Dalmatian Italians - Revision history

Peter Z.: fix/tidy

2024-12-13T09:32:31Z

fix/tidy

Peter Z.: /* Editor's Note on Old Dubrovnik */ fix

2024-12-13T09:26:27Z

Editor's Note on Old Dubrovnik: fix

Peter Z.: /* See also */ rv

2024-12-06T08:15:16Z

Peter Z.: /* Perast in Coastal Montenegro */ fine tune

2024-02-18T06:19:40Z

Perast in Coastal Montenegro: fine tune

Peter Z.: /* The Republic Became a Hub of Multi-Ethnic Communities */

2023-03-10T06:04:26Z

The Republic Became a Hub of Multi-Ethnic Communities

Peter Z.: /* The Republic Became a Hub of Multi-Ethnic Communities */ replaced

2023-01-01T09:10:10Z

The Republic Became a Hub of Multi-Ethnic Communities: replaced

Peter Z.: /* Cultural Assimilation of the Republic of Ragusa's History */

2022-10-10T04:28:57Z

Cultural Assimilation of the Republic of Ragusa's History

Peter Z.: /* The Republic Became a Hub of Multi-Ethnic Communities */

2022-10-10T04:24:15Z

The Republic Became a Hub of Multi-Ethnic Communities

Peter Z.: /* Conclusion */ ref

2022-10-10T04:15:08Z

Conclusion: ref

Peter Z.: /* Conclusion */ part of the Republic of Venice, 1205–1358

2022-10-10T04:09:46Z

Conclusion: part of the Republic of Venice, 1205–1358

@@ Line 20: / Line 20: @@
 Barbarian invasions from the 6th century on-wards, <ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=6WjSYwIGIm4C&pg=PA48&dq=dalmatia+roman+empire&hl=en&ei=xJ_pTNzjO4elcaj7sO0K&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=7&ved=0CEYQ6AEwBjgU#v=onepage&q=dalmatia%20roman%20empire&f=false A London Encyclopaedia:] Or Universal Dictionary of Science, Art, Literature (p48)
 * "In the latter ages of the Roman Empire this country suffered frequently from in-roads of Barbarians..."</ref> brought certain [[Croatian Identity|Slavic tribes]] allied with  Eurasian Avars  <ref>The Changing Face of Dalmatia: Archaeological and Ecological Studies in a Mediterranean landscape ''by'' John Chapman, Robert Shiel & Sime Batovic
-* "In chapters 29 and 30, two similar accounts are given for the fall of nearby Salona to the Avars and Slavs ..."</ref><ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=kMXURN7sxh4C&pg=PA5&dq=Roman+empire+Dalmatia+slavs&hl=en&ei=H6bpTNqiDcyHcZyF9aEK&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CDIQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=Roman%20empire%20Dalmatia%20slavs&f=false The Italians of Dalmatia:] From Italian Unification to World War One by Luciano Monzali (p5)</ref> which invaded and plundered Byzantine's - Roman Dalmatia (''aka'' Eastern Roman Empire, they referred to themselves as 'Empire of the Romans' Latin: Imperium Romanum. ''Please note''  the Eastern Roman Empire survied after the fall of Rome).
+* "In chapters 29 and 30, two similar accounts are given for the fall of nearby Salona to the Avars and Slavs ..."</ref><ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=kMXURN7sxh4C&pg=PA5&dq=Roman+empire+Dalmatia+slavs&hl=en&ei=H6bpTNqiDcyHcZyF9aEK&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CDIQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=Roman%20empire%20Dalmatia%20slavs&f=false The Italians of Dalmatia:] From Italian Unification to World War One by Luciano Monzali (p5)</ref> which invaded and plundered Byzantine's - Roman Dalmatia (''aka'' Eastern Roman Empire, they referred to themselves as 'Empire of the Romans' Latin: Imperium Romanum. ''Please note''  the Eastern Roman Empire survived after the fall of Rome).
 This eventually led to the settlement of different Slavic tribes in the Balkans. Modern scholarly research now puts the time of the settlement of the Slavic tribes in the old Roman Dalmatia region to be much later and smaller in numbers.<ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=6UbOtJcF8rQC&pg=PA212&dq=immigration+Slav+groups+in+Dalmatia+Danijel+Dzino&hl=en&ei=ONB2Tf7SA4vevQOYybjLBQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CD0Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false Becoming Slav, Becoming Croat:] Identity Transformations in Post-Roman and Early Medieval Dalmatia by Danijel Dzino (p212).</ref><ref>Historians of this school of thought are D. Dzino, L.Margetic, Ancic, Rapanic and V.Sokol.