MyWikiBiz - User contributions [en]

Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 2

2012-02-02T07:43:16Z

Sammyspam: /* External links */

'''Modern Warfare 2''' is the upcoming first-person-shooter sequel to the critically-acclaimed Call of Duty 4: Modern Warfare, in development at Infinity Ward. The story begins several years after the end of the original, as the player takes on the role of a member of an elite multinational commando unit, tasked with countering an ultranationalist organization gaining strength in Russia. Missions will take place in varied locations, including an Afghan desert and Rio de Janeiro. The game is scheduled to be released in November 2009 on PlayStation 3, Xbox 360, and PC. Features First-person shooter Special Forces mode with non-story-based missions Two-player...
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==External links==
*[http://www.xbox360.ign.com/objects/142/14281102.html Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 2 - Xbox 360 - IGN]
*[http://www.squidoo.com/games-like-call-of-duty 14 Games Like Call of Duty]

Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 2

2012-02-02T07:42:23Z

Sammyspam:

'''Modern Warfare 2''' is the upcoming first-person-shooter sequel to the critically-acclaimed Call of Duty 4: Modern Warfare, in development at Infinity Ward. The story begins several years after the end of the original, as the player takes on the role of a member of an elite multinational commando unit, tasked with countering an ultranationalist organization gaining strength in Russia. Missions will take place in varied locations, including an Afghan desert and Rio de Janeiro. The game is scheduled to be released in November 2009 on PlayStation 3, Xbox 360, and PC. Features First-person shooter Special Forces mode with non-story-based missions Two-player...
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{{OMG250}}<feed url="http://blogsearch.google.com/blogsearch_feeds?hl=en&q=Call+of+Duty:+Modern+Warfare+2&ie=utf-8&num=10&output=atom" entries="10">
'''[{PERMALINK} {TITLE}]'''
{DESCRIPTION}
{DATE} {AUTHOR}
 
</feed>
{{DISPLAYTITLE:Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 2 Review}}

{{OMG250}} 
{{QuickAdd
| Address =
| City =
| State =
| Zip =
| Country =
| Phone =
| Email =
| Web =
| Contact =
| Title =
}}
=== Share this page ===
<sharethis />

==External links==
*[xbox360.ign.com/objects/142/14281102.html Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 2 - Xbox 360 - IGN]
*[http://www.squidoo.com/games-like-call-of-duty 14 Games Like Call of Duty]

Search engine optimization

2009-02-23T15:30:25Z

Sammyspam: /* External Links */

''<blockquote>See also [[Help:Search Engine Optimization]] (SEO) for specific elements of how to use and optimize '''MyWikiBiz's''' semantic SEO capabilities.</blockquote>''

'''Search engine optimization''' (SEO) is a set of methods aimed at improving the ranking of a [[website]] in [[search engine]] listings. The term also refers to an industry of [[consultant]]s who carry out optimization projects on behalf of clients' sites. Practitioners may use "white hat SEO" (methods generally approved by search engines, such as building content and improving site quality), or "black hat SEO" (tricks such as [[cloaking]] and [[spamdexing]]). White hatters charge that black hat methods are an attempt to manipulate search rankings unfairly. Black hatters counter that ''all'' SEO is an attempt to manipulate rankings, and that the particular methods one uses to rank well are irrelevant.

Search engines display different kinds of listings in the search engine results pages (SERPs), including: [[Pay per click|pay-per-click]] [[advertisement]]s, paid inclusion listings, and [[organic search]] results. SEO is primarily concerned with advancing the goals of a website by improving the number and position of its organic search results for a wide variety of relevant [[keyword]]s. SEO strategies can increase both the number and quality of visitors, where quality means visitors who complete the action hoped for by the site owner (e.g. purchase, sign up, learn something).

For competitive, high-volume search terms, the cost of pay-per-click advertising can be substantial. Ranking highly in the organic search results can provide the same targeted traffic at a potentially lower cost. Site owners may choose to optimize their sites for organic search, if the cost of optimization is less than the cost of advertising.

Not all sites have identical goals for search optimization. Some sites are seeking any and all traffic, and may be optimized to rank highly for common search phrases. A broad search optimization strategy can work for a site that has broad interest, such as a [[periodical]], a [[directory]], or site that displays advertising with a CPM revenue model. In contrast, many businesses try to optimize their sites for large numbers of highly specific keywords that indicate readiness to buy. Overly broad search optimization can hinder marketing strategy by generating a large volume of low-quality inquiries that cost money to handle, yet result in little business. Focusing on desirable traffic generates better quality [[sales lead]]s, allowing the [[sales force]] to close more business.

