Directory:Croatia - Revision history

Peter Z.: rv fine tune

2024-07-27T06:05:11Z

rv fine tune

Peter Z.: /* Kingdom of Croatia */

2024-07-23T10:11:32Z

Kingdom of Croatia

Peter Z.: /* Kingdom of Croatia */ fine tune

2024-07-23T10:09:38Z

Kingdom of Croatia: fine tune

Peter Z.: /* Kingdom of Croatia */

2024-04-21T05:43:11Z

Kingdom of Croatia

Peter Z.: /* Kingdom of Croatia */ fix

2024-04-21T05:31:29Z

Kingdom of Croatia: fix

Peter Z.: /* Kingdom of Croatia */ It has been written that the readership firstly started as a union add

2024-04-21T05:09:41Z

Kingdom of Croatia: It has been written that the readership firstly started as a union add

Peter Z.: Persian origins

2021-10-31T07:47:44Z

Persian origins

Peter Z.: It has also be written as Khoroáthos

2021-10-31T07:36:04Z

It has also be written as Khoroáthos

Peter Z.: /* Kingdom of Croatia */ tidy

2021-03-12T06:20:30Z

Kingdom of Croatia: tidy

Peter Z.: /* Kingdom of Croatia */ tidy

2021-03-12T06:14:46Z

Kingdom of Croatia: tidy

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 [[File:Balkans850.png|thumb|right|375px|'' Medieval Croatia (Map by Hxseek)'']]
-'''Medieval Croatia''' evolved from province of the old Roman Empire named '''Dalmatia'''. From 480 to 535 AD the former province of Roman Dalmatia was ruled by the Ostrogoths (a Germanic tribe related to the Goths). After the collapse of the Ostrogoth Kingdom it was divided between the '''Byzantine Empire'''  and the '''Carolingian Empire''' - Franks (the old Roman neighbouring province of Pannonia was at one stage under the Avar, the ''Avar Khanate'' <ref>"Avar, one of a people of undetermined Euro-Asian origin and language, who played an important role in eastern Europe (6th–9th century)" '''referenced''' from: http://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/45428/Avar The Slavs and Avar at one stage had a shared history.</ref>, later Lower Pannonia was ruled by Slavs). Both the Byzantine Empire and the Carolingian Empire created their own Dalmatian Ducatus. The Dalmatian province had a Roman Latin-Illyrian population as well as Liburnians, Greeks, Guduscani<ref>[http://self.gutenberg.org/articles/guduscani self.gutenberg.org:] ''"It has been assumed, that they were part of the Vandals, Goths or Lombards."'' </ref> , Ostrogoths and the '''late arrivals''', Slavs.
+'''Medieval Croatia''' evolved from province of the old Roman Empire named '''Dalmatia'''. From 480 to 535 AD the former province of Roman Dalmatia was ruled by the Ostrogoths (a Germanic tribe related to the Goths). After the collapse of the Ostrogoth Kingdom it was divided between the '''Byzantine Empire'''  and the '''Carolingian Empire''' - Franks (the old Roman neighbouring province of Pannonia was at one stage under the Avar, the ''Avar Khanate'' <ref>"Avar, one of a people of undetermined Euro-Asian origin and language, who played an important role in eastern Europe (6th–9th century)" '''referenced''' from: http://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/45428/Avar The Slavs and Avar at one stage had a shared history.</ref>, later Lower Pannonia was ruled by Slavs). Both the Byzantine Empire and the Carolingian Empire created their own Dalmatian Ducatus. The Dalmatian province had a Roman Latin-Illyrian population as well as Liburnians, Greeks and the '''late arrivals''', Slavs.
 With time one of the Slavic tribes <ref>Slav as a term was first used by the Byzantine's - Eastern Roman Empire (i.e. Procopius, Byzantine scholar, 6th century Roman bureaucrat) and was recorded in the 6th century (Procopius: History of the Wars 545 AD) in Greek (Σκλαβῖνοι-Sklabenoi or sklaboi). Later in Latin, Sklabenoi was written Sclaveni. Ancient Roman-Greek communities also referred to the early Slavic peoples as Veneti and Antes. Raid activity by various Slavic tribes within the southern Danube region started in the 6th century.</ref> within Dalmatian Ducatus of the Carolingian Empire became the '''political elite''' and then the leaders (dux) of the province (i.e. Muisclavo modern: ''Mislav'', Trepimerus/Trepimer modern: Trpimir I, etc.).

