David W. Tucker - Revision history

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EliezerMoshe at 13:47, 11 December 2011

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EliezerMoshe: Created page with '{{Infobox musical artist | name = Dr. David W. Tucker | image = DavidWTucker.jpg | alt = | caption = Dr. David W. “Doc” Tucker
D…'

2011-11-21T01:20:41Z

Created page with '{{Infobox musical artist | name = Dr. David W. Tucker | image = DavidWTucker.jpg | alt = | caption = Dr. David W. “Doc” Tucker<br/>D…'

New page

{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Dr. David W. Tucker
| image = DavidWTucker.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Dr. David W. “Doc” Tucker<br/>Director UC Jazz Ensembles,1969-1985
| image_size =
| background =non_vocal_instrumentalist
| alias =
| origin = Cerro Gordo, Illinois
| genre = Jazz, classical, marching band
| years_active = {{start date|1947}}– 1985
| label =
| associated_acts =
| website =
| current_members =
| past_members =
}}

'''David W. Tucker''' (1929–2003) was a jazz trombonist, music educator, composer of band and orchestral music, record producer, and marching band arranger, most renowned as the director of the [[University of California Jazz Ensembles]] from 1969 until 1985. Under his direction, the organization expanded to become the largest musical organization on the campus of the University of California, Berkeley, had an international reputation resulting from foreign tours, and sponsored the Pacific Coast Collegiate Jazz Festival. Numerous student members of the organization have become renowned jazz musicians, composers, and music educators.

==History==
===Early Years===
David W. (Doc) Tucker was raised as an only child in a small central Illinois town, Cerro Gordo, where he attended the public schools. He obtained an undergraduate and masters degree in music education from the University of Illinois in 1950 and 1951, respectively, before entering the military.<ref name="first">http://www.oocities.org/ucjefirstdecade/</ref>

===At the University of California, Berkeley===
In 1965, he both began teaching music at Luther Burbank High School in Sacramento and began studies toward a doctorate in Music Education at [[University of California, Berkeley]]. In 1966, at the request of the Sacramento school district, Tucker assumed the position of Director of Bands at Sacramento City College. While in Sacramento, Tucker played trombone in the show bands of Lake Tahoe. He also arranged compositions for the show bands. He completed his Ed.D. at Berkeley in 1969.

In the fall of 1968, Tucker was hired as an arranger and composer for the Cal Marching Band.<ref>2004. ''San Francisco Chronicle'', Obituary, November 12</ref><ref>http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2003/11/12/MNTUCKERDR2.DTL#ixzz1SUt6w0lb</ref> He was appointed Associate Director in 1969. His responsibilities with the Cal Band included rehearsing, auditioning prospective new members, and directing on the football field opposite director James Berdahl. For the 1971 season, during Berdahl’s sabbatical year in Japan, Tucker was named Acting Director.

At this time, he volunteered to direct the fledgling University of California Jazz Ensembles,<ref name="first"/> which had begun in the fall of 1967<ref>Golden, Leslie (May 17, 1968), “Jazz Enthusiasts Organize Big, New ‘ASUC Ensembles’”, ''The Daily Californian'', '''198''', 38, p. 1</ref> under Cal bandsmen Bob Docken and Rick Penner following a letter-to-the-editor announcements by, first, graduate student [[Les Golden]] in the fall of 1966 and then Docken and Penner in the fall of 1967.

At the end of the 1971 season, Tucker left the Cal Band to accept the newly-created position of Director of UC Jazz under Cal’s musical activities department.

<ref>[calbandalumni.berkeley.edu/historybook1993/04/]</ref><ref>[ucjazz.berkeley.edu/about/]</ref>

===Family===
Tucker was predeceased by his wife Barbara, and leaves his second wife Carol, and, by his first wife, Jeff and Debbie and their families. A eulogy by Les Golden is presented on the UC Jazz Ensembles First Decade website.<ref name="first"/>

==Professional career==
===Jazz Trombonist===
Tucker performed in the Champaign-Urbana area as a trombone player until his induction into the army. He was a trombone soloist with the Army band while stationed in Little Rock during the Korean War.

After the war, he moved to California where he played trombone in the house bands at numerous Sacramento and Lake Tahoe venues.

