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The Daily Californian

2013-08-22T16:43:47Z

Rotlink: deadlink fix: content removed from google cache, found on web archive

{{Infobox Newspaper
| name = The Daily Californian
| image =
| caption = Front page of The Daily Californian: Nov. 9, 2007
| type = [[Student newspaper]]
| format = [[Tabloid (newspaper format)|Tabloid]]
| foundation = 1871
| ceased publication =
| price = Free
| owners = Independent Berkeley Students Publishing Company, Inc.
| publisher = Michael Wagner
| chiefeditor = Tomer Ovadia
| assoceditor =
| maneditor = Leslie Toy
| metroeditor = Stephanie Baer
| campuseditor = Jordan Bach-Lombardo
| campuschief =
| opeditor = Emma Anderson
| sportseditor = Jonathan Kuperberg
| photoeditor = Taryn Erhardt
| staff = 100-200
| language = English
| circulation = 10,000 (M/Tu/Th/F)
| headquarters = Eshleman Hall [[University of California, Berkeley|UC Berkeley]] [[Berkeley, California|Berkeley]], [[California|CA]] [[United States]]
| ISSN =
| website = [http://www.dailycal.org/ dailycal.org]
}}

'''''The Daily Californian''''' (or '''''Daily Cal''''') is an independent, student-run [[newspaper]] that serves the [[University of California, Berkeley]] campus and its surrounding community. It is published Monday through Friday (but not Wednesday, owing to dwindling ad revenues) during the academic year, and twice a week during the summer. Established in 1871, ''The Daily Californian'' is one of the oldest newspapers on the [[West Coast of the United States|West Coast]], and one of the oldest [[college newspaper]]s in the United States. Current circulation is about 10,000 for a campus of roughly 30,000.[http://www.dailycal.org/advertising.php]

==History==
''The Daily Californian'' became independent from UC Berkeley in 1971 after the campus administration fired three senior editors over an editorial that encouraged readers to "take back" [[People's Park (Berkeley)|People's Park]]. Both sides came to an agreement, and ''The Daily Californian'' gained financial and [[editorial independence]] from the university and is now published by an independent corporation called the Independent Berkeley Students Publishing Company, Inc. The paper licenses its name from the [[Regents of the University of California]]. [[UC Davis]], originally being the University Farm for Berkeley also started their own newspaper, ''[[The California Aggie]]''.

In the fall of 1971, ''The Daily Californian'' moved to a second floor office on the corner of [[Telegraph Avenue]] and Channing Way in Berkeley. ''The Daily Californian'' moved to two other offices, one on Shattuck Square and on Dwight Way. These moves, while necessary for the financial success of the newspaper, began to erode the student foundation that ran the newspaper. The newspaper currently resides in the 6th floor of Eshleman Hall on the UC Berkeley campus.

On November 24, 1982, three days after the November 20th [[Big Game (football)|Big Game]] (now known for [[The Play]]), early morning readers of the ''Daily Cal'' were chagrined to find in the headline of the front page: "NCAA Awards Big Game to Stanford."[http://www.stanford.edu/group/axecomm/history/daily_cal_82.html] Hundreds of copies of the ''Daily Cal'' with this fake headline had been strewn about campus in the wee hours. This was in fact a hoax perpetrated by aggrieved Stanford fans.

[[File:Daily Cal plastic rack.JPG|thumb|A ''Daily Cal'' rack on the UC Berkeley campus]]

A newspaper run completely by students worked very well, but financial and management problems dampened the first decade of ''The Daily Californian'''s independence. In the early 1980s, ''The Daily Californian'' was forced to take on loans, including one from UC Berkeley's student government, the Associated Students of the University of California (ASUC).

In the early 1990s, hard times and a series of financial mismanagements forced the newspaper to only publish three days a week, which made national news. With the great support of then Chancellor Chang-Lin Tien, ''The Daily Californian'' secured a new office in the 6th floor of Eshleman Hall on the south side of campus. This office space had also housed the newspaper from 1963 to 1971. It was during the early 1990s that ''The Daily Californian'' also began to tap its growing group of proud and successful alumni. The Daily Californian Alumni Association was founded.

''The Daily Californian'' has a history of publishing spirited editorials, and in some cases editions containing controversial editorials have been subjected to [[newspaper theft]]. In 2002, [[Berkeley, California|Berkeley]] Mayor [[Tom Bates]] agreed to pay restitution after admitting to having thrown away a thousand copies of ''The Daily Californian'' after it endorsed his opponent, then-Mayor [[Shirley Dean]].[http://www.dailycal.org/article.php?id=10530] In May 2003, nearly 5,000 papers were stolen by students protesting coverage of the arrest of a Cal football player. The largest act of theft took place in November 1996 when the paper's senior editorial board endorsed [[California Proposition 209 (1996)|Proposition 209]].<ref>Jim Herron Zamora [http://sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/e/a/1996/11/06/NEWS6702.dtl Daily Cal's 23,000 copies disappear after angry call] San Francisco Examiner. Published on November 6, 1996.</ref> Nearly 23,000 papers were stolen on Election Day 1996,<ref>Elaine Herscher [http://sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/1996/11/06/MN57116.DTL Daily Cal Stolen Off Racks -- Prop. 209 Cited] San Francisco Chronicle. Published on November 6, 1996.</ref> and in the following days copies of the paper were tossed off the balcony of the newspaper's office and burned in effigy.

On October 16, 2006, the ''Daily Cal'' launched its first blog, The Daily Clog. The Clog is a student-life blog that accumulates various tidbits about Berkeley and college life. It focuses on the UC campus, the city of Berkeley and Berkeley's online community. That year, the ''Daily Cal'' also recorded its first podcast and began text polling. Since then, ''The Daily Californian'' has added eight new blogs on topics ranging from Travel to an Editors' Blog.

On August 25, 2008, the ''Daily Cal'' announced that it would not print a paper version of the newspaper on Wednesdays amidst a decline in advertising revenues and higher newspaper costs. However, it will have an online version of the paper on Wednesdays.[http://www.dailycal.org/article/102315/daily_cal_budget_woes_force_production_cuts][http://www.berkeleydailyplanet.com/issue/2008-08-28/article/30950?headline=Daily-Cal-in-Financial-Trouble]

''The Daily Californian'' is an affiliate of [[UWIRE]],<ref>http://www.uwire.com/content/affiliates.html</ref> which distributes and promotes its content to their network.

== The Daily Californian Alumni Association ==

More than 400 former ''The Daily Californian'' staffers have joined The Daily Californian Alumni Association (DCAA) since its resurrection in August 1996. A unit of The Daily Californian Education Foundation, the DCAA exists to bring alumni of the newspaper together as well as to provide mentorship and financial support to the current student staff. The DCAA is one the largest and most active alumni associations of any college newspaper. A chartered club of the California Alumni Association, the Daily Californian Alumni Association holds regular reunions and receptions across the country. Alumni are established and leading journalists in such news organizations as ''The Los Angeles Times'', ''The New York Times'', ''People'' magazine, ''The Arizona Republic'', ''The San Francisco Chronicle'', ''Sports Illustrated'', NBC News, ''USA Today'' and ''The Washington Post''.

Membership is open to all former staff members of ''The Daily Californian'' or student publications office staff (pre 1971). Reunions are held every October during homecoming weekend on the Berkeley campus and offer a chance for alums to mingle and trade stories with students on the current staff.

== Current Senior Editorial Board ==

The Senior Editorial Board encompasses all the section editors as well as the development editor. The following is the Senior Editorial Board membership for spring 2012:

Tomer Ovadia, Editor in Chief and President 
Leslie Toy, Managing Editor 
Kevin Foote, Photo Editor 
Fiona Hannigan, Blog Editor 
Soumya Karlamangla, City News Editor 
Jonathan Kuperberg, Sports Editor 
J.D. Morris, University News Editor 
Nick Myers, Opinion Editor 
Elaine Ou, Night Editor 
Aaida Samad, Development Editor 
Emily Smith, Design Editor 
Nastia Voynovskaya, Arts & Entertainment Editor 
Cecilia Wong, Multimedia Editor 

== Awards ==

''The Daily Californian'' consistently receives numerous awards on a regional and national level for its comprehensive and innovative coverage of [[University of California, Berkeley|UC Berkeley]], the city of [[Berkeley, California|Berkeley]] and the entire [[University of California|University of California system]].

*'''2010-11'''

'''[http://www.calcollegemedia.org California College Media Association]'''

 1st Place - Daily Cal Twitter, Best Use of Social Media
 1st Place - [http://clog.dailycal.org The Daily Clog], Best Blog
 1st Place - [http://archive.dailycal.org/search.php?searchType=article&author=Sam+Stander Sam Stander], Best Arts & Entertainment Story
 1st Place - [http://archive.dailycal.org/search.php?searchType=article&author=David+Liu David Liu], Best Arts & Entertainment Column/Criticism
 2nd Place - The Daily Californian, General Excellence
 2nd Place - [http://dailycal.org dailycal.org], General Website Excellence
 2nd Place - The Daily Californian, Best Overall Design
 2nd Place - [http://archive.dailycal.org/search.php?searchType=article&author=Jack+Wang Jack Wang], Best Sports Story
 2nd Place - [http://archive.dailycal.org/search.php?searchType=article&author=Hayley+Hosman Hayley Hosman], Best Arts & Entertainment Column/Criticism
 2nd Place - Senior Editorial Board, Best Editorial
 3rd Place - [http://archive.dailycal.org/search.php?searchType=article&author=Ed+Yevelev Ed Yevelev], Best Cartoon
 3rd Place - [http://archive.dailycal.org/search.php?searchType=article&author=Zach+E.J.+Williams Zach E.J. Williams], Best News Series
 3rd Place - [http://archive.dailycal.org/search.php?searchType=article&author=Javier+Panzar Javier Panzar], Best News Story (Non-Breaking)
 3rd Place - Jessie Tseng, Best Sports Page Design
 3rd Place - Jessie Tseng, Best Feature Page Design
 3rd Place - Brian Liyanto, Best Headline Portfolio

*'''2009-10'''

'''California College Media Association'''

