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=== Chapter One - Origin and Events ===

=== Chapter One - Origin and Events ===

Some father historians, based on Diti, contemporary Cretan at the war of Troy, wish that Antenore as the first to land on the island should build a city, of the dark appearance of its woods called ''Corcira Melaena''.  Other followers of his in that position claim that they should not be exiles of Ilius, but, fugitives of Gnido. In turn the vernacularisation of Ditti, work of Cav.<ref>Cavaliere = Knight (honorary title)</ref>  Compagnoni, <ref>Dalmatia, literary sheet, 1st January 1846; No. 1</ref> no longer Antenore, who remained in Greece, but the said Aeneas, would like as leader of the colony and founder of the city of Curzola, competing with the opinion of Darete, Phrygian, other contemporary.   

Some father historians, based on Diti, contemporary Cretan at the war of Troy, wish that Antenore as the first to land on the island should build a city, of the dark appearance of its woods called ''Corcira Melaena''.  Other followers of his in that position claim that they should not be exiles of Ilius, but, fugitives of Gnido. In turn the vernacularisation of Ditti, work of Cav.<ref>Cavaliere = Knight (honorary title)</ref>  Compagnoni, <ref>Dalmatia, literary sheet, 1st January 1846; No. 1</ref> no longer Antenore, who remained in [[Greece]], but the said Aeneas, would like as leader of the colony and founder of the city of Curzola, competing with the opinion of Darete, Phrygian, other contemporary.   

The truth of this claim, considering the mythological chronology of the grammatical Alexandrian Heratostene, would oblige us to go back to approximately 1184 BC, at the time in which according to the Bible, Gideon judged Israel:  126 years prior to David coming to the throne.  But the historian, more traditional than anything else, cannot rely on vague claims.  Yet least of all when facing criticism and Diti and Darete did not know how to support their historical existence and truth, whether Antenore or Aeneas was the leader, or Gnidi or the Trojans the colonists, the study of local antiquities cannot unless to arouse Trojans the colonists, the study of local antiquities cannot unless to arouse.

The truth of this claim, considering the mythological chronology of the grammatical Alexandrian Heratostene, would oblige us to go back to approximately 1184 BC, at the time in which according to the Bible, Gideon judged Israel:  126 years prior to David coming to the throne.  But the historian, more traditional than anything else, cannot rely on vague claims.  Yet least of all when facing criticism and Diti and Darete did not know how to support their historical existence and truth, whether Antenore or Aeneas was the leader, or Gnidi or the Trojans the colonists, the study of local antiquities cannot unless to arouse Trojans the colonists, the study of local antiquities cannot unless to arouse.

Belief that Curzola in ancient times was not some Graeco-Phoenician post.  Even though of this period there are inferences which are not at all unfounded, none are of a particular positive nature.  The mystery clears then when the Illyrians becoming powerful lord the Adriatic, their king Agron, asserting his authority on the other neighbouring islands also occupied Curzola, in 250 B.C.  On his death regaining its independence, the widow queen Teuta took control of it again until Demetrius Fario, appointed as its prefect, surrendered it to the Romans together with Lesina (Hvar) his homeland.  Whether Agron and Teuta had forcefully occupied the island with the use of arms, cannot be affirmed; the Alexandrian Appiano says no more than: "Pharumque bello captum" ; which makes us think it occurred due to combined dedication.  Only in the times of Caesar Octavian Augustus (42 B.C.) does the name in the history of human events appear clear.  It is done now for the first time, that the Curzolani <ref>Inhabitants of Curzola</ref>  tried to seal the reacquired freedom with their own blood; they resisted with anguished courage to the arms of the triumvir who had come in person to conquer it, and equal to the resistance was the punishment.   

Belief that Curzola in ancient times was not some Graeco-Phoenician post.  Even though of this period there are inferences which are not at all unfounded, none are of a particular positive nature.  The mystery clears then when the Illyrians becoming powerful lord the Adriatic, their king Agron, asserting his authority on the other neighbouring islands also occupied Curzola, in 250 B.C.  On his death regaining its independence, the widow queen Teuta took control of it again until Demetrius Fario, appointed as its prefect, surrendered it to the Romans together with Lesina his homeland.  Whether Agron and Teuta had forcefully occupied the island with the use of arms, cannot be affirmed; the Alexandrian Appiano says no more than: "Pharumque bello captum" ; which makes us think it occurred due to combined dedication.  Only in the times of Caesar Octavian Augustus (42 B.C.) does the name in the history of human events appear clear.  It is done now for the first time, that the Curzolani <ref>Inhabitants of Curzola</ref>  tried to seal the reacquired freedom with their own blood; they resisted with anguished courage to the arms of the triumvir who had come in person to conquer it, and equal to the resistance was the punishment.   