The industry has received a black eye by charlatan firms who purport to perform search engine optimization services but who in reality do little or nothing for their clients, and oftentimes cause their clients harm. As a result the industry has begun to self regulate itself through search marketing organizations which independently evaluate and rank search engine optimization firms for the efficacy of their services and who follow search engine "best practices". [[TopSEOs.com]] has evaluated and ranked over 1600 search engine optimization firms and hold firms strictly accountable to a code of ethics. The top 5 firms in the industry include Bruce Clay, Inc., ArteWorks SEO ([[Directory:ArteWorks SEO]]), SEO Image, Inc., SEO, Inc., and Intrapromote, LLC.

== External Links ==
*[http://www.mywebtronics.com SEO Consultant]
*[http://www.topseos.com TopSEOs]
*[http://www.arteworks.biz ArteWorks SEO]
*[http://www.bruceclay.com Bruce Clay, Inc.]
*[http://www.intrapromote.com Intrapromote, LLC]
*[http://www.seoinc.com SEO, Inc.]
*[http://www.squidoo.com/rank-first-on-google SEO, Squidoo.]
*[http://www.seoimage.com SEO Image, Inc.]
*[http://www.ihelpyou.com/forums SEO Best Practices Forums]
*[http://seoshankar.blogspot.com SEO Blogs]

Computer software

2009-01-03T16:14:02Z

Sammyspam:

[[Image:ScreenHunter_001.JPG|thumb|200px|A screenshot of computer software running in Windows XP.]]

'''Software''' fundamentally is the unique ''image'' or representation of physical or material alignment that constitutes configuration to or functional identity of a [[machine]], usually a [[computer]]. As a content of [[memory (computers)|memory]], software in principle can be changed without the adjustment to the static [[paradigm]] of the [[hardware]] thus without the remanufacturing thereof. Commonly software is of an [[algorithm|algorithmic]] form which translates into being to a sequence of machine [[machine code|instructions]]. Some software, however, is of a [[relation (mathematics)|relational]] form which translates into being the [[graph (mathematics)|map]] of a ''realization'' [[digital network|network]] (see [[VHDL]]).

Software is a [[computer program|program]] that enables a [[computer]] to perform a specific task, as opposed to the physical components of the system (''[[hardware]]''). This includes [[application software]] such as a word processor, which enables a user to perform a task, and [[system software]] such as an [[operating system]], which enables other software to run properly, by interfacing with hardware and with other software.

The term "software" was first used in this sense by [[John W. Tukey]] in [[1957]]. In [[computer science]] and [[software engineering]], '''computer software''' is all computer programs. The concept of reading different sequences of instructions into the [[Memory (computers)|memory]] of a device to control computations was invented by [[Charles Babbage]] as part of his [[difference engine]]. The theory that is the basis for most modern software was first proposed by [[Alan Turing]] in his [[1935]] essay ''Computable numbers with an application to the Entscheidungsproblem''. <ref>Hally, Mike (2005:79). ''Electronic brains/Stories from the dawn of the computer age''. British Broadcasting Corporation and Granta Books, London. ISBN 1-86-207663-4.</ref>

==Relationship to hardware==
{{main|Computer hardware}}

[[Computer]] software is so called in contrast to [[computer hardware]], which encompasses the physical interconnections and devices required to store and execute (or run) the software. In computers, software is loaded into [[Random access memory|RAM]] and executed in the [[central processing unit]]. At the lowest level, software consists of a [[machine language]] specific to an individual processor. A machine language consists of groups of binary values signifying processor instructions ([[object code]]), which change the state of the computer from its preceding state. Software is an ordered sequence of instructions for changing the state of the computer hardware in a particular sequence. It is usually written in [[high-level programming language]]s that are easier and more efficient for humans to use (closer to [[natural language]]) than machine language. High-level languages are [[compiler|compiled]] or [[Interpreter (computing)|interpreted]] into machine language object code. Software may also be written in an [[assembly language]], essentially, a mnemonic representation of a machine language using a natural language alphabet. Assembly language must be assembled into object code via an [[assembly language#Assembler|assembler]].

