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| − | ==If we put aside political correctness, concerning Korcula's history-Article Prep== | + | == Work Page !== |
| − | === In 1918 Korcula was part of Dalmatia === | + | =====The link for Korcula History is[[Directory:Korcula History| ''here'' !]]===== |
| | + | There is a copy of the book at Harvard University. Print run from 1878 [http://books.google.com.au/books?id=o1QvAAAAYAAJ&dq=inauthor:%22Nicolò+Ostoich%22&hl=en&ei=kFCsTfyxCIXYuAPMt-SKCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCkQ6AEwAA '''Link'''] |
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| − | In 1918 Korčula <ref>In Croatian the c in Korcula is pronounced ''ch'' and is written "'''č'''".</ref> (then called Curzola) was part of Dalmatia. Dalmatia was a province in the [[Austria|Austro]]-Hungarian Empire and was already more than a century old (Dalmatia itself as a region, dates back to the Roman Empire). According to the Austrian censuses it was predominately made up of [[Croatia|Croatians]] and [[Italy|Italians]] (and other minorities). With the disintegration of the Austro-Hungarian Empire in 1918, Serbia started occupying the region (Italy did the same). This was part of the ''Treaty of Rapallo''.<ref> '''Encyclopedia Britannica'''-Dalmatia:
| + | * Title: Compendio storico dell' isola di Curzola |
| − | *Finally, the Treaty of Rapallo (Nov. 12, 1920) between [[Italy]] and Yugoslavia gave all Dalmatia to the Yugoslavs except the mainland Zadar (Italian: Zara) enclave and the coastal islands of Cres, Losinj (Lussino), and Lastovo. </ref> It was interpreted back then as the formation of the Kingdom of Serbia, Croatia & Slovenia. | + | * Author: Nicolò Ostoich |
| | + | * Publisher: tip. di G. Woditzka, 1878 |
| | + | * Original from: Harvard University |
| | + | * Digitized: 23 Oct 2008 |
| | + | == See also == |
| | + | * [[Directory:Historical Compendium of the Island of Korcula| Korcula History (Historical Compendium of the Island of Korcula)]] |
| | + | * [[Directory:Korcula History 2|Korcula History 2]] |
| | + | * [[Korcula Dialect]] |
| | + | </div> |
| | + | </div> |
| | + | </div> |
| | + | </div> |
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| − | The new kingdom had the support of Great Britain and [[France]], who were the superpowers of the day. In retrospect this was a tragic move, one that the [[United States]] was against. The effects of this political stupidity are still felt today. It is interesting how this newly created state “Kingdom of Serbia, Croatia & Slovenia”, which later became better know as the '''ill fated''' Yugoslavia, was given a lot of support over the succeeding decades. This part of European history surely needs more academic attention.
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| − | It appears to me that the region (former Yugoslavia-West Balkans) has problems with interpreting multicultural and ''multiethnic'' history (& societies).
| + | == Chapter 6 == |
| − | *'''Quote''' by contemporary historian Danijel Dzino: {{Cquote| ''Medieval studies in Croatia and in most of the former Yugoslav space were firmly rooted in political history and suffered from isolationism and lack of interest in foreign scholarship. In the [[Titoism and Totalitarianism|communist era]], especially after the 1960s, Marxist ideology and national and Yugoslav political-ideological frameworks strongly impacted on the research into medieval history in Croatia '' <ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=6UbOtJcF8rQC&pg=PA43&dq=Becoming+Slav,+Becoming+Croat:+Identity+Transformations+in+Post-Roman+Medieval+studies+in+croatia&hl=en&ei=aEVLTZXLC5GevgPU26QW&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCoQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false Becoming Slav, Becoming Croat: Identity Transformations in Post-Roman and and Early Medieval Dalmatia] by Danijel Dzino (p43)</ref>}}If we put aside political correctness, one could ask the question what '''happened''' to the ''Roman-Latin'' families in the 7th century when the Slavs invaded? The Slavic tribes invaded [[Directory:Fausto Veranzio#Dalmatian|Dalmatia]] province of the ''Eastern Roman Empire'' (Byzantine).
