Directory:Josip Broz Tito - Revision history

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Peter Z. at 13:28, 28 April 2014

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2012-08-20T13:46:28Z

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2012-08-20T13:40:27Z

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2012-08-19T08:26:46Z

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2012-08-07T00:20:44Z

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 {{DISPLAYTITLE:Josip Broz Tito}}
 [[File:250px-Location Austria Hungary 1914.png|thumb|right||275px|Josip Broz Tito was from the [[Austria|Austro]]-Hungarian Empire (the Empire cia 1918)]]
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 ==Notes and References==
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← Older revision		Revision as of 13:28, 28 April 2014
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	{{DISPLAYTITLE:Josip Broz Tito}}		{{DISPLAYTITLE:Josip Broz Tito}}
−	~~[[File:438px-Josip Broz Tito Légion d'honneur.jpg\|thumb\|right\|\|210px\|Dictator [[Josip Broz Tito]]. Also known as ''Marshal Tito'' (a man with many talents)]]~~
	[[File:250px-Location Austria Hungary 1914.png\|thumb\|right\|\|275px\|Josip Broz Tito was from the [[Austria\|Austro]]-Hungarian Empire (the Empire cia 1918)]]		[[File:250px-Location Austria Hungary 1914.png\|thumb\|right\|\|275px\|Josip Broz Tito was from the [[Austria\|Austro]]-Hungarian Empire (the Empire cia 1918)]]

