coastal plain; several mountain ranges
|-
| <div align="right">Elevation extremes:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | ''lowest point:'' Mediterranean Sea 0 m <br />''highest point:'' Mount Ararat 5,166 m
|-
| <div align="right">Natural resources:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | coal, iron ore, copper, chromium, antimony, mercury, gold, barite, borate, celestite (strontium), emery, feldspar, limestone, magnesite, marble, perlite, pumice, pyrites (sulfur), clay, arable land, hydropower
|-
| <div align="right">Land use:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | ''arable land:'' 29.81% <br />''permanent crops:'' 3.39% <br />''other:'' 66.8% (2005)
|-
| <div align="right">Irrigated land:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 52,150 sq km (2003)
|-
| <div align="right">Total renewable water resources:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 234 cu km (2003)
|-
| <div align="right">Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural):</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | ''total:'' 39.78 cu km/yr (15%/11%/74%) <br />''per capita:'' 544 cu m/yr (2001)
|-
| <div align="right">Natural hazards:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | severe earthquakes, especially in northern Turkey, along an arc extending from the Sea of Marmara to Lake Van
|-
| <div align="right">Environment - current issues:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | water pollution from dumping of chemicals and detergents; air pollution, particularly in urban areas; deforestation; concern for oil spills from increasing Bosporus ship traffic
|-
| <div align="right">Environment - international agreements:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | ''party to:'' Air Pollution, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands <br />''signed, but not ratified:'' Environmental Modification
|-
| <div align="right">Geography - note:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | strategic location controlling the Turkish Straits (Bosporus, Sea of Marmara, Dardanelles) that link Black and Aegean Seas; Mount Ararat, the legendary landing place of Noah's Ark, is in the far eastern portion of the country
|}
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{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="6" border="0" align="center"
| valign="middle" bgcolor="#cccccc" | '''People'''
| valign="middle" bgcolor="#cccccc" | '''Turkey'''
|}
{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="6" border="0" align="center"
| <div align="right">Population:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 71,158,647 (July 2007 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">Age structure:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | ''0-14 years:'' 24.9% (male 9,034,731/female 8,703,624) <br />''15-64 years:'' 68.1% (male 24,627,270/female 23,857,507) <br />''65 years and over:'' 6.9% (male 2,253,383/female 2,682,132) (2007 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">Median age:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | ''total:'' 28.6 years <br />''male:'' 28.4 years <br />''female:'' 28.8 years (2007 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">Population growth rate:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 1.04% (2007 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">Birth rate:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 16.4 births/1,000 population (2007 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">Death rate:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 6 deaths/1,000 population (2007 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">Net migration rate:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2007 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">Sex ratio:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | ''at birth:'' 1.05 male(s)/female <br />''under 15 years:'' 1.038 male(s)/female <br />''15-64 years:'' 1.032 male(s)/female <br />''65 years and over:'' 0.84 male(s)/female <br />''total population:'' 1.019 male(s)/female (2007 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">Infant mortality rate:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | ''total:'' 38.33 deaths/1,000 live births <br />''male:'' 41.85 deaths/1,000 live births <br />''female:'' 34.64 deaths/1,000 live births (2007 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">Life expectancy at birth:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | ''total population:'' 72.88 years <br />''male:'' 70.43 years <br />''female:'' 75.46 years (2007 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">Total fertility rate:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 1.89 children born/woman (2007 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | less than 0.1%; note - no country specific models provided (2001 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | NA
|-
| <div align="right">HIV/AIDS - deaths:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | NA
|-
| <div align="right">Nationality:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | ''noun:'' Turk(s) <br />''adjective:'' Turkish
|-
| <div align="right">Ethnic groups:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | Turkish 80%, Kurdish 20% (estimated)
|-
| <div align="right">Religions:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | Muslim 99.8% (mostly Sunni), other 0.2% (mostly Christians and Jews)
|-
| <div align="right">Languages:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | Turkish (official), Kurdish, Dimli (or Zaza), Azeri, Kabardian <br />''note:'' there is also a substantial Gagauz population in the European part of Turkey
|-
| <div align="right">Literacy:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | ''definition:'' age 15 and over can read and write <br />''total population:'' 87.4% <br />''male:'' 95.3% <br />''female:'' 79.6% (2004 est.)
