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→‎Perast in Coastal Montenegro: fine tune

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Political rule over the province often changed hands between the Republic of Venice (please note in old Venetian 'Repùblega Vèneta' also know as La Serenissima) and other regional powers, namely the Byzantine Empire (Eastern Roman Empire), Carolingian Empire (Franks), the [[Directory:Croatia|Kingdom of Croatia]], and the Kingdom of [[Hungary]].

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Inland Croatian Slavic Chakavian became ~~Lingua Franca~~ of the area and then replaced Latin Dalmatian (Romance). After many centuries most of the population living inland became Slavicized.

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Inland Croatian Slavic Chakavian became ''lingua franca'' of the area and then replaced Latin Dalmatian (Romance). After many centuries most of the population living inland became Slavicized.

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'''

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In old Venetian '''Dalmàssia''', as it was called by the Venetians (Dalmazia Veneta), enjoyed periods of economic prosperity with the development of arts and culture. Dalmatia was greatly influenced by the northern Italian Renaissance and many buildings, churches and cathedrals were constructed in those years, from Zadar and Split to Sibenik (Sebenico) and Dubrovnik (Ragusa).

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In old Venetian '''Dalmàssia''', as it was called by the Venetians (modern: Dalmazia Veneta), enjoyed periods of economic prosperity with the development of arts and culture. Dalmatia was greatly influenced by the northern Italian Renaissance and many buildings, churches and cathedrals were constructed in those years, from Zadar and Split to Sibenik (Sebenico) and Dubrovnik (Ragusa).

'''Zara''' (modern: Zadar) was the capital of Venetian Dalmatia. During these centuries, the Italian Venetian language became the 'lingua franca' of all Dalmatia, assimilating the Dalmatian language of the Romanised Latin/Illyrians and influencing partially the coastal Croatian language (Chakavian).

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It is also important to mention migrations from the east, as the Ottoman Empire advanced into Europe <ref>With the Serbian forces being annihilated in the ''Battle of Kosovo'' in 1389 a migration of peoples stated to migrant west ward. Constantinople fell to the Ottoman Empire in 1453. Dalmatia started acquire new peoples in its region (i.e. Croatians, Serbs & Albanians). </ref>. This greatly changed the ethnic mix in the region. Large groups of peoples stated to migrate westward. Venetian Dalmatia started to acquire new people in its region (i.e., Eastern Croatians, Albanians, Montenegrins, Serbs & others). Wars with the Ottoman's and other conflicts were all part of Venetian Dalmatia's history as well as internal strife within the province (i.e.Hvar Rebellion<ref>The Hvar Rebellion (1510 - 1514) was an uprising of the people and citizens of the Venetian Dalmatia island of Hvar (Lesina) against the island's nobility and their Venetian masters.</ref>). Looking back through its past, Dalmatia presents it self as a region of Europe with a very multicultural and multiethnic history.<ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=kMXURN7sxh4C&pg=PA8&dq=The+Italians+of+Dalmatia:+Middle+ages+population+merge+with+the+Italian+Slavic++Dalmatia&hl=en&ei=WVuQTby_GdO8cdCT3ZAK&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCkQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false The Italians of Dalmatia:] From Italian Unification to World War One by Luciano Monzali (p8)</ref>

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It is also important to mention migrations from the east, as the Ottoman Empire advanced into Europe <ref>With the Serbian forces being annihilated in the ''Battle of Kosovo'' in 1389 a migration of peoples stated to migrant west ward. Byzantine's Constantinople fell to the Ottoman Empire in 1453. Dalmatia started acquire new peoples in its region (i.e. Croatians, Serbs & Albanians). </ref>. This greatly changed the ethnic mix in the region. Large groups of peoples stated to migrate westward. Venetian Dalmatia started to acquire new people in its region (i.e., Eastern Croatians, Albanians, Montenegrins, Serbs & others). Wars with the Ottoman's and other conflicts were all part of Venetian Dalmatia's history as well as internal strife within the province (i.e.Hvar Rebellion<ref>The Hvar Rebellion (1510 - 1514) was an uprising of the people and citizens of the Venetian Dalmatia island of Hvar (Lesina) against the island's nobility and their Venetian masters.</ref>). Looking back through its past, Dalmatia presents it self as a region of Europe with a very multicultural and multiethnic history.<ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=kMXURN7sxh4C&pg=PA8&dq=The+Italians+of+Dalmatia:+Middle+ages+population+merge+with+the+Italian+Slavic++Dalmatia&hl=en&ei=WVuQTby_GdO8cdCT3ZAK&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCkQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false The Italians of Dalmatia:] From Italian Unification to World War One by Luciano Monzali (p8)</ref>