 1st Place - The Daily Clog, Best Blog
 1st Place - Ed Yevelev, Best Cartoon
 1st Place - Lara Brucker, Best Photo Illustration
 1st Place - Javier Panzar, Best Feature Story
 1st Place - Maggie Owens, Best Arts Column
 1st Place - Jessie Tseng, Best Sports Page Design
 1st Place - Liz Cunningham, Best Infographic
 1st Place - Matt Kawahara, Best Sports Story
 1st Place - Victoria Chow, Nick Fradkin and Nathan Yan, Best Photo Series
 2nd Place - David Herschorn, Best Sports Photo
 2nd Place - Anna Hiatt, Best Feature Photo
 2nd Place - The Daily Clog, Best Use of Social Media
 2nd Place - Jimmy Tran, Best Sports Story
 2nd Place - Matt Kawahara, Best Sports Column
 2nd Place - Hannah Jewell, Best Arts Column
 2nd Place - Zach A. Williams, Best Breaking News
 3rd Place - The Daily Californian, Best Use of Social Media
 3rd Place - Tomer Ovadia, Best News Series
 3rd Place - Arielle Grant, Best Headline Portfolio
 3rd Place - Katherine Maslyn, Best Sports Design

*'''2007-08'''
'''Society of Professional Journalists'''
 Region 11 Mark of Excellence Awards
 1st place - Editorial Writing - Victoria Tang
 1st place - Sports Columns - Jon Doss
 3rd place - Best Daily Student Newspaper

'''Associated Collegiate Press'''
 1st place - Best in Show, Newspaper Web site, Washington, DC
 2nd place - Best in Show, Newspaper Web site, San Diego
 2nd place - Best in Show, Interactive Multimedia Element, San Diego
 3rd place - Best in Show, 4-year Daily Newspaper, San Diego

'''UWIRE Top 100 Student Journalists'''
 Christine Borden
 Stephanie M. Lee

'''California College Media Association'''
 1st place, Online General Excellence
 1st place, Special Issue
 1st place, News Feature
 1st place, Arts and Entertainment Column
 1st place, Sports Column
 1st place, News Photo
 1st place, Sports Page Design
 1st place, Feature Page Design
 1st place, Headline Portfolio
 1st place, Best Cartoon
 2nd place, General Excellence
 2nd place, Overall Design
 2nd place, Best Special Section
 2nd place, Editorial
 2nd place, Personal Opinion
 2nd place, Arts and Entertainment Review
 2nd place, Sports Column
 2nd place, Feature Photo
 2nd place, Feature Page Design
 2nd place, Headline Portfolio
 2nd place, Best Cartoon=
 3rd place, Arts and Entertainment Review
 3rd place, Arts and Entertainment Column
 3rd place, Sports Story
 3rd place, Sports Column
 3rd place, News Photo
 3rd place, Sports Photo
 3rd place, Headline Portfolio
 3rd place, Best Cartoon
 3rd place, Breaking News Online

*'''2007-08'''

'''[[Associated Collegiate Press]]'''
 National Pacemaker, Finalist: The Daily Californian staff
 Newspaper Web site, First Place: www.dailycal.org
 Editorial Writing, First Place: Alia Salim
 Photo Excellence - Environmental Portrai, Second Place: Alan Wong
 Photo Excellence - Spot News, Honorable Mention: Jessica Kuo

*'''2006-07'''

'''[[Society of Professional Journalists]]'''
 1st Place, Sports Column Writing
 2nd Place, Online Sports Reporting
 3rd Place, In-Depth Reporting
 3rd Place, Editorial Writing
 3rd Place, Best Affiliated Website: "The Daily Clog"

'''California College Media Association'''
 1st Place, Special Section
 1st Place, Arts & Entertainment Review
 1st Place, Headline Portfolio (Dailies)
 1st Place, Sports-Page Design (Dailies)
 1st Place, News-Page Design (Dailies)
 1st Place, Cartoon (Dailies)
 1st Place, Sports Photo (Dailies)
 2nd Place, Illustration (Dailies)
 2nd Place, Headline Portfolio (Dailies)
 3rd Place, Best Cartoon (Dailies)
 3rd Place, Breaking News Online: "The Daily Clog"
 3rd Place, Cartoon (Dailies)
 Honorable Mention, Photo Illustration (Dailies)
 Honorable Mention, Features Photo (Dailies)

'''[[Associated Collegiate Press]]'''
 1st Place - Best of Show, Spring 2007 Workshop (Four-year Dailies)

==Notable alumni==
* [[Karl Kasten]] (1938) - Award-winning [[Abstract Expressionist]] artist
* [[Warrington Colescott]] (1941–42) - painter and printmaker
* [[Marguerite Higgins]] (1941) - [[Pulitzer Prize]]-winning [[war correspondent]]
* [[Ron Fimrite]] (1949) - humorist, historian, author and sportswriter, best known for his 34-year career as a journalist for ''[[Sports Illustrated]]''<ref>http://alumni.dailycal.org/article/3/alums_to_honor_ron_fimrite</ref>
* [[Jann Wenner]] (1966) - Founder of ''[[Rolling Stone]]''
* [[Henry Weinstein]] (1966) - Award-winning ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'' reporter<ref>http://www.latimes.com/news/la-me-award13nov13,1,6600561.story</ref>
* [[Johnathan Rodgers]] (1967) - CEO/President of [[TV One (US TV network)|TV One]], former President of [[Discovery Networks]] and reporter for ''[[Sports Illustrated]]'' and ''[[Newsweek]]''<ref>http://www.tvoneonline.com/inside_tvone/bio_johnathan_rodgers.asp</ref><ref>http://web.archive.org/web/20060828222638/http://alumni.dailycal.org/newsletter/winter2005.pdf</ref>
* [[James Willwerth]] (1967) - Author and correspondent for ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine<ref>http://www.dailycal.org/article/16554/</ref>
* [http://www.nbcuni.com/corporate/management/executives/nbc-news/david-corvo David Corvo] (1972) - Television news producer and former broadcast journalist; current senior executive producer of [[Dateline NBC]]
* [[John R. Emshwiller]] (1972) - Senior national correspondent for ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]''
* [[David Lazarus]] (1983) - business and consumer columnist for the ''[[Los Angeles Times]]''; previously, award-winning columnist for the ''[[San Francisco Chronicle]]''<ref>http://alumni.dailycal.org/article/20/lazarus_schacht_honored_as_alumni_of_the_year</ref>
* [[Max Boot]] (1992) - Conservative columnist and author
* [[Michael Silver (sportswriter)| Michael Silver]] (1988) - NFL columnist for ''[[Yahoo Sports]]''; previously, award-winning NFL writer for ''[[Sports Illustrated]]'', authoring the magazine's Super Bowl game story for 12 straight years from 1994 through 2006; co-author of books by Jerry Rice, Dennis Rodman, Kurt Warner, and Natalie Coughlin <ref>http://sports.yahoo.com/nfl/expertsarchive?author=Michael+Silver; http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/writers/michael_silver/archive/index.html</ref>

==See also==
*[[List of college newspapers]]

== References ==
<references/>

== External links ==
*''[http://www.dailycal.org/ The Daily Californian]''
*''[http://clog.dailycal.org/ The Daily Clog]''
*[http://alumni.dailycal.org/ The Daily Californian Alumni Association]

{{UC Berkeley Student Life}}
{{Student Newspapers of the Pacific-12 Conference}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Daily Californian, The}}
[[Category:University of California, Berkeley]]
[[Category:Newspapers published in the San Francisco Bay Area]]
[[Category:Publications established in 1871]]
[[Category:Student newspapers published in California]]

List of Jewish American playwrights

2013-08-22T16:40:41Z

Rotlink: deadlink fix: content removed from google cache, found on web archive

''This is a list of famous Jewish American playwrights. For other famous Jewish Americans, see List of Jewish Americans.''

