Split - Revision history

Peter Z.: /* Encyclopaedia Britannica and thhe Split Riots: */ fix

2011-10-20T23:48:25Z

Encyclopaedia Britannica and thhe Split Riots:: fix

Peter Z.: added image

2011-10-19T01:53:31Z

added image

Peter Z.: fine tune

2011-10-05T13:29:04Z

fine tune

Peter Z.: /* Italians of Split */re-wording

2011-10-05T10:57:01Z

Italians of Split: re-wording

Peter Z.: /* Italians of Split */ fix

2011-10-05T10:54:30Z

Italians of Split: fix

Peter Z.: added image

2011-10-05T10:53:00Z

added image

Peter Z.: fine tune

2011-10-05T04:01:51Z

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Peter Z.: /* Italians of Split */

2011-10-05T00:18:08Z

Italians of Split

Peter Z.: fine tune

2011-10-04T14:32:26Z

fine tune

Peter Z.: /* Political background */ fine tune

2011-10-04T07:30:12Z

Political background: fine tune

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 * Italian admiral Umberto Cagni
-==== Encyclopaedia Britannica and thhe Split Riots: ====
+==== Encyclopaedia Britannica and the Split Riots: ====
 {{Cquote|''Serious anti-Italian disorders occurred on July 11 at Spalato, where the Croat mob murdered the commander of the cruiser "Puglie" and wounded several officers and men'' <ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=LozWAAAAMAAJ&q=Disorders+at+Spalato&dq=Disorders+at+Spalato&hl=en&ei=7z-ITtKBCKjPmAXj9LwT&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=8&ved=0CEYQ6AEwBzgK  Encyclopaedia Britannica] by Walter Yust</ref>}}
 ==Notes==
 <references/>

@@ Line 31: / Line 31: @@
 ==History==
+[[File:280px-SPLIT-Overall view 1910.jpg|thumb|right|275px|SPLIT-Overall view 1910 (Spalato)]]
 After the Austrian defeat, in the first half of November 1918, Italian troops occupied the Dalmatian territories assigned to Italy by the 1915 London Pact.<ref>L. Monzali, ''Italiani di Dalmazia. 1914–1924''(section: ''Un difficile dopoguerra. L'occupazione italiana della Dalmazia settentrionale'') p. 50</ref> Split  was not one of those areas, but the Italians sent some ships and occupied the city as agreed with the Allies.

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 ==Italians of Split==
-[[File:SPLIT-Hebrard overall color restitution.jpg|thumb|right|275px|Diocletian's palace built during the Roman Empire. The palace in Split is still part of the old Spalato.]]
+[[File:SPLIT-Hebrard overall color restitution.jpg|thumb|right|275px|Diocletian's palace built during the Roman Empire. The palace is part of '''old Split''' (Spalato/Spalatum).]]
 In the city of Split there was an [[Dalmatian Italians|autochthonous Italian community]], which was reorganised in November 1918 through the foundation of the "National Fasces" (not to be confused with Fascism) led by Leonardo Pezzoli, Antonio Tacconi, Edoardo Pervan and Stefano Selem. They arose from the ashes of the Autonomist Party, dissolved by the Austrian authorities in 1915.
@@ Line 36: / Line 36: @@
 The Slav nationalists, who controlled the city with their "National Guard", soon showed huge hostility toward the Italian troops, fearing they could remain forever in the city. Even the arrival of Slav refugees from the London Pact Italian-occupied areas increased the tension. Those refugees were responsible for most of the incidents in the next 2 years.<ref>G. Menini, ''Passione adriatica. Ricordi di Dalmazia 1918–1920''</ref>
-On November 9, 1918 two [[France|French]] destroyers entered the port of Split. The Italians, mostly concentrated within the old city,  exposed on the windows of their homes the Italian Flag-Italian tricolour and went to the harbour to celebrate the ''Triple Entente''.  But the reaction of the National Guard (Slavs) was immediate. They entered by force the apartments, tore down the flags, beat some of those present and damaged the furniture. Meanwhile, the Austrian commander of a ship already docked at the port (and now with the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes flag) ordered with the megaphone to remove the flags, threatening to open fire.<ref>The whole episode is described in L. Monzali,''Antonio Tacconi e la comunita italiana di Spalato'' p. 110</ref>
+On November 9, 1918 two [[France|French]] destroyers entered the port of Split. The Italians, mostly concentrated within the '''old Split''' city,  exposed on the windows of their homes the Italian Flag-Italian tricolour and went to the harbour to celebrate the ''Triple Entente''.  But the reaction of the National Guard (Slavs) was immediate. They entered by force the apartments, tore down the flags, beat some of those present and damaged the furniture. Meanwhile, the Austrian commander of a ship already docked at the port (and now with the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes flag) ordered with the megaphone to remove the flags, threatening to open fire.<ref>The whole episode is described in L. Monzali,''Antonio Tacconi e la comunita italiana di Spalato'' p. 110</ref>
 This was the first of a long series of incidents, which also saw the creation of a classic pattern of propaganda that would be found very often in the next months: the Croatian newspapers – and especially the most extreme of them, ''Novo Doba'',<ref>Novo Doba. ''Split in the interwar period'' of Z. Jelaska.(''the oblique Vrste nasilja u Splitu svjetska između dva rata'' in Istriae Acta, 10, 2002) p.391</ref> denounced the "Italian provocation". The Italians, however created a complaint report and forwarded it to the Allies.<ref>L. Monzali,''Italians of Dalmatia'' p.69</ref> In the following days the municipal authorities of Split were forced to submit a formal apology for the incident.