</ref>  Archaeological evidence found in the old Roman city of ''Salon'' and in '''particular''' the artefacts found at the'' Old Croatian'' grave sites in Dalmatia (during recent excavations <ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=6UbOtJcF8rQC&pg=PA52&dq=croatian+graves+medieval+dalmatian+dating&hl=en&ei=LA6HTan-IsGHcYbf3Y4D&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CD4Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false Becoming Slav, Becoming Croat:] Identity Transformations in Post-Roman and Early Medieval Dalmatia by Danijel Dzino (p52).</ref>)   seems to confirm this. Some historians have placed the settlement of Slavs more in the region of the late 8th century. The early sources must have reflected the raid and mercenary activity of the Slavic tribes within the former Roman Dalmatia area.
@@ Line 26: / Line 26: @@
 Please note there are no '''contemporary''' written records about the invasion/migration/settlement events of Slavs in the area itself.
-The Roman population survived within the coastal cities,<ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=4Nv6SPRKqs8C&pg=PA269&dq=Roman+empire+Dalmatia+slavs&hl=en&ei=H6bpTNqiDcyHcZyF9aEK&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=5&ved=0CDoQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=Roman%20empire%20Dalmatia%20slavs&f=false The Illyrians] by John Wilkes (p269)</ref> for a while on the islands and in the inhospitable Dinaric Alps. These people within the Dinaric Alps were later known as Morlachs (''or'' Vlachs, Nigri Latini). Many of the Dalmatian cities retained their Romanic culture and [[Latin]] language. Among these were '''Jadera''' (Zara, modern: Zadar), '''Spalatum''' (Spalato, modern: Split), '''Ragusa''' (modern: Dubrovnik) and '''Trau''' (modern:Trogir). These areas developed their own ''Vulgar Latin''  the Dalmatian language,<ref>[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalmatian_language Dalmatian Language (Wikipedia)]</ref> a now extinct Romance language.<ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=29BAeKHwvuoC&pg=PA377&dq=Dalmatian+language+extinct+Romance+language&hl=en&ei=MKjpTL_aJs2ecdHXrNwK&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6&ved=0CEcQ6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=Dalmatian%20language%20extinct%20Romance%20language&f=false Encyclopedia of the Languages of Europe] by Glanville Price (p377)</ref> Many coastal cities and towns or the region (politically part of the Byzantine Empire-Eastern Roman Empire) <ref>University College London, School of Slavonic and East European Studies-The Slavonic Latin Symbiosis in Dalmatia during the Middle Ages ''by'' Victor Novak</ref> maintained cultural and economic links with the [[Italy|Italian]] peninsula through the Adriatic sea. Communications with the mainland were difficult because of the Dinaric Alps. Due to the sharp topography of the mountains of Dalmatia communications between the different Dalmatian cities occurred mainly through sea links. This helped Dalmatian cities to develop a unique Romance culture, despite the inland being settled by Slavs.
+The Roman population survived within the coastal cities,<ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=4Nv6SPRKqs8C&pg=PA269&dq=Roman+empire+Dalmatia+slavs&hl=en&ei=H6bpTNqiDcyHcZyF9aEK&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=5&ved=0CDoQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=Roman%20empire%20Dalmatia%20slavs&f=false The Illyrians] by John Wilkes (p269)</ref> for a while on the islands and in the inhospitable Dinaric Alps. These people within the Dinaric Alps were later known as Morlachs (''or'' Vlachs, Nigri Latini). Many of the Dalmatian cities retained their Romanic culture and [[Latin]] language. Among these were '''Jadera''' (Zara, modern: Zadar), '''Spalatum''' (Spalato, modern: Split), '''Ragusa''' (modern: Dubrovnik) and '''Trau''' (modern:Trogir). These areas developed their own ''Vulgar Latin''  the Dalmatian language,<ref>[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalmatian_language Dalmatian Language (Wikipedia)]</ref> a now extinct Romance language.<ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=29BAeKHwvuoC&pg=PA377&dq=Dalmatian+language+extinct+Romance+language&hl=en&ei=MKjpTL_aJs2ecdHXrNwK&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6&ved=0CEcQ6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=Dalmatian%20language%20extinct%20Romance%20language&f=false Encyclopaedia of the Languages of Europe] by Glanville Price (p377)</ref> Many coastal cities and towns or the region (politically part of the Byzantine Empire-Eastern Roman Empire) <ref>University College London, School of Slavonic and East European Studies-The Slavonic Latin Symbiosis in Dalmatia during the Middle Ages ''by'' Victor Novak</ref> maintained cultural and economic links with the [[Italy|Italian]] peninsula through the Adriatic sea. Communications with the mainland were difficult because of the Dinaric Alps. Due to the sharp topography of the mountains of Dalmatia communications between the different Dalmatian cities occurred mainly through sea links. This helped Dalmatian cities to develop a unique Romance culture, despite the inland being settled by Slavs.
 Political rule over the province often changed hands between the Republic of Venice (please note in old Venetian 'Repùblega Vèneta' also know as La Serenissima) and other regional powers, namely the Byzantine Empire (Eastern Roman Empire), Carolingian Empire (Franks), the [[Directory:Croatia|Kingdom of Croatia]], and the Kingdom of [[Hungary]].
@@ Line 56: / Line 56: @@
 In some of the musical styles of [[Croatia]] it is quite evident that there was a merging of Slavic and Italian music. One such musical style that demonstrates this is '''Klapa music''' (klapa is an a cappella form of music - Venetian: clapa singing crowd). Klapa singing dates back centuries. The arrival of the Slavs to Dalmatia and their subsequent settlement in the area, began the long process of the cultural mixing of Slavic culture with that of the traditions of the Roman-Latin population of Dalmatia.
-The Klape appeared in the coastal and island regions of Dalmatia. In the 19th century a standard form of Klapa singing emerged. The traditional Klapa was composed around half a dozen male singers (in recent times there are also female Klape groups).  Church music heavily influences the arrangements of this music giving it the musical form that exists today. Modern Klapa style singing was further developed in the the 1960s.
+The Klape appeared in the coastal and island regions of Dalmatia. In the 19th century a standard form of Klapa singing emerged. The traditional Klapa was composed around half a dozen male singers (in recent times there are also female Klape groups).  Church music heavily influences the arrangements of this music giving it the musical form that exists today. Modern Klapa style singing was further developed in the 1960s.
 [[File:Perasto (1900).jpg|thumb|right|325px| Postcard showing the Venetian architecture of Perast in 1900]]
@@ Line 109: / Line 109: @@
 ''Pavlinovic argued forcefully that only Slavs lived in Dalmatia and that these Slavs were all Croatians. He denied not just the existence of an element of an element of Italian language and culture in Dalmatia but also the legitimacy of the Serb presence.  Italians and Serbs had only one alternative: to become Croatian or leave.'' <ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=kMXURN7sxh4C&pg=PA102&lpg=PA102&dq=Italians+and+Serbs+had+only+one+alternative:+to+become+Croatian+or+leave&source=bl&ots=Sx1cLugl2z&sig=PAqXCGNkAk7SIJ7L3V_1QCxtFyw&hl=en#v=onepage&q=Italians%20and%20Serbs%20had%20only%20one%20alternative%3A%20to%20become%20Croatian%20or%20leave&f=false The Italians of Dalmatia:]From Italian Unification to World War I  by Luciano Monzali (p102)</ref>}}
-=====Edwin Dino  Veggian=====
+=====Edwin Dino Veggian=====
 {{quote|
 ''Some Croatian historians and researchers are a legion of agit-props engaged in the “patriotic mission” of promoting the grandeur of their homeland. Their patriotism obeys to a categorical imperative: the country comes first, at any cost, even lying. They “Croatianize“ everybody and everything. Literally hundreds of public figures, artists, scientists, and academics - Italian Dalmatia had in XIX century 32 newspapers and periodicals, a rich history, an incredible artistic, academic and literary life, and glorious maritime traditions - today are mentioned as “Croatian“. Of the original Italian speaking population of the town only about 40 individuals survived. Unnoticed by academic authorities in the West, an implacable (first Panslavistic, then Pan Croat) “nationalisation” of non-Croatian history continued for decades in a dramatic crescendo.''}}