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 *Way of the Cross massacres (death marches)  <ref>[http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=27516&lang=en Hrcak Portal of '''Scientific Journals''' of Croatia:] An Addition to the Research of the Problem of Bleiburg & Way of the Cross. '''Scientific''' Journal by Zdravko Dizdar [http://www.unizg.hr/homepage/ University of Zagreb].
 * "An Addition to the Research of the Problem of Bleiburg & '''Way of the Cross'''. This paper dedicated to the 60th anniversary of these tragic events represents a small step towards the elaboration of known data and brings a list of yet unknown and unpublished original documents, mostly belonging to the '''Yugoslavian Military''' and Political Government 1945-1947. Amongst those documents are those mostly relating to Croatian territory although a majority of [[Talk:Titoism and Totalitarianism|concentration camps]] and execution sites were outside of Croatia, in other parts of Yugoslavia. The author hopes that the readers will receive a complete picture about events related to ''Bleiburg'' and the ''Way of The Cross'' and the suffering of numerous Croats, which is confirmed directly in many documents and is related to the execution of a person or a whole group of people and sometimes non-stop for days."</ref>
-*Bleiburg massacres <ref>[http://www.ess.uwe.ac.uk/genocide/yugoslav-hist1.htm Yalta and The Bleiburg Tragedy] by C Michael McAdams/University of San Francisco, California-[[USA]].
+*Bleiburg massacres <ref>Yalta and The Bleiburg Tragedy by C Michael McAdams/University of San Francisco, California-[[USA]].
 *"Presented at the International Symposium for Investigation of the Bleiburg Tragedy Zagreb, Croatia and Bleiburg, Austria May 17 and 18, 1994."</ref><ref>Webster's Quotations, Facts and Phrases by Inc Icon Group International</ref>
-*Foibe massacres <ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=5s-Iqn0YxnQC&pg=PA77&dq=Foibe+massacres&hl=en&ei=Tps9Tb6wNY35cbTZmYUH&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=5&ved=0CDUQ6AEwBDgU#v=onepage&q=Foibe%20massacres&f=false The Frontiers of Europe] ''by'' Malcolm Anderson &  Eberhard Bort (p77)</ref><ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=da6acnbbEpAC&pg=PA155&dq=History+in+Exile:+Memory+and+Identity+at+the+Borders+of+the+Balkans++++++++++Foibe+massacres+the+Balkans&hl=en&ei=THOSTemTF8X4cZfDuIkH&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCkQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false History in Exile:] Memory and Identity at the Borders of the Balkans by Pamela Ballinger (p155)</ref><ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=ykMVAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA136&dq=Foibe+massacres+Refugees+in+the+Age+of+Total+War+by+Anna+Bramwell&hl=en&ei=pApCTdDhCIa8cKvn6d0N&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCgQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false Refugees in the Age of Total War] by Anna Bramwell (p136, ''read '''Zara'''''-p137)</ref><ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=hhD0R8DBr_UC&pg=PR12&dq=A+tragedy+revealed:+the+story+of+the+Italian+population+of+Istria,+Dalmatia+Foibe+massacres&hl=en&ei=PJI9TZ6vMoP5cb3LlIYH&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCYQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false  A Tragedy Revealed''] The Story of the Italian Population of Istria & Dalmatia by Arrigo Petacco. (p12  & [http://books.google.com.au/books?id=hhD0R8DBr_UC&pg=PA81&dq=A+tragedy+revealed+Zadra&hl=en&ei=_1BjTfX8HIamugPH9r28Ag&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCgQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false page 81] '''Zadar'''/Zara)</ref><ref>[http://miran.pecenik.com/ts/balkan/balkan6.htm Where the Balkans Begin (The Slovenes in Triest-The Foiba Story)] by Bernard Meares:
+*Foibe massacres <ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=5s-Iqn0YxnQC&pg=PA77&dq=Foibe+massacres&hl=en&ei=Tps9Tb6wNY35cbTZmYUH&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=5&ved=0CDUQ6AEwBDgU#v=onepage&q=Foibe%20massacres&f=false The Frontiers of Europe] ''by'' Malcolm Anderson &  Eberhard Bort (p77)</ref><ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=da6acnbbEpAC&pg=PA155&dq=History+in+Exile:+Memory+and+Identity+at+the+Borders+of+the+Balkans++++++++++Foibe+massacres+the+Balkans&hl=en&ei=THOSTemTF8X4cZfDuIkH&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCkQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false History in Exile:] Memory and Identity at the Borders of the Balkans by Pamela Ballinger (p155)</ref><ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=ykMVAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA136&dq=Foibe+massacres+Refugees+in+the+Age+of+Total+War+by+Anna+Bramwell&hl=en&ei=pApCTdDhCIa8cKvn6d0N&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCgQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false Refugees in the Age of Total War] by Anna Bramwell (p136, ''read '''Zara'''''-p137)</ref><ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=hhD0R8DBr_UC&pg=PR12&dq=A+tragedy+revealed:+the+story+of+the+Italian+population+of+Istria,+Dalmatia+Foibe+massacres&hl=en&ei=PJI9TZ6vMoP5cb3LlIYH&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCYQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false  A Tragedy Revealed''] The Story of the Italian Population of Istria & Dalmatia by Arrigo Petacco. (p12  & [http://books.google.com.au/books?id=hhD0R8DBr_UC&pg=PA81&dq=A+tragedy+revealed+Zadra&hl=en&ei=_1BjTfX8HIamugPH9r28Ag&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCgQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false page 81] '''Zadar'''/Zara)</ref><ref>Where the Balkans Begin (The Slovenes in Triest-The Foiba Story) by Bernard Meares:
 *"During the early Communist occupation in Trieste, Gorizia and the Littoral, and the 40 days of [[Communists|Communist]] rule in Trieste city, some 6000 arrests were made and the prisoners carried off to Communist-controlled areas. When the Allies finally imposed their rule they found out about the Yugoslav execution squads. The more objective Italian historians and statisticians such as Galliano Fogar and Raoul Pupo point to between 1000 and 1800 [[Italy|Italians]] and [[Slovenia|Slovene]] victims. The '''Red Cross''' estimates that 2,250 failed to return , in rough agreement with Bogdan Novak who said in 1971 that 4200 Italians returned out of 6000 arrested."</ref>