===Music Educator===
Tucker mentored numerous students as a classical composer and music teacher. He mentored numerous students at Fiatarones Music Store in Pinole, California, in music, music education, and composition. Among professional composers who studied with Tucker are Rolf Johnson, [[Michael Wolff]], and Susan Muscarella of the JazzSchool in Berkeley.

===Director of the University of California Jazz Ensembles===
Within a couple years of Tucker's assuming the position of director, increasing interest of more student musicians to join the big band led to the creation of, two additional big bands, the Tuesday Night Band and the Thursday Night Band, with the original big band, composed of the most skilled of the jazz musicians, named the Wednesday Night Band.

Tucker directed the University of California Jazz Ensembles until 1985, his early retirement resulting largely from a bad back that had him lying flat for a year. Each year 100 students worked under his direction in the Monday, Tuesday, and Wednesday night big bands, combos, and classes.

Under Tucker's guidance, the University of California Jazz Ensembles became the most successful and visible performing arts organization on the Cal campus. The bands of the University of California Jazz Ensembles performed throughout California, at cultural venues such as the Oakland Art Museum and International House, once or twice weekly on campus, and at student and administration functions, including receptions for the Chancellor of the Berkeley campus.

The first tier band, the Wednesday Night Band, was sponsored by the government of Poland to travel to Poland to perform at Katowice University in 1979 and the Montreux Jazz Festival<ref>(1979) U.C. Berkeley Jazz Band invited to perform at Montreux Festival, ''Berkeley Gazette'', March 18, p. 23</ref> arranged for the group to perform as the featured collegiate band during the trip and paid for its travel to Switzerland. The total trip lasted four weeks, with other sponsored-appearances in the four Scandanavian countries. Tucker had formed a friendship with Japanese dignitaries during their educational trip to Berkeley, and the prefectures of Okayama and Hyogo jointly sponsored the group on a Japanese tour during 1981. The group received critical acclaim and a last-minute concert was arranged by the sponsors at the Japanese major league baseball Korakuen Stadium.<ref>(1986) Kuzmich, John, Jr., "Doc" Tucker Retires: Esteemed Educator Put Cal Berkeley on the International Jazz Map, ''Jazz Educators Journal'', '''18''', page 14-18; http://www.kuzmich.com/articles.html#Jazz</ref>

==Recognition==
In the service with the army he was principal trombone with the Fort Smith Symphony and directed the 5th Armored Division public relations tours and radio broadcasts. In Sacramento, he taught at the elementary, high school, where he was music department chairman, and college levels. He was director of bands at Sacramento City College and taught at Sacramento State College. At the same time, he was the curriculum supervisor for the Sutter Union School District. He adjudicated and was featured conductor at various jazz festivals throughout the state of California.<ref>(1986) Kuzmich, John, Jr., "Doc" Tucker Retires: Esteemed Educator Put Cal Berkeley on the International Jazz Map, ''Jazz Educators Journal'', '''18''', page 14-18; http://www.kuzmich.com/articles.html#Jazz</ref>
He received numerous honors as an educator and conductor and held numerous leadership positions in music and educator associations.<ref> "His honors include an invitation by eastern block nations to represent the U.S. at the International Jazz Forum in Warsaw in 1980, an invitation by Waseda University (Japan) to present clinics, an invitation to the Finnish Pori Festival, winning of first places with high school and college bands and a cappella choirs at the Reno International Jazz Festivals and the Golden Empire Music Festivals, a honorary life membership in the American P.T.A., a citation by the Camellia Bowl for outstanding service, organization, and showmanship, and guest conductorships throughout Northern California, National Educational Film Festivals, and the Golden Gate Film Festivals. He is a member of National Education Association, Music Educator's National Conference, College Band Director's National Association, for which he was California state chairman, California Teacher's Association, California Music Educator's Association, for which he was state jazz chairman, band representative and capital section president, the National Association of Jazz Educators, for which he served on the California state board, a life membership in Phi Mu Alpha, and Pi Kappa Lambda." From (1986) Kuzmich, John, Jr., "Doc" Tucker Retires: Esteemed Educator Put Cal Berkeley on the International Jazz Map, ''Jazz Educators Journal'', '''18''', page 14-18; http://www.kuzmich.com/articles.html#Jazz</ref>

Tucker also received awards for his marching band arrangements and a Cal Berkeley award as an educator.