|}
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{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="6" border="0" align="center"
| valign="middle" bgcolor="#cccccc" | '''Government'''
| valign="middle" bgcolor="#cccccc" | '''Turkey'''
|}
{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="6" border="0" align="center"
| <div align="right">Country name:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | ''conventional long form:'' Republic of Turkey <br />''conventional short form:'' Turkey <br />''local long form:'' Turkiye Cumhuriyeti <br />''local short form:'' Turkiye
|-
| <div align="right">Government type:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | republican parliamentary democracy
|-
| <div align="right">Capital:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | ''name:'' Ankara <br />''geographic coordinates:'' 39 56 N, 32 52 E <br />''time difference:'' UTC+2 (7 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time) <br />''daylight saving time:'' +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October
|-
| <div align="right">Administrative divisions:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 81 provinces (iller, singular - ili); Adana, Adiyaman, Afyonkarahisar, Agri, Aksaray, Amasya, Ankara, Antalya, Ardahan, Artvin, Aydin, Balikesir, Bartin, Batman, Bayburt, Bilecik, Bingol, Bitlis, Bolu, Burdur, Bursa, Canakkale, Cankiri, Corum, Denizli, Diyarbakir, Duzce, Edirne, Elazig, Erzincan, Erzurum, Eskisehir, Gaziantep, Giresun, Gumushane, Hakkari, Hatay, Icel (Mersin), Igdir, Isparta, Istanbul, Izmir (Smyrna), Kahramanmaras, Karabuk, Karaman, Kars, Kastamonu, Kayseri, Kilis, Kirikkale, Kirklareli, Kirsehir, Kocaeli, Konya, Kutahya, Malatya, Manisa, Mardin, Mugla, Mus, Nevsehir, Nigde, Ordu, Osmaniye, Rize, Sakarya, Samsun, Sanliurfa, Siirt, Sinop, Sirnak, Sivas, Tekirdag, Tokat, Trabzon (Trebizond), Tunceli, Usak, Van, Yalova, Yozgat, Zonguldak
|-
| <div align="right">Independence:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 29 October 1923 (successor state to the Ottoman Empire)
|-
| <div align="right">National holiday:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | Republic Day, 29 October (1923)
|-
| <div align="right">Constitution:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 7 November 1982
|-
| <div align="right">Legal system:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | civil law system derived from various European continental legal systems; note - member of the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR), although Turkey claims limited derogations on the ratified European Convention on Human Rights; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
|-
| <div align="right">Suffrage:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 18 years of age; universal
|-
| <div align="right">Executive branch:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | ''chief of state:'' President Abdullah GUL (since 28 August 2007) <br />''head of government:'' Prime Minister Recep Tayyip ERDOGAN (since 14 March 2003); Deputy Prime Minister Cemil CICEK (since 29 August 2007); Deputy Prime Minister Hayati YAZICI (since 29 August 2007); Deputy Prime Minister Nazim EKREN (since 29 August 2007) <br />''cabinet:'' Council of Ministers appointed by the president on the nomination of the prime minister <br />''elections:'' president elected by the National Assembly for a maximum of two five-year terms; prime minister appointed by the president from among members of parliament <br />''election results:'' Abdullah GUL received 339 votes in the third round of voting on 28 August 2007, after failing to garner the two thirds vote required by law in the first two rounds <br />''note:'' president-elect must have a two-thirds majority of the National Assembly on the first two ballots and a simple majority on the third ballot
|-
| <div align="right">Legislative branch:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | unicameral Grand National Assembly of Turkey or Turkiye Buyuk Millet Meclisi (550 seats; members are elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms) <br />''elections:'' last held on 22 July 2007 (next to be held on November 2012) <br />''election results:'' percent of vote by party - AKP 46.7%, CHP 20.8%, MHP 14.3%, independents 5.2%, and other 13.0%; seats by party - AKP 341, CHP 112, MHP 71, independents 26; note - seats by party as of 17 December 2007 - AKP 340, CHP 87, MHP 70, DTP 20, DSP 13, independents 6, other 12, vacant 2 (DTP entered parliament as independents; DSP entered parliament on CHP's party list); only parties surpassing the 10% threshold are entitled to parliamentary seats
|-
| <div align="right">Judicial branch:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | Constitutional Court; High Court of Appeals (Yargitay); Council of State (Danistay); Court of Accounts (Sayistay); Military High Court of Appeals; Military High Administrative Court
|-
| <div align="right">Political parties and leaders:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | Anavatan Partisi (Motherland Party) or Anavatan [Erkan MUMCU]; Democratic Left Party or DSP [Mehmet Zeki SEZER]; Democratic Society Party or DTP [Nurettin DEMIRTAS]; Felicity Party or SP [Recai KUTAN] (sometimes translated as Contentment Party); Justice and Development Party or AKP [Recep Tayyip ERDOGAN]; Nationalist Action Party or MHP [Devlet BAHCELI] (sometimes translated as Nationalist Movement Party); People's Rise Party (Halkin Yukselisi Partisi) or HYP [Yasar Nuri OZTURK]; Republican People's Party or CHP [Deniz BAYKAL]; Social Democratic People's Party or SHP [Murat KARAYALCIN]; True Path Party or DYP [Mehmet AGAR] (sometimes translated as Correct Way Party); Young Party or GP [Cem Cengiz UZAN] <br />''note:'' the parties listed above are some of the more significant of the 49 parties that Turkey had on 1 December 2004