Relationship to hardware==
{{main|Computer hardware}}

[[Computer]] software is so called in contrast to [[computer hardware]], which encompasses the physical interconnections and devices required to store and execute (or run) the software. In computers, software is loaded into [[Random access memory|RAM]] and executed in the [[central processing unit]]. At the lowest level, software consists of a [[machine language]] specific to an individual processor. A machine language consists of groups of binary values signifying processor instructions ([[object code]]), which change the state of the computer from its preceding state. Software is an ordered sequence of instructions for changing the state of the computer hardware in a particular sequence. It is usually written in [[high-level programming language]]s that are easier and more efficient for humans to use (closer to [[natural language]]) than machine language. High-level languages are [[compiler|compiled]] or [[Interpreter (computing)|interpreted]] into machine language object code. Software may also be written in an [[assembly language]], essentially, a mnemonic representation of a machine language using a natural language alphabet. Assembly language must be assembled into object code via an [[assembly language#Assembler|assembler]].
==Relationship to hardware==
{{main|Computer hardware}}

[[Computer]] software is so called in contrast to [[computer hardware]], which encompasses the physical interconnections and devices required to store and execute (or run) the software. In computers, software is loaded into [[Random access memory|RAM]] and executed in the [[central processing unit]]. At the lowest level, software consists of a [[machine language]] specific to an individual processor. A machine language consists of groups of binary values signifying processor instructions ([[object code]]), which change the state of the computer from its preceding state. Software is an ordered sequence of instructions for changing the state of the computer hardware in a particular sequence. It is usually written in [[high-level programming language]]s that are easier and more efficient for humans to use (closer to [[natural language]]) than machine language. High-level languages are [[compiler|compiled]] or [[Interpreter (computing)|interpreted]] into machine language object code. Software may also be written in an [[assembly language]], essentially, a mnemonic representation of a machine language using a natural language alphabet. Assembly language must be assembled into object code via an [[assembly language#Assembler|assembler]].

==Types==
Practical computer systems divide software into three major classes: [[system software]], [[programming software]] and [[application software]], although the distinction is arbitrary, and often blurred.

*'''[[System software]]''' helps run the [[computer hardware]] and [[computer system]]. It includes [[operating system]]s, [[device driver]]s, diagnostic tools, [[Server (computing)|server]]s, [[windowing system]]s, [[software utility|utilities]] and more. The purpose of systems software is to insulate the applications programmer as much as possible from the details of the particular computer complex being use, especially memory and other hardware features, and such accessory devices as communications, printers, readers, displays, keyboards, etc.
*'''[[Programming software]]''' usually provides tools to assist a [[programmer]] in writing [[computer program]]s and software using different [[programming language]]s in a more convenient way. The tools include [[text editors]], [[compilers]], [[interpreter (computing)|interpreters]], [[linkers]], [[debuggers]], and so on. An [[Integrated development environment]] (IDE) merges those tools into a [[software bundle]], and a programmer may not need to type multiple [[command]]s for compiling, interpreter, debugging, tracing, and etc., because the IDE usually has an advanced ''graphical user interface,'' or GUI.
*'''[[Application software]]''' allows humans to accomplish one or more specific (non-computer related) [[task]]s. Typical applications include [[Industry|industrial]] [[automation]], [[business software]], [[educational software]], [[medical software]], [[database]]s, [[ethnic software]], and [[computer games]]. Businesses are probably the biggest users of application software, but almost every field of human activity now uses some form of application software. It is used to automate all sorts of functions.

==Program and library==
A [[Computer program|program]] may not be sufficiently complete for execution by a [[computer]]. In particular, it may require additional software from a
[[software library]] in order to be complete. Such a library may include software components used by [[stand-alone]] programs, but which cannot be executed on their own. Thus, programs may include standard routines that are common to many programs, extracted from these libraries. Libraries may also ''include'' 'stand-alone' programs which are activated by some [[Event-driven programming|computer event]] and/or perform some function (e.g., of computer 'housekeeping') but do not return data to their activating program. Programs may be called by other programs and/or may call other programs.vb

==Three layers==
[[Image:Packagedsoftwareatretail.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Starting in the 1980s, application software has been sold in mass-produced packages through retailers]]
Users often see things differently than programmers. People who use modern general purpose computers (as opposed to [[embedded system]]s, [[analog computer]]s, [[supercomputer]]s, etc.) usually see three layers of software performing a variety of tasks: platform, application, and user software.