| + | Population and Language (p26) |
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| − | ===Events===
| + | "''Any way I know ancient Corcyra Melaena was colonized, or Greeks or others would be Liburni, anyone, even who's' support to the fabulous traditions of Diti and tell us how you know Dareti adduced raised dimoa and constitute the primitive inhabitants."'' |
| − | Events could have unfolded (& most probably did) which led to them being attacked and killed. The survivors could have fled from Korčula to Ragusa (Dubrovnik), then a place of refuge. Maybe some survived and remained on the island. Judging by what happened to the Roman cities of Dalmatia; ''Epidaurum'', ''Narona'' and ''Salona'' (which were then part of the Eastern Roman Empire-Byzantine), these towns were '''destroyed'''. The Avari participated in these events too. This pattern of aggression of the Slavic tribes in conquering new territory must have continued during the following decades (& centuries) of the dark ages (even in more modern times). In this historic period it is recorded that many of the churches on the island of Korčula were destroyed (then rebuilt at a later stage). <ref>According to recent studies done at the University of Zadar, Slavs on the island of Korčula accepted Christianity fully in the 14th century. Reference from: University of Zadar-Sociogeographic Transformation of the Western Part of Korcula Island by Lena Mirosevic-2008/page 161</ref>
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| − | According to [[Directory:Historical Compendium of the Island of Korcula|''Historical Compendium of the Island of Korcula'']] (by Nikola Ostoic) the Latin-Roman families survived. They spoke the ''Romance language''-'''Dalmatian'''.
| + | ''"But the Dalmatian war, which even took part in piracy since, which seems far from home in particular, exercised after the fellowship with the Narantani (Neretljani Slavs),"'' |
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| − | The new population likely settled in the centre of the island (near the village Čara) they spoke '''Chakavian-Croatian'''. The centre of the island had its strategic qualities which allowed protection on all sides from attack by sea. It also had fertile land which allowed cultivation. After the invasion of Slavic tribes the region stabilised to a certain extent. The ''Eastern Roman Empire'' (Byzantine) and the ''Republic of Venice'' started to exert a political influence over the region and it’s new peoples. These events have been recorded historically by both Empires in chronicles of the time.
| + | == Ancient Greek historians, Korcula and Nikola Ostojic == |
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| − | Dalmatians of Latin ancestry brought ''Mediterranean cultural'' to the Slavs. Christianity was one aspect of this. In essence Slavs-Croatians on the island were '''Romanized'''.
| + | '''Question''': Why would Ancient Greek historians write about a city on an island in the Adriatic? Furthermore why were they such powerful legends? There must be a story behind these legends. We have a confirmed colony on the island (Lumbarda Psephisma) and a mention of another colony, which has not been found yet. |
| − | The 19th century theories concerning the '''identity''' of these early Slavs is flawed. The latest scholarly & archaeological research states that the Slavs of Southern Dalmatian were identified as neither Croatians or Serbs. They were called Slavs (Dalmatian Slavs).
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| − | ''Signor Arneri'' stated: Historic quote taken from ''Researches on the Danube and the Adriatic'': By Andrew Archibald Paton. Chapter 4. The Dalmatian Archipelago.p164 (1861)
| + | Ancient Greek historians: Ditte, Compagoni, Darete and Phrygian below: |
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| − | {{Cquote|''These three pears you see on the wall," said he, "are the arms of my family. Perussich was the name, when, in the earlier part of the fifteenth century, my ancestors built this palace; so that, you see, I am '''Dalmatian'''. All the family, fathers, sons, and brothers, used to serve in the fleets of the Republic (Republic of Venice); but the hero of our race was ''Arneri Perussich'', whose statue you see there, who fought, bled, and died at the''' Siege of Candia''', whose memory was honoured by the Republic, and whose surviving family was liberally pensioned; so his name of our race. We became Arneri, and ceased to be Perussich''<ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=LUFlza-oCV0C&pg=PA164&dq=These+three+pears+you+see+on+the+wall,%22+said+he,+%22are+the+arms+of+my+family.+Perussich+was+the+name,&hl=en&ei=Q2NCTNiSCJLqvQO8y9DIDA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCoQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=These%20three%20pears%20you%20see%20on%20the%20wall%2C%22%20said%20he%2C%20%22are%20the%20arms%20of%20my%20family.%20Perussich%20was%20the%20name%2C&f=false Researches on the Danube and the Adriatic:] By Andrew Archibald Paton. Chapter 4. The Dalmatian Archipelago.p164 | + | {{Cquote| |
| − | * Andrew Archibald Paton (1811-1874) was a British diplomat and writer from the 19 century.</ref>}} | + | *''Writings of Ditte who was a contemporary from Cretan. When writing about the war of Troy, he noted that Antenore was the first to land on the island and build a city.'' |
| − | (According to Marinko Gjivoje, Perussich is ''Piruzović''.) <ref>Otok Korčula (2nd edition) by [http://esperanto.net/literaturo/autor/gjivoje.html Marinko Gjivoje], Zagreb 1969.