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 ==Italians of Split==
-[[File:SPLIT-Hebrard overall color restitution.jpg|thumb|right|275px|Diocletian's palace built during the Roman Empire in Split (Spalato) is still part of the old Spalato.]]
+[[File:SPLIT-Hebrard overall color restitution.jpg|thumb|right|275px|Diocletian's palace built during the Roman Empire. The palace in Split is still part of the old Spalato.]]
 In the city of Split there was an [[Dalmatian Italians|autochthonous Italian community]], which was reorganised in November 1918 through the foundation of the "National Fasces" (not to be confused with Fascism) led by Leonardo Pezzoli, Antonio Tacconi, Edoardo Pervan and Stefano Selem. They arose from the ashes of the Autonomist Party, dissolved by the Austrian authorities in 1915.

@@ Line 21: / Line 21: @@
 ==Italians of Split==
-[[File:SPLIT-Hebrard overall color restitution.jpg|thumb|right|275px|Diocletian's palace built during the Roman Empire in Split (Spalato) is still part of the old Splato.]]
+[[File:SPLIT-Hebrard overall color restitution.jpg|thumb|right|275px|Diocletian's palace built during the Roman Empire in Split (Spalato) is still part of the old Spalato.]]
 In the city of Split there was an [[Dalmatian Italians|autochthonous Italian community]], which was reorganised in November 1918 through the foundation of the "National Fasces" (not to be confused with Fascism) led by Leonardo Pezzoli, Antonio Tacconi, Edoardo Pervan and Stefano Selem. They arose from the ashes of the Autonomist Party, dissolved by the Austrian authorities in 1915.

@@ Line 22: / Line 22: @@
 ==Italians of Split==
-In the city of Split there was an [[Dalmatian Italians|autochthonous Italian community]], which was reorganised in November 1918 through the foundation of the "National Fasces" (not to be confused with Fascism) led by Leonardo Pezzoli, Antonio Tacconi, Edoardo Pervan and Stefano Selem). They arose from the ashes of the Autonomist Party, dissolved by the Austrian authorities in 1915.
+In the city of Split there was an [[Dalmatian Italians|autochthonous Italian community]], which was reorganised in November 1918 through the foundation of the "National Fasces" (not to be confused with Fascism) led by Leonardo Pezzoli, Antonio Tacconi, Edoardo Pervan and Stefano Selem. They arose from the ashes of the Autonomist Party, dissolved by the Austrian authorities in 1915.
-There were 2,082 Italians in Spilt according to the 1910 Austrian Census and they were only 9.73% of the total population,<ref>G.Perselli, ''I censimenti della popolazione dell'Istria, con Fiume e Trieste, e di alcune città della Dalmazia tra il 1850 e il 1936'', Unione Italiana Fiume-Università Popolare di Trieste, Trieste-Rovigno 1993.</ref> but they had the best economic status in Split society.
+There were 2,082 Italians in Spilt according to the 1910 Austrian Census and they were 9.73% of the total population,<ref>G.Perselli, ''I censimenti della popolazione dell'Istria, con Fiume e Trieste, e di alcune città della Dalmazia tra il 1850 e il 1936'', Unione Italiana Fiume-Università Popolare di Trieste, Trieste-Rovigno 1993.</ref> but they had the best economic status in Split society.
-This census data had understated the number of Italians in the city area and this mistake seems to be confirmed by a series of subsequent events. Indeed -following the ''Treaty of Rapallo'' (1920)- the Italians of Dalmatia could opt for the acquisition of Italian citizenship instead of that of the  Kingdom of Serbia, Croatia & Slovenia (later renamed the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in 1929). While maintaining residence, despite a violent campaign of intimidation on the part of Yugoslavia, over 900 families of Italian speaking "Spalatini" had exercised the option to be Italians.<ref>Luciano Monzali.''Antonio Tacconi e la comunità italiana di Spalato'' p. 165</ref> Furthermore, in 1927 a census was carried out of Italians living outside Italy. In Split and the  surrounding area there were counted 3,337 Dalmatian Italians.<ref>Luciano Monzali. ''Antonio Tacconi e la comunità italiana di Spalato'' p.167</ref>
+This census data had understated the number of Italians in the city area and this mistake seems to be confirmed by a series of subsequent events. Indeed following the ''Treaty of Rapallo'' (1920), the Italians of Dalmatia could opt for the acquisition of Italian citizenship instead of that of the ''Kingdom of Serbia, Croatia & Slovenia'' (later renamed the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in 1929). While maintaining residence, despite a violent campaign of intimidation on the part of Yugoslavia, over 900 families of Italian speaking "Spalatini" had exercised the option to be Italians.<ref>Luciano Monzali.''Antonio Tacconi e la comunità italiana di Spalato'' p. 165</ref> Furthermore, in 1927 a census was carried out of Italians living outside Italy. In Split and the  surrounding area there were counted 3,337 Dalmatian Italians.<ref>Luciano Monzali. ''Antonio Tacconi e la comunità italiana di Spalato'' p.167</ref>
-So, given that about 1,000 Italians (with their families) left the city following its incorporation into the'' Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes'' and estimating a certain percentage of Italians who accepted the "forced"  Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes citizenship, it is really possible that 7,000 Italians in the Split area -as said by Antonio Tacconi- obtained membership in Italian associations of Split in 1918/1919. This number is more than 3 times that registered in the data from the 1910 Austrian Census.
+So, given that about 1,000 Italians (with their families) left the city following its incorporation into the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes and estimating a certain percentage of Italians who accepted the "forced"  Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes citizenship, it is really possible that 7,000 Italians in the Split area, as said by Antonio Tacconi obtained membership in Italian associations of Split in 1918/1919. This number is more than 3 times that registered in the data from the 1910 Austrian Census.
 ==History==