The Alexandrian Appiano tells us of the severity of the punishment and the cause of the war:  {{Cquote|''Divus Augustus deficientes Melitenses et Corcyrenses qui Insulas incolunt; ingenti belli mole superavit, quoniam maria classe praedebatur.  Puberes ad unum caesi cetera multitudo sub corona venit.''}}  But if Octavian in the repression caused it damaged, he didn’t consider it unworthy of his attention for its benefit; sending Roman colonists to it to direct it for better understood and regulated habits, paving the way to a much greater cultivation lessening the original coarseness. If the gravestones which are being unearthed among the ruins scattered across the island bear witness to the existence of the Roman colonies, they explain their purpose.

The Alexandrian Appiano tells us of the severity of the punishment and the cause of the war:  {{Cquote|''Divus Augustus deficientes Melitenses et Corcyrenses qui Insulas incolunt; ingenti belli mole superavit, quoniam maria classe praedebatur.  Puberes ad unum caesi cetera multitudo sub corona venit.''}}  But if Octavian in the repression caused it damaged, he didn’t consider it unworthy of his attention for its benefit; sending Roman colonists to it to direct it for better understood and regulated habits, paving the way to a much greater cultivation lessening the original coarseness. If the gravestones which are being unearthed among the ruins scattered across the island bear witness to the existence of the Roman colonies, they explain their purpose.

*Surrendered with the Veneto State to Napoleon I of [[France]], and united with the Kingdom of Italy from 1806 to 1807, and later from 1808 to 1813 annexed with Dalmatian to the Illyrian provinces.

*Surrendered with the Veneto State to Napoleon I of [[France]], and united with the Kingdom of Italy from 1806 to 1807, and later from 1808 to 1813 annexed with Dalmatian to the Illyrian provinces.

*Taken and held by the Russians in 1808

*Taken and held by the Russians in 1808

*Taken from the French by the English and guarded for themselves from 1813 to 1815.

*Taken from the French by the [[England|English]] and guarded for themselves from 1813 to 1815.

*Occupied by [[Austria]], first by obligation from 1797 to 1806, later by Vienna Treaty from 1815 to the present 1858.

*Occupied by [[Austria]], first by obligation from 1797 to 1806, later by Vienna Treaty from 1815 to the present 1858.

A battle took place on the island around the year 829.  Exiled from the throne and for the Obeleiro State and Beato Antenonj, or Antonaj, doges, one after the other of Venice, to whom the Curzolani, already confederated of the Narentain, acknowledged friendship and partisan feelings, the latter fleeing to Curzola, where he had correspondences and instruments to recover with the assistance of these in the  ducal seat. But the doge Zuanne Partecipazio, being informed of these schemes, at the head of a strong army descended upon Curzola, which despite powerful losing resistance, saw many of his own killed and the prisoners hanged; the ex doge Beato Antenonio had his head cut off.  A reporter of the Veneto Region would like that as a result of this fact Curzola and Veglia, where even the Antenonj had partisans, remained subject to those of the Veneto Region. This could occur, but for a brief period with regard to Curzola, the resulting reunion being tough between her and the Narentani, that it however lasted a short time.  There is on the island a sunny valley called Dughipod, neighbouring the inundating field known as Blato, in which one could see various and large masses of rocks, and among these the largest and widest, only one on the island, called ''Ducelova gomilla''.  From the previous matter and from the places, which embrace vast close plains suited even for  manoeuvring an army in battle, it is probable that a battle be followed there and that under that impressive mass of rocks was buried the beheaded doge Beato Antenonio, and therefore to that the Slavic name of Ducelova gomilla, namely the doge’s partition wall.

A battle took place on the island around the year 829.  Exiled from the throne and for the Obeleiro State and Beato Antenonj, or Antonaj, doges, one after the other of Venice, to whom the Curzolani, already confederated of the Narentain, acknowledged friendship and partisan feelings, the latter fleeing to Curzola, where he had correspondences and instruments to recover with the assistance of these in the  ducal seat. But the doge Zuanne Partecipazio, being informed of these schemes, at the head of a strong army descended upon Curzola, which despite powerful losing resistance, saw many of his own killed and the prisoners hanged; the ex doge Beato Antenonio had his head cut off.  A reporter of the Veneto Region would like that as a result of this fact Curzola and Veglia, where even the Antenonj had partisans, remained subject to those of the Veneto Region. This could occur, but for a brief period with regard to Curzola, the resulting reunion being tough between her and the Narentani, that it however lasted a short time.  There is on the island a sunny valley called Dughipod, neighbouring the inundating field known as Blato, in which one could see various and large masses of rocks, and among these the largest and widest, only one on the island, called ''Ducelova gomilla''.  From the previous matter and from the places, which embrace vast close plains suited even for  manoeuvring an army in battle, it is probable that a battle be followed there and that under that impressive mass of rocks was buried the beheaded doge Beato Antenonio, and therefore to that the Slavic name of Ducelova gomilla, namely the doge’s partition wall.