== The Cultural and Historical Venetian Presence in Dalmatia ==

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=== Perast in Coastal Montenegro ===

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~~An example of the~~ Venetian cultural and historical presence can be seen in the small town of Perast (Perasto) in coastal Montenegro. Perast under the Republic of Venice (Albania Veneta), had four active shipyards and a fleet of around one hundred ships. Some of the buildings are ornate baroque palaces which resemble Venetian architecture.

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A Venetian cultural and historical presence can be seen in the small town of Perast (Perasto) in coastal Montenegro. Perast under the Republic of Venice (Albania Veneta), had four active shipyards and a fleet of around one hundred ships. Some of the buildings are ornate baroque palaces which resemble Venetian architecture. The sailors of Perast were involved in the last battle of the Venetian navy, fought in Venice in 1797. After the fall of the Republic of Venice (12/5/1797), Perast was the last city of the Republic to lower the Venetian flag. On the 22nd of August 1797 Count Giuseppe Viscovich, Captain of Perast, lowered the Venetian war-flag of the Lion of Saint Mark pronouncing the farewell words in front of the crying people of the city and then buried the ‘Gonfalon of Venice’ under the altar of the main church within the town of Perast. The population decreased to 430 in 1910. .<ref>www.discover-montenegro.com/perast.htm</ref><ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=B2LFRiT1nfYC&pg=PA311&dq=Giuseppe+Viscovich+Captain+of+Perasto&hl=en&ei=B3XfTfjUMYaavAPgkcDQBQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCwQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Giuseppe%20Viscovich%20Captain%20of%20Perasto&f=false Venice and the Slavs:] The Discovery of Dalmatia in the Age of Enlightenment by Larry Wolff (p312-p313)</ref>

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The sailors of Perast were involved in the last battle of the Venetian navy, fought in Venice in 1797. After the fall of the Republic of ~~Venetian~~ (12/5/1797), Perast was the last city of the Republic to lower the Venetian flag. On 22 August 1797 ~~the~~ Count Giuseppe Viscovich, Captain of Perast, lowered the Venetian war-flag of the Lion of Saint Mark pronouncing the farewell words in front of the crying people of the city and then buried the ~~"Gonfalon~~ of ~~Venice"~~ under the altar of the main church within town of Perast.<ref>www.discover-montenegro.com/perast.htm</ref><ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=B2LFRiT1nfYC&pg=PA311&dq=Giuseppe+Viscovich+Captain+of+Perasto&hl=en&ei=B3XfTfjUMYaavAPgkcDQBQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCwQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Giuseppe%20Viscovich%20Captain%20of%20Perasto&f=false Venice and the Slavs:] The Discovery of Dalmatia in the Age of Enlightenment by Larry Wolff (p312-p313)</ref>

The population decreased to 430 in 1910. According to the '''Comunita' nazionale italiana del Montenegro''', in Perast there are people who's local dialect have remnants of the original Venetian dialect of Perast called 'Veneto da mar'.

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The ancient peoples of Dubrovnik identified themselves as Ragusans. Latin-Illyrian families created the Republic of Ragusa. Modern theories say that a small town was already there during the times of the Roman Empire (some say even earlier 'Greek' <ref>Note: Recent findings of artefacts in Dubrovnik suggest to be [[Greece|Greek]] in origin.</ref>).

