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'''Philanthropy''' is the effort or inclination to increase the well-being of mankind, as by charitable aid or donations.


It's generally agreed that the word was coined 2500 years ago in ancient Greece by the playwright, [[Aeschylus]], or whoever else wrote ''[[Prometheus Bound]]'' (line 11).  There the author told as a myth how the primitive creatures that were created to be human, at first had no knowledge, skills, or culture of any kind—so they lived in caves, in the dark, in constant fear for their lives.  Zeus, the tyrannical king of the gods, decided to destroy them, but Prometheus, a Titan whose name meant “forethought,” out of his "''philanthropos tropos''" or “humanity-loving character” gave them two empowering, life-enhancing, gifts: fire, symbolizing all knowledge, skills, technology, arts, and science; and “blind hope” or optimism.  The two went together—with fire, humans could be optimistic; with optimism, they could use fire constructively, to improve the human condition.

The new word, φιλάνθρωπος ''philanthropos'', combined two words: [[wikt:φίλος|φίλος]] ''philos'', “loving” in the sense of benefitting, caring for, nourishing; and [[wikt:ἄνθρωπος|ἄνθρωπος]] ''anthropos'', “human being” in the sense of “humankind”, “humanity”, or “human-ness”.{{Dubious|date=January 2010}}  What he evidently “loved”, therefore, was their human potential—what they could accomplish and become with “fire” and “blind hope”.  The two gifts in effect completed the creation of humankind as a distinctly civilized animal.  ''''Philanthropia''''—loving what it is to be human—was thought to be the key to civilization.<ref>The Classical etymology and history of ''philanthropia'' has received increasing attention among scholars.  See McCully, George: ''Philanthropy Reconsidered'', A ''Catalogue for Philanthropy'' Publication, Boston, 2008; and Sulek, Marty: ''On the Classical Meaning of Philanthropia'', in ''Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly'' OnlineFirst, March 13, 2009 as doi:10.1177/0899764009333050.</ref>

The Greeks adopted the “love of humanity” as an educational ideal, whose goal was excellence (''[[arete]]'')—the fullest development of body, mind and spirit, which is the essence of liberal education.  The [[Platonic Academy]]'s philosophical dictionary defined ''Philanthropia'' as: “A state of well-educated habits stemming from love of humanity. A state of being productive of benefit to humans.”  ''Philanthropia'' was later translated by the Romans into Latin as, simply, ''humanitas''—humane-ness.  And because Prometheus’ human-empowering gifts rebelled against Zeus’ tyranny, ''philanthropia'' was also associated with freedom and democracy.  Both Socrates and the laws of Athens were described as “philanthropic and democratic”—a common expression, the idea being that philanthropic humans are reliably capable of self-government.

Putting all this together in modern terms, there are four relatively authoritative definitions of “philanthropy” that come close to the Classical concept: [[John W. Gardner]]’s “private initiatives for the public good”; Robert Payton’s “voluntary action for the public good”; [[Lester Salamon]]’s “the private giving of time or valuables…for public purposes” and Robert Bremner’s “the aim of philanthropy…is improvement in the quality of human life”.  Combining these to connect modern philanthropy with its entire previous history, “philanthropy” may best be defined as, “private initiatives for public good, focusing on quality of life.”

This distinguishes it from government (public initiatives for public good) and business (private initiatives for private good).  Omitting the definite article “the” with “public good” avoids the dubious assumption that there is ever a single, knowable public good, and in any case people rarely if ever agree on what that might be; rather, this definition merely says that the benefactor intends a “public” rather than an exclusively “private” good or benefit.  The inclusion of “quality of life” ensures the strong humanistic emphasis of the Promethean archetype.

The Classical view of philanthropy disappeared in the Middle Ages, was rediscovered and revived with the Renaissance, and came into the English language in the early 17th century.  [[Sir Francis Bacon]] in 1592 wrote in a letter that his “vast contemplative ends” expressed his “philanthropia”, and his 1608 essay ''On Goodness'' defined his subject as “the affecting of the [[weal]]e of men... what the Grecians call philanthropia.”  [[Henry Cockeram]], in his English dictionary (1623),  cited “philanthropie” as a synonym for “humanitie” (in Latin, humanitas) — thus reaffirming the Classical formulation.