| + | *''Other followers of his position claim that they were not exiles of Ilius, but fugitives of Gnido. In turn the vernacularisation of Ditte (work of Cav) Compagnoni, stated that Antenore remained in Greece, but the said Aeneas, was the likely leader of the colony and founder of the City of Curzola.'' |
| − | *The book outlines A-Z about the island of Korčula, from traditions, history, culture to wildlife, politics & geography. Page 46-47: ''Piruzović ''. </ref>
| + | *''This theory was competing with the opinion of Darete, Phrygian and other contemporaries.'' <ref>Historical Compendium of the Island of Korcula ''by'' Nikola Ostojic (p6)</ref>}} |
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| − | Funny that considering what has happened historically to the region in the last 60 - 70 years. It actually makes perfect sense that the original Slav settlers were identified and identified themselves as Slavs. Later the Slavic peoples started to identify themselves into separate ethnic groups which is perfectly normal. It seems that in Dalmatia the Slavic identity lasted much longer.
| + | * Antun (Antnio) Rosanovic from Korcula wrote in 1571:'' "I firmly believe that from ancient times this was called Corcyra Melena or Nigra (Black Corcyra) probably because it is located similarly to the Greek island of Corfu, [1] both of these island are stretched in East-West direction and have similar names. Or it is possibly because it appears so dark from the sea, where the forests give it black-green appearance. In this sense, there was some poetry written and it goes as follows; “ I call myself Corcyra , but earlier they called me black, both of these I like. On the Adriatic, opposite the shores of Gargano you will not find an island as dark, covered with pine forests. This is because I call myself “black” and I believe that name Corcyra came from that." Here we hear a new voice that a circle wall was built around the city, and that these walls are called little heart."'' |
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| − | The ''Statute of Korčula'' <ref>[http://www.korculainfo.com/history/statute-korcula-town-1214.html Korcula Info (www.korculainfo.com): Korcula Town Statute from 1214]</ref> which was first drafted in 1214 was probably written by Latin & Slavic Nobility. | + | == The Ragusa Section == |
| | + | Original: ... col ' introduzione dei Rassiani a danni dell cattolicismo vollero soggiogare anco Curzola vicina, e percio ... |
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| − | '''Historic quote''' taken from ''When Ethnicity Did not Matter in the Balkans'' by John Van Antwerp Fine:
| + | (col was originaly coll) |
| − | {{Cquote| ''"In 1262 the Venetians praised the Slavs and Latins on the island of Korcula for submitting to the prince Venice had sent"'' <ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=p3oGybOY1w4C&pg=PA103&dq=korcula+Venice++Slavs&hl=en&ei=oMBjTJPQBoicvgPkpPCeCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6&ved=0CE4Q6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=korcula%20Venice%20%20Slavs&f=false When Ethnicity Did not Matter in the Balkans:] by John Van Antwerp Fine. p103</ref>}}
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| − | Today we have surnames on the island that are not of Slavic origin, for example:
| + | Google Translate: ... with the ' introduction of Rassiani to' damage of Catholicism took yet subduing nearby Korcula, and therefore... |
| − | * Izmaeli - originally de '''Ismael'''
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| − | * Gabrijeliċ - originally '''Gabriel'''
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| − | *Đunio - originally de '''Giunio'''
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| | ==The Croatian identity called Naši - meaning: The ''Us'' people == | | ==The Croatian identity called Naši - meaning: The ''Us'' people == |
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| | {{Cquote|Naski (ours) or '''Illirskee''' is a Slavonic Dialect.<ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=K7oAAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA256&dq=Statute+of+Curzola+korcula&hl=en&ei=ZAtdTJ7lF5ivcI-m3NsO&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=5&ved=0CEMQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=naski&f=false Dalmatia and Montenegro:] With a Journey to Mostar in Herzegovina by [http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fe/John_Gardner_Wilkinson.jpg Sir John Gardner Wilkinson] | | {{Cquote|Naski (ours) or '''Illirskee''' is a Slavonic Dialect.<ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=K7oAAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA256&dq=Statute+of+Curzola+korcula&hl=en&ei=ZAtdTJ7lF5ivcI-m3NsO&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=5&ved=0CEMQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=naski&f=false Dalmatia and Montenegro:] With a Journey to Mostar in Herzegovina by [http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fe/John_Gardner_Wilkinson.jpg Sir John Gardner Wilkinson] |