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Refugees from Roman Epidaurus in the 7th century ~~might have~~ helped to turned it into a fortified city. Over the centuries, it became a City State importantly called Ragusa. Later it became a Republic (1358), also importantly called Republic of Ragusa (Latin version: Communitas Ragusina then renamed Respublica Ragusina). The early medieval City State had a population of Romans and Latinized Illyrians, who spoke Latin. With time it evolved into the Dalmatian language (Ragusan Dalmatian, now extinct Romance language <ref>'''Encyclopedia Britannica''' {{quote|

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Refugees from Roman Epidaurus in the 7th century helped to turned it into a fortified city. Over the centuries, it became a City State importantly called Ragusa. Later it became a Republic (1358 <ref>In 1358 the city accepted the mild hegemony of Kingdom of Hungary.</ref>), also importantly called Republic of Ragusa (Latin version: Communitas Ragusina then renamed Respublica Ragusina). The early medieval City State had a population of Romans and Latinized Illyrians, who spoke Latin. With time it evolved into the Dalmatian language (Ragusan Dalmatian, now extinct Romance language <ref>'''Encyclopedia Britannica''' {{quote|

''Romance language formerly spoken along the Dalmatian coast from the island of Veglia (modern Krk) to Ragusa (modern Dubrovnik). Ragusan Dalmatian probably disappeared in the 17th century.}}

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</ref>). The Ragusan Dalmatian language disappeared in the 17th century. For centuries Ragusa, was an Italian-City State (at one time part of the Republic of Venice). The City State (then later Republic) become very wealthy, at one stage even rivaling the Republic of Venice.

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</ref>). The Ragusan Dalmatian language disappeared in the 17th century. For centuries Ragusa, was an Italian-City State (at one time part of the Republic of Venice, 1205–1358). The City State (then later Republic) become very wealthy, at one stage even rivaling the Republic of Venice.

====The Republic Became a Hub of Multi-Ethnic Communities====

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According to historian Francesco Maria Appendini, Slavic was started to be spoken in Ragusa on regular basis in the 13th century which means the arrival of Croatian Slavs in the City State (for that time an new minority within the City State itself). <ref>'''Note''': According to Francesco Maria Appendini (Italian scholar from Dubrovnik 1768–1837) the Slavic language started to be spoken in area in the 13th century. ~~The~~ Charter of Ban Kulin mentions ''Dubrovьcane'', meaning people from Ragusa in 1189. This points to a '''even earlier''' Croatian Slavic presence in Ragusa (in the 12th century). The terms around 'Dubrovnik' was most probably started of as a reference to the first Slav citizens of City State of Ragusa who where Croatians. Later it became the cities' modern name.</ref><ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=wEF5oN5erE0C&pg=PA299&dq=Ottoman+Diplomacy+When+Ethnicity+did+not+Matter+in+the+Balkans&hl=en&ei=YjzmTa-sF4a6vQOe5_nnCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CDAQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false When Ethnicity did not Matter in the Balkans:] by John Van Antwerp Fine (p229)

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According to historian Francesco Maria Appendini, Slavic was started to be spoken in Ragusa on regular basis in the 13th century which means the arrival of Croatian Slavs in the City State (for that time an new minority within the City State itself). <ref>'''Note''': According to Francesco Maria Appendini (Italian scholar from Dubrovnik 1768–1837) the Slavic Croatian language started to be spoken in area in the 13th century. But the Charter of Ban Kulin mentions ''Dubrovьcane'', meaning people from Ragusa in 1189. This points to a '''even earlier''' Croatian Slavic presence in Ragusa (in the 12th century). The terms around 'Dubrovnik' was most probably started of as a reference to the first Slav citizens of City State of Ragusa who where Croatians. Later it became the cities' modern name.</ref><ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=wEF5oN5erE0C&pg=PA299&dq=Ottoman+Diplomacy+When+Ethnicity+did+not+Matter+in+the+Balkans&hl=en&ei=YjzmTa-sF4a6vQOe5_nnCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CDAQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false When Ethnicity did not Matter in the Balkans:] by John Van Antwerp Fine (p229)