As was typical in that period, American philanthropic associations had ideological dimensions. Three of the leading English colonies—Massachusetts, Pennsylvania and Virginia—were styled “Commonwealths”, which meant a purportedly ideal society in which all members contributed to the “common weal”—the public good.

A leading promoter of this Classical and Christian ideal was the preacher Cotton Mather, who in 1710 published a widely read American classic, Bonifacius, or an Essay to Do Good. Mather seems to have been concerned that the original idealism had eroded, so he advocated philanthropic benefaction as a way of life. Though his context was Christian, his idea was also characteristically American and explicitly Classical, on the threshold of the Enlightenment.

: "Let no man pretend to the Name of A Christian, who does not Approve the proposal of A Perpetual Endeavour to Do Good in the World.… The Christians who have no Ambition to be [useful], Shall be condemned by the Pagans; among whom it was a Term of the Highest Honour, to be termed, A Benefactor; to have Done Good, was accounted Honourable. The Philosopher [i.e., Aristotle ], being asked why Every one desired so much to look upon a Fair Object! He answered That it was a Question of a Blind man. If any man ask, as wanting the Sense of it, What is it worth the while to Do Good in the world! I must Say, It Sounds not like the Question of a Good man.” (p.&nbsp;21)

Mather’s many practical suggestions for doing good had strong civic emphases—founding schools, libraries, hospitals, useful publications, etc. They were not primarily about rich people helping poor people, but about private initiatives for public good, focusing on quality of life. Two young Americans whose prominent lives, they later said, were influenced by Mather’s book, were Benjamin Franklin and Paul Revere.

===Benjamin Franklin ===
Regarded in his own time as “the first great American,” lionized in 18th-century Europe and America as a model of American values, and especially of the Enlightenment in America, the key to his life was his Classical, and classically American, philanthropy.  He self-consciously and purposefully oriented his life around volunteer public service. Even his political rival in France, [[John Adams]], avowed that “there was scarcely a peasant or citizen” who “did not consider him as a friend to humankind.”  [[Immanuel Kant]], the leading philosopher of the German Enlightenment, called Franklin the “new Prometheus” for stealing fire from the heavens in his scientific experiments with lightning as electricity, for the benefit of mankind.  Franklin had direct connections with the [[Scottish Enlightenment]]; he was called “Dr. Franklin” because he had been awarded honorary degrees from the three Scottish Universities—St. Andrews, Glasgow and Edinburgh—and while travelling there he had personally befriended the leading Scottish Enlightenment thinkers.

In Philadelphia, Franklin created perhaps the first personal system of civic philanthropy in America.  As a young tradesman in 1727, he formed the “[[Junto]]”: a 12-member club that met on Friday evenings to discuss current issues and events.  One of the four qualifications for membership was the “love [of] mankind in general”.  Two years later (1729) he founded the ''Philadelphia Gazette'', and for the next thirty years he used the Junto as a sort of think-tank to generate and vet philanthropic ideas, and the ''Gazette'' to test and mobilize public support, recruit volunteers, and fund-raise.  This system was heroically productive and beneficial, creating America’s first subscription library (1731), a volunteer fire association, a fire insurance association, the [[American Philosophical Society]] (1743-4), an “academy” (1750—which became the University of Pennsylvania), a hospital (1752—through fundraising with a challenge grant), the paving and patrolling of public streets, the finance and construction of a civic meeting house, and many others.

In 1747 the Pennsylvania Colony was disrupted by violent conflicts with Indians in the west, and with French-Canadian privateers in the lower Delaware River.  The government in Philadelphia was Quaker, hence pacifist, and did nothing.  Franklin, increasingly frustrated with this inaction, consulted his Junto, and published a pamphlet, ''Plain Truth'', declaring that Pennsylvania was defenseless unless the people would take matters into their own hands.  He proposed a “military association” to raise funds and a private militia, and within a few weeks it had recruited more than a hundred companies, with over 10,000 men-at-arms, and raised over £6,500 in a public lottery.  This was a prototype of the American Revolution.