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 {{Cquote|''No joy, only pain and tears, is brought by being a part of the Italian Party in Dalmatia. We, the Italians of Dalmatia, retain a single right to suffer.''<ref>A.Bajamonti, ''Discorso inaugurale della Società Politica dalmata'', Spalato 1886</ref>}}
 =====Narodnjaci=====
 *The National Party (People's Party-Narodnjaci) from the Kingdom of Dalmatia (Austro-Hungarian Empire). In the second half of the 19th century and early 20th century this National Party stated:
 {{Cquote|''According to Costant (Kosta) Vojnovic, one of the principal Dalmatian Slavophile intellectuals, Dalmatia was part of the 'Slav-Hellenic' peninsula and was populated exclusively by the ' Slav race'; there were no Italians in Dalmatia, and so it was necessary to 'nationalize' the schools, the administration, and the courts in order to erase the traces left by Venetian rule and damage it caused. The Italian culture could survive only within the limits of Slav national character of the country and, in any case, without any recognition as a autochthonus element of Dalmatian society.'' <ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=kMXURN7sxh4C&pg=PA65&dq=The+Italians+of+Dalmatia+autochthonous+element+of+dalmatian+society&hl=en&ei=56efTe3kBJTKcaas0fAB&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CDIQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=The%20Italians%20of%20Dalmatia%20autochthonous%20element%20of%20dalmatian%20society&f=false The Italians of Dalmatia:] From Italian Unification to World War I by Luciano Monzali (p65)</ref>}}
 [[File:250px-Location Austria Hungary 1914.png|thumb|right||275px|Split was part of the [[Austria|Austro]]-Hungarian Empire]]
@@ Line 26: / Line 26: @@
 There were 2,082 Italians in Spilt according to the 1910 Austrian Census and they were only 9.73% of the total population,<ref>G.Perselli, ''I censimenti della popolazione dell'Istria, con Fiume e Trieste, e di alcune città della Dalmazia tra il 1850 e il 1936'', Unione Italiana Fiume-Università Popolare di Trieste, Trieste-Rovigno 1993.</ref> but they had the best economic status in Split society.
-This census data had understated the number of Italians in the city area and this mistake seems to be confirmed by a series of subsequent events. Indeed -following the ''Treaty of Rapallo'' (1920)- the Italians of Dalmatia could opt for the acquisition of Italian citizenship instead of that of the  Kingdom of Serbia, Croatia & Slovenia (later renamed the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in 1929)While maintaining residence: despite a violent campaign of intimidation on the part of Yugoslavia, over 900 families of Italian speaking "Spalatini" had exercised the option to be Italians.<ref>Luciano Monzali.''Antonio Tacconi e la comunità italiana di Spalato'' p. 165</ref> Furthermore, in 1927 a census was carried out of Italians living outside Italy. In Split and the  surrounding area there were counted 3,337 Dalmatian Italians.<ref>Luciano Monzali. ''Antonio Tacconi e la comunità italiana di Spalato'' p.167</ref>
+This census data had understated the number of Italians in the city area and this mistake seems to be confirmed by a series of subsequent events. Indeed -following the ''Treaty of Rapallo'' (1920)- the Italians of Dalmatia could opt for the acquisition of Italian citizenship instead of that of the  Kingdom of Serbia, Croatia & Slovenia (later renamed the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in 1929). While maintaining residence, despite a violent campaign of intimidation on the part of Yugoslavia, over 900 families of Italian speaking "Spalatini" had exercised the option to be Italians.<ref>Luciano Monzali.''Antonio Tacconi e la comunità italiana di Spalato'' p. 165</ref> Furthermore, in 1927 a census was carried out of Italians living outside Italy. In Split and the  surrounding area there were counted 3,337 Dalmatian Italians.<ref>Luciano Monzali. ''Antonio Tacconi e la comunità italiana di Spalato'' p.167</ref>
 So, given that about 1,000 Italians (with their families) left the city following its incorporation into the'' Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes'' and estimating a certain percentage of Italians who accepted the "forced"  Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes citizenship, it is really possible that 7,000 Italians in the Split area -as said by Antonio Tacconi- obtained membership in Italian associations of Split in 1918/1919. This number is more than 3 times that registered in the data from the 1910 Austrian Census.