| | * Sir John Gardner Wilkinson (October 5, 1797 – October 29, 1875) was an English traveller, writer and pioneer Egyptologist of the 19th century. He is often referred to as "the Father of British Egyptology".</ref>}} | | * Sir John Gardner Wilkinson (October 5, 1797 – October 29, 1875) was an English traveller, writer and pioneer Egyptologist of the 19th century. He is often referred to as "the Father of British Egyptology".</ref>}} |
| − | *''Editors'' notes: Naski or in Croatian ''Naški''. The '''š''' is pronounced '''sh'''. ''(Interesting: Blato was called Blatta)'' | + | *''Editors'' notes: Naski or in Croatian ''Naški''. The '''š''' is pronounced '''sh'''. |
| | This is a term (a pronoun) which is used to describe ones identity is quiet odd! | | This is a term (a pronoun) which is used to describe ones identity is quiet odd! |
| | There is archaeological evidence from 16 century where the Croatian identity was used. Stone writings in Zavalatica are dedicated to events from 889 AD. It describes a clash between the Slavic population and the Venetian army. Marinko Gjivoje wrote about the find in 1972. The stone writings uses: ''Hrvat Dalmatinac'' in its writings. ''Hrvat'' means Croatian in Slavic.<ref>[http://www.korcula.net/history/mmarelic/script.htm History-Korcula.net] Marko Marelic-S. Francisco-USA</ref> | | There is archaeological evidence from 16 century where the Croatian identity was used. Stone writings in Zavalatica are dedicated to events from 889 AD. It describes a clash between the Slavic population and the Venetian army. Marinko Gjivoje wrote about the find in 1972. The stone writings uses: ''Hrvat Dalmatinac'' in its writings. ''Hrvat'' means Croatian in Slavic.<ref>[http://www.korcula.net/history/mmarelic/script.htm History-Korcula.net] Marko Marelic-S. Francisco-USA</ref> |
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| − | ====Latest scholarly & archaeological research==== | + | == Beato Antenonio == |
| − | * [http://books.google.com.au/books?id=6UbOtJcF8rQC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Becoming+Slav,+Becoming+Croat:+Identity+Transformations+in+Post-Roman+and+Early+Medieval+Dalmatia&hl=en&ei=MLFCTbjaBYaecLnwkf4N&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCoQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false Becoming Slav, Becoming Croat:] Identity Transformations in Post-Roman and and Early Medieval Dalmatia by Danijel Dzino
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| − | * [http://books.google.com.au/books?id=wEF5oN5erE0C&printsec=frontcover&dq=When+Ethnicity+did+not+Matter+in+the+Balkans&hl=en&ei=Xr9ETaLAN4--uwO7j8SDAg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCgQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false When Ethnicity did not Matter in the Balkans] by John Van Antwerp Fine.
| + | de Curzola. Dans une vallée exposée au soleil et nommée Dughipod, on voit, dit-il, « plusieurs gros amas de ... le doge décapité Beato Antenonio (en 829 de notre ère) ; c'est de là que serait venu le nom slave Ducelova gomilla, ... [http://books.google.com.au/books?id=FxQqAAAAYAAJ&q=Curzola+Ducelova+gomilla+doge+Beato+Antenonio&dq=Curzola+Ducelova+gomilla+doge+Beato+Antenonio&hl=en&ei=aEjRTcThNorEvQPT272WCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CD0Q6AEwAw Congrès, international d'anthropologie et d'archéologie (p.440)] |
| − | * [http://books.google.com.au/books?id=B2LFRiT1nfYC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Venice+and+the+Slavs&hl=en&ei=2r9ETfzgCoS0vwOShpndAQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCwQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false Venice and the Slavs:] The Discovery of Dalmatia in the Age of Enlightenment by Larry Wolff.
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| | + | of Curzola. In a valley in summer and named Dughipod, you see, "he said," several large piles of ... Doge Beato Antenonio beheaded (in 829 AD), that's where the name would come Slavic Ducelova gomilla ... |
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| | + | Il pense que dans cette vaste plaine où peut manœuvrer une armée en bataille, s' est livré un combat et que sous l'imposant amas de pierres a été enseveli le doge décapité Beato Antenonio (en 829 de notre ère); c'est de là que serait ... |
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| | + | He thinks that in this vast plain where can maneuver an army in battle 's comes a fight and that, under the imposing pile of stone was buried the Doge Beato Antenonio beheaded (in 829 AD) is to that there would be [http://books.google.com.au/books?id=PRRoAAAAIAAJ&q=doge+Beato+Antenonio&dq=doge+Beato+Antenonio&hl=en&ei=4knRTerZKYjcvwPo0sifCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CDIQ6AEwAA Compte rendu (p.440)] |
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| | + | CHAPTER II |
| | + | WOOERS OF THE ADRIATIC |
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| | + | A.D. 809 TO 960 |