=== The American Revolution ===
The Classical view of philanthropy provided the conceptual model, and voluntary associations the procedural model, for the American Revolution.  The Revolution began in Concord, Massachusetts—arguably one of the epicenters of American philanthropy.
“Here once the embattled farmers stood,/ And fired the shot heard ‘round the world.”
- [[Ralph Waldo Emerson]]'s "[[Concord Hymn]]"

The 'farmers' referred to in this line were the “[[Minutemen]]”, voluntary associations of farmers who would be ready to leave their farms and take up arms against the British. They were warned by observers and riders, most famously by [[Paul Revere]], an avid and leading volunteer in many civic causes, who had organized a voluntary association of troop observers and riders like himself to rally the towns around Boston.

The [[Continental Army]] was manned by volunteers, and financed by private donations; its Commanding General, George Washington, served without pay as a volunteer for three years until his wife gave child birth to their son george, explicitly ''pro bono publico''—for the public good.  He often signed his letters, “Philanthropically yours”. {{Citation needed|date=October 2009}}

Throughout the Colonies, the commitment to independence had been cultivated by innumerable voluntary political associations, such as the [[Sons of Liberty]].

The Founders at Independence Hall in Philadelphia acted as a philanthropic voluntary association.  The ''[[Declaration of Independence]]'' was the first instance in history in which the creation of a national government was formally preceded by an idealistic mission statement—routine in voluntary associations—addressed to, on behalf of, and for the benefit of, all mankind. The ''Declaration'' concludes with a voluntary pledge by the Founders as individuals “to each other” of their personal lives, fortunes, and sacred honor.

The first form of government proposed for the new nation was called an “Association”.  The final form, the [[United States Constitution]], proceeded as a voluntary association, also beginning with a mission statement and—another “first” in history—ratified by vote of its individual members, "The People".  The Constitution’s “Preamble” featured private initiative, public good, and quality of life:

<blockquote>
“WE THE PEOPLE of the United States, in Order to form a more perfect Union, establish Justice, insure domestic Tranquility, provide for the common defence, promote the general Welfare, and secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America.”
</blockquote>

Finally, in the very first ''[[Federalist Paper]]'', page 1, paragraph 1, [[Alexander Hamilton]] launched the Founders’ argument for the Constitution’s ratification, by noting that “it is commonly remarked” that in creating this new nation, Americans were acting on behalf of, and for the benefit of, all mankind.  “This” he wrote, “adds the inducements of philanthropy to those of patriotism.”

And “commonly remarked” it was—: In 1776, [[Thomas Paine]] had written in ''Common Sense'', his very popular and influential tract for independence:

<blockquote>
“The cause of America is in a great measure the cause of all mankind.  Many circumstances have, and will arise, which are not local, but universal, and through which the principles of all '''Lovers of Mankind''' (emphasis here) are affected, and in the Event of which, their Affections are interested.”
</blockquote>

As Ben Franklin had said to the French about the American Revolution: “We are fighting for the dignity and happiness of human nature.”

The “philanthropy” Hamilton was talking about was not “rich helping poor”, but private initiatives for public good, focusing on quality of life.  Classical philanthropy had become classically American.  The United States was not only created by philanthropy, but also for philanthropy—to be a philanthropic nation, a gift to humanity, squarely in the Promethean tradition.

=== 19th Century: Disintegration ===
The Founders’ synthesis, of the Classical view of philanthropy with American patriotic voluntary associations, did not sustain its cultural leadership.  The Enlightenment, of which it was the quintessential American expression, was swept away in Europe by the French Revolution, Napoleon, and Romanticism.  In America, the early history of the Republic saw rapid, tumultuous, growth and a sorting-out of what had been accomplished.  The onset of the Industrial Revolution, waves of immigration, urban growth and westward expansion, together with shifting political practices and a new cast of characters in political leadership, combined to dissolve the philanthropic culture and spirit of its founding.