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 ''F. Rački and V. Klaić think these Croats may have operated not only along the coast but inland as far east as what is now Kosovo, intermixed with Serb or other Slavic tribes...'' }}</ref>  which would indicate Croatian influence/settlement was beyond the river Cetina. The Kingdom's borders were further expanded by Prince/King Tomislav and other rulers.
-In the 12 century the state fell into crisis ''then'' the neighbouring Hungarians (Magyars) used this opportunity to expand their own state. In 1102 it ceased to exist and it became politically part of the ''Kingdom of Hungary''. It has been written that the relationship firstly started as a union. <ref>'''Note''': It has been mentioned that the Croatian province at first enjoyed a fair amount of independence and retained most of their autonomous position under the Hungarians (Regnum Hungariae).</ref> Parts of Croatian territory later came under Habsburg rule (Habsburg Monarchy was ''renamed'' Austro Hungarian Empire). The political power within the province was transferred from Dalmatia's northern hinterland to the city of Zagreb, further inland (Zagreb was a Roman town of Andautonia, Agram was used in the Habsburg period). Zagreb today is the capital of modern Croatia.  Over time the coastal part of Dalmatia became part of the Republic of Venice. The Republic of Venice controlled most of Dalmatia from 1420 to 1797.
+In the 12th century the state fell into crisis ''then'' the neighbouring Hungarians (Magyars) used this opportunity to expand their own state. In 1102 it ceased to exist and it became politically part of the ''Kingdom of Hungary''. It has been written that the relationship firstly started as a union. <ref>'''Note''': It has been mentioned that the Croatian province at first enjoyed a fair amount of independence and retained most of their autonomous position under the Hungarians (Regnum Hungariae).</ref> Parts of Croatian territory later came under Habsburg rule (Habsburg Monarchy was ''renamed'' Austro Hungarian Empire). The political power within the province was transferred from Dalmatia's northern hinterland to the city of Zagreb, further inland (Zagreb was a Roman town of Andautonia, Agram was used in the Habsburg period). Zagreb today is the capital of modern Croatia.  Over time the coastal part of Dalmatia became part of the Republic of Venice. The Republic of Venice controlled most of Dalmatia from 1420 to 1797.
 Within the old Roman province of Dalmatia's borders, history presents it self as a region of Europe that has a very rich, multicultural and multiethnic past.

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 ''F. Rački and V. Klaić think these Croats may have operated not only along the coast but inland as far east as what is now Kosovo, intermixed with Serb or other Slavic tribes...'' }}</ref>  which would indicate Croatian influence/settlement was beyond the river Cetina. The Kingdom's borders were further expanded by Prince/King Tomislav and other rulers.
-In the late 12 century the state fell into crisis ''when'' the neighbouring Hungarians (Magyars) used this opportunity to expand their own state. In 1102 it ceased to exist and it became politically part of the ''Kingdom of Hungary''. It has been written that the relationship firstly started as a union. <ref>'''Note''': It has been mentioned that the Croatian province at first enjoyed a fair amount of independence and retained most of their autonomous position under the Hungarians (Regnum Hungariae).</ref> Parts of Croatian territory later came under Habsburg rule (Habsburg Monarchy was ''renamed'' Austro Hungarian Empire). The political power within the province was transferred from Dalmatia's northern hinterland to the city of Zagreb, further inland (Zagreb was a Roman town of Andautonia, Agram was used in the Habsburg period). Zagreb today is the capital of modern Croatia.  Over time the coastal part of Dalmatia became part of the Republic of Venice. The Republic of Venice controlled most of Dalmatia from 1420 to 1797.
+In the 12 century the state fell into crisis ''then'' the neighbouring Hungarians (Magyars) used this opportunity to expand their own state. In 1102 it ceased to exist and it became politically part of the ''Kingdom of Hungary''. It has been written that the relationship firstly started as a union. <ref>'''Note''': It has been mentioned that the Croatian province at first enjoyed a fair amount of independence and retained most of their autonomous position under the Hungarians (Regnum Hungariae).</ref> Parts of Croatian territory later came under Habsburg rule (Habsburg Monarchy was ''renamed'' Austro Hungarian Empire). The political power within the province was transferred from Dalmatia's northern hinterland to the city of Zagreb, further inland (Zagreb was a Roman town of Andautonia, Agram was used in the Habsburg period). Zagreb today is the capital of modern Croatia.  Over time the coastal part of Dalmatia became part of the Republic of Venice. The Republic of Venice controlled most of Dalmatia from 1420 to 1797.
 Within the old Roman province of Dalmatia's borders, history presents it self as a region of Europe that has a very rich, multicultural and multiethnic past.