The fourth battle was with the doge of the Veneto Region Pietro Orseolo in 999, from which, having defeated the Narentani, their ally,  Curzola,  was also conquered. Some historians note that the Curzolani, determined to oppose the advances of the said doge, urged the Ragusei and the Lesignani to form an alliance, but pre-empted by the sudden appearance of a large army in the Curzola channel, which fruitlessly awaited on the nearby reef of S. Massimo, vulgo  Massan, for negotiations for the surrender, were thus forced to withstand alone what they had planned to carry out with their friends.  Of this fact Andrea Dandolo writes:  Curzolae habitatores suis (of Orseolo) recusants parere jussionibus, valida manu acquisivit suaeque potestati subjugavit.  The learned Marco Casotti with Lucio claim that the alliance of Curzola with the Narentani worked to even make Venice their inland revenue, after the death of the death of its doge Pietro Candiano in the battle of Pontamica, and that those of the Veneto Region were now avenging themselves of this by dismantling Curzola (Korcula) from the foundations.

The fourth battle was with the doge of the Veneto Region Pietro Orseolo in 999, from which, having defeated the Narentani, their ally,  Curzola,  was also conquered. Some historians note that the Curzolani, determined to oppose the advances of the said doge, urged the Ragusei and the Lesignani to form an alliance, but pre-empted by the sudden appearance of a large army in the Curzola channel, which fruitlessly awaited on the nearby reef of S. Massimo, vulgo <ref>also known as (abbr. aka); (ref. plant, animal) common name.</ref> Massan, for negotiations for the surrender, were thus forced to withstand alone what they had planned to carry out with their friends.  Of this fact Andrea Dandolo writes:  Curzolae habitatores suis (of Orseolo) recusants parere jussionibus, valida manu acquisivit suaeque potestati subjugavit.  The learned Marco Casotti with Lucio claim that the alliance of Curzola with the Narentani worked to even make Venice their inland revenue, after the death of the death of its doge Pietro Candiano in the battle of Pontamica, and that those of the Veneto Region were now avenging themselves of this by dismantling Curzola from the foundations.

The reports tell that the Venitians, distracted in the Holy Land undertaking, the Genoese allowed themselves in the year 1100 to occupy the island of Curzola (Korcula) and to keep it subjugated for some time.  This subjection will not be followed with a fight, as the Curzolani with far greater powers  fought to support their freedom, nor without shedding of blood would they be subjected.

The reports tell that the Venitians, distracted in the Holy Land undertaking, the Genoese allowed themselves in the year 1100 to occupy the island of Curzola and to keep it subjugated for some time.  This subjection will not be followed with a fight, as the Curzolani with far greater powers  fought to support their freedom, nor without shedding of blood would they be subjected.

Mirislao, Nemagna and Costantino, counts of Chelmo, broadened with significant conquests the fatherly encroachers and possessing the territories of Narenta, Macarsca and Stagno with the introduction of the Rassiani to the detriment of Catholicism, wanted to conquer also the nearby Curzola, and therefore Constantine with a strong army, which some amount to twenty thousand men, in 1181 landed in a faraway part of the city and began to terrorise the island with fire and steel.  But the Curzolani, cum se in unum conglobassent, as Farlati writes, took up the pursuit of enemies, of which they killed many, others they took as prisoners, among which the said Constantino, who to obtain his freedom was compelled, together with his brothers, under oath promise to never again to make an attempt to take any step towards the independence of the Curzolani.  With this resounding victory they honourably regained their freedom and preserved/protected the professed Catholic religion. Being the end of the 1129 year Curzola subjected to the Zorzi house and due to various events then having regained independence, in 1252 to Marsilio Zorzi succeeded in reconquering it for him.  The Curzolani badly suffering the tyranny, after two years of his control came to dismiss him.  Ruggero Zorzi a few years later with the help of Venice and Ragusa, with a good backbone of forces arrived below the city calling on it to surrender.  Not taking notice of his threats, the Curzolani resolutely rejected the attack and tested the enemy with lots of damage, of whom they seized the banner, that the wounded Ruggero was obliged to give up and take cover within the island.  Part of the inhabitants, allured by promises acted as support for him in order that could return to the offensive against the city, which after a strong crushing battle, Ruggero sacked and demolished, placing Count Marsilio back in command, merciful towards the defeated, the walls he rebuilt were more beautiful than before.