*Lynn Ahrens<ref name=autogenerated2>[http://www.jinfo.org/Musicals.html Jewish-Composed Musicals]</ref>
*Sholom Aleichem<ref>[http://www.odessaglobe.com/english/people/sholom-aleikhem.htm] "Recognized as the best Jewish writer who ever lived in Russia and wrote in Yiddish..."</ref>
*Woody Allen (1935–) Academy Award-winning film director, writer, actor, and comedian<ref name="judaicaref">{{cite encyclopedia | title =Motion Pictures| encyclopedia =Encyclopaedia Judaica| volume=| pages =| publisher =Keter Publishing House| date =1971–1972| id =| accessdate =2006-11-17 }}</ref>
*George Axelrod<ref>[http://www.jewishaz.com/jewishnews/031226/notable.shtml Notable Jewish deaths in 2003]</ref>
*Jeff Baron
*S. N. Behrman<ref>[http://www.wpi.edu/Academics/Library/Archives/WAuthors/behrman/bio.html] "He was the third child of Joseph and Zelda Behrman, Jewish immigrants living on Worcester's East Side."</ref>
*David Belasco<ref>[http://www.jewish-theatre.com/visitor/article_list.aspx?articleGroupID=55] "It was staged by the young David Belasco, a Sephardic Jew..."</ref>
*Saul Bellow<ref>[http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/bellow.htm] "American author, winner of the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1976, one of the major representatives of Jewish-American writers..."</ref>
*Leo Birinski
*Mel Brooks<ref>[http://www.jewish-theatre.com/visitor/article_display.aspx?articleID=538] "as the 77-year-old Brooklyn-born Jewish comedian put it unrepentantly..."</ref>
*Paddy Chayefsky<ref name=autogenerated1>[http://www.fb10.uni-bremen.de/anglistik/kerkhoff/ContempDrama/JewishAmThea.htm JewishAmThea]</ref>
*Comden and Green|Betty Comden & Adolph Green<ref name=autogenerated2 />
*Norman Corwin<ref>[http://72.14.207.104/search?q=cache:DsEpFST3ZoAJ:www.juf.org/news_public_affairs/article.asp%3Fkey%3D3183+%22Norman+Corwin%22+Jewish&hl=en&gl=ca&ct=clnk&cd=3] "Corwin, who is Jewish, started his journalism career sans a high school..."</ref>
*Howard Dietz<ref>[http://www.jinfo.org/Songs.html Hebrew Melodies]</ref>
*Edward Einhorn <ref>[http://www.edwardeinhorn.com Edward Einhorn - Novelist, Playwright, Director]</ref>
*Eve Ensler<ref>[http://www.jwa.org/feminism/_html/timeline.htm] [http://www.jewishsf.com/content/2-0-/module/displaystory/story_id/22839/format/html/displaystory.html] "The celebrated actress-playwright, born to a Jewish father and non-Jewish mother, sees herself as “a Jewish being. My mother looked like Doris Day. I was a dead ringer for Anne Frank. I came out Jewish.”"</ref>
*Harvey Fierstein<ref>[http://www.gay.com/news/article.html?2003/11/26/3] "Harvey Fierstein, nice Jewish boy from Bensonhurst, dressed in holiday finery..."</ref>
*Edna Ferber<ref>[http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/biography/ferber.html Edna Ferber]</ref>
*Herb Gardner<ref name=autogenerated1 />
*Larry Gelbart<ref>[http://www.jewishaz.com/jewishnews/021108/comic.shtml] "Besides writing the Oscar-nominated screenplay "Oh, God!" the Jewish comedy screenwriter is famous..."</ref>
* [[Les Golden]] comedy/murder mysteries<ref>Zorn, Eric. (1995) “This candidate is a "Cut the Taxes" above the rest,” ''Chicago Tribune'' (Metrowest), October 3, p. 1</ref><ref>http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1995-10-03/news/9510030038_1_wallace-gator-bradley-candidates-taxes</ref>
*Josh Greenfeld<ref>[http://www.time.com/time/archive/preview/0,10987,903557,00.html] "He, Josh Greenfeld, was a Jewish writer from Greenwich Village."</ref>
*Oscar Hammerstein II<ref>[http://news-service.stanford.edu/news/2001/february28/jewishlit-228.html] "When American Jewish songwriters Richard Rodgers and Oscar Hammerstein II wrote Oklahoma!, they were, Felstiner argues, doing what all children of immigrant parents do: desiring to possess the new land."</ref>
*Otto Harbach<ref name=autogenerated2 />
*Yip Harburg<ref>[http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/US-Israel/JewishComposers.html] [http://www.myjewishlearning.com/culture/Music/AmericanJewishMusicTO/AmericanJewishSongs.htm]</ref>
*Moss Hart<ref name="hart">[http://72.14.207.104/search?q=cache:yWRX6QNYgKYJ:www.highbeam.com/doc/1Y1:86465963/Show%2Bof%2Ba%2BLifetime%2B%253B%2BMoss%2BHart%2Band%2BGeorge%2BS%2BKaufmans%2BDebut%2BBroadway%2BHit%2Bis%2BComing%2BBack%2Bto%2BLondon~R~%2BAlan%2BStrachan%2BLooks%2Bat%2Bthe%2BDuo%2BWho%2BRuled%2BOver%2Ba%2BGolden%2BAge%2Bof%2BTheatre.html%3Frefid%3Dency_botnm+%22Moss+Hart%22+Jewish&hl=en&gl=ca&ct=clnk&cd=21] (on Hart and George S. Kaufman) "Both were tall, dark and Jewish, and both had private demons..."</ref>
*Ben Hecht<ref>[http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/biography/BHecht.html] "Ben Hecht was an American Jewish journalist, novelist, and playwright.</ref>
*Lillian Hellman<ref>[http://www.fau.edu/library/bro91.htm] [http://coe.west.asu.edu/students/rkamper/hellman1960.htm] "She is Jewish."</ref>
*Peretz Hirshbein<ref>[http://www2.jewishculture.org/awards/awards_arts_hirshbein.html National Foundation for Jewish Culture]</ref>
*Israel Horovitz<ref>[http://www.fb10.uni-bremen.de/anglistik/kerkhoff/ContempDrama/JewishAmThea.htm] [http://www.jbooks.com/interviews/index/IP_Horovitz_Miller.htm]</ref>
*Sidney Howard<ref>[http://www.erbzine.com/mag14/1458.html] "Sidney Howard was of course Jewish having emigrated to the United States from Germany twenty years before.</ref>
*George Jessel (actor)|George Jessel<ref>[http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1:79377579/The+History+of+Jewish+American+Comedians~C~+New+Book+Traces+Humor+from+George+Jessel+to+Jerry+Seinfeld.html?refid=SEO This article is unavailable - HighBeam Research]</ref>
*George S. Kaufman<ref name="hart"/>
*Sidney Kingsley<ref>[http://arts.guardian.co.uk/features/story/0,11710,1478295,00.html?gusrc=rss] "second-generation American Jewish writers: Miller, Odets, Sidney Kingsley"</ref>
*Tony Kushner<ref>[http://www.barclayagency.com/kushner.html] "The gay, Jewish socialist raised in Louisiana and educated at Columbia and NYU most enjoys addressing audiences that are receptive to ideas for change and progress."</ref>
*James Lapine<ref>[http://www.fb10.uni-bremen.de/anglistik/kerkhoff/ContempDrama/JewishAmThea.htm] "finest Jewish playwrights, including Elizabeth Swados, William Finn and James Lapine, Herb Gardner..."</ref>
*Arthur Laurents<ref>[http://gaytoday.badpuppy.com/garchive/reviews/091800re.htm] "...the creation of Leonard Bernstein, Jerome Robbins, Arthur Laurents, and Stephen Sondheim: four gay Jewish men, all working at the very top of their craft." [http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/product-description/1557834679/] "Laurents also writes extensively on being gay, Jewish, left-wing..."</ref>
*H. Leivick<ref>[http://www.met.com/golem/notes.html MET's Past Productions: The Golem - Notes on the Play]</ref>
*Alan Jay Lerner<ref>[http://www.jinfo.org/Musicals.html] [http://www.fb10.uni-bremen.de/anglistik/kerkhoff/ContempDrama/JewishAmThea.htm]</ref>
*Ira Levin<ref>[http://www.juf.org/tweens/new_cel.asp?id=82] "Dickens wasn’t Jewish, in case you were wondering. But Bette just did a remake of The Stepford Wives, based on the novel by Ira Levin, who is."</ref>
*Craig Lucas<ref>[http://www.newhavenadvocate.com/gbase/Arts/content.html?oid=oid:95339] "Besides the mainstage premiere of a major new work by acclaimed Jewish playwright Craig Lucas..."</ref>
*David Mamet<ref>[http://www.cambridge.org/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=0521894689&ss=exc] "David Mamet is a Jewish writer, though until recently few accounts of his life or work suggested as much..."</ref>
*Donald Margulies<ref>[http://www.jewishjournal.com/home/preview.php?id=12291] "he was Donald Margulies, the darling of regional theater, the state-sanctioned "Jewish American Playwright""</ref>
*Arthur Miller<ref>[http://www.jbooks.com/interviews/index/IP_Horovitz_Miller.htm] "Let's have a look. Miller, like myself, (and like Ed Siegel) is a Jewish-American, meaning, simply..."</ref>
*Becky Mode <ref>[http://www.time.com/time/arts/article/0,8599,91443,00.html Time Magazine "Best Theater 2000" #4]</ref>
*Itamar Moses
*Clifford Odets<ref>[http://yiddishbookcenter.org/story.php?n=10313] "...introduced the work of Jewish playwrights Aaron Hoffman, Clifford Odets, and Paddy Chayefsky to contemporary audiences..."</ref>
*Jonathan Rand<ref>[http://www.jonathanrand.com JonathanRand.com - The official website of playwright Jonathan Rand]</ref>
*Carl Reiner<ref>[http://www.interestingideas.com/ii/rob.htm] "But consider the milieu the show's Jewish creator, Carl Reiner, was trying to portray: the heavily Jewish New York comedy scene out of which came Your Show..."</ref>
*Elmer Rice<ref>[http://www.jewish-theatre.com/visitor/article_display.aspx?articleID=1236] "Elmer Rice, nee Reizenstein, an American/Jewish writer of the ‘20s and ‘30s, did not necessarily focus on Jewish characters and issues..."</ref>
*Morrie Ryskind<ref>[http://www.sfsevents.org/juneFest05/timeline.htm] "George and Ira Gershwin team up with another Jewish team—George S. Kaufman and Morrie Ryskind..."</ref>
*Rod Serling<ref>[http://www.rodserling.com/presence.htm] "Rod was Jewish and that doesn't necessarily mean that it should have meant more..."</ref>
*Irwin Shaw<ref>[http://www.jewishgen.org/JCR-UK/Community/swansea-amis.htm] "Amis and I often talked about Jewish matters, such as novels by American Jews, like Irwin Shaw – that dates it."</ref>
*Wallace Shawn<ref>[http://www.juf.org/tweens/new_cel.asp?ID=64 JUF : Tweens : Celebrities : Wallace Shawn]</ref>
*Sidney Sheldon<ref>[http://www.pbclibrary.org/story-jewishlit.htm Jewish Literature Month - Palm Beach County Library System]</ref>
*Martin Sherman<ref>[http://citypaper.net/articles/042700/cw.critpick.martin.shtml]""Being Jewish and being gay are the most important parts of me," he explains, "and they’re the DNA in my bones.""</ref>
*Neil Simon<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20040825212037/http://www.juf.org/news_public_affairs/article.asp?key=4571] "Broadway Bound is the least known play of prolific Jewish playwright Neil Simon’s trio of comical semi-autobiographical dramas."</ref>
*Isaac Bashevis Singer<ref>[http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/biography/Singer.html Isaac Bashevis Singer]</ref>
*Jill Soloway — playwright, television writer<ref>'''Soloway''' — [http://www.jewishjournal.com/home/preview.php?id=16466] "One aspect of herself that Soloway reveals in her book, due out in paperback next month (published by Free Press), is that she, a self-described "Jewess," feels a sisterly solidarity with Monica Lewinsky, as well as Chandra Levy"</ref>
*Aaron Sorkin (1961–) screenwriter, producer and playwright<ref>'''Sorkin''' — [http://www.atlantajewish.com/content/092006/falltv-peet.html] "...says the Jewish Sorkin..."</ref>
*Gertrude Stein
*Joseph Stein<ref>[http://www2.jewishculture.org/disciplines/performing_arts/theater/350th_playlist.html 350th Play List]</ref>
*Jeffrey Sweet<ref>[http://www.jewish-theatre.com/visitor/article_display.aspx?articleID=722 All About Jewish Theatre - The Sins of the Father, Another Holocaust Play]</ref>
*Alfred Uhry<ref>[http://www.performink.com/Archives/stagepersonae/2000/UrhyAlfred.html] "I’ve probably come late to the party accepting, and being proud of, the fact that I’m Jewish. But I’m here. Am I an observant Jew? No. Maybe I’ll get there."</ref>
*Wendy Wasserstein (1950–2006) playwright and an Andrew Dickson White Professor-at-Large at Cornell University, also the recipient of the Tony Award for Best Play and the Pulitzer Prize for Drama<ref>'''Wasserstein''' — [http://www.jewishsf.com/content/2-0-/module/displaystory/story_id/725/edition_id/4/format/html/displaystory.html] "“My father loved me dearly, but I’m not a Jewish American Princess,” playwright Wendy Wasserstein said. “I’m a Jewish mother, but I’m not Molly Goldberg.”"</ref>
*Jerome Weidman<ref>[http://www.greenwood.com/catalog/GR9462.aspx Contemporary Jewish-American Novelists — www.greenwood.com]</ref>
*Franz Werfel<ref>[http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/fwerfel.htm] "Werfel was a German-speaking Jew and never forgot his Jewish background..."</ref>
*Norman Wexler screenwriter of "Saturday Night Fever","Joe", "Serrpic", "Mandingo"
*Turn left at Gilgamesh|Rory Winston Playwright, poet, comedy writer, reviewer<ref name="jewishpress">{{cite article | Survivor's Dictionary| year =2003}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal|Literature}}
*List of Jewish American authors
*List of Jewish American poets
*Multi-Ethnic Literature of the United States
*Before Columbus Foundation