===Record Producer===
Beginning in 1974, Tucker produced recordings of UC Jazz under various labels. The 1979 European Tour band recorded ''UC Berkeley Jazz Ensemble Vol. 1, 1979'' at the College for Recording Arts in San Francisco, and the 1981 Japan Tour band recorded ''Orange Blossom Special'' at Polydor Studios in Tokyo, Japan.

==Influence==
Many student musicians who studied privately with Tucker or who performed with UC Jazz became musicians, band leaders, and music educators in their own right as a result of their experience with Tucker. These include pianist, band leader, and composer [[Michael Wolff]], steel drum player [[Andy Narell]], and bass guitarist [[Dave Meros]](who played bass trombone in the jazz ensemble). Others, provided the opportunity to be soloists and announcers for the organization, embarked on careers as musician agents, music producers, radio disk jockeys, and stand-up comedians. UC Jazz continues as a viable organization on the Cal Berkeley campus, celebrating its 44th anniversary in 2011.

==References==
<references />

==Categories==

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tucker, David W.}}
[[Category:American musicians]]
[[Category:American educators]]
[[Category:American composers]]
[[Category:Music education in the United States]]
[[Category:American jazz trombonists]]
[[Category:Jazz bandleaders]]
[[Category:University of Illinois alumni]]
[[Category:University of California, Berkeley alumni]]
[[Category:People from Illinois]]
[[Category:People from California]]

@@ Line 16: / Line 16: @@
 | past_members    = [[Michael Wolff]], [[Andy Narell]], [[Dave Meros]], [[Les Golden]], Cheryl Pyle, Nic TenBroeck Paul Giorsetto, Susan Muscarella, Dave LeFebvre
 }}
-[[File: DavidWTucker.jpg|thumb|right|250px|<small> David W. Tucker was the first director of the University of California Jazz Ensembles who during his tenure led it to international renown and began its sponsorship of the Pacific Coast Collegiate Jazz Festival.</small>]]
-'''David W. Tucker''' (1929–2003) was a jazz trombonist, music educator, composer of band and orchestral music, record producer, and marching band arranger, most renowned as the director of the [[University of California Jazz Ensembles]] from 1969 until 1985.  Under his direction, the organization expanded to become the largest musical organization on the campus of the University of California, Berkeley, had an international reputation resulting from foreign tours, and sponsored the [[Pacific Coast Jazz Festival|Pacific Coast Collegiate Jazz Festival]].  Numerous student members of the organization have become renowned jazz musicians, composers, and music educators.
+'''David W. Tucker''' (1929–2003) was a jazz trombonist, music educator, composer of band and orchestral music, record producer, and marching band arranger, most renowned as the director of the [[University of California Jazz Ensembles]] from 1969 until 1985.  Under his direction, the organization expanded to become the largest musical organization on the campus of the University of California, Berkeley, had an international reputation resulting from foreign tours, and sponsored the [[Pacific Coast Jazz Festival|Pacific Coast Collegiate Jazz Festival]].  Numerous student members of the organization have become renowned jazz musicians, composers, and music educators.[[File: DavidWTucker.jpg|thumb|right|250px|<small> David W. Tucker was the first director of the University of California Jazz Ensembles who during his tenure led it to international renown and began its sponsorship of the Pacific Coast Collegiate Jazz Festival.</small>]]
 ==History==

@@ Line 16: / Line 16: @@
 | past_members    = [[Michael Wolff]], [[Andy Narell]], [[Dave Meros]], [[Les Golden]], Cheryl Pyle, Nic TenBroeck Paul Giorsetto, Susan Muscarella, Dave LeFebvre
 }}
+[[File: DavidWTucker.jpg|thumb|right|250px|<small> David W. Tucker was the first director of the University of California Jazz Ensembles who during his tenure led it to international renown and began its sponsorship of the Pacific Coast Collegiate Jazz Festival.</small>]]
 '''David W. Tucker''' (1929–2003) was a jazz trombonist, music educator, composer of band and orchestral music, record producer, and marching band arranger, most renowned as the director of the [[University of California Jazz Ensembles]] from 1969 until 1985.  Under his direction, the organization expanded to become the largest musical organization on the campus of the University of California, Berkeley, had an international reputation resulting from foreign tours, and sponsored the [[Pacific Coast Jazz Festival|Pacific Coast Collegiate Jazz Festival]].  Numerous student members of the organization have become renowned jazz musicians, composers, and music educators.