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 ==Notes and References==
-[[File:Josip Broz Tito.jpg|thumb|right||150px| A younger Josip Broz Tito. According to Ian Cuthbertson ''" a Balkans Hero with a bloodthirsty streak"''. ]]
+[[File:Josip Broz Tito.jpg|thumb|right||150px| A younger Josip Broz Tito. According to Ian Cuthbertson ''" a Balkans hero with a bloodthirsty streak"''. ]]
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 ==Notes and References==
-[[File:Josip Broz Tito.jpg|thumb|right||150px| A younger Josip Broz Tito. According to Ian Cuthbertson ''" a Balkans Hero with a Bloodthirsty Streak"''. ]]
+[[File:Josip Broz Tito.jpg|thumb|right||150px| A younger Josip Broz Tito. According to Ian Cuthbertson ''" a Balkans Hero with a bloodthirsty streak"''. ]]
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 * Information from the Genocide and Crimes Against Humanity: Yugoslavia by Ed. Dinah L. Shelton. Gale Cengage, 2005:
-{{Cquote|''Native [[Germany|German]] and Hungarian communities, seen as complicit with wartime occupation, were brutally treated; tantamount in some cases to ethnic cleansing. The Volksdeutsch settlements of Vojvodina and Slavonia largely disappeared. Perhaps 100,000 people—half the ethnic German population in Yugoslavia—fled in 1945, and many who remained were compelled to do forced Labour, murdered, or later ransomed by West Germany. Some 20,000 Hungarians of Vojvodina were killed in reprisals. Albanian rebellions in Kosovo were suppressed with prisoners sent on death marches towards the coast. An estimated 170,000 ethnic Italians fled to [[Italy]] in the late 1940s and 1950s.'' (All of these figures are highly approximate.) <ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=c-8YAAAAIAAJ&q=%22The+killing+continued+after+the+war,+as+Tito's+victorious+forces+took+revenge+on+their+real+and+perceived+enemies.+British+forces+in+Austria+turned+back+tens+of+thousands+of+fleeing+Yugoslavs.+Estimates+range+from+30,000+to+55,000+killed+between+spring+and+autumn+1945.%22&dq=%22The+killing+continued+after+the+war,+as+Tito's+victorious+forces+took+revenge+on+their+real+and+perceived+enemies.+British+forces+in+Austria+turned+back+tens+of+thousands+of+fleeing+Yugoslavs.+Estimates+range+from+30,000+to+55,000+killed+between+spring+and+autumn+1945.%22&hl=en&ei=PXPvTYOzG4mIuAOzldiPCQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCwQ6AEwAA Encyclopedia of Genocide and Crimes Against Humanity, Volume 3] by  Dinah Shelton Macmillan Reference, 2005 - Political Science (p.1170) </ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.enotes.com/genocide-encyclopedia/yugoslavia|title=www.enotes.com "Yugoslavia." Genocide and Crimes Against Humanity. Ed. Dinah L. Shelton. Gale Cengage, 2005. eNotes.com. 2006. 26 Jun, 2010|}} Yugoslavia: Genocide & Crimes Against Humanity (Mark Thompson):
+{{Cquote|''Native [[Germany|German]] and Hungarian communities, seen as complicit with wartime occupation, were brutally treated; tantamount in some cases to ethnic cleansing. The Volksdeutsch settlements of Vojvodina and Slavonia largely disappeared. Perhaps 100,000 people—half the ethnic German population in Yugoslavia—fled in 1945, and many who remained were compelled to do forced Labour, murdered, or later ransomed by West Germany. Some 20,000 Hungarians of Vojvodina were killed in reprisals. Albanian rebellions in Kosovo were suppressed with prisoners sent on death marches towards the coast. An estimated 170,000 ethnic Italians fled to [[Italy]] in the late 1940s and 1950s.'' (All of these figures are highly approximate.) <ref>Encyclopedia of Genocide and Crimes Against Humanity, Volume 3 by  Dinah Shelton Macmillan Reference, 2005 - Political Science (p.1170) </ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.enotes.com/genocide-encyclopedia/yugoslavia|title=www.enotes.com "Yugoslavia." Genocide and Crimes Against Humanity. Ed. Dinah L. Shelton. Gale Cengage, 2005. eNotes.com. 2006. 26 Jun, 2010|}} Yugoslavia: Genocide & Crimes Against Humanity (Mark Thompson):
 *"The killing continued after the war as Tito's victorious forces took revenge on their real and perceived enemies. British forces in [[Austria]] turned back tens of thousands of fleeing Yugoslavs. Estimates range from 30,000 to 55,000 people killed between spring and autumn 1945."
 </ref>}}