==Footnotes==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Lists of American Jews|Playwrights]]
[[Category:Lists of dramatists and playwrights|Jewish American]]
[[Category:American dramatists and playwrights|Jewish]]

Criticism of Jimmy Wales

2012-09-21T04:05:06Z

Rotlink: 14 archived; 2 marked deadlinks

[[Image:Jimbo_sleepy.jpg|right|thumb|214px|The man, the legend, Jimmy Wales]][[Wikipedia]] co-founder '''Jimmy "Jimbo" Wales has often been criticized''' for his sometimes authoritarian, sometimes unaccountable, and sometimes inept style in his direction of the online encyclopedia community and for his mismanagement of the [[Directory:Wikimedia Foundation|Wikimedia Foundation]] that is responsible for running it.

As a [[Directory:The New York Times|New York Times]] writer commented in a column once:
:''"As long as he is involved with Wikipedia, however, Mr. Wales will continue to be a guiding light for its many contributors — as well as a lightning rod for its critics."'' <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/17/technology/17wikipedia.html?_r=1&bl&ex=1205899200&en=e0949ec94f152e85&ei=5087%0A&oref=slogin |title="Open-Source Troubles in Wiki World" |archiveurl=http://archive.is/20120921/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/17/technology/17wikipedia.html?_r=1&bl&ex=1205899200&en=e0949ec94f152e85&ei=5087%0A&oref=slogin |archivedate=2012-09-21}}, Noam Cohen, March 17, 2008.</ref>

As a [http://toolserver.org/~soxred93/pcount/index.php?name=Everyking&lang=en&wiki=wikipedia Wikipedia administrator] with over 125,000 edits on the project has said:
:''It is a sad, sad statement on the Wikipedia community that it has never gotten rid of Jimbo Wales. It's remarkable to me that now, in 2010, Jimbo is still around, while the project itself is stagnating quite badly. I thought at one time that such a vibrant project with so much potential would surely jettison Jimbo -- who is so obviously a useless and unprincipled opportunist -- in relatively short order, once it matured to a certain point. Instead I'm starting to wonder if the project will sink and Jimbo will still be sitting there when it does.'' <ref>{{cite web |url=http://wikipediareview.com/index.php?s=&showtopic=30616&view=findpost&p=250652 |title=User:Everyking |archiveurl=http://archive.is/20120921/http://wikipediareview.com/index.php?s=&showtopic=30616&view=findpost&p=250652 |archivedate=2012-09-21}}, August 31, 2010.</ref>

==Not a pornographer?==
[[Image:Captain_Jimbo.jpg|right|thumb|200px|Seems an odd way to market a "web portal"]]Jimbo Wales made repeated edits to his own biography on Wikipedia. One particularly hard bone of contention was [[Directory:Bomis|Bomis]], Jimbo's thriving Internet venture prior to Wikipedia. Bomis, a search portal, also included a healthy dose of "adult content", which Jimbo previously downplayed as ''glamour photography'' -- though as [[Directory:The New Yorker|The New Yorker]] notes, "glamour photography" is ''"not the most precise way to describe lesbian strip-poker threesomes."'' Nonetheless, Jimbo has been steadfast in his efforts to [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jimmy_Wales&diff=26702273&oldid=26658959 remove any suggestion that the beacon of free culture was at one time an unapologetic pornography peddler].

=="Sole Founder" controversy with Larry Sanger==
While the Wikipedia project consistently released statements to the press in its earliest years describing Larry Sanger as the "co-founder" of the encyclopedia, Jimmy Wales later took it upon himself to reframe the description of Sanger as an "employee" of Wales'. Wales has stated that he appreciates Sanger's contributions, but he seems unwilling to accept Sanger as a pioneer of Wikipedia's construction.

Dr. Sanger has [http://www.larrysanger.org/roleinwp.html taken the time] to elaborate on the factual evidence that supports his identification as "co-founder" of Wikipedia. Jimmy Wales has done very little such work to compile evidence that he is the "sole founder".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.larrysanger.org/roleinwp.html |title=My role in Wikipedia (links) |archiveurl=http://archive.is/20120912/http://www.larrysanger.org/roleinwp.html |archivedate=2012-09-12}}, Dr. Larry Sanger, 2007, ''LarrySanger.org''.</ref>

More recently, Sanger has called out Wales via an "open letter",<ref>[http://blog.citizendium.org/2009/04/08/an-open-letter-to-jimmy-wales-copy/ An open letter to Jimmy Wales], Dr. Larry Sanger, 2009, ''Citizendium.org''. {{deadlink |url=http://blog.citizendium.org/2009/04/08/an-open-letter-to-jimmy-wales-copy/}}</ref> where the displeased creator of the Wikipedia name and architecture accuses Wales of "lies and distortions", being "transparently self-serving", and issuing "particularly outrageous" claims.

Clearly, the facts remain:

*Larry Sanger came to Wales in January 2001, asking him to install wiki software to feed the Nupedia encyclopedia project.
*Sanger named this new feeder project "Wikipedia".
*Sanger issued the first invitation for the public to come help build Wikipedia.
*Sanger, not Wales, crafted most of the key guidelines and policies that still govern Wikipedia today.

==Flip-flopping on paid editing of Wikipedia==
In August 2006, Wales [http://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikien-l/2006-August/051897.html crafted a compromise] with a paid-editing firm to create and serve GFDL content on their own website about paying entities not currently featured in Wikipedia. Other unpaid, independent editors could determine whether the material was worth scraping into Wikipedia.

However, just a couple of months later in October 2006, Wales would renege on this agreement and, in fact, chastised anyone in the public relations industry as "[http://blog.bitepr.com/2006/08/jimmy_wales_on_.html deeply unethical]" if they attempt to create or influence GFDL content of an encyclopedic nature. Of course, the GFDL specifically bars licensees from restricting content to either commercial or non-commercial parties, so Wales really had no clue here.

==Essjay scandal==
[[Image:Jimmy Wales shilling wristwatches.jpg|left|thumb|170px|Want to buy a watch?]]In January 2007, Wales hired Ryan Jordan (pseudonymously known as "Essjay" on Wikipedia) to work at Wikia, Inc. At that time, it is [http://blog.citizendium.org/2007/03/05/one-last-brief-comment-on-the-essjay-scandal/ known that Wikia's co-founders knew] that Jordan was not academically credentialed as a Theology professor holding a PhD, as described on his Wikipedia user page. In fact, he was a 24-year-old college dropout. Regardless of this fraud, later in February, Wales appointed Essjay to Wikipedia's Arbitration Committee, the highest authority on Wikipedia short of the Wikimedia Foundation's own board of directors and staff. When the ''[http://www.WikipediaReview.com Wikipedia Review]'' engaged the ''New Yorker'' magazine to expose Essjay's fraud, Wales' first reaction [http://news.google.com/archivesearch?q=%22I+don%27t+really+have+a+problem+with+it%22+Essjay&btnG=Search&hl=en&um=1&ie=UTF-8 was to say] he "didn't really have a problem with it".

 
{{GKAdBrite}}
 
Well after [[Wikipedia_scandals#Essjay_is_not_a_professor|the scandal]] evolved into a serious public relations threat to Wikipedia's credibility, Wales sought to deflect responsibility for the whole affair by blaming the Arbitration Committee that he himself had created: "EssJay was appointed at the request of and unanimous support of the ArbCom." - Jimmy Wales [http://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikien-l/2007-October/083549.html 17 October 2007]. Perplexed members of the Arbitration Committee responded by saying it would be more accurate to describe their "unanimous support" as "nobody objected to Jimbo's nomination of Essjay".

==Spyware? What spyware?==
[[Image:Jimmy_Wales_bright_eyed.jpg|left|thumb|200px|Me? Support spyware?]]Jimbo must have some fond connection with a piece of hated software called BonziBUDDY, because Jimbo has no problem stepping in personally on this Wikipedia subject. Those Internet veterans among you may remember BonziBUDDY, that obnoxious purple gorilla whose friendly and helpful appearance just happened to hide a program designed to infest your computer with truckloads of adware and malware. The mainstream media was virtually unanimous in scorning BonziBUDDY on various "most hated" lists. Jimbo, however, had a curiously different opinion; in fact, he couldn't keep this opinion to himself, so he [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=BonziBUDDY&diff=168350569&oldid=168303939 personally edited Wikipedia's BonziBUDDY article] to systematically erase mention of "spyware" from the article. In fact, Jimbo also violated the Wikipedia rule against "original research" by becoming an expert paralegal for a moment: ''"In the following legal settlement, the issue was not the issue of "spyware", a term which does not appear in any of the legal documents."''

==Rachel Marsden affair==
His alleged attempts to "clean up" a Wikipedia entry for a woman with whom he had a relationship has also [http://news.google.com/archivesearch?q=%22Rachel+Marsden%22+Wales&btnG=Search&hl=en&um=1&ie=UTF-8 generated headlines]. Wales was accused of intervening to sanitize the Wikipedia article of a news commentator with whom he was having a romantic online relationship, which was about to culminate in a sexual romp in a [[Directory:Hilton_Hotels/Doubletree/Washington_DC|Doubletree Hotel in the nation's capital]].