; Platform software : Platform includes the [[BIOS|basic input-output system]] (often described as ''[[firmware]]'' rather than ''software''), [[device driver]]s, an [[operating system]], and typically a graphical user interface which, in total, allow a user to interact with the computer and its [[peripheral]]s (associated equipment). Platform software often comes bundled with the computer, and users may not realize that it exists or that they have a choice to use different platform software.

; Application software : [[Application software]] or Applications are what most people think of when they think of software. Typical examples include office suites and video games. Application software is often purchased separately from computer hardware. Sometimes applications are bundled with the computer, but that does not change the fact that they run as independent applications. Applications are almost always independent programs from the operating system, though they are often tailored for specific platforms. Most users think of compilers, databases, and other "system software" as applications.

; User-written software : [[User software]] tailors systems to meet the users specific needs. User software include spreadsheet templates, word processor macros, scientific simulations, graphics and animation scripts. Even email filters are a kind of user software. Users create this software themselves and often overlook how important it is. Depending on how competently the user-written software has been integrated into purchased application packages, many users may not be aware of the distinction between the purchased packages, and what has been added by fellow co-workers.

{{see also|Software architecture}}

==Creation==
{{main|Computer programming}}

==Operation==
Computer software has to be "loaded" into the [[computer storage|computer's storage]] (also known as ''memory'' and ''[[RAM]]'').

Once the software is loaded, the computer is able to execute the software. Computers operate by ''executing'' the [[computer program]]. This involves passing [[instruction (computer science)|instructions]] from the application software, through the system software, to the [[hardware]] which ultimately receives the instruction as [[machine language|machine code]]. Each instruction causes the computer to carry out an operation -- moving [[data (computing)|data]], carrying out a [[computation]], or altering the [[control flow]] of instructions.

Data movement is typically from one place in memory to another. Sometimes it involves moving data between memory and registers which enable high-speed data access in the CPU. Moving data, especially large amounts of it, can be costly. So, this is sometimes avoided by using "pointers" to data instead. Computations include simple operations such as incrementing the value of a variable data element. More complex computations may involve many operations and data elements together.

Instructions may be performed sequentially, conditionally, or iteratively. Sequential instructions are those operations that are performed one after another. Conditional instructions are performed such that different sets of instructions execute depending on the value(s) of some data. In some languages this is know as an "if" statement. Iterative instructions are performed repetitively and may depend on some data value. This is sometimes called a "loop." Often, one instruction may "call" another set of instructions that are defined in some other program or [[module (programming)|module]]. When more than one computer processor is used, instructions may be executed simultaneously.

A simple example of the way software operates is what happens when a user selects an entry such as "Copy" from a menu. In this case, a conditional instruction is executed to copy text from data in a 'document' area residing in memory, perhaps to an intermediate storage area known as a 'clipboard' data area. If a different menu entry such as "Paste" is chosen, the software may execute the instructions to copy the text from the clipboard data area to a specific location in the same or another document in memory.

Depending on the application, even the example above could become complicated. The field of [[software engineering]] endeavors to manage the complexity of how software operates. This is especially true for software that operates in the context of a large or powerful [[computer system]].

Currently, almost the only limitations on the use of computer software in applications is the ingenuity of the designer/programmer. Consequently, large areas of activities (such as playing grand master level chess) formerly assumed to be incapable of software simulation are now routinely programmed. The only area that has so far proved reasonably secure from software simulation is the realm of human art— especially, pleasing music and literature.

Kinds of software by operation: [[computer program]] as [[executable]], [[source code]] or [[script (computer programming)|script]], [[computer configuration|configuration]].

==Quality and reliability==
[[Software reliability]] considers the errors, faults, and failures related to the creation and operation of software.

See [[Computer security audit|Software auditing]], [[Software quality]], [[Software testing]], and [[Software reliability]].

==License==
[[Software license]] gives the user the right to use the software in the licensed environment, some software comes with the license when purchased off the shelf, or OEM license when bundled with hardware. Software can also be in the form of [[freeware]] or [[shareware]].

==Patents==
The issue of [[software patents]] is very controversial, since while [[patent]]s protect the ideas of "[[inventor]]s," they are widely believed to hinder [[software development]]. See [[Hacker ethic]].

==External links==
*[http://www.squidoo.com/topsoftware/ Must Have Computer Software]