@@ Line 169: / Line 169: @@
 Refugees from Roman Epidaurus in the 7th century helped to turned it into a fortified city. Over the centuries, it became a City State importantly called Ragusa. Later it became a Republic (1358 <ref>In 1358 the city accepted the mild hegemony of Kingdom of Hungary.</ref>), also importantly called Republic of Ragusa (Latin version: Communitas Ragusina then renamed Respublica Ragusina). The early medieval City State had a population of Romans and Latinized Illyrians, who spoke Latin. With time it evolved into the Dalmatian language (Ragusan Dalmatian, now extinct Romance language <ref>'''Encyclopedia Britannica''' {{quote|
 ''Romance language formerly spoken along the Dalmatian coast from the island of Veglia (modern Krk) to Ragusa (modern Dubrovnik). Ragusan Dalmatian probably disappeared in the 17th century.}}
-</ref>). The Ragusan Dalmatian language disappeared in the 17th century. For centuries Ragusa, was an Italian-City State (at one time part of the Republic of Venice, 1205–1358). The City State (then later Republic) become very wealthy, at one stage even rivaling the Republic of Venice.
+</ref>). The Ragusan Dalmatian language disappeared in the 17th century. For centuries Ragusa, was an Italian-City State (at one time part of the Republic of Venice, 1205–1358). The City State (then later Republic) becomes very wealthy, at one stage even rivalling the Republic of Venice.
 ====The Republic Became a Hub of Multi-Ethnic Communities====
 According to historian Francesco Maria Appendini, Slavic was started to be spoken in Ragusa on regular basis in the 13th century which means the arrival of Croatian Slavs in the City State (for that time an new minority within the City State itself). <ref>'''Note''': According to Francesco Maria Appendini (Italian scholar from Dubrovnik 1768–1837) the Slavic Croatian language started to be spoken in area in the 13th century. But the Charter of Ban Kulin  mentions ''Dubrovьcane'', meaning people from Ragusa in 1189. This points to a '''even earlier''' Croatian Slavic presence in Ragusa (in the 12th century). The terms around 'Dubrovnik'  was most probably started of as a reference to the first Slav citizens of City State of Ragusa who where Croatians. Later it became the cities' modern name.</ref><ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=wEF5oN5erE0C&pg=PA299&dq=Ottoman+Diplomacy+When+Ethnicity+did+not+Matter+in+the+Balkans&hl=en&ei=YjzmTa-sF4a6vQOe5_nnCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CDAQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false  When Ethnicity did not Matter in the Balkans:] by John Van Antwerp Fine (p229)
-* ''"Discussions between Ottoman officials (many of whom were of Slavic origin) and Ragusan envoys were frequently carried out in “our language” (proto- Serbo- Croatian), and both sides (these particular Ottomans and the Ragusan diplomats)"'' '''Editors Note''': This event as described by John Van Antwerp Fine is from 1608. John Van Antwerp Fine work points out the arrival of Shtokavian Slavic (Hercegovci) speakers to the Republic. Shtokavian Slavic speakers in the end dominated the Slavic speakers within the Republic. </ref> It has  been written that they came  from the northwest. Also there has been written that Vlachs (Nigri Latini) where using the outer lands for pastoral activity.
+* ''"Discussions between Ottoman officials (many of whom were of Slavic origin) and Ragusan envoys were frequently carried out in “our language” (proto- Serbo- Croatian), and both sides (these particular Ottomans and the Ragusan diplomats)"'' '''Editors Note''': This event as described by John Van Antwerp Fine is from 1608. John Van Antwerp Fine work points out the arrival of Shtokavian Slavic (Hercegovci) speakers to the Republic. Shtokavian Slavic speakers in the end dominated the Slavic speakers within the Republic. </ref> It has  been written that they came  from the northwest. Also there has been written that Vlachs (Nigri Latini) were using the outer lands for pastoral activity.
 By the 16th and 17th century a large proportion of its ethnic population changed dramatically mainly due to various historical events in Europe as the Ottoman Empire advanced into Europe, migrations from the east started (i.e Eastern Croatians - Hercegovci, Albanians, Montenegrins, Serbs & others etc,). From the west Spanish Jews (Spanish-Jews were expelled in 1493 from Spain), plus the devastating '''impact''' of plague epidemics and the 1667 Dubrovnik earthquake (around 5,000 people were killed). With this the Republic became a hub of '''multi-ethnic''' communities. The most numerous of these were the Croatian Slavs. The peoples of the Republic started to merge (including mixed marriages). Additionally the Ragusan-Slavic population were Romanised, meaning they adopted Latin Mediterranean culture. A form of [[Italian language|Italian]] was spoken in the Republic, which was heavily influenced by '''Venetian'''. Books were written in Latin and Italian. Some Ragusans started to write in a Slavic language, i.e. Gianfrancesco Gondola (in modern Croatian, Ivan Gundulić).