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 The Croatians love Josip Broz Tito so much that they have a City Square named after him, Marshal Tito Square-Zagreb (the capital city of Croatia). <ref>[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshal_Tito_Square Wikipedia: Marshal Tito Square]</ref>
 == See also ==
 *[[Titoism and Totalitarianism]]

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 '''Josip Broz Tito''' (1892–1980) was a Croatian politician. This article is about a contemporary view of the Balkan ''Dictator'' Josip Broz Tito.  There is no cold war [[Communists|communist]] rhetoric spin here, rather a critical look at this historic individual.
-''Josip Broz'' was born in the [[Austria|Austro]]-Hungarian Empire, now [[Croatia]] (a former republic of Yugoslavia) and was the Commander of all Partisans and Communists during [[World War Two]]. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/597295/Josip-Broz-Tito|title='''"Josip Broz Tito."''' '''Encyclopædia Britannica'''. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Fri. 07 Jan. 2011. |date=[[2011]]|accessdate=2011-01-07}}</ref> He later became Yugoslavia's political leader (1945–1980) and was the main decision maker in military and political matters. He was ''President for Life'' of Yugoslavia and played a crucial, if not the main role, in historical events of that country. He was considered by many to be, one of the prominent Eastern European Balkan Dictators of the Cold War era. He also was a member of the infamous Soviet Police-NKVD.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josip_Broz_Tito|title='''Wikipedia''': Josip Broz Tito}}</ref>
+''Josip Broz'' was born in the [[Austria|Austro]]-Hungarian Empire, now [[Croatia]] (a former republic of Yugoslavia) and was the Commander of all the Yugoslav Partisans and Communists during [[World War Two]]. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/597295/Josip-Broz-Tito|title='''"Josip Broz Tito."''' '''Encyclopædia Britannica'''. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Fri. 07 Jan. 2011. |date=[[2011]]|accessdate=2011-01-07}}</ref> He later became Yugoslavia's political leader (1945–1980) and was the main decision maker in military and political matters. He was ''President for Life'' of Yugoslavia and played a crucial, if not the main role, in historical events of that country. He was considered by many to be, one of the prominent Eastern European Balkan Dictators of the Cold War era. He also was a member of the infamous Soviet Police-NKVD.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josip_Broz_Tito|title='''Wikipedia''': Josip Broz Tito}}</ref>
 He is a controversial historical figure in the Balkans.