The Wikipedia article regarding controversial [[Directory:Canada|Canadian]] radio commentator [[Directory:Rachel Marsden|Rachel Marsden]] had been the subject of controversy on Wikipedia for some years. According to Marsden, she had asked [[Directory:Wikipedia|Wikipedia]] to delete her [[biography]]. Her concerns led her to contact Wikipedia co-founder [[Directory:Jimmy Wales|Jimmy Wales]], claiming that it was incorrect and libelous. Wales reviewed her biography and, deeming that it was not up to standard, helped to clean up the entry by quietly requesting that a closely allied administrator [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rachel_Marsden&diff=189784135&oldid=185926385 do the work], literally hours before Wales would meet Marsden in person at the hotel.

Wales announced in a statement on Wikipedia "My involvement in cases like this is completely routine, and I am proud of it."<ref name=smh/> On [[February 29]], [[2008]], the technology gossip blog [[Valleywag]] claimed that they had entered into a relationship, and published instant messaging chats that they had allegedly exchanged. On the following day Wales announced on his Wikipedia user page that he was no longer involved with Marsden. In return, Marsden, who claimed to have learned about the breakup by reading about it on the Internet, turned to [[eBay]] and put up for auction a [[t-shirt]] and sweater that she claimed to be Wales'.<ref>{{cite news
| url = http://www.cbc.ca/canada/british-columbia/story/2008/03/02/marsden-breakup.html
| title = Canadian pundit, Wikipedia founder in messy breakup
| author = Siri Agrell
| publisher = [[The Canadian Press]]
| date = [[2008-03-02]]
| accessdate = 2008-03-06
|archiveurl=http://archive.is/20120723/http://www.cbc.ca/canada/british-columbia/story/2008/03/02/marsden-breakup.html |archivedate=2012-07-23}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
| url = http://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20080304.wlbreakup04/BNStory/lifeMain/home
| title = Ms. Marsden's cyberspace breakup: tit-for-tat-for-T-shirt
| author = Siri Agrell
| publisher = [[The Globe and Mail]]
| date = [[2008-03-04]]
| accessdate = 2008-03-05
}} {{deadlink |url=http://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20080304.wlbreakup04/BNStory/lifeMain/home}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
| url = http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,334652,00.html
| title = Wikipedia Founder's Fling With Columnist Ends in Nasty Public Breakup
| publisher = [[Fox News Channel|FOXNews.com]]
| date = [[2008-03-03]]
| accessdate = 2008-03-05
|archiveurl=http://archive.is/20120921/http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,334652,00.html |archivedate=2012-09-21}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
| url = http://technology.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/tech_and_web/article3475722.ece
| title = Fury of a woman scorned – on Wikipedia
| publisher = [[The Times]]
| date = [[2008-03-04]]
| accessdate = 2008-03-05
|archiveurl=http://archive.is/20120714/http://technology.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/tech_and_web/article3475722.ece |archivedate=2012-07-14}}</ref><ref name=smh>{{cite news
| url = http://www.smh.com.au/news/web/ex-takes-her-revenge-on-mr-wiki/2008/03/04/1204402405901.html
| title = Ex takes her revenge on Mr Wikipedia
| publisher = [[The Sydney Morning Herald]]
| author = Asher Moses
| date = [[2008-03-04]]
| accessdate = 2008-03-05
|archiveurl=http://archive.is/20120921/http://www.smh.com.au/news/web/ex-takes-her-revenge-on-mr-wiki/2008/03/04/1204402405901.html |archivedate=2012-09-21}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite news
| url = http://www.usatoday.com/tech/webguide/internetlife/2008-03-04-wikipedia-wales_N.htm?csp=34
| title = Wikipedia's Wales defends breakup, expenses
| publisher = [[USA Today]]
| date = [[2008-03-05]]
| accessdate = 2008-03-05
|archiveurl=http://archive.is/20120921/http://www.usatoday.com/tech/webguide/internetlife/2008-03-04-wikipedia-wales_N.htm?csp=34 |archivedate=2012-09-21}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
| url = http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/businesstechnology/2004286879_btwikipedia17.html
| title = Wikipedia experiences growing pains
| author = Alana Semuels
| publisher = Seattle Times
| date = [[2008-03-17]]
| accessdate = 2008-03-17
|archiveurl=http://archive.is/20120921/http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/businesstechnology/2004286879_btwikipedia17.html |archivedate=2012-09-21}}</ref>

There is curiously only a brief mention of this episode in the anonymous-edit-protected Wikipedia [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Wales article about Jimmy Wales], even though it was the [http://news.google.com/archivesearch?q=%22Rachel+Marsden%22+Wales&btnG=Search&hl=en&um=1&ie=UTF-8 talk of mainstream media] for the better part of March 2008. Compare, there is [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mel_Gibson_DUI_incident an entire article] about Mel Gibson's DUI incident; an article which any anonymous IP address can edit and malign. Not so, Jimmy Wales' article. He merits special protective editorial favors, it would appear.

In filing for divorce from Jimmy, his second wife Christine A. Wales is being represented by attorney [http://zacurgrahm.com/Firm%20Info/Lawyers/2444756.aspx Sean A. Costis]. Mr. Wales is represented by [http://thackerlawgroup.com/profiles.htm#john John Thacker].

==Misspending Foundation funds==
[[Image:Jimbo_in_Vogue.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Jimbo playing dress-up]]In March 2008, Wales was accused by former Wikimedia Foundation employee Danny Wool of subsidizing personal expenditures with foundation funds. These included rebuffed attempts to have reimbursed a $1200 dinner for four, a $650 wine tab, and even a visit to a Moscow massage parlor that Wales submitted ''twice'' for payback from the Foundation. Wool also stated that Wales had his Wikimedia credit card taken away in part because of his spending habits, though Wales denied this claim.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://smh.com.au/news/biztech/wikipedia-head-accused-of-expenses-rort/2008/03/05/1204402516874.html |title=Wikipedia's Jimmy Wales accused of expenses rort |archiveurl=http://archive.is/20120921/http://smh.com.au/news/biztech/wikipedia-head-accused-of-expenses-rort/2008/03/05/1204402516874.html |archivedate=2012-09-21}}, Asher Moses, March 5, 2008, ''[[Sydney Morning Herald]]''</ref> Foundation Chair Florence Devouard and former foundation interim Executive Director Brad Patrick denied any wrongdoing by Wales or the foundation, saying that Wales accounted for every expense and that for items he did not have receipts for, he paid out of his own pocket.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2008/03/05/BUVFVDM3H.DTL |title=San Francisco Chronicle |archiveurl=http://archive.is/20120912/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2008/03/05/BUVFVDM3H.DTL |archivedate=2012-09-12}}</ref> Executive Director Sue Gardner would later defend Wales on CNET video, saying, "Jimmy has never done anything wrong."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.cnet.com/1606-2-6233396.html |title=CNET video of an extremely uncomfortable Sue Gardner |archiveurl=http://archive.is/20120921/http://news.cnet.com/1606-2-6233396.html |archivedate=2012-09-21}}</ref>

If these facts are not enough to convince you that money makes its way through the back door to Wales' wallet, then perhaps a look [http://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/foundation-l/2009-January/049340.html at the front door] is in order. The Wikimedia Foundation announced in January 2009 that it was to begin paying rent to Jimmy Wales' company, Wikia, Inc., on a monthly basis. They would use the tax-advantaged funds granted by the Ruth and Frank Stanton Fund. Did Wikia offer the lowest-priced rent solution to the Wikimedia Foundation? Not at all! After a [http://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/foundation-l/2009-January/049345.html frantic] back-and-forth [http://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/foundation-l/2009-January/049354.html attempt] by different [http://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/foundation-l/2009-January/049360.html agents] of the Wikimedia Foundation to [http://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/foundation-l/2009-January/049411.html explain] how this [http://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/foundation-l/2009-January/049389.html level] of [http://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/foundation-l/2009-January/049391.html self-dealing] was [http://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/foundation-l/2009-January/049393.html allowed to happen], Wikia's CEO Gil Penchina finally revealed (a year later, January 4, 2010) in a personal e-mail:

<blockquote>''They <nowiki>[the Wikimedia Foundation]</nowiki> approached us and asked if they could rent space on a temporary basis.. and I think it ended up being 4-6 months give or take. I thought about giving it to them for free and I wasn't sure which was worse... getting accused of bribing a non-profit for giving it away, or getting accused of stealing for a non-profit for charging... so we ended up asking them to get competitng (sic) quotes from other landlords so that THEY could feel comfortable with the decision.''</blockquote>

First there is a request to rent space from a hand-picked bidder, and only ''then'' a suggestion to get competing bids from other landlords? It sounds like someone at the Wikimedia Foundation wanted to make sure that Jimmy Wales' for-profit company had the inside track on that bid, worth many thousands of dollars.

==Jeffrey Merkey favors-for-payment allegations==
[[Image:Jimmy Wales on Washington Post interview.jpg|right|thumb|200px|Napping on the job.]]Later in March 2008, it was alleged by [[Jeff V. Merkey|Jeffrey Vernon Merkey]] that Wales had edited Merkey's entry in Wikipedia to make it more "favourable" in return for donations to the Wikimedia Foundation. In May 2006 Wales had erased Merkey's article "because of the unpleasantness of it" and stated "we are nearing a resolution of this longstanding conflict," referring to a dispute between the Wikipedia community and Merkey over the content of the biography. Wales called the allegation that the Wikimedia Foundation had received donations in exchange for this "nonsense."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/cashforkindness-scandal-rattles-wikipedia/2008/03/11/1205125911471.html |title=Cash for kindness |archiveurl=http://archive.is/20120921/http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/cashforkindness-scandal-rattles-wikipedia/2008/03/11/1205125911471.html |archivedate=2012-09-21}}</ref> <ref name="bbcpaidediting">{{citeweb|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/7291382.stm|title=Wiki boss 'edited for donation'|accessdate=2008-03-12 |archiveurl=http://archive.is/20120921/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/7291382.stm |archivedate=2012-09-21}}</ref> Nonetheless, Merkey made a very clear and very deliberate statement to the Associated Press that attested: <blockquote>''Wales agreed that in exchange for a substantial donation and other financial support of the Wikimedia Foundation projects, Wales would use his influence to make Merkey's article adhere to Wikipedia's stated policies with regard to internet libel "as a courtesty" and place Merkey under his "special protection" as an editor.''<ref>[http://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/foundation-l/2008-March/039545.html [Foundation-l] Statement to the Associated Press], Jeffrey Merkey, March 9, 2008.</ref></blockquote>

A few news sources that reported the story [http://pages.citebite.com/w1n0s3r6h3bmk provided the link to the article's history to show Jimbo edited the article], except if one is to hit "edit history" he will see nothing. The page was deleted from Wikipedia in May 2010. Still [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Log&page=Jeff+V.+Merkey the page's log from October 2006 "(investigating new edits for possible violations of WP:NOR, WP:RS, and WP:BIO [edit=autoconfirmed:move=autoconfirmed)"] shows that Jimbo Wales protected the page just as Merkey said he did. The page reminded protected for almost two years. It is very unusual for an article of little importance. Also unusual is [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Jimbo_Wales/Archive_30#Question_about_Merkey this exchange]: Jimbo was asked about the article:
<blockquote>''I have no clue whether or not I'm stepping into a landmine here...