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| | + | VERY shortly after the departure of King Pepin from Rialto, Doge Beato degU Antenori either died and was buried with pomp in the Church of San Teodoro on the island, or was banished to Zara. Both fates have been recorded of him. One cannot say which is the true one. In any case, a Doge of a family more honourable than the degli Antenori was proclaimed before the year 811.[http://www.archive.org/stream/cu31924030932812/cu31924030932812_djvu.txt "The doges of Venice"] |
| | + | == Blato == |
| | + | Interesting: Blato was called Blatta. |
| | + | * In Romance Dalmatian bluta means ''wafer'' or ''host''. Etymology from Latin oblāta. |
| | + | * In Croatian blato means ''mud''. |
| | + | Below taken from '''www.ikorculainfo.com-Blato''': |
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| − | ===Korčula Dialect===
| + | {{Cquote| |
| − | [[Korcula Dialect|Korčula Dialect]] ''(or Korčulanski)'' is a Croatian dialect from the island of Korčula in Croatia. According to the Croatian Anthropological Society in their Collegium Antropologicum (Volumes 15-16) the language base of the Korčula dialect is Chakavian Croatian (it is also intermixed with Shokavian).<ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?ei=WmNGTPzMH4GyvgPGq_i4Ag&ct=result&id=KZMjAQAAIAAJ&dq=Dalmatian+language+korcula&q=korcula#search_anchor Collegium Antropologicum, Volumes 15-16] by Croatian Anthropological Society-1991.Pages 312 & 318.</ref> The dialect has remnants of the extinct Romance language, ''Dalmatian''. <ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=KZMjAQAAIAAJ&q=Dalmatian+language+korcula&dq=Dalmatian+language+korcula&hl=en&ei=WmNGTPzMH4GyvgPGq_i4Ag&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CDUQ6AEwAQ Collegium Antropologicum, Volumes 15-16] by Croatian Anthropological Society-1991. Page 311.</ref> The Dalmatian remnants within the dialect have been referred to as Corzulot. Additionally it has influences of Venetian:
| + | *''The present appearance and bell tower beside it are from the 17th -18th centuries, the Baroque period. On the main altar is the painting All Saints by the Venetian artist Girolamo Da Santa Croce, from 1540. <ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=1ySaAAAAIAAJ&q=Girolamo+Da+Santa+Croce&dq=Girolamo+Da+Santa+Croce&hl=en&ei=irl9Td_0CIO4vQPblsH0Bw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CDMQ6AEwAA Five centuries of Italian painting, 1300-1800:] From the Collection of the Sarah Campbell Blaffer Foundation</ref>'' |
| − | *'''Defora''' in old Venetian means ''"from the outside"''. | + | *''There is a large number of small churches and chapels in the city and the surroundings. The oldest is St. Cosmas and Damian (Sv. Kuzma I Damjan) from the 6th century (Early-Christian), followed by St. Mary in the. Field (Sv. Marija u polju), St. Martin and others. Blato has new houses but also many old ones with paved courtyards, trellis work and sheds. Here, too, there were summer houses of the Korcula nobility, outstanding among which is the Baroque castle Arneri in the town centre. It is to house the regional museum with archaeological, historical and ethnographic collections''.<ref>[http://www.ikorculainfo.com/blato/ www.ikorculainfo.com: Blato]</ref>}} |
| − | * Regarding the Shokavian dialect (taken from-[http://ukpmc.ac.uk/articles/PMC2121596/reload=0;jsessionid=7BE5888928AF51ECB79DC33089D0E57A.jvm1The Land of 1000 Islands] by Igor Rudan): {{Cquote|''However, the clashes between the Ottoman Empire and Venetian Republic produced extensive migrations from the mainland areas, especially from today's Bosnia and Herzegovina, to the eastern parts of the islands of Brač, Hvar, Korčula, and Pag. The newcomers brought their gene pool and a variety of cultural specificities, including the “Shokavian” dialect of the Croatian language to the predominantly “Chakavian” area. The most extensive migrations to these islands occurred during the Cypriote (1571-1573), Candian (1645-1669), and Morean wars (1684-1699). The newcomers were given land and awarded special privileges “The Paštrović Privileges”.'' <ref>[http://ukpmc.ac.uk/articles/PMC2121596/reload=0;jsessionid=7BE5888928AF51ECB79DC33089D0E57A.jvm1 The Land of 1000 Islands] by Igor Rudan</ref>}}
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| | + | == Marko Marelic - S. Francisco - USA == |
| | + | * HISTORIJA "LEGENDARNE DEVET BRACE CRNOMIRA" [http://www.korcula.net/history/mmarelic/mmarelic_cara.htm Prilozi povijesti naselja ČARA Link] |
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| − | The new arrivals to the island who were predominately Slavic (Shtokavian) speakers. This must have put the Slavic speaks (Old Croatian Slavic - Chakavian + Slavic - Shtokavian) on the island in a '''majority'''. Interesting today some [[Croatia|Croatians]] and Serbs share this dialect. Venetian was still Lingua franca on the island and must have replaced Latin as the official written language.
