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== Geography ==
== Geography ==
* Area: 437,072 sq. km.; about the size of California.
* Area: 437,072 sq. km.; about the size of [[Directory:California|California]].
* Cities: Capital--Baghdad (5.7 million, 2004 estimate). Other cities--Basrah, Mosul, Kirkuk, Sulaymaniyah, Irbil.
* Cities: Capital--Baghdad (5.7 million, 2004 estimate). Other cities--Basrah, Mosul, Kirkuk, Sulaymaniyah, Irbil.
* Terrain: Alluvial plains, mountains, and desert.
* Terrain: Alluvial plains, mountains, and desert.
* Climate: Mostly hot and dry.
* Climate: Mostly hot and dry.
== People ==
== People ==
* Industry: Types--petroleum, chemicals, textiles, construction materials, food processing.
* Industry: Types--petroleum, chemicals, textiles, construction materials, food processing.
* Trade: Exports (2006 est.)--$30 billion. Export commodities (2006 est.)--crude oil (97%), other exports (3%). Export partners (2005 est.)--U.S. 49%, Jordan 20%, Canada 13%, Italy 12%. Imports (2006 est.)--$29.7 billion. Import commodities--food, medicine, manufactured goods, refined petroleum products. Import partners (2005 est.)--Turkey 22%, U.S. 21%, Jordan 12%, Vietnam 5%.
* Trade: Exports (2006 est.)--$30 billion. Export commodities (2006 est.)--crude oil (97%), other exports (3%). Export partners (2005 est.)--U.S. 49%, Jordan 20%, Canada 13%, Italy 12%. Imports (2006 est.)--$29.7 billion. Import commodities--food, medicine, manufactured goods, refined petroleum products. Import partners (2005 est.)--Turkey 22%, U.S. 21%, Jordan 12%, Vietnam 5%.
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== GEOGRAPHY ==
== GEOGRAPHY ==
Iraq is bordered by Kuwait, Iran, Turkey, Syria, Jordan, and Saudi Arabia. The country slopes from mountains over 3,000 meters (10,000 ft.) above sea level along the border with Iran and Turkey to the remnants of sea-level marshes in the southeast. Much of the land is desert or wasteland. The mountains in the northeast are an extension of the alpine system that runs eastward from the Balkans into southern Turkey, northern Iraq, Iran, and Afghanistan, terminating in the Himalayas.
Iraq is bordered by Kuwait, [[Directory:Iran|Iran]], Turkey, Syria, Jordan, and Saudi Arabia. The country slopes from mountains over 3,000 meters (10,000 ft.) above sea level along the border with Iran and Turkey to the remnants of sea-level marshes in the southeast. Much of the land is desert or wasteland. The mountains in the northeast are an extension of the alpine system that runs eastward from the Balkans into southern Turkey, northern Iraq, Iran, and [[Directory:Afghanistan|Afghanistan]], terminating in the Himalayas.
Average temperatures range from higher than 48oC (120oF) in July and August to below freezing in January. Most of the rainfall occurs from December through April and averages between 10 and 18 centimeters (4-7 in.) annually. The mountainous region of northern Iraq receives appreciably more precipitation than the central or southern desert region.
Average temperatures range from higher than 48oC (120oF) in July and August to below freezing in January. Most of the rainfall occurs from December through April and averages between 10 and 18 centimeters (4-7 in.) annually. The mountainous region of northern Iraq receives appreciably more precipitation than the central or southern desert region.
== PEOPLE ==
== PEOPLE ==
Once known as Mesopotamia, Iraq was the site of flourishing ancient civilizations, including the Sumerian, Babylonian, and Parthian cultures. Muslims conquered Iraq in the seventh century A.D. In the eighth century, the Abassid caliphate established its capital at Baghdad.
Once known as Mesopotamia, Iraq was the site of flourishing ancient civilizations, including the Sumerian, Babylonian, and Parthian cultures. Muslims conquered Iraq in the seventh century A.D. In the eighth century, the Abassid caliphate established its capital at Baghdad.
At the end of World War I, Iraq became a British-mandated territory. When it was declared independent in 1932, the Hashemite family, which also ruled Jordan, ruled as a constitutional monarchy. In 1945, Iraq joined the United Nations and became a founding member of the Arab League. In 1956, the Baghdad Pact allied Iraq, Turkey, Iran, Pakistan, and the United Kingdom, and established its headquarters in Baghdad.