I'm a brand new admin and in trying to clean up pages that have been "semi" protected, I ran across Jeff V. Merkey. From what I can tell, there seem to have been several bouts of COI, BLP, harassment, etc around the article. But most if not all of that seems to have happened last year (late 2006), so I was wondering if the page should still be protected, or if it can be unprotected. Since you protected it back in Oct. 2006, I bring it to you to decide :)'' -- SatyrTN (talk | contribs) 02:01, 10 December 2007 (UTC)
</blockquote> Jimbo responded:<blockquote>''I would recommend keeping it semi-protected for now. It could be unprotected at some point in the future.''--Jimbo Wales (talk) 21:58, 10 December 2007 (UTC)</blockquote>

In 2009 Jimbo Wales was [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Jimbo_Wales&diff=prev&oldid=323106636 notified about the deletion request for the article] as the article creator. This notification mean that Jimbo himself created the article that is very unusual and probably is yet another confirmation of the editing Wikipedia for donations. Jimbo removed this notification with the edit summary: "''I prefer to have nothing to do with this at all''".

==Tolerance of plagiarism==
The original version of any wiki-formatted article about the Arch Coal company was authored in September 2006 by [[Directory:Gregory J. Kohs|Gregory Kohs]] and released under the terms of the GFDL on this website, [[Directory:MyWikiBiz|MyWikiBiz.com]]. It was then scraped by an independent editor into Wikipedia. In October 2006, erroneously thinking that the article was paid for by Arch Coal, Wikipedia co-founder Jimmy Wales acted to delete the article from Wikipedia, but the Wikipedia community determined that Wales' action had been unjustified. The article was revised, largely by "User:JzG" (Guy Chapman), who would [http://wikipediareview.com/index.php?showtopic=15321 later claim] that he wrote his version of the article ''ab initio'', "from the ground up". However, in January 2008, Kohs demonstrated to Chapman that the article as modified by User:JzG actually plagiarized many aspects of the original. Faced with that evidence, Chapman elected to cover up his misdeed by [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Log&page=Arch_Coal deleting the original edits] on the Wikipedia site, thus making the provenance of the article appear to have come from Chapman, and not from MyWikiBiz. When Jimmy Wales was notified about this violation of professional ethics and proper GFDL attribution of the edit history, Wales '''very reluctantly''' restored the original edit history, with the childish edit summary, "''might as well restore all of it I suppose''".

===Additional comment===
When in December 2008, Kohs [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arch_Coal&diff=255480884&oldid=255154863 sought to improve] the article about Arch Coal on Wikipedia, his improvements were [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arch_Coal&diff=next&oldid=255480884 reverted back] by a mindless administrator from Belgium. This underscores the true system of editorial control on Wikipedia -- it matters not the '''content''' of one's edits, but rather '''who''' authors the content. (Which, of course, directly contradicts Wikipedia's supposed credo that "anyone can edit".)

===Jimbo (finally) sees the light===
After about 26 months, Wales did ultimately [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk%3AArch_Coal&diff=258731121&oldid=224255965 apologize in a round-about way] for his mistakes in handling this situation. Bravo! <nowiki><golf clap></nowiki>

==Jimbo plagiarizes photography==
When delivering an important presentation in Spain in 2010, Jimmy Wales [http://www.mywikibiz.com/File:Jimbo_stealing_CC_content.jpg featured an image] that he (or his speech writer) had altered, mislabeled into the wrong decade, then presented as a "Wikia" product. He did not properly attribute the image to the original photographer, thus violating the CC-by-SA 2.0 Generic license by which the photo was released.

 
<div style="overflow:auto;height:1px;">
[[Keyword:=Jimmy Wales]]
[[Keyword:=Jimbo Wales]]
[[Keyword:=Jimmy Donal Wales]]
[[Keyword:=criticism]]
[[Keyword:=fraud]]
[[Keyword:=controversy]]
[[Keyword:=scandal]]
[[Keyword:=critique]]
</div>
{{GKAnt}}

==Openserving==
In December 2006, Jimmy Wales launched a spin-off from Wikia called [http://openserving.wikia.com/wiki/Main_Page Openserving]. Wales was attempting to copy another business model that had been floated by [[Centiare|Centiare.com]] (which is currently regenerated at [[Directory:MyWikiBiz|MyWikiBiz]]), and by Helium.com, where the unpaid labor who create new content would have the opportunity to earn advertising revenue as a reward for their authorship. Although Wales claimed that "thousands" of interested queries were made of Openserving, the project never got a single new forum off the ground. It was a failure.

Wikia.com is perhaps Wales' most successful project financially, although it has been speculated that it won't be able to turn a regular profit, as meager ad revenues can't possibly support the staffing needs.

==Spanking Art Wikia==
[[Image:Spanking Art Wikia ad for March of Dimes.jpg|left|thumb|230px|Centextual ads supported spanking]]Jimmy Wales' privately-held Wikia company as recently as January 2008 hosted online a web menagerie of freely-licensed images of innocent children juxtaposed with depraved images of children being mercilessly spanked until purple, along with photos of various sexual-enhancement toys. A critic of the site led an urgent campaign that challenged this '''[http://web.archive.org/web/20071214201347rn_1/spankingart.wikia.com/wiki/Main_Page Spanking Art Wikia]''' wiki. Wales became quite ruffled under the collar, irritated that the agitator had not "made a complaint through the proper channels". Imagine, sexually-charged images of deviant abuse against children, and the man hosting it on his company's servers was more upset that the complaints against his site weren't filed properly.

==Wikia Search==
Jimbo's venture into the search engine market was much-ballyhooed by the tech media, but after only an 18-month effort, Wales pulled the plug on the failure that was Wikia Search. Evidence was clear early on that it would [http://andrewkeen.typepad.com/the_great_seduction/2008/10/the.html not be a success]. One award-winning technologist opined on the $50,000 cost of Wikia's purchase of Grub crawler technology, but Jimmy Wales had a succinct [http://sethf.com/infothought/blog/archives/001299.html retort] for Seth Finkelstein: "Seth, you're an idiot." But even as late as March 2009, Wales [http://www.imediaconnection.com/content/22475.asp deceived reporter Susan Kuchinskas] with the assurance, "''I have my team focused on the front end, working on the user experience, and making sure we have all the wiki-like tools people need to work on the site. We're just cranking away.''" Merely days later, Wales would face reality, fire the people he'd employed to try to make this pig fly, and shut down the site.

==Intolerant of criticism==
Nobody really enjoys personal criticism, but one could argue that the "spiritual leader" of a global project that touches hundreds of millions of people should be more tolerant and receptive to critique. Not so, Jimmy Wales. When faced with direct criticism from even the most prolific of Wikipedia volunteers, it takes super-sensitive Jimbo only a few minutes to [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Jimbo_Wales&diff=next&oldid=411584809 dismiss the concern] as "trolling and attacks".

== See also ==
* [[Wikipedia]]
* [[Directory:Wikimedia Foundation|Wikimedia Foundation]]
* [[Nationalistic Editing on Wikipedia]]
* [[Directory:Josip Broz Tito and Wikipedia| Wikipedia's bias towards Dictator Josip Broz Tito and Communist Yugoslavia]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Additional reading==
*[[Top 10 Reasons Not to Donate to Wikipedia]]
*[[The Six Rotten Pillars of Wikipedia‎]]
*[http://moriyosi.livejournal.com/28156.html Moriyosi on LiveJournal] - The Problem With Wikipedia, Part 1
*[http://www.wikitruth.info/index.php?title=Jimbo_Wales Wikitruth] - Jimbo Wales

[[Category:Wikipedia]]

Dalmatian Italians

2012-09-21T04:03:41Z

Rotlink: 11 archived; 0 marked deadlinks

[[File:250px-Croatia-Dalmatia.png|thumb|right|600px|Dalmatia (the dark purple) within todays modern [[Croatia]]]]
[[File:85px-Coat of arms of Dalmatia crowned.svg.png|thumb|right|125px|Dalmatia's Coat of arms]]

'''Dalmatian Italians''' are a historical national minority in the region of Dalmatia which is now predominately part of [[Croatia]].