@@ Line 17: / Line 17: @@
 }}
-'''David W. Tucker''' (1929–2003) was a jazz trombonist, music educator, composer of band and orchestral music, record producer, and marching band arranger, most renowned as the director of the [[University of California Jazz Ensembles]] from 1969 until 1985.  Under his direction, the organization expanded to become the largest musical organization on the campus of the University of California, Berkeley, had an international reputation resulting from foreign tours, and sponsored the [[Pacific Coast Collegiate Jazz Festival]].  Numerous student members of the organization have become renowned jazz musicians, composers, and music educators.
+'''David W. Tucker''' (1929–2003) was a jazz trombonist, music educator, composer of band and orchestral music, record producer, and marching band arranger, most renowned as the director of the [[University of California Jazz Ensembles]] from 1969 until 1985.  Under his direction, the organization expanded to become the largest musical organization on the campus of the University of California, Berkeley, had an international reputation resulting from foreign tours, and sponsored the [[Pacific Coast Jazz Festival|Pacific Coast Collegiate Jazz Festival]].  Numerous student members of the organization have become renowned jazz musicians, composers, and music educators.
 ==History==
@@ Line 28: / Line 28: @@
 In the fall of 1968, Tucker was hired as an arranger and composer for the  Cal Marching Band.<ref>2004. ''San Francisco Chronicle'', Obituary, November 12</ref><ref>http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2003/11/12/MNTUCKERDR2.DTL#ixzz1SUt6w0lb</ref>   He was appointed Associate Director in 1969.  His responsibilities with the Cal Band included rehearsing, auditioning prospective new members, and directing on the football field opposite director James Berdahl.  For the 1971 season, during Berdahl’s sabbatical year in Japan, Tucker was named Acting Director.
-At this time, he volunteered  to direct the fledgling University of California Jazz Ensembles,<ref name="first"/> which had begun in the fall of 1967<ref>Golden, Leslie (May 17, 1968), “Jazz Enthusiasts Organize Big, New ‘ASUC Ensembles’”, ''The Daily Californian'',  '''198''', 38, p. 1</ref>  under Cal bandsmen Bob Docken and Rick Penner  following a letter-to-the-editor announcements by, first, graduate student [[Les Golden]] in the fall of 1966 and then Docken and Penner in the fall of 1967.
+At this time, he volunteered  to direct the fledgling [[University of California Jazz Ensembles]],<ref name="first"/> which had begun in the fall of 1967<ref>Golden, Leslie (May 17, 1968), “Jazz Enthusiasts Organize Big, New ‘ASUC Ensembles’”, ''The Daily Californian'',  '''198''', 38, p. 1</ref>  under Cal bandsmen Bob Docken and Rick Penner  following a letter-to-the-editor announcements by, first, graduate student [[Les Golden]] in the fall of 1966 and then Docken and Penner in the fall of 1967.
 At the end of the 1971 season, Tucker left the Cal Band to accept  the newly-created position of Director of UC Jazz under Cal’s musical activities department.
@@ Line 49: / Line 49: @@
 Within a couple years of Tucker's assuming the position of director, increasing interest of more student musicians to join the big band led to the creation of, two additional big bands, the Tuesday Night Band and the Thursday Night Band, with the original big band, composed of the most skilled of the jazz musicians, named the Wednesday Night Band.
-Tucker directed the University of California Jazz Ensembles until 1985, his early retirement resulting largely from a bad back that had him lying flat for a year.    Each year 100 students worked under his direction in the Monday, Tuesday, and Wednesday night big bands, combos, and classes.