|-
| <div align="right">Political pressure groups and leaders:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | Confederation of Public Sector Unions or KESK [Ismail Hakki TOMBUL]; Confederation of Revolutionary Workers Unions or DISK [Suleyman CELEBI]; Independent Industrialists' and Businessmen's Association or MUSIAD [Omer BOLAT]; Moral Rights Workers Union or Hak-Is [Salim USLU]; Turkish Confederation of Employers' Unions or TISK [Tugurl KUDATGOBILIK]; Turkish Confederation of Labor or Turk-Is [Salih KILIC]; Turkish Confederation of Tradesmen and Craftsmen or TESK [Dervis GUNDAY]; Turkish Industrialists' and Businessmen's Association or TUSIAD [Omer SABANCI]; Turkish Union of Chambers of Commerce and Commodity Exchanges or TOBB [M. Rifat HISARCIKLIOGLU]
|-
| <div align="right">International organization participation:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | ADB (nonregional members), Australia Group, BIS, BSEC, CE, CERN (observer), EAPC, EBRD, ECO, EU (applicant), FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC, MIGA, NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OIC, OPCW, OSCE, PCA, SECI, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNMIS, UNOCI, UNOMIG, UNRWA, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WEU (associate), WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC
|-
| <div align="right">Diplomatic representation in the US:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | ''chief of mission:'' Ambassador Nabi SENSOY <br />''chancery:'' 2525 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 <br />''telephone:'' [1] (202) 612-6700 <br />''FAX:'' [1] (202) 612-6744 <br />''consulate(s) general:'' Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, New York
|-
| <div align="right">Diplomatic representation from the US:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | ''chief of mission:'' Ambassador Ross WILSON <br />''embassy:'' 110 Ataturk Boulevard, Kavaklidere, 06100 Ankara <br />''mailing address:'' PSC 93, Box 5000, APO AE 09823 <br />''telephone:'' [90] (312) 455-5555 <br />''FAX:'' [90] (312) 467-0019 <br />''consulate(s) general:'' Istanbul <br />''consulate(s):'' Adana; note - there is a Consular Agent in Izmir
|-
| <div align="right">Flag description:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | red with a vertical white crescent (the closed portion is toward the hoist side) and white five-pointed star centered just outside the crescent opening
|}
{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="6" border="0" align="center"
| valign="middle" bgcolor="#cccccc" | '''Economy'''
| valign="middle" bgcolor="#cccccc" | '''Turkey'''
|}
{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="6" border="0" align="center"
| <div align="right">Economy - overview:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | Turkey's dynamic economy is a complex mix of modern industry and commerce along with a traditional agriculture sector that still accounts for more than 35% of employment. It has a strong and rapidly growing private sector, yet the state still plays a major role in basic industry, banking, transport, and communication. The largest industrial sector is textiles and clothing, which accounts for one-third of industrial employment; it faces stiff competition in international markets with the end of the global quota system. However, other sectors, notably the automotive and electronics industries, are rising in importance within Turkey's export mix. Real GNP growth has exceeded 6% in many years, but this strong expansion has been interrupted by sharp declines in output in 1994, 1999, and 2001. The economy is turning around with the implementation of economic reforms, and 2004 GDP growth reached 9%, followed by roughly 5% annual growth from 2005-07. Inflation fell to 7.7% in 2005 - a 30-year low but climbed back to 8.5% in 2007. Despite the strong economic gains from 2002-07, which were largely due to renewed investor interest in emerging markets, IMF backing, and tighter fiscal policy, the economy is still burdened by a high current account deficit and high external debt. Further economic and judicial reforms and prospective EU membership are expected to boost foreign direct investment. The stock value of FDI currently stands at about $85 billion. Privatization sales are currently approaching $21 billion. Oil began to flow through the Baku-Tblisi-Ceyhan pipeline in May 2006, marking a major milestone that will bring up to 1 million barrels per day from the Caspian to market. In 2007, Turkish financial markets weathered significant domestic political turmoil, including turbulence sparked by controversy over the selection of former Foreign Minister Abdullah GUL as Turkey's 11th president. Economic fundamentals are sound, marked by strong economic growth and foreign direct investment. Turkey's high current account deficit leaves the economy vulnerable to destabilizing shifts in investor confidence, however.