| + | </div> |
| − | ====Korčula dialect and Venetian====
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| − | * adio/goodbye - Venetian: adio
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| − | * afitat/rent - Venetian: afìt
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| − | * ala/come on - Venetian: ala
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| − | * aria/air - Venetian: air
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| − | * arma/armed - Venetian: arma
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| − | * balun/football - Venetian: balón
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| − | * banak/bench - Venetian: banca <ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=Jz2V1LL2u1YC&pg=PA19&dq=Bench+seat++in+Venetian&hl=en&ei=DSEbTb--Komlcb6vlLMK&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CDEQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false Venetian-English English-Venetian:] When in Venice Do as the Venetians ''by'' Lodovico Pizzati (p19)</ref>
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| − | * baraka/shed ''or'' shack - Venetian: baràca
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| − | * barba/uncle - Venetian: barba
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| − | * barilo/ barrel - Venetian: barìla
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| − | * barka/type of local boat - Venetian: bàrca
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| − | * bareta/ cap, hat - Venetian: bareta
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| − | * bevanda/wine with water- Venetian: bevànda ''"watery wine"''
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| − | * beštimat/swear - Venetian: bestiemàr
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| − | * bićerin/small glass - Venetian: bicér ''"glass"''
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| − | * bira/beer-Venetian: bira
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| − | * biskot/cookies-biscot
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| − | * boca/bottle - Venetian:boca
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| − | * bonaca/the sea is dead calm - Venetian:bonàca
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| − | * bonbon/sweet - Venetian: bonbon
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| − | * botun/ botton - Venetian: boton
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| − | * bova/ bouy - Venetian: bova
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| − | * bura/ northern wind - Venetian: bora
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| − | * burin/ light northern wind - Venetian: borin
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| − | * buža/ hola - Venetian: bus ''or'' buxa
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| − | * Brigela/ local nickname- Venetian: brighela ''(meaning joker)''
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| − | * britva/ knife- Venetian: britolada
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| − | * čorav/blind - Venetian: ciòro ''"blind person"''
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| − | * '''Defora''' in old Venetian means ''"from the outside"''.
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| − | * klapa/an a cappella form of music - Venetian:clapa ''"singing crowd"''
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| − | * kužin/cousin - Venetian:cuxìn
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| − | * Maragun/wood worker - Venetian:Marangòn
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| − | * mezo/in between - Venetian: mèzo ''"half"''
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| − | * perun/fork - Venetian: pirón ''from'' [[Greece|Greek]]: pirouni
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| − | * šiloko/local wind - Venetian: siròco
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| − | * šporko/dirty - Venetian: spórco
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| − | * šufit/ attic ''or'' loft - Venetian: sofìta
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| | </div> | | </div> |
| | | | |
| − | == Historic classifies of Korčula's political life in the following phases==
| |
| − | * Indigenous population of Korčula were '''Illyrians'''.<ref>The Cambridge Ancient History Vol. 11 : The High Empire, AD 70-192 by Peter Rathbone</ref> It is believed that the Illyrians arrived in the Balkans approximately 1000 BC.<ref>The Illyrians (The Peoples of Europe) by John Wilkes,ISBN 0631198075-1996</ref>
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| − | * Greek colony was founded on Korčula.<ref>An Inventory of Archaic and Classical Poleis: An Investigation Conducted by The Copenhagen Polis Centre for the Danish National Research Foundation by Mogens Herman Hansen,2005,Index</ref> Greek colonists from Corcyra (Corfu) formed a small colony on the island in the 6th century B.C. The Greeks named it "Black Corfu" after their homeland and the dense pine-woods on the island.
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| − |
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| − | [[Directory:Historical Compendium of the Island of Korcula#Editors Notes|Lumbarda Psephisma]] is a stone inscription on the island of Korčula, in modern-day Croatia. It is believed that the psephism is from the 4th century B.C. The Greeks established a settlement on the basis of a prior agreement with the representatives of the local Illyrians who were Pil and his son Daz.
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| − | * The island became part of the Roman province of '''Illyricum'''. <ref>'''Encyclopedia Britannica'''.
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| − | * The Roman province of Illyricum stretched from the Drilon River (the Drin, in modern Albania) in the south to Istria (modem [[Slovenia]] and Croatia)</ref> After the Illyrian Wars. Roman migration followed and Roman citizens arrived on the island. <ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=QtppAAAAMAAJ&q=Roman+Junianum+korcula&dq=Roman+Junianum+korcula&lr= Croatian Adriatic:] History, Culture, Art & Natural beauties</ref> In 10 AD Illyricum was split into two provinces, Pannonia and '''Dalmatia'''.<ref>John Everett-Healu. "Dalmatia." Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names. Oxford University Press. 2005. Encyclopedia.com</ref> Korčula became part of the ancient Roman province of Dalmatia.