@@ Line 27: / Line 27: @@
 ''F. Rački and V. Klaić think these Croats may have operated not only along the coast but inland as far east as what is now Kosovo, intermixed with Serb or other Slavic tribes...'' }}</ref>  which would indicate Croatian influence/settlement was beyond the river Cetina. The Kingdom's borders were further expanded by Prince/King Tomislav and other rulers.
-In the late 12 century the state fell into crisis ''when'' the neighbouring Hungarians (Magyars) used this opportunity to expand their own state. In 1102 it ceased to exist and it became politically part of the ''Kingdom of Hungary''. It has been written that the relationship firstly started as a union. <ref>'''Note''': It has been mentioned that the Croatian province at first enjoyed a fair amount of independence and retained their autonomous position under the Hungarians (Regnum Hungariae).</ref> Parts of Croatian territory later came under Habsburg rule (Habsburg Monarchy was ''renamed'' Austro Hungarian Empire). The political power within the province was transferred from Dalmatia's northern hinterland to the city of Zagreb, further inland (Zagreb was a Roman town of Andautonia, Agram was used in the Habsburg period). Zagreb today is the capital of modern Croatia.  Over time the coastal part of Dalmatia became part of the Republic of Venice. The Republic of Venice controlled most of Dalmatia from 1420 to 1797.
+In the late 12 century the state fell into crisis ''when'' the neighbouring Hungarians (Magyars) used this opportunity to expand their own state. In 1102 it ceased to exist and it became politically part of the ''Kingdom of Hungary''. It has been written that the relationship firstly started as a union. <ref>'''Note''': It has been mentioned that the Croatian province at first enjoyed a fair amount of independence and retained most of their autonomous position under the Hungarians (Regnum Hungariae).</ref> Parts of Croatian territory later came under Habsburg rule (Habsburg Monarchy was ''renamed'' Austro Hungarian Empire). The political power within the province was transferred from Dalmatia's northern hinterland to the city of Zagreb, further inland (Zagreb was a Roman town of Andautonia, Agram was used in the Habsburg period). Zagreb today is the capital of modern Croatia.  Over time the coastal part of Dalmatia became part of the Republic of Venice. The Republic of Venice controlled most of Dalmatia from 1420 to 1797.
 Within the old Roman province of Dalmatia's borders, history presents it self as a region of Europe that has a very rich, multicultural and multiethnic past.

@@ Line 27: / Line 27: @@
 ''F. Rački and V. Klaić think these Croats may have operated not only along the coast but inland as far east as what is now Kosovo, intermixed with Serb or other Slavic tribes...'' }}</ref>  which would indicate Croatian influence/settlement was beyond the river Cetina. The Kingdom's borders were further expanded by Prince/King Tomislav and other rulers.
-In the late 12 century the state fell into crisis ''when'' the neighbouring Hungarians (Magyars) used this opportunity to expand their own state. In 1102 it ceased to exist and it became politically part of the ''Kingdom of Hungary''. It has been written that the readership firstly started as a union. <ref>'''Note''': It has been mentioned that the Croatian province at first enjoyed a fair amount of independence and retained their autonomous position under the Hungarians (Regnum Hungariae).</ref> Parts of Croatian territory later came under Habsburg rule (Habsburg Monarchy was ''renamed'' Austro Hungarian Empire). The political power within the province was transferred from Dalmatia's northern hinterland to the city of Zagreb, further inland (Zagreb was a Roman town of Andautonia, Agram was used in the Habsburg period). Zagreb today is the capital of modern Croatia.  Over time the coastal part of Dalmatia became part of the Republic of Venice. The Republic of Venice controlled most of Dalmatia from 1420 to 1797.
+In the late 12 century the state fell into crisis ''when'' the neighbouring Hungarians (Magyars) used this opportunity to expand their own state. In 1102 it ceased to exist and it became politically part of the ''Kingdom of Hungary''. It has been written that the relationship firstly started as a union. <ref>'''Note''': It has been mentioned that the Croatian province at first enjoyed a fair amount of independence and retained their autonomous position under the Hungarians (Regnum Hungariae).</ref> Parts of Croatian territory later came under Habsburg rule (Habsburg Monarchy was ''renamed'' Austro Hungarian Empire). The political power within the province was transferred from Dalmatia's northern hinterland to the city of Zagreb, further inland (Zagreb was a Roman town of Andautonia, Agram was used in the Habsburg period). Zagreb today is the capital of modern Croatia.  Over time the coastal part of Dalmatia became part of the Republic of Venice. The Republic of Venice controlled most of Dalmatia from 1420 to 1797.
 Within the old Roman province of Dalmatia's borders, history presents it self as a region of Europe that has a very rich, multicultural and multiethnic past.