@@ Line 194: / Line 194: @@
 The process of creating a standardised Croatian language was incomplete <ref>[//books.google.com.au/books?id=_lNjHgr3QioC&pg=PA132&lpg=PA132&dq=Croatian+Identity&source=bl&ots=fD7ElNqJfQ&sig=b_VK71LL4FYXG7LBjfPVUCSVC-E&hl=en&sa=X&ei=eSClVOSxLuLWmAW484HYDQ&ved=0CEAQ6AEwBzgK#v=onepage&q=Croatian%20Identity&f=false Language and Identity in the Balkans:] Serbo-Croatian and Its Disintegration ... By Robert D. Greenberg</ref><ref>LANGUAGE AND NATION: AN ANALYSIS OF CROATIAN LINGUISTIC NATIONALISM - A Thesis Presented to the Faculty of San Diego State (p43)
 {{quote|
-''Robert Greenberg, the foremost English-language scholar on South Slav languages, believes the root of the language polemic lies in the Vienna agreement of 1850, which “reversed several centuries of natural Abstand developments for the languages of Orthodox Southern Slavs and Catholic Southern Slavs.” (Greenberg 2004, 23) Croatians and Serbians came to the negotiating table with differing experiences. Serbian linguists were standardizing a single dialect of rural speech and breaking with the archaic Slaveno-Serbian heritage of the eighteenth century “Serbian enlightenment.” Early [[Croatia|Croat]] nationalists proposed a standard language based on a widely spoken dialect linked with the literature of the Croatian Renaissance. With an eye towards South Slav unity they also encouraged liberal borrowing from various dialects (Greenberg 2004, 24-26). This basic difference in approach created conflicts throughout the history of the South Slav movement and the Yugoslav state (Greenberg 2004, 48).'' }}</ref>. This is reflected in its later labeling of the language as Illyrian, Croatian, Croato-Serbian, BCS, Serbo-Croatian etc. This was a fundamental mistake made when political extremist ideology influenced decision-making regarding language and culture. It was an attempt at imitating Western imperial empire building egotism (a super Southern Slav State), which failed. The idea was to merge elements of Croatian and Serbian language into one, so a greater unified Super Southern Slavic state can have one language, of course this was at the detriment of other cultures. Old Croatian was rejected for this future super state (Old Croatian is now nearly extinct and is referred to as a dialect, it's called Chakavian. Kajkavian was firstly considered then rejected, another Croatian dialect).
+''Robert Greenberg, the foremost English-language scholar on South Slav languages, believes the root of the language polemic lies in the Vienna agreement of 1850, which “reversed several centuries of natural Abstand developments for the languages of Orthodox Southern Slavs and Catholic Southern Slavs.” (Greenberg 2004, 23) Croatians and Serbians came to the negotiating table with differing experiences. Serbian linguists were standardizing a single dialect of rural speech and breaking with the archaic Slaveno-Serbian heritage of the eighteenth century “Serbian enlightenment.” Early [[Croatia|Croat]] nationalists proposed a standard language based on a widely spoken dialect linked with the literature of the Croatian Renaissance. With an eye towards South Slav unity they also encouraged liberal borrowing from various dialects (Greenberg 2004, 24-26). This basic difference in approach created conflicts throughout the history of the South Slav movement and the Yugoslav state (Greenberg 2004, 48).'' }}</ref>. This is reflected in its later labelling of the language as Illyrian, Croatian, Croato-Serbian, BCS, Serbo-Croatian etc. This was a fundamental mistake made when political extremist ideology influenced decision-making regarding language and culture. It was an attempt at imitating Western imperial empire building egotism (a super Southern Slav State), which failed. The idea was to merge elements of Croatian and Serbian language into one, so a greater unified Super Southern Slavic state can have one language, of course this was at the detriment of other cultures. Old Croatian was rejected for this future super state (Old Croatian is now nearly extinct and is referred to as a dialect, it's called Chakavian. Kajkavian was firstly considered then rejected, another Croatian dialect).
 ====Cultural Assimilation of the Republic of Ragusa's History====