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| − | * In the 6th century it came under ''Eastern Roman Empire-Byzantine'' (by then the Greek families would have been Romanized). The Illyrian population according to the [[Directory:Historical Compendium of the Island of Korcula|''Historical Compendium of the Island of Korcula'']] suffered greatly under the Romans. After the Illyrian Wars the males were excited and females were sold of to slavery. <ref>Historical Compendium of the Island of Curzola ''by'' Nicolo Ostoich (p6)</ref>
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| − | * Migrations of the 7th century, brought the Slavic peoples into the Dalmatian region. The Neretljani Slavs invaded the island and occupied it. The Old-Slavic term for Korčula for was Krkar.
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| − | *Conquered by the Veneti under the management of the doge '''Pietro Orscolo''' from 999 to 1100.
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| − | *Held by the Genoese from 1100 to 1129.
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| − | *Recaptured by Popone Zorzi, from the Veneto Region, and by the Republic subjected to this house from 1129 to 1180, from 1252 to 1254, and from 1258 until 1357.
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| − | *Possessed on behalf of the king of [[Hungary]] from 1257 and with brief interruptions of the Genoese until 1418.
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| − | * Korčula was devastated by the plague in 1558.<ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=ZyOYDrSkX80C&pg=PA239&dq=Italian+population+Curzola&hl=en&ei=3ptXTcqwOIjSuwPI3NyrBQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CDAQ6AEwADgK#v=onepage&q=Italian%20population%20Curzola&f=false The Shores of the Adriatic (Illustrated Edition)] by F Hamilton Jackson (p239)</ref>
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| − | *Devoting itself of its own accord to the ''Republic of Venice'' in 1420, and held by it with exemption from any tax until 1797.
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| − | *Surrendered with the Veneto State to Napoleon I of [[France]], and united with the Kingdom of Italy from 1806 to 1807, and later from 1808 to 1813 annexed with Dalmatian to the Illyrian provinces.
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| − | *Taken and held by the Russians in 1808
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| − | *Taken from the French by the [[England|English]] and guarded for themselves from 1813 to 1815.
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| − | *Occupied by [[Austria]], first by obligation from 1797 to 1806, later by Vienna Treaty from 1815 to 1918.
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| − | * Under the Treaty of Rapallo (Nov. 12, 1920 between [[Italy]] and Yugoslavia), Korčula became part of Yugoslavia. It was interpreted back then as the formation of the Kingdom of Serbia, Croatia & Slovenia.
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| − | '''Additional''':
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| − | *Venetian & Ragusan families.
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| − | * Second Slavic (Croatian) migration in 17th & 18th century.
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| − | Korčula originally a Latin town. Latter became Latin/Slavic (Croatian), latter the Venitians arrived. Čara originally a Slavic village. ''Interesting'': Čara used to be called Hara. The [[Austria|Austria]]-Hungary census registered Čara's name as Kcara.
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| | | | |
| | + | ---- |
| | + | {{GKAnt}} |
| | + | {{GKAdBrite}} |
| | + | {{OMGlinks}} |
| | == Penny cyclopaedia of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge == | | == Penny cyclopaedia of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge == |
| | (Volume 8-Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge Great Britain - 1837) | | (Volume 8-Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge Great Britain - 1837) |
| | {{Cquote|''The majority of the inhabitants are descendants of the Sclavonian hordes, who invaded these parts in the seventh century and drove out the old inhabitants.The language of the country is the Herzogovine dialect of the Sclavonian, but Italian is the prevalent tongue among the well-educated classes, and is used in the public offices and courts. The remainder of the population is composed of Italins (about 40 000) who are spread throuhg the maritime towns and the sea coast'' <ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=KKcrAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA291&dq=Italian+population+Curzola&hl=en&ei=8ZRXTbvtLoyMvQPgo-WqBQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CDoQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=Italian%20population%20Curzola&f=false Penny cyclopaedia of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge, Volume 8] by Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge (Great Britain) 1837</ref>}} | | {{Cquote|''The majority of the inhabitants are descendants of the Sclavonian hordes, who invaded these parts in the seventh century and drove out the old inhabitants.The language of the country is the Herzogovine dialect of the Sclavonian, but Italian is the prevalent tongue among the well-educated classes, and is used in the public offices and courts. The remainder of the population is composed of Italins (about 40 000) who are spread throuhg the maritime towns and the sea coast'' <ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=KKcrAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA291&dq=Italian+population+Curzola&hl=en&ei=8ZRXTbvtLoyMvQPgo-WqBQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CDoQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=Italian%20population%20Curzola&f=false Penny cyclopaedia of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge, Volume 8] by Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge (Great Britain) 1837</ref>}} |
| − | == Wikipedia and Korčula ==