When [[Austria]] occupied ''Republic of Venice's'' region of Dalmatia in '''1815''' the Venetian (Italian) population made up, (''according'' to the Italian linguist Bartoli) nearly one third of Dalmatia in the first half of the 19th century. The 1816 Austro-Hungarian census registered 66 000 Italian speaking people among the 301 000 inhabitants of the Kingdom of Dalmatia, or 22% of the total Dalmatian population. After [[World War II]], the Dalmatian Italian population was reduced to 300 in Dalmatia and 500 in Montenegro. <ref> Encyclopedia of Genocide and Crimes Against Humanity, Volume 3 by Dinah Shelton Macmillan Reference, 2005 - Political Science (p.1170)</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.enotes.com/genocide-encyclopedia/yugoslavia|title="Yugoslavia." Genocide and Crimes Against Humanity. Ed. Dinah L. Shelton. Gale Cengage, 2005. eNotes.com. 2006. 24 Nov, 2010 |date=[[2010]]|accessdate=2010-11-25 |archiveurl=http://archive.is/20120921/http://www.enotes.com/genocide-encyclopedia/yugoslavia |archivedate=2012-09-21}}
* "Native German and Hungarian communities, seen as complicit with wartime occupation, were brutally treated; tantamount in some cases to ethnic cleansing. The Volksdeutsch settlements of Vojvodina and Slavonia largely disappeared. Perhaps 100,000 people—half the ethnic German population in Yugoslavia—fled in 1945, and many who remained were compelled to do forced labor, murdered, or later ransomed by West Germany. Some 20,000 Hungarians of Vojvodina were killed in reprisals. Albanian rebellions in Kosovo were suppressed, with prisoners sent on death marches towards the coast. An estimated 170,000 '''ethnic Italians''' fled to [[Italy]] in the late 1940s and 1950s. (All of these figures are highly approximate.)"</ref><ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=5s-Iqn0YxnQC&pg=PA77&dq=Foibe+massacres&hl=en&ei=Tps9Tb6wNY35cbTZmYUH&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=5&ved=0CDUQ6AEwBDgU#v=onepage&q=Foibe%20massacres&f=false The Frontiers of Europe] ''by'' Malcolm Anderson & Eberhard Bort (p77)</ref><ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=da6acnbbEpAC&pg=PA155&dq=History+in+Exile:+Memory+and+Identity+at+the+Borders+of+the+Balkans++++++++++Foibe+massacres+the+Balkans&hl=en&ei=THOSTemTF8X4cZfDuIkH&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCkQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false History in Exile:] Memory and Identity at the Borders of the Balkans by Pamela Ballinger (p155)</ref>

Today they reside mostly in the city areas of Zadar, Split, Trogir, and Sibenik in Croatia, and Kotor, Perast, and Budva in Montenegro. In other parts of Croatia, there are Italian communities located in the '''Istrian''' peninsula and the city of Rijeka.
== Antun Travirka - Dalmatia (History, Culture, Art Heritage) ==
[[File:DPP07DB0B08041810.jpg |thumb|right|125px|Antun Travirka - Dalmatia (History, Culture, Art Heritage) ]]
The '''region''' of the Western Balkans (former [[Communists|Communist]] Yugoslavia) has problems when interpreting its multicultural, multiethnic history and societies. This most certainly applies to the history of '''Dalmatian Italians''', the former Republic of Ragusa and other regions.

The statement below comes from a book called ''Dalmatia'' (History, Culture, Art Heritage) written by Antun Travirka: {{Cquote|''By the 14th century the city had become wholly Croatian'' <ref>Dalmatia (History, Culture, Art Heritage) by Antun Travirka (p137)</ref>}}
The book itself is primarily for the [[Croatia|Croatian]] tourist market and is easily available in several languages in all major bookstores within Croatia.<ref>'''Editors note''': Recent DNA studies have stated that more than three quarters of today's Croatian men are the descendants of Europeans who inhabited Europe 13 000-20 000 years ago. The first primary source (factual-that its authenticity isn't disputed) to mention the Croatian-Hrvat identity in the Balkans was '''Duke Branimir''' (Latin:'' "Branimiro comite dux cruatorum cogitavit"'' c. 880 AD). Branimir was a Slav from Dalmatia. Hrvat or ''Horoúathos'' are names of '''Sarmatian''' origins. In 1853 a Russian archaeologist ''Pavel Mikhailovich Leontjev'' discovered the Tanais Tablets. The Tanais Tablets mention three men: Horoúathos, Horoáthos, and Horóathos (Χορούαθ[ος], Χοροάθος, Χορόαθος). They are written in [[Greece|Greek]] and are from the 3rd century AD from the city of Tanais, today's Azov, Russia. At that time the region had a mixed Greek - Sarmatian population. The term Slav was first used by the Byzantines (i.e. Procopius-Byzantine scholar, Jordanes- 6th century Roman bureaucrat) and was recorded in the 6th century (cia. 550) in Greek (Σκλαβῖνοι-Sklabenoi). Later in Latin it was written Sclaveni. Slavic tribes invaded the region of''' Roman Dalmatia''' in the early Middle Ages. Prior to the arrival of the Slavs, Roman Dalmatia was mainly inhabited by a '''Roman Latin-Illyrian''' population.</ref> This quote is on page 137 and it’s referring to the ''Republic of Ragusa''. The old Republic of Ragusa (with it's famous city Dubrovnik) <ref>{{citeweb|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/143561/Croatia|title="Croatia." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 09 Mar. 2011.|date=[[2011]]|accessdate=2011-03-8 |archiveurl=http://archive.is/20120524/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/143561/Croatia |archivedate=2012-05-24}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Ragusa,_Austria |title=Encyclopaedia Britannica (publ. 1911): |archiveurl=http://archive.is/20120921/http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Ragusa,_Austria |archivedate=2012-09-21}}</ref> is now within the borders of the modern Croatia. This monolithic description is an outright lie and it’s a form of cultural genocide (the crucial word is '''''wholly'''''). Additionally the book did not even use the term Republic of Ragusa (the closest that it got to this was ''RESPUBLICA RAGUSINA'' on page 141),<ref>Dalmatia (History, Culture, Art Heritage) by Antun Travirka (p141)</ref> which was used for more than a '''millennium'''. The statement is biased ultra-nationalistic propaganda and is not based on fact.
*Statement made by the contemporary historian John Van Antwerp Fine (Professor Emeritus of History at the University of Michigan, [[USA]]): {{Cquote|''This is not surprising since the “Ragusans” identified themselves as Ragusans and not as Croats.''<ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=wEF5oN5erE0C&pg=PA157&dq=When+Ethnicity+did+not+Matter+in+the+Balkans+call+themselves+ragusans&hl=en&ei=_WmHTa-ZAo_Bcc63hZcD&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCkQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=When%20Ethnicity%20did%20not%20Matter%20in%20the%20Balkans%20call%20themselves%20ragusans&f=false When Ethnicity did not Matter in the Balkans:] by John Van Antwerp Fine (p157)</ref>}}
The City State and then latter the Republic was set up by Roman Latin-Illyrian families and was a nation in its own right. It was also made up of many ethnic nationalities.<ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=7RyKgdyV8VgC&pg=PA82&dq=orthodox+church++Dubrovnik&hl=en&ei=VEh2TZPoJsfJcb6kkYUF&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=8&ved=0CF8Q6AEwBw#v=onepage&q=orthodox%20church%20%20Dubrovnik&f=false Croatia] by Michael Schuman (p82)</ref><ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=CaK6DeZXX7sC&pg=PA190&dq=republic+of+ragusa+dubrovnik+jewish+community&hl=en&ei=2D52TfSIN9DzcbSmhf8E&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CDgQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=republic%20of%20ragusa%20dubrovnik%20jewish%20community&f=false Jews, Christians, and Muslims in the Mediterranean World after 1492] By Alisa Meyuhas Ginio (p190)</ref><ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=RsoMAQAAMAAJ&q=republic+of+ragusa+dubrovnik+jewish+community&dq=republic+of+ragusa+dubrovnik+jewish+community&hl=en&ei=2D52TfSIN9DzcbSmhf8E&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=5&ved=0CEYQ6AEwBA The Chicago Jewish forum, Volume 23] by Benjamin Weintroub (p271)</ref><ref> Footprint Croatia by Jane Foster</ref> As a Maritime nation it traded all over the Mediterranean and even had trade with the Americas.
[[File:740px-Roman provinces of Illyricum, Macedonia, Dacia, Moesia, Pannonia and Thracia.jpg|thumb|right|400px| The original Roman province of Dalmatia (pink colour) in the Western Roman Empire-476 AD]]

== Early History==
=== Roman Dalmatia ===
According to scholar '''Theodor Mommsen''', Roman Dalmatia was fully Latinized by 476 AD when the ''Western Roman Empire'' disappeared. More recent theories have suggested that this would only apply to cities and towns, whilst in the country side, this would not have been the case.

During the Barbarian invasions of the 6th to 9th century, <ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=6WjSYwIGIm4C&pg=PA48&dq=dalmatia+roman+empire&hl=en&ei=xJ_pTNzjO4elcaj7sO0K&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=7&ved=0CEYQ6AEwBjgU#v=onepage&q=dalmatia%20roman%20empire&f=false A London Encyclopaedia:] Or Universal Dictionary of Science, Art, Literature (p48)
* "In the latter ages of the Roman Empire this country suffered frequently from in-roads of Barbarians..."</ref> certain [[Croatian Identity|Slavic tribes]] allied with Eurasian Avars <ref>The Changing Face of Dalmatia: Archaeological and Ecological Studies in a Mediterranean landscape ''by'' John Chapman, Robert Shiel & Sime Batovic
* "In chapters 29 and 30, two similar accounts are given for the fall of nearby Salona to the Avars and Slavs ..."</ref><ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=kMXURN7sxh4C&pg=PA5&dq=Roman+empire+Dalmatia+slavs&hl=en&ei=H6bpTNqiDcyHcZyF9aEK&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CDIQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=Roman%20empire%20Dalmatia%20slavs&f=false The Italians of Dalmatia:] From Italian Unification to World War One by Luciano Monzali (p5)</ref> invaded and plundered Byzantine-Roman Dalmatia. This eventually led to the settlement of different Slavic tribes in the Balkans. Modern scholarly research now puts the time of the ''settlement'' of the Slavic tribes in the region to be much later.<ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=6UbOtJcF8rQC&pg=PA212&dq=immigration+Slav+groups+in+Dalmatia+Danijel+Dzino&hl=en&ei=ONB2Tf7SA4vevQOYybjLBQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CD0Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false Becoming Slav, Becoming Croat:] Identity Transformations in Post-Roman and Early Medieval Dalmatia by Danijel Dzino (p212).</ref> Archaeological evidence found in the old Roman city of ''Salon'' and in particular the artefacts found at the'' Old Croatian'' grave sites in Dalmatia (during recent excavations) <ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=6UbOtJcF8rQC&pg=PA52&dq=croatian+graves+medieval+dalmatian+dating&hl=en&ei=LA6HTan-IsGHcYbf3Y4D&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CD4Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false Becoming Slav, Becoming Croat:] Identity Transformations in Post-Roman and Early Medieval Dalmatia by Danijel Dzino (p52).</ref> seems to confirm this. Some historians have placed the arrival and '''settlement''' of Slavs in larger groups now to be more in the region of the late 8th and early 9th century.