@@ Line 213: / Line 213: @@
 == See also==
 * [[Directory:Korcula History 2 |Korcula History, Romans & Venice]]
 * [[Yugoslavia and Communism]]

@@ Line 61: / Line 61: @@
 === Perast in Coastal Montenegro ===
-An example of the Venetian cultural and historical presence  can be seen in the small town of Perast (Perasto) in coastal Montenegro. Perast under the Republic of Venice (Albania Veneta), had four active shipyards and a fleet of around one hundred ships. Some of the buildings are ornate baroque palaces which resemble Venetian architecture.
+A Venetian cultural and historical presence can be seen in the small town of Perast (Perasto) in coastal Montenegro. Perast under the Republic of Venice (Albania Veneta), had four active shipyards and a fleet of around one hundred ships. Some of the buildings are ornate baroque palaces which resemble Venetian architecture. The sailors of Perast were involved in the last battle of the Venetian navy, fought in Venice in 1797. After the fall of the Republic of Venice (12/5/1797), Perast was the last city of the Republic to lower the Venetian flag. On the 22nd of August 1797 Count Giuseppe Viscovich, Captain of Perast, lowered the Venetian war-flag of the Lion of Saint Mark pronouncing the farewell words in front of the crying people of the city and then buried the ‘Gonfalon of Venice’ under the altar of the main church within the town of Perast. The population decreased to 430 in 1910. .<ref>www.discover-montenegro.com/perast.htm</ref><ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=B2LFRiT1nfYC&pg=PA311&dq=Giuseppe+Viscovich+Captain+of+Perasto&hl=en&ei=B3XfTfjUMYaavAPgkcDQBQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCwQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Giuseppe%20Viscovich%20Captain%20of%20Perasto&f=false Venice and the Slavs:] The Discovery of Dalmatia in the Age of Enlightenment by Larry Wolff (p312-p313)</ref>
 The population decreased to 430 in 1910. According to the '''Comunita' nazionale italiana del Montenegro''', in Perast there are people who's local dialect have remnants of the original Venetian dialect of Perast called 'Veneto da mar'.