+Tucker directed the [[University of California Jazz Ensembles]] until 1985, his early retirement resulting largely from a bad back that had him lying flat for a year.    Each year 100 students worked under his direction in the Monday, Tuesday, and Wednesday night big bands, combos, and classes.
-Under Tucker's guidance, the University of California Jazz Ensembles became the most successful and visible performing arts organization on the Cal campus.   The bands of the [[University of California Jazz Ensembles]] performed throughout California, at cultural venues such as the Oakland Art Museum and International House, once or twice weekly on campus, and at student and administration functions, including receptions for the Chancellor of the Berkeley campus.
+Under Tucker's guidance, the [[University of California Jazz Ensembles]] became the most successful and visible performing arts organization on the Cal campus.   The bands of the [[University of California Jazz Ensembles]] performed throughout California, at cultural venues such as the Oakland Art Museum and International House, once or twice weekly on campus, and at student and administration functions, including receptions for the Chancellor of the Berkeley campus.
 The first tier band, the Wednesday Night Band, was sponsored by the government of Poland to travel to [[Poland]] to perform at Katowice University in 1979 and the Montreux Jazz Festival<ref>(1979) U.C. Berkeley Jazz Band invited to perform at Montreux Festival, ''Berkeley Gazette'', March 18, p. 23</ref> arranged for the group to perform as the featured collegiate band during the trip and paid for its travel to Switzerland.  The total trip lasted four weeks, with other sponsored-appearances in the four Scandanavian countries.   Tucker had formed a friendship with Japanese dignitaries during their educational trip to Berkeley, and the prefectures of  Okayama and Hyogo jointly sponsored the group on a Japanese tour during 1981.  The group received critical acclaim and a last-minute concert was arranged by the sponsors at the Japanese major league baseball Korakuen Stadium.<ref>(1986) Kuzmich, John, Jr., "Doc" Tucker Retires:  Esteemed Educator Put Cal Berkeley on the International Jazz Map, ''Jazz Educators Journal'', '''18''', page 14-18; http://www.kuzmich.com/articles.html#Jazz</ref>
@@ Line 65: / Line 65: @@
 ==Influence==
-Many student musicians who studied privately with Tucker or who performed with UC Jazz became musicians, band leaders, and music educators in their own right as a result of their experience with Tucker.   These include pianist, band leader, and composer [[Michael Wolff]], steel drum player [[Andy Narell]], and bass guitarist [[Dave Meros]](who played bass trombone in the jazz ensemble).  Others, provided the opportunity to be soloists and announcers for the organization, embarked on careers as musician agents, music producers, radio disk jockeys, and stand-up comedians.   UC Jazz continues as a viable organization on the Cal Berkeley campus, celebrating its 44th anniversary in 2011.
+Many student musicians who studied privately with Tucker or who performed with UC Jazz became musicians, band leaders, and music educators in their own right as a result of their experience with Tucker.   These include pianist, band leader, and composer [[Michael Wolff]], steel drum player [[Andy Narell]], trumpet player [[Les Golden]], and bass guitarist [[Dave Meros]](who played bass trombone in the jazz ensemble).  Others, provided the opportunity to be soloists and announcers for the organization, embarked on careers as musician agents, music producers, radio disk jockeys, and stand-up comedians.   UC Jazz continues as a viable organization on the Cal Berkeley campus, celebrating its 44th anniversary in 2011.
 ==References==