At the end of World War I, Iraq became a British-mandated territory. When it was declared independent in 1932, the Hashemite family, which also ruled Jordan, ruled as a constitutional monarchy. In 1945, Iraq joined the United Nations and became a founding member of the Arab League. In 1956, the Baghdad Pact allied Iraq, Turkey, Iran, [[Directory:Pakistan|Pakistan]], and the United Kingdom, and established its headquarters in Baghdad.
Gen. Abdul Karim Qasim took power in July 1958 coup, during which King Faysal II and Prime Minister Nuri as-Said were killed. Qasim ended Iraq's membership in the Baghdad Pact in 1959. Qasim was assassinated in February 1963, when the Arab Socialist Renaissance Party (Ba'ath Party) took power under the leadership of Gen. Ahmad Hasan al-Bakr as prime minister and Col. Abdul Salam Arif as president.
Gen. Abdul Karim Qasim took power in July 1958 coup, during which King Faysal II and Prime Minister Nuri as-Said were killed. Qasim ended Iraq's membership in the Baghdad Pact in 1959. Qasim was assassinated in February 1963, when the Arab Socialist Renaissance Party (Ba'ath Party) took power under the leadership of Gen. Ahmad Hasan al-Bakr as prime minister and Col. Abdul Salam Arif as president.
In May 2005, the Iraqi Transitional Government appointed a multi-ethnic committee to draft a new Iraqi Constitution. The new constitution was finalized in September 2005, and was ratified in a nationwide referendum on October 15, 2005. On December 15, 2005, Iraqis again went to the polls to participate in the first legislative elections as laid out by the new constitution. The new four-year, constitutionally based government took office in March 2006, and the new cabinet was approved and installed in May 2006.
In May 2005, the Iraqi Transitional Government appointed a multi-ethnic committee to draft a new Iraqi Constitution. The new constitution was finalized in September 2005, and was ratified in a nationwide referendum on October 15, 2005. On December 15, 2005, Iraqis again went to the polls to participate in the first legislative elections as laid out by the new constitution. The new four-year, constitutionally based government took office in March 2006, and the new cabinet was approved and installed in May 2006.
== GOVERNMENT ==
== GOVERNMENT ==
* Minister of State for Tourism and Antiquities--Liwa Sumaysim
* Minister of State for Tourism and Antiquities--Liwa Sumaysim
* Minister of State for Women’s Affairs--Fatin Abd al-Rahman Mahmud
* Minister of State for Women’s Affairs--Fatin Abd al-Rahman Mahmud
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== Major Political Parties and Organizations [Leaders] ==
== Major Political Parties and Organizations [Leaders] ==
== U.S.-IRAQI RELATIONS ==
== U.S.-IRAQI RELATIONS ==
The United States, having led the international coalition to remove the Ba’ath regime, is committed to the establishment of a stable, united, prosperous, democratic, and pluralistic Iraq. U.S. forces remain in Iraq as part of the Multi-National Force-Iraq to assist the Government of Iraq in training its security forces, as well as to work in partnership with the Government of Iraq to combat forces that seek to derail Iraq’s progression toward full democracy. The U.S. Government is carrying out a multibillion-dollar program to assist in the reconstruction of Iraq.
The [[United States]], having led the international coalition to remove the Ba’ath regime, is committed to the establishment of a stable, united, prosperous, democratic, and pluralistic Iraq. U.S. forces remain in Iraq as part of the Multi-National Force-Iraq to assist the Government of Iraq in training its security forces, as well as to work in partnership with the Government of Iraq to combat forces that seek to derail Iraq’s progression toward full democracy. The U.S. Government is carrying out a multibillion-dollar program to assist in the reconstruction of Iraq.
== U.S. Embassy -- Baghdad ==
== U.S. Embassy -- Baghdad ==
Ambassador--Zalmay Khalilzad
Ambassador--Zalmay Khalilzad
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[[Keyword:=kurdistan regional government]]
[[Keyword:=al basrah]]
[[Keyword:=iraq geography]]
[[Keyword:=kirkuk]]
[[Keyword:=assyrian]]
[[Keyword:=prime minister]]
[[Keyword:=baghdad]]
[[Keyword:=al anbar]]
[[Keyword:=dhi qar]]
[[Keyword:=unesco]]
[[Keyword:=karbala]]
[[Keyword:=najaf]]
[[Keyword:=parliamentary democracy]]
[[Keyword:=kurd]]
[[Keyword:=deputy prime ministers]]
[[Keyword:=armenian education]]
[[Keyword:=terrain alluvial]]
[[Keyword:=alluvial plains]]
[[Keyword:=executive presidency]]
[[Keyword:=al qadisiyah]]
[[Category:Country]]