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| − | * Wikipedia and Korčula (town): {{Cquote|''Korčula, like other islands and many coastal cities in Dalmatia, also displays a dual Latin-Slav culture which developed from the late Roman era to the emergence of the modern Croatian state. Until the late 19th century, Italians made up the vast majority of the population of Korčula town while the rest of the island was almost completely inhabited by Croatians. The island therefore possesses a distinct Adriatic or Mediterranean cultural personality which sets it apart from the mountainous Dalmatian hinterland and continental Croatia further north.'' <ref>[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korčula_(town)#Culture Wikipedia: Korcula (town)]</ref>}}
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| − |
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| − | ==Surnames on the west end of the island around Around 1600s==
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| − | *de '''Ismael''' ''(Croatisation: Izmaeli)''
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| − | *de '''Gabriel''' ''(Croatisation:Gabrijeliċ)''
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| − | *de '''Giunio''' ''(Croatisation:Đunio)''
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| − | *de '''Arneri'''
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| − | *de '''Canavel''' ''or'' Kanavelić
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| − | *Nikonitia ''or'' Nikoničić ''(according to Zvonko Maričić this is a Croatian family)''
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| − | * Kolović
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| − | * Draginić ''(Drahinei)''
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| − | * Tulić
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| − | * Nalošić
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| − | * Kostričić
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| − | * Cetinić ''(Cettineo)''
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| − | * Mirošević
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| − | * Žuvela ''(Xuvella)''
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| − | * Prižmić
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| − | * Marinović
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| − | * Dragojevič
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| − | * Barčot
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| − | * Surjan ''(Surian)''
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| | | | |
| | == Local folk song: Zbogom, Moja Bobovišća Vala == | | == Local folk song: Zbogom, Moja Bobovišća Vala == |
| | | | |
| − | :''Zbogom, Moja Bobovišća vala'' | + | :Zbogom, Moja Bobovišća vala |
| − | :''kad san kanta, sva is odavala'' | + | :kad san kanta, sva is odavala |
| | | | |
| − | :''Druga mladost kad bude kantati'' | + | :Druga mladost kad bude kantati |
| − | :''valo moja, nemoj odavati" | + | :valo moja, nemoj odavati |
| | | | |
| − | :''Zbogom, moje sve od Blata divnje'' | + | :Zbogom, moje sve od Blata divnje |
| − | :''s kojima san uźa pasat vrime'' | + | :s kojima san uźa pasat vrime |
| | :(traditional) | | :(traditional) |
| | | | |
| Line 166: |
Line 110: |
| | : Goodbye my Bobvisča bay | | : Goodbye my Bobvisča bay |
| | : When I sang ... | | : When I sang ... |
| | + | |
| | + | == The issue of dates == |
| | + | |
| | + | The issue of dates is an interesting one. Historians from the 18th and 19th century place the arrival of the Slavs into the Western Balkans in the 7th century but the more modern research undertaken by scholars and archaeologists cannot confirm this. The arrival and settlement of the Slavs by some has now been thought to be more in the region of the 8th century or even early 9th century. |
| | + | |
| | + | |
| | + | In my opinion they could be both correct. The first arrivals may have been with the Avars who were a nomadic people from Eurasian. This first wave of invasion would have been one of many in the region so the Romans would have abandoned their cities and towns (i.e. Epidaurum, Narona and Salona) and altogether their way of life. New cities were established with fortification. Cities such as Ragusa (today called Dubrovnik) and Spalatum later know as Spalato (today called Split). The cities that survived the invasions were fortified. The new arrivals would not have been significant enough to leave an historical footprint other than in the cities and towns of Roman Dalmatia where there remains physical evidence of attacks and raids. |
| | + | |
| | + | |
| | + | The second wave appears to have been later but more gradual and slightly larger in numbers however nothing like the great wave of mass movement as describe by the 19th century Historians. By the time of the late 8th century and early 9th century their numbers were large enough to leave an historical footprint. This historical footprint would be the start of the written history as well as the recording of archaeological evidence. The historical footprint is one of settlement. |
| | + | |
| | + | |
| | + | De Administrando Imperio & 0thers: |
| | + | |
| | + | De Administrando Imperio (On the Governance of the Empire) by Constantine VII Porphyrogennetos is a book that was written between 948 and 952. It contains advice on running the empire as well as fighting foreign enemies. Constantine VII Porphyrogennetos was the emperor of the Eastern Roman Empire, sometimes known simply by its contemporaries as the Roman Empire. Today it is now know as The Byzantine Empire. |
| | + | |
| | + | Porphyrogennetos would have written in terms of political identity rather than ethnicity. It was the Greco-Roman way. For a reader from the 10 century the book would have a different meaning than read by scholars from the 18th and 19th century. |
| | + | |
| | ==References== | | ==References== |
| | <div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:1; column-count:1;"> | | <div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:1; column-count:1;"> |
| | <references /> | | <references /> |
| | </div> | | </div> |