|-
| <div align="right">GDP (purchasing power parity):</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | $667.7 billion (2007 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">GDP (official exchange rate):</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | $482 billion (2007 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">GDP - real growth rate:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 5.1% (2007 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">GDP - per capita (PPP):</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | $9,400 (2007 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">GDP - composition by sector:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | ''agriculture:'' 8.9% <br />''industry:'' 30.8% <br />''services:'' 59.3% (2007 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">Labor force:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 25.27 million <br />''note:'' about 1.2 million Turks work abroad (2007 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">Labor force - by occupation:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | ''agriculture:'' 35.9% <br />''industry:'' 22.8% <br />''services:'' 41.2% (3rd quarter, 2004)
|-
| <div align="right">Unemployment rate:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 9.7% plus underemployment of 4% (2007 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">Population below poverty line:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 20% (2002)
|-
| <div align="right">Household income or consumption by percentage share:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | ''lowest 10%:'' 2% <br />''highest 10%:'' 34.1% (2003)
|-
| <div align="right">Distribution of family income - Gini index:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 43.6 (2003)
|-
| <div align="right">Inflation rate (consumer prices):</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 8.5% (2007 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">Investment (gross fixed):</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 21% of GDP (2007 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">Budget:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | ''revenues:'' $137.8 billion <br />''expenditures:'' $151.9 billion (2007 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">Public debt:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 58.2% of GDP (2007 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">Agriculture - products:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | tobacco, cotton, grain, olives, sugar beets, pulse, citrus; livestock
|-
| <div align="right">Industries:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | textiles, food processing, autos, electronics, mining (coal, chromite, copper, boron), steel, petroleum, construction, lumber, paper
|-
| <div align="right">Industrial production growth rate:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 4.5% (2007 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">Electricity - production:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 154.2 billion kWh (2005)
|-
| <div align="right">Electricity - production by source:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | ''fossil fuel:'' 79.3% <br />''hydro:'' 20.4% <br />''nuclear:'' 0% <br />''other:'' 0.3% (2001)
|-
| <div align="right">Electricity - consumption:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 129 billion kWh (2005)
|-
| <div align="right">Electricity - exports:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 1.798 billion kWh (2005)
|-
| <div align="right">Electricity - imports:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 636 million kWh (2005)
|-
| <div align="right">Oil - production:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 45,460 bbl/day (2005 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">Oil - consumption:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 660,800 bbl/day (2005 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">Oil - exports:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 112,600 bbl/day (2004)
|-
| <div align="right">Oil - imports:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 724,400 bbl/day (2004)
|-
| <div align="right">Oil - proved reserves:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 300 million bbl (1 January 2006 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">Natural gas - production:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 860.3 million cu m (2005 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">Natural gas - consumption:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 26.25 billion cu m (2005 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">Natural gas - exports:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 0 cu m (2005 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">Natural gas - imports:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 25.48 billion cu m (2005)
|-
| <div align="right">Natural gas - proved reserves:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 8.147 billion cu m (1 January 2006 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">Current account balance:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | $-36.27 billion (2007 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">Exports:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | $110.5 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">Exports - commodities:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | apparel, foodstuffs, textiles, metal manufactures, transport equipment