@@ Line 177: / Line 177: @@
 * ''"Discussions between Ottoman officials (many of whom were of Slavic origin) and Ragusan envoys were frequently carried out in “our language” (proto- Serbo- Croatian), and both sides (these particular Ottomans and the Ragusan diplomats)"'' '''Editors Note''': This event as described by John Van Antwerp Fine is from 1608. John Van Antwerp Fine work points out the arrival of Shtokavian Slavic (Hercegovci) speakers to the Republic. Shtokavian Slavic speakers in the end dominated the Slavic speakers within the Republic. </ref> It has  been written that they came  from the northwest. Also there has been written that Vlachs (Nigri Latini) where using the outer lands for pastoral activity.
-By the 16th and 17th century a large proportion of its ethnic population changed dramatically mainly due to various historical events in Europe as the Ottoman Empire advanced into Europe, migrations from the east started (i.e Eastern Croatians - Hercegovci, Albanians, Montenegrins, Serbs & others etc,). From the west Spanish Jews (Spanish-Jews were expelled in 1493 from Spain), plus the devastating '''impact''' of plague epidemics and the 1667 Dubrovnik earthquake (around 5,000 people were killed). The Republic became a hub of '''multi-ethnic''' communities. The most numerous of these were the Croatian Slavs. The peoples of the Republic started to merge (including mixed marriages). Additionally the Ragusan-Slavic population were Romanised, meaning they adopted Latin Mediterranean culture. A form of [[Italian language|Italian]] was spoken in the Republic, which was heavily influenced by '''Venetian'''. Books were written in Latin and Italian. Some Ragusans started to write in a Slavic language, i.e. Gianfrancesco Gondola (in modern Croatian, Ivan Gundulić).
+By the 16th and 17th century a large proportion of its ethnic population changed dramatically mainly due to various historical events in Europe as the Ottoman Empire advanced into Europe, migrations from the east started (i.e Eastern Croatians - Hercegovci, Albanians, Montenegrins, Serbs & others etc,). From the west Spanish Jews (Spanish-Jews were expelled in 1493 from Spain), plus the devastating '''impact''' of plague epidemics and the 1667 Dubrovnik earthquake (around 5,000 people were killed). With this the Republic became a hub of '''multi-ethnic''' communities. The most numerous of these were the Croatian Slavs. The peoples of the Republic started to merge (including mixed marriages). Additionally the Ragusan-Slavic population were Romanised, meaning they adopted Latin Mediterranean culture. A form of [[Italian language|Italian]] was spoken in the Republic, which was heavily influenced by '''Venetian'''. Books were written in Latin and Italian. Some Ragusans started to write in a Slavic language, i.e. Gianfrancesco Gondola (in modern Croatian, Ivan Gundulić).
 With time two languages Italian and Slavic (which at times overlapped) became the norm in the Republic. The Ragusan Senate was so concerned with the Slav language being so present in the Republic that it decided that the use of the Slavic (in the senate) was forbidden.

@@ Line 203: / Line 203: @@
 In relation to this Croatisation of the Republic's history an example we have:
-* Gianfrancesco Gondola (1589-1638) a Ragusan Baroque poet from Republic of Ragusa
+* Gianfrancesco Gondola (1589-1638) a Ragusan Baroque poet from Republic of Ragusa,
-now has become a (reinvented). ...........
+now has become a (reinvented). ........... Croatian Baroque poet called Ivan Gundulić from Dubrovnik, Croatia.
 Ivan Gundulic (Gondola) wrote many works in Italian and Croatian (previously referred to as Slavic). One of these was the Slavic poem [http://books.google.com/books?id=J8coAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false Osman]. Interestingly, in a 1826 publication his name was written ''Giva Gundulichja'' and in 1967 his work was referred to as: {{quote|