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 These battles belong to a centuries-long struggle for the control of the Adriatic eastern coast between Slavs (mainly Croats and [[Slovenia|Slovenians]]) and Italians. This struggle hugely increased during the [[Austria|Austro]]-Hungarian Empire, when the Italian irredentism and the Slavic nationalism at the end of the XIX century created a bloody confrontation in the Adriatic area.
-Indeed, during the second half of the XIX century in Split there was a continuing struggle between the Autonomist Party (Dalmatia) pro-Italians and the People's Party (Dalmatia) pro-Slavs. The last Italian major was '''Antonio Bajamonti'''. The city from 1882 had experienced a process of [[Croatisation]]. Bajamonti, the most prominent [[Dalmatian Italians|Dalmatian Italian]] in history, once remarked:
+Indeed, during the second half of the XIX century in Split there was a continuing struggle between the Autonomist Party (Dalmatia) pro-Italians and the Narodnjaci (People's Party-Dalmatia) pro-Slavs. The last Italian major was '''Antonio Bajamonti'''. The city from 1882 had experienced a process of [[Croatisation]]. Bajamonti, the most prominent [[Dalmatian Italians|Dalmatian Italian]] in history, once remarked:
 {{Cquote|''No joy, only pain and tears, is brought by being a part of the Italian Party in Dalmatia. We, the Italians of Dalmatia, retain a single right to suffer.''<ref>A.Bajamonti, ''Discorso inaugurale della Società Politica dalmata'', Spalato 1886</ref>}}
@@ Line 15: / Line 15: @@
 [[World War I]] and the related Italian victory, not welcomed by the Slavs, were the events preceding the incidents of Split.
 =====Narodnjaci=====
-*The National Party (Narodnjaci) from the Kingdom of Dalmatia (Austro-Hungarian Empire). In the second half of the 19th century and early 20th century this National Party stated:
+*The National Party (People's Party-Narodnjaci) from the Kingdom of Dalmatia (Austro-Hungarian Empire). In the second half of the 19th century and early 20th century this National Party stated:
 {{Cquote|''According to Costant (Kosta) Vojnovic, one of the principal Dalmatian Slavophile intellectuals, Dalmatia was part of the 'Slav-Hellenic' peninsula and was populated exclusively by the ' Slav race'; there were no Italians in Dalmatia, and so it was necessary to 'nationalize' the schools, the administration, and the courts in order to erase the traces left by Venetian rule and damage it caused. The Italian culture could survive only within the limits of Slav national character of the country and, in any case, without any recognition as a autochthonus element of Dalmatian society.'' <ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=kMXURN7sxh4C&pg=PA65&dq=The+Italians+of+Dalmatia+autochthonous+element+of+dalmatian+society&hl=en&ei=56efTe3kBJTKcaas0fAB&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CDIQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=The%20Italians%20of%20Dalmatia%20autochthonous%20element%20of%20dalmatian%20society&f=false The Italians of Dalmatia:] From Italian Unification to World War I by Luciano Monzali (p65)</ref>}}
 [[File:250px-Location Austria Hungary 1914.png|thumb|right||275px|Split was part of the [[Austria|Austro]]-Hungarian Empire]]
 ==Italians of Split==