|-
| <div align="right">Exports - partners:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | Germany 11.3%, UK 8%, Italy 7.9%, US 6%, France 5.4%, Spain 4.4% (2006)
|-
| <div align="right">Imports:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | $156.9 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">Imports - commodities:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | machinery, chemicals, semi-finished goods, fuels, transport equipment
|-
| <div align="right">Imports - partners:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | Russia 12.8%, Germany 10.6%, China 6.9%, Italy 6.2%, France 5.2%, US 4.5%, Iran 4% (2006)
|-
| <div align="right">Economic aid - recipient:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | ODA, $464 million (2005)
|-
| <div align="right">Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | $74.39 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">Debt - external:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | $226.4 billion (30 June 2007)
|-
| <div align="right">Stock of direct foreign investment - at home:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | $84.53 billion (2006 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | $9.249 billion (2006 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">Market value of publicly traded shares:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | $162.4 billion (2006)
|-
| <div align="right">Currency (code):</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | Turkish lira (TRY); old Turkish lira (TRL) before 1 January 2005
|-
| <div align="right">Currency code:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | TRL, YTL
|-
| <div align="right">Exchange rates:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | Turkish liras per US dollar - 1.319 (2007), 1.4286 (2006), 1.3436 (2005), 1.4255 (2004), 1.5009 (2003) <br />''note:'' on 1 January 2005 the old Turkish lira (TRL) was converted to new Turkish lira (TRY) at a rate of 1,000,000 old to 1 new Turkish lira
|-
| <div align="right">Fiscal year:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | calendar year
|}
{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="6" border="0" align="center"
| valign="middle" bgcolor="#cccccc" | '''Communications'''
| valign="middle" bgcolor="#cccccc" | '''Turkey'''
|}
{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="6" border="0" align="center"
| <div align="right">Telephones - main lines in use:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 18.978 million (2005)
|-
| <div align="right">Telephones - mobile cellular:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 52.663 million (2006)
|-
| <div align="right">Telephone system:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | ''general assessment:'' undergoing rapid modernization and expansion especially with cellular telephones <br />''domestic:'' additional digital exchanges are permitting a rapid increase in subscribers; the construction of a network of technologically advanced intercity trunk lines, using both fiber-optic cable and digital microwave radio relay, is facilitating communication between urban centers; remote areas are reached by a domestic satellite system; the number of subscribers to mobile cellular telephone service is growing rapidly <br />''international:'' country code - 90; international service is provided by the SEA-ME-WE-3 submarine cable and by submarine fiber-optic cables in the Mediterranean and Black Seas that link Turkey with Italy, Greece, Israel, Bulgaria, Romania, and Russia; satellite earth stations - 12 Intelsat; mobile satellite terminals - 328 in the Inmarsat and Eutelsat systems (2002)
|-
| <div align="right">Radio broadcast stations:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | AM 16, FM 107, shortwave 6 (2001)
|-
| <div align="right">Radios:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 11.3 million (1997)
|-
| <div align="right">Television broadcast stations:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 635 (plus 2,934 repeaters) (1995)
|-
| <div align="right">Televisions:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 20.9 million (1997)
|-
| <div align="right">Internet country code:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | .tr
|-
| <div align="right">Internet hosts:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 217,887 (2007)
|-
| <div align="right">Internet Service Providers (ISPs):</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 50 (2001)
|-
| <div align="right">Internet users:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 12.284 million (2006)
|}
{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="6" border="0" align="center"
| valign="middle" bgcolor="#cccccc" | '''Transportation'''
| valign="middle" bgcolor="#cccccc" | '''Turkey'''
|}
{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="6" border="0" align="center"
| <div align="right">Airports:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 117 (2007)
|-
| <div align="right">Airports - with paved runways:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | ''total:'' 90 <br />''over 3,047 m:'' 15 <br />''2,438 to 3,047 m:'' 33 <br />''1,524 to 2,437 m:'' 19 <br />''914 to 1,523 m:'' 19 <br />''under 914 m:'' 4 (2007)
|-