That disintegration was noticed and regretted.  The blossoming of American literature in the 19th century, with Hawthorne, Emerson, Thoreau, Melville and others, was essentially a protest against the disruptive forces of technology, urbanization, and industrialization, and in their wake the perceived loss of classical American values. On the other hand, this movement was evidence that the flame of philanthropic, practical, idealism had not died with the Founders.{{Citation needed|date=February 2010}} In 1837, Ralph Waldo Emerson celebrated the philanthropic spirit of the Revolution in his “Concord Hymn,” quoted above, and in his 1844 essay “The Young American,” he wrote,

<blockquote>
“It seems so easy for America to inspire and express the most expansive and humane spirit; new-born, free, healthful, strong, the land of the laborer, of the democrat, of the '''philanthropist''', of the believer, of the saint, she should speak for the human race.  It is the country of the future.”
</blockquote>

The flame was still alive in 1863, when, as [[Garry Wills]] has shown, President Abraham Lincoln codified and enshrined the classic conceptualization of our country's mission in his [[Gettysburg Address]], speaking of  “a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal”.

=== Philanthropy's Contributions to American Life ===
The philanthropic spirit and practical necessity of voluntary associations and their attendant collaborative culture moved west with the [[frontier]] throughout the 19th century, thus reinforcing the “philanthropic and democratic” development of the American character.{{Citation needed|date=February 2010}}  All of private education and of religion in America have been necessarily philanthropic,{{Citation needed|date=May 2010}} but beyond those every reform movement in the history of the United States&mdash;e.g., anti-slavery, women’s suffrage, environmental conservation, civil rights, feminism, and various peace movements—began as philanthropic voluntary associations.  Many were, or were regarded as, counter-cultural and even outrageous when they first arose, but all were “private initiatives for public good, focusing on quality of life”.

American philanthropy has met challenges, and taken advantage of opportunities, that neither government nor business ordinarily address. The other sectors certainly affect American quality of life, but philanthropy focuses on it.

Philanthropy is a major source of income for [[The Arts|fine arts and performing arts]], [[religious]], and [[humanitarian]] causes, as well as educational institutions (see [[patronage]]).

==Modern philanthropists==

In 1982, [[Paul Newman]] co-founded the [[Newman's Own]] food company and donated all after-tax profits to various charities.  Upon his death in 2008, the company had donated over US$250 million to thousands of charities.

During the past few years, some high profile examples of philanthropy include Irish rock singer [[Bono]]'s campaign to cancel Third World debt to developed nations; the [[Gates Foundation]]'s massive resources and ambitions, such as its campaigns to eradicate [[malaria]] and [[river blindness]]; billionaire investor and [[Berkshire Hathaway]] Chairman [[Warren Buffett]]'s donation in 2006 of $31 billion to the Gates Foundation<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2008-05-20|url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/13541144/|title=Gates: Buffett gift may help cure worst diseases|publisher=[[MSNBC]]|date=2006-06-26}}</ref>; [[Ronald Perelman]]'s $70 million in charitable donations in 2008 alone, including $50 million to finance the Ronald O. Perelman Heart Center at New York Presbyterian Hospital and Weill Cornell Medical Center.

Philanthropy is facilitated by development professionals and fundraisers. Donor relations and stewardship <ref>[http://www.entrepreneur.com/tradejournals/article/171926511_1.html "Stewardship & Donor Relations," Entrepreneur.com]</ref> professionals support the development profession by recognizing and thanking donors in a fashion that will cultivate future giving to nonprofit organizations. The [[Association of Donor Relations Professionals]] (ADRP) <ref>[http://www.adrp.net/mc/page.do Association of Donor Relations Professionals]</ref> is the first community of stewardship and donor relations professionals in the United States and Canada.

==Views==
===Philosophy===
The purpose of philanthropy is also debated. Some equate philanthropy with benevolence and charity for the [[poverty|poor]]. Others hold that philanthropy can be any [[altruistic]] act that fulfills a social need that is not served, is under-served, or is perceived as such by the [[market]].

Some believe that philanthropy can be a means to build community by growing community funds and giving vehicles. When communities see themselves as being resource rich instead of asset poor, the community is in a better position to solve community problems.