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 *"During the early Communist occupation in Trieste, Gorizia and the Littoral, and the 40 days of [[Communists|Communist]] rule in Trieste city, some 6000 arrests were made and the prisoners carried off to Communist-controlled areas. When the Allies finally imposed their rule they found out about the Yugoslav execution squads. The more objective Italian historians and statisticians such as Galliano Fogar and Raoul Pupo point to between 1000 and 1800 [[Italy|Italians]] and [[Slovenia|Slovene]] victims. The '''Red Cross''' estimates that 2,250 failed to return , in rough agreement with Bogdan Novak who said in 1971 that 4200 Italians returned out of 6000 arrested."</ref>
-The government of the [[Slovenia|Republic of Slovenia]] (a former republic of Yugoslavia) commissioned a study of communist crimes in the immediate post [[World War Two]] period. It was called the ''Commission on Concealed Mass Graves in Slovenia''. Their work was completed in October 2009. The commission discovered and detected 581 mass graves in which the estimates detail about '''100 000''' victims in total. These were the victims of the Bleiburg & Way of the Cross massacres from 1945/46.  <ref>[http://www.jutarnji.hr/u-581-grobnici-je-100-000-zrtava/310887/ www.jutarnji.hr]  U 581 Grobnici je 100.000 žrtava. [http://translate.google.com.au/translate?hl=en&sl=hr&u=http://www.jutarnji.hr/u-581-grobnici-je-100-000-zrtava/310887/&ei=8x3BS-n7MYH-6QP17L3CCQ&sa=X&oi=translate&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CAcQ7gEwAA&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dhttp://www.jutarnji.hr/u-581-grobnici-je-100-000-zrtava/310887/%26hl%3Den%26client%3Dsafari%26rls%3Den-us English version:] The Jutarnji newspaper reported on the 01/10/2009 '''commissions find'''.In all it is estimated that there were 100 000 victims in 581 mass graves</ref>  The killings were executed by the Yugoslav Partisan Army.<ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=ZK2WE_2H3UEC&pg=PA168&dq=Bleiburg+massacre&hl=en&ei=kbsiTJ-MDIHJcc2kzIkF&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CDQQ6AEwAzge#v=onepage&q&f=false Identity Politics in the Age of Genocide:] The Holocaust and Historical by David B. MacDonald. (p168)
+The government of the [[Slovenia|Republic of Slovenia]] (a former republic of Yugoslavia) commissioned a study of communist crimes in the immediate post [[World War Two]] period. It was called the ''Commission on Concealed Mass Graves in Slovenia''. Their work was completed in October 2009. The commission discovered and detected 581 mass graves in which the estimates detail about '''100 000''' victims in total. These were the victims of the Bleiburg and Way of the Cross massacres from 1945/46.  <ref>[http://www.jutarnji.hr/u-581-grobnici-je-100-000-zrtava/310887/ www.jutarnji.hr]  U 581 Grobnici je 100.000 žrtava. [http://translate.google.com.au/translate?hl=en&sl=hr&u=http://www.jutarnji.hr/u-581-grobnici-je-100-000-zrtava/310887/&ei=8x3BS-n7MYH-6QP17L3CCQ&sa=X&oi=translate&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CAcQ7gEwAA&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dhttp://www.jutarnji.hr/u-581-grobnici-je-100-000-zrtava/310887/%26hl%3Den%26client%3Dsafari%26rls%3Den-us English version:] The Jutarnji newspaper reported on the 01/10/2009 '''commissions find'''.In all it is estimated that there were 100 000 victims in 581 mass graves</ref>  The killings were executed by the Yugoslav Partisan Army.<ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=ZK2WE_2H3UEC&pg=PA168&dq=Bleiburg+massacre&hl=en&ei=kbsiTJ-MDIHJcc2kzIkF&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CDQQ6AEwAzge#v=onepage&q&f=false Identity Politics in the Age of Genocide:] The Holocaust and Historical by David B. MacDonald. (p168)
 * "The Partisans also carried out massacres, the best known being at '''Bleiburg''' (Austria), where retreating Croatian and Slovenian forces and their '''families''' were massacred."</ref> The Yugoslav Army and their supreme commander ''Josip Broz Tito'' executed, without trial, a huge number of POWs  and civilians who were deemed guilty by ''association only''.<ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=qMZaPjrHqYYC&pg=PA283&dq=josip+broz+tito&hl=en&ei=BGf-S66gBMWrcc3wnZcK&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=5&ved=0CDkQ6AEwBDge#v=onepage&q=josip%20broz%20tito&f=false Balkan Strongmen:] Dictators and Authoritarian Rulers of South Eastern Europe ''by'' Bernd Jurgen Fischer. (p283)</ref>