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 The fore-mentioned Slavic political elite from the late 9th century onwards were referred to as Cruatorum. This was the first time that the [[Croatian Identity|Croatian identity]] (Hrvat) was used c. 880 AD.<ref>[http://mq.academia.edu/DanijelDzino/Papers/163667/Becoming_Slav_Becoming_Croat_New_approaches_in_research_of_identities_in_post-Roman_Illyricum Becoming Slav, Becoming Croat: New approaches in research of identities in post-Roman Illyricum] by Danijel Dzino
-*''"The first evidence of the Croat name, dux/rex Croatorum, does not appear until the ninth century. The Charter of Duke Trpimir is indeed the oldest text that mentions the Croat name, dux Chroatorum but its authenticity is disputed for good reason. The earliest certain evidence is the title dux Cruatorum from duke Branimir's inscription (c. 880), so that before this date we cannot assume with certainty that the Croat identity existed at all."''</ref><ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=EqNiAAAAMAAJ&q=BRANIMIRO+COMITE+DUX+CRUATORUM+cogitavit&dq=BRANIMIRO+COMITE+DUX+CRUATORUM+cogitavit&hl=en&ei=MljwTfHIIoyKuAOO3_WhBA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CC4Q6AEwAA  A History of the Croatian Language:] by Milan Mogus (p.13)</ref> Cruatorum is a '''Latin''' translation of Hrvat. <ref>It is believed that Hrvat in medieval times was pronounced '''Harvat''' or '''Hrovat'''. Hrovat was translated to Latin: Chroatorum and then simplified to Croatorum.</ref><ref>Hrvat or Horoúathos are names of Sarmatian origins. In 1853 a Russian archaeologist Pavel Mikhailovich Leontjev discovered the Tanais Tablets. The Tanais Tablets mention three men: Horoúathos, Horoáthos, and Horóathos (Χορούαθ[ος], Χοροάθος, Χορόαθος). It has also be written as Khoroáthos. They are written in Greek and are from the 3rd century AD from the city of Tanais, today's Azov, [[Russia]]. At that time the region had a mixed [[Greece|Greek]]-Sarmatian population (Persian in origins).
+*''"The first evidence of the Croat name, dux/rex Croatorum, does not appear until the ninth century. The Charter of Duke Trpimir is indeed the oldest text that mentions the Croat name, dux Chroatorum but its authenticity is disputed for good reason. The earliest certain evidence is the title dux Cruatorum from duke Branimir's inscription (c. 880), so that before this date we cannot assume with certainty that the Croat identity existed at all."''</ref><ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=EqNiAAAAMAAJ&q=BRANIMIRO+COMITE+DUX+CRUATORUM+cogitavit&dq=BRANIMIRO+COMITE+DUX+CRUATORUM+cogitavit&hl=en&ei=MljwTfHIIoyKuAOO3_WhBA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CC4Q6AEwAA  A History of the Croatian Language:] by Milan Mogus (p.13)</ref> Cruatorum is a '''Latin''' translation of Hrvat. <ref>It is believed that Hrvat in medieval times was pronounced '''Harvat''' or '''Hrovat'''. Hrovat was translated to Latin: Chroatorum and then simplified to Croatorum.</ref><ref>Hrvat or Horoúathos are names of Sarmatian origins. In 1853 a Russian archaeologist Pavel Mikhailovich Leontjev discovered the Tanais Tablets. The Tanais Tablets mention three men: Horoúathos, Horoáthos, and Horóathos (Χορούαθ[ος], Χοροάθος, Χορόαθος). It has also be written as Khoroáthos. They are written in Greek and are from the 3rd century AD from the city of Tanais, today's Azov, [[Russia]]. At that time the region had a mixed [[Greece|Greek]]-Sarmatian population.
 '''Editors note''': From the information above one can conclude that we are dealing with contact between Slavic and Sarmatian tribes from the late antiquity. From a modern day perspective the Sarmatian historical footprint is non existent. All traces of these people have disappeared other than Slavic terms surrounding the word or name Hrvat which translates to English as Croat.</ref>  In 879 the Croatian Duke Branimir received recognition from Pope John VIII as it became an independent state. The Dalmatian Ducatus was renamed Ducatus Croatiae. It had periods of vassalage under the Franks. Later it became a kingdom that was called the Regnum Chroatorum (Kingdom of Croatia 925–1102 AD, Croatian: Hrvatsko Kraljevstvo).
 It had no permanent seat, Nin, Klis, Bijaci, Knin and Biograd na Moru where some of the towns that have been mentioned. The Kingdom existed as a sovereign state for nearly two centuries.