* ''"Discussions between Ottoman officials (many of whom were of Slavic origin) and Ragusan envoys were frequently carried out in “our language” (proto- Serbo- Croatian), and both sides (these particular Ottomans and the Ragusan diplomats)"'' '''Editors Note''': This event as described by John Van Antwerp Fine is from 1608. John Van Antwerp Fine work points out the arrival of Shtokavian Slavic (Hercegovci) speakers to the Republic. Shtokavian Slavic speakers in the end dominated the Slavic speakers within the Republic. </ref> It has been written that they came from the northwest. Also there has been written that Vlachs (Nigri Latini) where using the outer lands for pastoral activity.

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By the 16th and 17th century a large proportion of its ethnic population changed dramatically mainly due to various historical events in Europe as the Ottoman Empire advanced into Europe, migrations from the east started (i.e Eastern Croatians - Hercegovci, Albanians, Montenegrins, Serbs & others etc,). From the west Spanish Jews (Spanish-Jews were expelled in 1493 from Spain), plus the devastating '''impact''' of plague epidemics and the 1667 Dubrovnik earthquake (around 5,000 people were killed). ~~The~~ Republic became a hub of '''multi-ethnic''' communities. The most numerous of these were the Croatian Slavs. The peoples of the Republic started to merge (including mixed marriages). Additionally the Ragusan-Slavic population were Romanised, meaning they adopted Latin Mediterranean culture. A form of [[Italian language|Italian]] was spoken in the Republic, which was heavily influenced by '''Venetian'''. Books were written in Latin and Italian. Some Ragusans started to write in a Slavic language, i.e. ~~Marino Darza~~ (in modern Croatian, ~~Marin Držić~~).

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By the 16th and 17th century a large proportion of its ethnic population changed dramatically mainly due to various historical events in Europe as the Ottoman Empire advanced into Europe, migrations from the east started (i.e Eastern Croatians - Hercegovci, Albanians, Montenegrins, Serbs & others etc,). From the west Spanish Jews (Spanish-Jews were expelled in 1493 from Spain), plus the devastating '''impact''' of plague epidemics and the 1667 Dubrovnik earthquake (around 5,000 people were killed). With this the Republic became a hub of '''multi-ethnic''' communities. The most numerous of these were the Croatian Slavs. The peoples of the Republic started to merge (including mixed marriages). Additionally the Ragusan-Slavic population were Romanised, meaning they adopted Latin Mediterranean culture. A form of [[Italian language|Italian]] was spoken in the Republic, which was heavily influenced by '''Venetian'''. Books were written in Latin and Italian. Some Ragusans started to write in a Slavic language, i.e. Gianfrancesco Gondola (in modern Croatian, Ivan Gundulić).

With time two languages Italian and Slavic (which at times overlapped) became the norm in the Republic. The Ragusan Senate was so concerned with the Slav language being so present in the Republic that it decided that the use of the Slavic (in the senate) was forbidden.

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The process of creating a standardised Croatian language was incomplete <ref>[//books.google.com.au/books?id=_lNjHgr3QioC&pg=PA132&lpg=PA132&dq=Croatian+Identity&source=bl&ots=fD7ElNqJfQ&sig=b_VK71LL4FYXG7LBjfPVUCSVC-E&hl=en&sa=X&ei=eSClVOSxLuLWmAW484HYDQ&ved=0CEAQ6AEwBzgK#v=onepage&q=Croatian%20Identity&f=false Language and Identity in the Balkans:] Serbo-Croatian and Its Disintegration ... By Robert D. Greenberg</ref><ref>LANGUAGE AND NATION: AN ANALYSIS OF CROATIAN LINGUISTIC NATIONALISM - A Thesis Presented to the Faculty of San Diego State (p43)