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 {{Infobox musical artist
 | name            = Dr. David W. Tucker
-| image           = DavidWTucker.jpg
+| image           =
 | alt             =
 | caption         = Dr. David W. “Doc” Tucker<br/>Director UC Jazz Ensembles,1969-1985
@@ Line 11: / Line 11: @@
 | years_active    = {{start date|1947}}– 1985
 | label           =
-| associated_acts =
+| associated_acts = Pacific Coast Jazz Festival
 | website         =
 | current_members =
-| past_members    =
+| past_members    = [[Michael Wolff]], [[Andy Narell]], [[Dave Meros]], [[Les Golden]], Cheryl Pyle, Nic TenBroeck Paul Giorsetto, Susan Muscarella, Dave LeFebvre
 }}
-'''David W. Tucker''' (1929–2003) was a jazz trombonist, music educator, composer of band and orchestral music, record producer, and marching band arranger, most renowned as the director of the [[University of California Jazz Ensembles]] from 1969 until 1985.  Under his direction, the organization expanded to become the largest musical organization on the campus of the University of California, Berkeley, had an international reputation resulting from foreign tours, and sponsored the Pacific Coast Collegiate Jazz Festival.  Numerous student members of the organization have become renowned jazz musicians, composers, and music educators.
+'''David W. Tucker''' (1929–2003) was a jazz trombonist, music educator, composer of band and orchestral music, record producer, and marching band arranger, most renowned as the director of the [[University of California Jazz Ensembles]] from 1969 until 1985.  Under his direction, the organization expanded to become the largest musical organization on the campus of the University of California, Berkeley, had an international reputation resulting from foreign tours, and sponsored the [[Pacific Coast Collegiate Jazz Festival]].  Numerous student members of the organization have become renowned jazz musicians, composers, and music educators.
 ==History==
@@ Line 35: / Line 35: @@
 ===Family===
-Tucker was predeceased by his wife Barbara, and leaves his second wife Carol, and, by his first wife, Jeff and Debbie and their families.   A eulogy by Les Golden is presented on the UC Jazz Ensembles First Decade website.<ref name="first"/>
+Tucker was predeceased by his wife Barbara, and leaves his second wife Carol, and, by his first wife, Jeff and Debbie and their families.   A eulogy by [[Les Golden]] is presented on the UC Jazz Ensembles First Decade website.<ref name="first"/>
 ==Professional career==
@@ Line 51: / Line 51: @@
 Tucker directed the University of California Jazz Ensembles until 1985, his early retirement resulting largely from a bad back that had him lying flat for a year.    Each year 100 students worked under his direction in the Monday, Tuesday, and Wednesday night big bands, combos, and classes.
-Under Tucker's guidance, the University of California Jazz Ensembles became the most successful and visible performing arts organization on the Cal campus.   The bands of the University of California Jazz Ensembles performed throughout California, at cultural venues such as the Oakland Art Museum and International House, once or twice weekly on campus, and at student and administration functions, including receptions for the Chancellor of the Berkeley campus.
+Under Tucker's guidance, the University of California Jazz Ensembles became the most successful and visible performing arts organization on the Cal campus.   The bands of the [[University of California Jazz Ensembles]] performed throughout California, at cultural venues such as the Oakland Art Museum and International House, once or twice weekly on campus, and at student and administration functions, including receptions for the Chancellor of the Berkeley campus.
-The first tier band, the Wednesday Night Band, was sponsored by the government of Poland to travel to Poland to perform at Katowice University in 1979 and the Montreux Jazz Festival<ref>(1979) U.C. Berkeley Jazz Band invited to perform at Montreux Festival, ''Berkeley Gazette'', March 18, p. 23</ref> arranged for the group to perform as the featured collegiate band during the trip and paid for its travel to Switzerland.  The total trip lasted four weeks, with other sponsored-appearances in the four Scandanavian countries.   Tucker had formed a friendship with Japanese dignitaries during their educational trip to Berkeley, and the prefectures of  Okayama and Hyogo jointly sponsored the group on a Japanese tour during 1981.  The group received critical acclaim and a last-minute concert was arranged by the sponsors at the Japanese major league baseball Korakuen Stadium.<ref>(1986) Kuzmich, John, Jr., "Doc" Tucker Retires:  Esteemed Educator Put Cal Berkeley on the International Jazz Map, ''Jazz Educators Journal'', '''18''', page 14-18; http://www.kuzmich.com/articles.html#Jazz</ref>
+The first tier band, the Wednesday Night Band, was sponsored by the government of Poland to travel to [[Poland]] to perform at Katowice University in 1979 and the Montreux Jazz Festival<ref>(1979) U.C. Berkeley Jazz Band invited to perform at Montreux Festival, ''Berkeley Gazette'', March 18, p. 23</ref> arranged for the group to perform as the featured collegiate band during the trip and paid for its travel to Switzerland.  The total trip lasted four weeks, with other sponsored-appearances in the four Scandanavian countries.   Tucker had formed a friendship with Japanese dignitaries during their educational trip to Berkeley, and the prefectures of  Okayama and Hyogo jointly sponsored the group on a Japanese tour during 1981.  The group received critical acclaim and a last-minute concert was arranged by the sponsors at the Japanese major league baseball Korakuen Stadium.<ref>(1986) Kuzmich, John, Jr., "Doc" Tucker Retires:  Esteemed Educator Put Cal Berkeley on the International Jazz Map, ''Jazz Educators Journal'', '''18''', page 14-18; http://www.kuzmich.com/articles.html#Jazz</ref>
 ==Recognition==