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 As well as being a Christian state it then later became Catholic (the Slavs were pagans upon arrival in Roman Dalmatia). King Demetrius Zvonimir (1075-1089) took an oath of allegiance to Pope Gregory VII. It’s written language was Latin and Croatian Glagolitic. The Slavic rulers spoke old Croatian (Slavic) Chakavian. According to the theologian Godescalc a form of Latin was also spoken in the court of Duke Trpmir (Trepimerus)  <ref>Godescalc, ''De Praedestinatione''. He was a Saxon theologian, monk and poet. Gottschalk was at Trpimir I court between 846 and 848.</ref>.
-The medieval state borders have been a matter of huge debate and will remain so until new historical evidence is found (please read: Early Medieval Boundaries in Dalmatia/Croatia (8th–11th centuries) by Neven Budak <ref>Early Medieval Boundaries in Dalmatia/Croatia (8th–11th centuries)by Croatian Historian Neven Budak. Historian and professor at the Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Zagreb. Link: https://www.academia.edu/11534976/Early_medieval_boundaries_in_Dalmatia_Croatia_8th_11th_centuries_ </ref>). However there is some factual information. Medieval Croatia incorporated Lower Pannonia (also ruled by Slavs). The river Cetina was a major border in the south. The [[Dalmatian Italians#Early History|Roman cities]] of '''Jadera''' (Zara/Zadar), '''Spalatum''' (Spalato/Split), '''Ragusa''' (Dubrovnik) and '''Trau''' (Trogir) with their surrounding areas never became part of the state other than for a short period under Peter Kresimir IV. Other parts of the Dalmatian coast did. At times in the north the river Sava was a major border (Lower Pannonia). The region south of the river Cetina has been sometimes historically referred to as Red Croatia,<ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=wEF5oN5erE0C&pg=PA62&dq=V.+Klaić+Red+Croatia+John+Fine&hl=en&sa=X&ei=8RbkUN3YJ4iZkAW4lIGIAw&sqi=2&ved=0CDMQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=V.%20Klaić%20Red%20Croatia%20John%20Fine&f=false  When Ethnicity Did not Matter in the Balkans:]  by John Van Antwerp Fine. (p62-p63)
+The medieval state borders have been a matter of huge debate and will remain so until new historical evidence is found (please read: Early Medieval Boundaries in Dalmatia/Croatia (8th–11th centuries) by Neven Budak <ref>Early Medieval Boundaries in Dalmatia/Croatia (8th–11th centuries) by Croatian Historian Neven Budak. Historian and professor at the Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Zagreb. Link: https://www.academia.edu/11534976/Early_medieval_boundaries_in_Dalmatia_Croatia_8th_11th_centuries_ </ref>). However there is some factual information. Medieval Croatia incorporated Lower Pannonia (also ruled by Slavs). The river Cetina was a major border in the south. The [[Dalmatian Italians#Early History|Roman cities]] of '''Jadera''' (Zara/Zadar), '''Spalatum''' (Spalato/Split), '''Ragusa''' (Dubrovnik) and '''Trau''' (Trogir) with their surrounding areas never became part of the state other than for a short period under Peter Kresimir IV. Other parts of the Dalmatian coast did. At times in the north the river Sava was a major border (Lower Pannonia). The region south of the river Cetina has been sometimes historically referred to as Red Croatia,<ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=wEF5oN5erE0C&pg=PA62&dq=V.+Klaić+Red+Croatia+John+Fine&hl=en&sa=X&ei=8RbkUN3YJ4iZkAW4lIGIAw&sqi=2&ved=0CDMQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=V.%20Klaić%20Red%20Croatia%20John%20Fine&f=false  When Ethnicity Did not Matter in the Balkans:]  by John Van Antwerp Fine. (p62-p63)
   John V. A. Fine Jr: {{quote|
 ''F. Rački and V. Klaić think these Croats may have operated not only along the coast but inland as far east as what is now Kosovo, intermixed with Serb or other Slavic tribes...'' }}</ref>  which would indicate Croatian influence/settlement was beyond the river Cetina. The Kingdom's borders were further expanded by Prince/King Tomislav and other rulers.