{{quote|

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''Robert Greenberg, the foremost English-language scholar on South Slav languages, believes the root of the language polemic lies in the Vienna agreement of 1850, which “reversed several centuries of natural Abstand developments for the languages of Orthodox Southern Slavs and Catholic Southern Slavs.” (Greenberg 2004, 23) Croatians and Serbians came to the negotiating table with differing experiences. Serbian linguists were standardizing a single dialect of rural speech and breaking with the archaic Slaveno-Serbian heritage of the eighteenth century “Serbian enlightenment.” Early [[Croatia|Croat]] nationalists proposed a standard language based on a widely spoken dialect linked with the literature of the Croatian Renaissance. With an eye towards South Slav unity they also encouraged liberal borrowing from various dialects (Greenberg 2004, 24-26). This basic difference in approach created conflicts throughout the history of the South Slav movement and the Yugoslav state (Greenberg 2004, 48).'' }}</ref>. This is reflected in its later labeling of the language as Illyrian, Croatian, Croato-Serbian, BCS, Serbo-Croatian etc. This was a fundamental mistake made when political extremist ideology influenced decision-making regarding language and culture. It was an attempt at imitating Western imperial empire building egotism (a super Southern Slav State), which failed. The idea was to merge elements of Croatian and Serbian language into one so a greater unified Super Southern Slavic state can have one language, of course this was at the detriment of other cultures. Old Croatian was rejected for this future super state (Old Croatian is now a nearly extinct and is referred to as a dialect, it's called Chakavian. Kajkavian was firstly considered then rejected.).

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''Robert Greenberg, the foremost English-language scholar on South Slav languages, believes the root of the language polemic lies in the Vienna agreement of 1850, which “reversed several centuries of natural Abstand developments for the languages of Orthodox Southern Slavs and Catholic Southern Slavs.” (Greenberg 2004, 23) Croatians and Serbians came to the negotiating table with differing experiences. Serbian linguists were standardizing a single dialect of rural speech and breaking with the archaic Slaveno-Serbian heritage of the eighteenth century “Serbian enlightenment.” Early [[Croatia|Croat]] nationalists proposed a standard language based on a widely spoken dialect linked with the literature of the Croatian Renaissance. With an eye towards South Slav unity they also encouraged liberal borrowing from various dialects (Greenberg 2004, 24-26). This basic difference in approach created conflicts throughout the history of the South Slav movement and the Yugoslav state (Greenberg 2004, 48).'' }}</ref>. This is reflected in its later labeling of the language as Illyrian, Croatian, Croato-Serbian, BCS, Serbo-Croatian etc. This was a fundamental mistake made when political extremist ideology influenced decision-making regarding language and culture. It was an attempt at imitating Western imperial empire building egotism (a super Southern Slav State), which failed. The idea was to merge elements of Croatian and Serbian language into one, so a greater unified Super Southern Slavic state can have one language, of course this was at the detriment of other cultures. Old Croatian was rejected for this future super state (Old Croatian is now nearly extinct and is referred to as a dialect, it's called Chakavian. Kajkavian was firstly considered then rejected, another Croatian dialect).

====Cultural Assimilation of the Republic of Ragusa's History====

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In relation to this Croatisation of the Republic's history an example we have:

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* Gianfrancesco Gondola (1589-1638) a Ragusan Baroque poet from Republic of Ragusa

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* Gianfrancesco Gondola (1589-1638) a Ragusan Baroque poet from Republic of Ragusa,

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~~now has become a (reinvented). ...........~~

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* ........ Croatian Baroque poet called Ivan Gundulić from Dubrovnik, Croatia.

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now has become a (reinvented). ........... Croatian Baroque poet called Ivan Gundulić from Dubrovnik, Croatia.

Ivan Gundulic (Gondola) wrote many works in Italian and Croatian (previously referred to as Slavic). One of these was the Slavic poem [http://books.google.com/books?id=J8coAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false Osman]. Interestingly, in a 1826 publication his name was written ''Giva Gundulichja'' and in 1967 his work was referred to as: {{quote|

Peter Z.

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Dalmatian Italians (view source)

Revision as of 06:19, 18 February 2024