Mirislao, Nemagna and Costantino, counts of Chelmo, broadened with significant conquests the fatherly encroachers and possessing the territories of Narenta, Macarsca and Stagno with the introduction of the Rassiani to the detriment of Catholicism, wanted to conquer also the nearby Curzola, and therefore Constantine with a strong army, which some amount to twenty thousand men, in 1181 landed in a faraway part of the city and began to terrorise the island with fire and steel.  But the Curzolani, cum se in unum conglobassent, as Farlati writes, took up the pursuit of enemies, of which they killed many, others they took as prisoners, among which the said Constantino, who to obtain his freedom was compelled, together with his brothers, under oath promise to never again to make an attempt to take any step towards the independence of the Curzolani.  With this resounding victory they honourably regained their freedom and preserved/protected the professed Catholic religion.  

In the year 1483 Federico of Aragon, son of Ferdinand king of Naples, at war with the Venetians, Lissa being destroyed, with a large army, having landed the troops, came to conquer Curzola.  Giorgio Viario then ruled the island with the title of count for the republic of the Veneto region, a fearless and courageous man, who, the city well armed and having positioned the few island fighters in appropriate sites, resolutely defended with the work of these the repeated assaults and the destruction of the catapults and of the other military artilleries employed by the Aragonese to demolish the walls and enter the city.  Such was the courage of the Curzolani who for several days resisted this siege, and repelled the attacks and striking down arrows they made a large number of aggressors fall under the walls.  To shake this off, Count Viario envisaged the plan to have the bells peal suddenly, almost as a general joy for the approaching of Marcello’s party.  The Aragonese bewildered by the events of this case and of the near danger, leaving under the walls of the city more than 500 men and a lot of war equipment, retreated fleeing on the high seas.  This victory followed on 24th August, feast day of St. Bartholomew, to whom a commemorative procession was devoted in the thanksgiving that is customary in all parishes of the island on this all day feast.  By the prince and Senate of the Veneto Region it was later so appreciated, that the following Ducal memorial was promptly detached;

Being the end of the 1129 year Curzola subjected to the Zorzi house and due to various events then having regained independence, in 1252 to Marsilio Zorzi succeeded in reconquering it for him.  The Curzolani badly suffering the tyranny, after two years of his control came to dismiss him.  Ruggero Zorzi a few years later with the help of Venice and Ragusa, with a good backbone of forces arrived below the city calling on it to surrender.  Not taking notice of his threats, the Curzolani resolutely rejected the attack and tested the enemy with lots of damage, of whom they seized the banner, that the wounded Ruggero was obliged to give up and take cover within the island.  Part of the inhabitants, allured by promises acted as support for him in order that could return to the offensive against the city, which after a strong crushing battle, Ruggero sacked and demolished, placing Count Marsilio back in command, merciful towards the defeated, the walls he rebuilt were more beautiful than before.

Joannes Mocenigo Dei gratia Dux Venetiarum.

  {{Cquote|''Sapientissimis, et Egregiis Viris Comiti, et Populo Curzolensi fidelibus Nostris clarissimi salutem, et gratiam Nostram.''}}

In the year 1483 Federico of Aragon, son of Ferdinand king of Naples, at war with the Venetians, Lissa being destroyed, with a large army, having landed the troops, came to conquer Curzola. Giorgio Viario then ruled the island with the title of count for the republic of the Veneto region, a fearless and courageous man, who, the city well armed and having positioned the few island fighters in appropriate sites, resolutely defended with the work of these the repeated assaults and the destruction of the catapults and of the other military artilleries employed by the Aragonese to demolish the walls and enter the city.  Such was the courage of the Curzolani who for several days resisted this siege, and repelled the attacks and striking down arrows they made a large number of aggressors fall under the walls.  To shake this off, Count Viario envisaged the plan to have the bells peal suddenly, almost as a general joy for the approaching of Marcello’s party.  The Aragonese bewildered by the events of this case and of the near danger, leaving under the walls of the city more than 500 men and a lot of war equipment, retreated fleeing on the high seas.  This victory followed on 24th August, feast day of St. Bartholomew, to whom a commemorative procession was devoted in the thanksgiving that is customary in all parishes of the island on this all day feast.  By the prince and Senate of the Veneto Region it was later so appreciated, that the following Ducal memorial was promptly detached; {{Cquote|'' Joannes Mocenigo Dei gratia Dux Venetiarum Sapientissimis, et Egregiis Viris Comiti, et Populo Curzolensi fidelibus Nostris clarissimi salutem, et gratiam Nostram.''}}

 

==References==

==References==

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