However, some believe the purpose of philanthropy is often tribute and self-aggrandizement, as arguably shown by the prevalence of self-titled foundations, rarity of large anonymous donations, and lack of support for unpalatable causes such as the treatment of [[diarrhea]] (which despite being easily treatable is the second leading cause of infant death worldwide.)

Philanthropy responds to either the present or the future needs.<ref name="RoheChapter6">{{cite book |last=Rohe |first=John F. |title=Mary Lou and John Tanton: A Journey into American Conservation |date=2002-01-01 |publisher=FAIR Horizon Press |isbn=978-0971007901 |chapter=Chapter 6: Prophesy and Charity}}</ref> The charitable response to an impending disaster is an action of philanthropy.<ref name="RoheChapter6"/> It offers immediate honor for the philanthropist, yet requires no foresight. Responding to future needs, however, draws on the donor's foresight and wisdom, but seldom recognizes the donor.<ref name="RoheChapter6"/> Prevention of future needs will often avert far more hardship than a response after the fact.<ref name="RoheChapter6"/> For example, the charities responding to starvation from overpopulation{{POV-statement|date=December 2008}} in Africa are afforded swift recognition.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://flip.onphilanthropy.com/news_onphilanthropy/africa/ |title=Buzz (news and commentary blog) |publisher=onPhilanthrophy}}</ref> Meanwhile, philanthropists behind the U.S. population control movement of the 1960s and 1970s were never recognized, and are lost to history.{{POV-statement|date=December 2008}}<ref name="RoheChapter6"/>

===Politics===
{{Unreferenced section|date=July 2008}}
Philanthropists are often popular and become known to the public as "good" or even "great." Some governments are suspicious of philanthropic activities as possible grabs for favor, but still allow special interest groups to form [[non-governmental organization]]s.

==Uses of the word==
===Conventional usage===
By the conventional definition of philanthropy, donations are dedicated to a narrowly defined cause and the donation is targeted to effect a recognizable change in social conditions. This often necessitates large donations and financial support sustained over time.

The need for a large financial commitment creates a distinction between philanthropy and ''charitable giving'', which typically plays a supporting role in a [[charitable organization]] initiated by someone else. Thus, the conventional usage of ''philanthropy'' applies mainly to [[wealthy]] persons, and sometimes to a [[Charitable trust|trust]] created by a wealthy person with a particular cause or objective targeted.

Many non-wealthy persons have dedicated &ndash; thus, donated &ndash; substantial portions of their time, effort and wealth to charitable causes. These people are not typically described as philanthropists because individual effort alone is seldom recognized as instigating significant change. These people are thought of as charitable workers but some people wish to recognize these people as philanthropists in honor of their efforts.

A growing trend in philanthropy is the development of [[Giving Circles|giving circles]], whereby individual donors—often a group of friends—pool their charitable donations and decide together how to use the money to benefit the causes they care about most. The re-emergence of philanthropy in recent years, led by Bill Gates and Warren Buffett, which involves applying the techniques of business to philanthropy has been termed [[philanthrocapitalism]].'<ref>[http://www.economist.com/surveys/displaystory.cfm?story_id=5517656 The Economist]</ref>