| <div align="right">Airports - with unpaved runways:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | ''total:'' 27 <br />''over 3,047 m:'' 1 <br />''1,524 to 2,437 m:'' 2 <br />''914 to 1,523 m:'' 7 <br />''under 914 m:'' 17 (2007)
|-
| <div align="right">Heliports:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 18 (2007)
|-
| <div align="right">Pipelines:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | gas 7,511 km; oil 3,636 km (2007)
|-
| <div align="right">Railways:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | ''total:'' 8,697 km <br />''standard gauge:'' 8,697 km 1.435-m gauge (1,920 km electrified) (2006)
|-
| <div align="right">Roadways:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | ''total:'' 426,906 km <br />''paved:'' 177,550 km (includes 1,892 km of expressways) <br />''unpaved:'' 249,356 km (2004)
|-
| <div align="right">Waterways:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 1,200 km (2005)
|-
| <div align="right">Merchant marine:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | ''total:'' 565 ships (1000 GRT or over) 4,663,353 GRT/7,039,492 DWT <br />''by type:'' bulk carrier 96, cargo 262, chemical tanker 58, combination ore/oil 1, container 30, liquefied gas 7, passenger 4, passenger/cargo 48, petroleum tanker 32, refrigerated cargo 1, roll on/roll off 25, specialized tanker 1 <br />''foreign-owned:'' 8 (China 1, Cyprus 2, Germany 1, Italy 3, UAE 1) <br />''registered in other countries:'' 470 (Albania 1, Antigua and Barbuda 7, Bahamas 5, Belize 11, Cambodia 20, Comoros 8, Cyprus 1, Dominica 9, Georgia 23, Isle of Man 2, Italy 1, Kiribati 1, North Korea 1, Liberia 7, Malta 143, Marshall Islands 41, Netherlands Antilles 12, Panama 53, Russia 70, Sierra Leone 7, Slovakia 11, St Kitts and Nevis 13, St Vincent and The Grenadines 20, Tuvalu 1, UK 2, unknown 3) (2007)
|-
| <div align="right">Ports and terminals:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | Aliaga, Diliskelesi, Izmir, Kocaeli (Izmit), Mercin Limani, Nemrut Limani
|}
{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="6" border="0" align="center"
| valign="middle" bgcolor="#cccccc" | '''Military'''
| valign="middle" bgcolor="#cccccc" | '''Turkey'''
|}
{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="6" border="0" align="center"
| <div align="right">Military branches:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | Turkish Armed Forces (TSK): Land Forces, Turkish Naval Forces (Turk Deniz Kuvvetleri, TDK; includes naval air and naval infantry), Turkish Air Force (Turk Hava Kuvvetleri, THK) (2006)
|-
| <div align="right">Military service age and obligation:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 20 years of age (2004)
|-
| <div align="right">Manpower available for military service:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | ''males age 20-49:'' 16,756,323 <br />''females age 20-49:'' 16,051,706 (2005 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">Manpower fit for military service:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | ''males age 20-49:'' 13,905,901 <br />''females age 20-49:'' 13,335,812 (2005 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">Manpower reaching military service age annually:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | ''males age 18-49:'' 679,734 <br />''females age 20-49:'' 659,090 (2005 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">Military expenditures - percent of GDP:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 5.3% (2005 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">Military - note:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | in the early 1990s, the Turkish Land Force was a large but badly equipped infantry force; there were 14 infantry divisions, but only one was mechanized, and out of 16 infantry brigades, only six were mechanized; a subsequent overhaul has produced highly mobile forces with greatly enhanced firepower in accordance with NATO's new strategic concept (2005)
|}
{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="6" border="0" align="center"
| valign="middle" bgcolor="#cccccc" | '''Transnational Issues'''
| valign="middle" bgcolor="#cccccc" | '''Turkey'''
|}
{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="6" border="0" align="center"
|-
| <div align="right">Disputes - international:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | complex maritime, air, and territorial disputes with Greece in the Aegean Sea; status of north Cyprus question remains; Syria and Iraq protest Turkish hydrological projects to control upper Euphrates waters; Turkey has expressed concern over the status of Kurds in Iraq; border with Armenia remains closed over Nagorno-Karabakh
|-
| <div align="right">Refugees and internally displaced persons:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | ''IDPs:'' 1-1.2 million (fighting 1984-99 between Kurdish PKK and Turkish military; most IDPs in southeastern provinces) (2006)
|-
| <div align="right">Illicit drugs:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | key transit route for Southwest Asian heroin to Western Europe and, to a lesser extent, the US - via air, land, and sea routes; major Turkish and other international trafficking organizations operate out of Istanbul; laboratories to convert imported morphine base into heroin exist in remote regions of Turkey and near Istanbul; government maintains strict controls over areas of legal opium poppy cultivation and over output of poppy straw concentrate; lax enforcement of money-laundering controls
|}
[[Category:Country]]