==Largest individual bequests==
*$31 billion from [[Warren Buffett]] to the [[Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation]] (initial value of the gift)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gatesfoundation.org/about/Pages/implementing-warren-buffetts-gift.aspx| title=Implementing Warren Buffett's Gift|work= [[Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation]]}}</ref>
*£8 billion from Chuck Feeney to Atlantic Philanthropies
*$350 million ($7 billion in modern terms) from [[Andrew Carnegie]] in 1901 who distributed most of his wealth to good causes, including the building [[Carnegie Hall]] [[New York City]].<ref>Andrew. Autobiography of Andrew Carnegie. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1920</ref>
*$424 million from managers of the [[Reader's Digest]] fortune to the [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]<ref name=nyt/>
*$350 million from [[Michael Jackson]] who distributed most of his wealth to good causes, and who supported over 39 charity organizations. He was listed in the Guinness Book Of World Records for the "Most Charities Supported By a Pop Star".
*$200 million from [[Joan B. Kroc]] to [[National Public Radio]] in 2003<ref name=nyt>{{cite news |first= |last= |authorlink= |coauthors= |title=Billions and Billions Served, Hundreds of Millions Donated  |url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E04EFD81439F934A35752C1A9659C8B63&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=all |quote= National Public Radio announced yesterday that it had received a bequest worth at least $200 million from the widow of the longtime chairman of the McDonald's restaurant chain. ... Few cultural institutions have been the beneficiaries of gifts as large as that received by NPR, according to The Chronicle of Philanthropy. One of the largest, worth $424 million, was given to the Metropolitan Museum of Art by foundations built on the Reader's Digest fortune. |work=[[New York Times]] |date=November 7, 2003 |accessdate=2008-07-28 | first1=Jacques | last1=Steinberg}}</ref>
*$100 million from [[John D. Rockefeller]] to the [[Rockefeller Foundation]], 1913-1914<ref>[http://www.rockfound.org/about_us/history/1913_1919.shtml Rockefeller Foundation]</ref>
*$100 million from [[Henry Rowan|Henry]] and Betty Rowan to [[Glassboro State College]]<ref>Gurney, Kaitlin. [http://infoweb.newsbank.com/iw-search/we/InfoWeb?p_action=doc&p_docid=0F4AE72930ABDD06&p_docnum=2&p_queryname=NaN&p_product=NewsBank&p_theme=aggregated4&p_nbid=B48D4FNGMTE4NTg0NzQ0OS4yODY4NjU6MTo3OnJhLTE4ODg "10 years later, Rowan still reaps gift's rewards - Rowan Milestones"], ''[[The Philadelphia Inquirer]]'', July 9, 2002. Accessed August 1, 2007. "Rowan University catapulted onto the national stage a decade ago when industrialist Henry Rowan gave sleepy Glassboro State College $100 million, the largest single sum ever donated to a public institution.... Rowan and his late wife, Betty, gave the money on July 6, 1992, with just one requirement: that a first-rate engineering school be built. In gratitude, Glassboro State changed its name to Rowan College."</ref>

==See also==

* [[Altruism]]
* [[Association of Donor Relations Professionals]]
* [[Charitable contributions]] (tax aspects)
* [[Charitable organization]]
* [[Charity (practice)]]
* [[Foundation (nonprofit organization)]]
* [[Giving Circles]]
* [[High impact philanthropy]]
* [[Microgiving]]
* [[Misanthropy]]
* [[Non-profit organization]]
* [[Tithe]]
* [[Tzedakah]]
* [[Venture philanthropy]]
* [[Volunteer]]
* [[Volunteerism]]
* [[Youth philanthropy]]
* [[Zakat]]

=== Lists ===
* [[List of philanthropists]]
* [[List of wealthiest foundations]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Wiktionary}}
* [http://www.ulib.iupui.edu/collections/special/psl ULIB.IUPUI.edu], Joseph and Matthew Payton Philanthropic Studies Library
* [http://cheever.ulib.iupui.edu/psipublicsearch ULIB.IUPUI.edu], Philanthropic Studies Index
* [http://www.nptrust.org/philanthropy/history_philanthropy.asp NPtrust.org], History of Philanthropy, 1601–present compiled and edited by [[National Philanthropic Trust]]
* [http://www.mccord-museum.qc.ca/en/keys/webtours/VQ_P3_7_EN.html MCCORD-museum.qc.ca], "A Bourgeois Duty: Philanthropy, 1896-1919 &mdash"; Illustrated historical essay
* [http://gpr.hudson.org/files/publications/GlobalPhilanthropy.pdf GPR.hudson.org], PDF file from the [[Hudson Institute]] at ''The Index of Global Philanthropy 2006'' 83 page.
* [http://www.adrp.net/mc/page.do EDRP.net], Association of Donor Relations Professionals
* [http://www.donating2save.com Donating2save.com], Give back to your community while getting a big tax break
* [http://indiamond6.ulib.iupui.edu/PRO ULIB.IUPUI.edu], Philanthropy Resources Online
* [http://www.mygivingpoint.org MyGivingPoint.org]

{{Charity}}

[[Category:Philanthropy| ]]

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