The Roman population survived within the coastal cities,<ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=4Nv6SPRKqs8C&pg=PA269&dq=Roman+empire+Dalmatia+slavs&hl=en&ei=H6bpTNqiDcyHcZyF9aEK&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=5&ved=0CDoQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=Roman%20empire%20Dalmatia%20slavs&f=false The Illyrians] by John Wilkes (p269)</ref> in the inhospitable Dinaric Alps (these people were later known as "Morlachs" or Vlachs) and for a while on the islands. Many of the Dalmatian cities retained their Romanic culture and [[Latin]] language. Among these were Jadera (Zara/Zadar), Spalatum (Spalato/Split), Ragusa (Dubrovnik) and Trau (Trogir). These areas developed their own ''Vulgar Latin'' the Dalmatian language,<ref>[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalmatian_language Dalmatian Language (Wikipedia)]</ref> a now extinct Romance language.<ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=29BAeKHwvuoC&pg=PA377&dq=Dalmatian+language+extinct+Romance+language&hl=en&ei=MKjpTL_aJs2ecdHXrNwK&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6&ved=0CEcQ6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=Dalmatian%20language%20extinct%20Romance%20language&f=false Encyclopedia of the Languages of Europe] by Glanville Price (p377)</ref> Many coastal cities and towns or the region (politically part of the Byzantine Empire) <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jstor.org/pss/4204507 |title=University College London, School of Slavonic and East European Studies |archiveurl=http://archive.is/20120921/http://www.jstor.org/pss/4204507 |archivedate=2012-09-21}} The Slavonic and East European Review-The Slavonic Latin Symbiosis in Dalmatia during the Middle Ages ''by'' Victor Novak</ref> maintained political, cultural and economic links with the [[Italy|Italian]] peninsula through the Adriatic sea. Communications with the mainland were difficult because of the Dinaric Alps. Due to the sharp orography <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Orography| title=Encyclopaedia Britannica (1911 Edition): Orography|date=[[2010]]|accessdate=2010-11-22 |archiveurl=http://archive.is/20120719/http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Orography |archivedate=2012-07-19}}

* "OROGRAPHY: That part of physical geography which deals with the geological formation, the surface features and description of mountains. The terms "oreography," "orology" and "oreology" are also sometimes used.</ref> of Dalmatia communications between the different Dalmatian cities occurred mainly through sea links. This helped Dalmatian cities to develop a unique Romance culture, despite the mostly Slavicized mainland. Political rule over the province often changed hands between the Republic of Venice and other regional powers, namely the Byzantine Empire, Carolingian Empire, the [[Directory:Croatia|Kingdom of Croatia]], and the Kingdom of [[Hungary]].
[[File:Roger Joseph Boscovich.jpg|thumb|right|325px|Roger Joseph Boscovich (1711-87), a Jesuit scientist who was born in Dubrovnik (Republic of Ragusa) to a father of [[Croatia|Croatian]] and a mother of [[Italy|Italian]] ancestry.]]
[[File:250px-Ragusa.png|thumb|right|325px|'''Republic of Ragusa'''. Today part of modern [[Croatia]].]]
==== Late Middle Ages and Early Renaissance====
From the late Middle Ages onwards certain sections of the population slowly started to merge with the Slavic peoples of Dalmatia. This process was most evident in the coastal and island regions of Dalmatia and in the Republic of Ragusa. The 1667 Dubrovnik earthquake, which destroyed the greater part of Dubrovnik (Ragusa) has been cited as a turning point for the make up of the ethnic population of the Republic. This new Slavic population within the Republic became, with time, Romanised (adopted Latin culture). Within Ragusa's community there were mixed marriages (i.e. Roger Joseph Boscovich).<ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=J4TZPlihVUoC&pg=PA156&dq=Roger+Joseph+Boscovich+italian+mother&hl=en&ei=q8y-Te2lLISovQOiwpDbBQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CDwQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=Roger%20Joseph%20Boscovich%20italian%20mother&f=false The Extraterrestrial Life Debate, 1750-1900 ] by Michael J. Crowe (p.156) </ref>

Croatians in Dalmatia, as well as other regions, have language remnants of the extinct [[Latin|Romance Latin]] language - Dalmatian and additionally there are influences of old Venetian in the [[Directory:Korcula History 2#Korcula dialect and Venetian|local dialects]]. The Republic of Venice controlled most of Dalmatia from 1420 to 1797. During that period, part of its Slavic population were Romanised.

"Venetian Dalmatia", as it was named by the Venitians, enjoyed periods of economic prosperity with the development of arts and culture. Dalmatia was greatly influenced by the northern Italian Renaissance and many buildings, churches and cathedrals were constructed in those years, from Zadar and Split to Sibenik (Sebenico) and Dubrovnik.

'''Zadar''' (Zara) was the capital of Venetian Dalmatia. During these centuries, the Venetian language became the "lingua franca" of all Dalmatia, assimilating the Dalmatian language of the Romanised Illyrians and influencing partially the coastal Croatian language (Chakavian).

It is also important to mention migrations from the east, as the Ottoman Empire advanced into Europe. This greatly changed the ethnic mix in the region. Wars with the Ottoman's and other conflicts were all part of Venetian Dalmatia's history as well as internal strife within the province (i.e.Hvar Rebellion). <ref>With the Serbian forces being annihilated in the ''Battle of Kosovo'' in 1389 a migration of peoples stated to migrant west ward. Dalmatia started acquire new peoples in its region (i.e. Croatians, Serbs & Albanians). </ref><ref>The Hvar Rebellion (1510 - 1514) was an uprising of the people and citizens of the Venetian Dalmatia island of Hvar (Lissa) against the island's nobility and their Venetian masters.</ref> Looking back through its past, Dalmatia presents it self as a region of Europe with a very multicultural and multiethnic history.<ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=kMXURN7sxh4C&pg=PA8&dq=The+Italians+of+Dalmatia:+Middle+ages+population+merge+with+the+Italian+Slavic++Dalmatia&hl=en&ei=WVuQTby_GdO8cdCT3ZAK&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCkQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false The Italians of Dalmatia:] From Italian Unification to World War One by Luciano Monzali (p8)</ref>

== The Cultural and Historical Venetian Presence in Dalmatia ==
The original Roman Dalmatia is now divided between Croatia, Herzegovina and Montenegro. The cultural influence from the ''Republic of Venice'' is clearly evident in the urbanisation plans of the main Dalmatian cities of Croatia. One of the best examples is the one of Split (Spalato).

In 1880 Antonio Bajamonti (the last Dalmatian Italian Mayor of Split under [[Austria|Austrian]] rule) developed an urbanisation project of this city centred on the "Riva", a seaside walkway full of palms based on the Italian Riviera models. Today the Riva (with cafe bars) is used by the locals to walk in a typical Italian way from the "Palace of Diocletian" towards an old square called locally "Pjaca" (''or'' square in Venetian).

In Dalmatia, religious and public architecture flourished with influences of the northern Italian Renaissance. Important to mention are the Cathedral of St James in Sibenik, the Chapel of Blessed John in Trogir, and Sorgo’s villa in Dubrovnik.
[[File:280px-Republic of Venice 1796.png|thumb|right|200px|Republic of Venice-1796 ''(Created by MapMaster)'']]
===Musical styles===
In some of the musical styles of [[Croatia]] it is quite evident that there was a merging of Slavic and Italian music. One such musical style that demonstrates this is '''Klapa music''' (klapa is an a cappella form of music - Venetian: clapa "singing crowd"). Klapa singing dates back centuries. The arrival of the Slavs to Dalmatia and their subsequent settlement in the area, began the long process of the cultural mixing of Slavic culture with that of the traditions of the Roman-Latin population of Dalmatia.

The Klape appeared in the coastal and island regions of Dalmatia. In the 19th century a standard form of Klapa singing emerged. The traditional Klapa was composed of up to a dozen male singers (in recent times there are also female Klape groups). Church music heavily influences the arrangements of this music giving it the musical form that exists today.

[[File:Perasto (1900).jpg|thumb|right|325px| Postcard showing the Venetian architecture of Perast in 1900]]

=== Perast in Coastal Montenegro ===
An example of the Venetian cultural and historical presence can be seen in the small town of Perast (Perasto) in coastal Montenegro. Perast under the Republic of Venice (Albania Veneta), had four active shipyards and a fleet of around one hundred ships. Some of the buildings are ornate baroque palaces which resemble Venetian architecture.

The sailors of Perast were involved in the last battle of the Venetian navy, fought in Venice in 1797. After the fall of the Republic of Venetian (12/5/1797), Perast was the last city of the Republic to lower the Venetian flag. On 22 August 1797 the Count Giuseppe Viscovich, Captain of Perast, lowered the Venetian war-flag of the Lion of Saint Mark pronouncing the farewell words in front of the crying people of the city and then buried the "Gonfalon of Venice" under the altar of the main church within town of Perast.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.discover-montenegro.com/perast.htm |title=www.discover-montenegro.com/perast |archiveurl=http://archive.is/20120921/http://www.discover-montenegro.com/perast.htm |archivedate=2012-09-21}}</ref><ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=B2LFRiT1nfYC&pg=PA311&dq=Giuseppe+Viscovich+Captain+of+Perasto&hl=en&ei=B3XfTfjUMYaavAPgkcDQBQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCwQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Giuseppe%20Viscovich%20Captain%20of%20Perasto&f=false Venice and the Slavs:] The Discovery of Dalmatia in the Age of Enlightenment by Larry Wolff (p312-p313)</ref>

The population decreased to 430 in 1910. According to the "Comunita' nazionale italiana del Montenegro", in Perast there are people who's local dialect have remnants of the original Venetian dialect of Perast called ''"Veneto da mar"''.

== Perspectives on Dalmatia ==
*In the 19th century the cultural influence from the Italian region originated the creation in Zadar of the first Dalmatian newspaper, edited in Italian and Croat: Il Regio Dalmata - Kraglski Dalmatin. It was founded and published by the Italian Bartolomeo Benincasa in 1806.

*After [[World War Two]] the Slavicisation of the of Dalmatia region was a government policy under the Communist Party of Yugoslavia. All cities, towns, villages, family and peoples surnames that are not of Slavic origin were being translated.<ref>[http://books.google.co.uk/books?ei=kr8HTJqhAYOBOMOI5Ag&ct=result&id=fIFpAAAAMAAJ&dq=croatization+against+italian&q=croatization+against+italian#search_anchor Balkan Babel:] The Disintegration of Yugoslavia from the Death of Tito to the Fall of Milosevic ''by'' Sabrina P. Ramet. '''Note''': Croatisation is a form of Slavicisation.</ref> The policy was firstly implemented on a large scale with the creation of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in 1918.<ref> Croatisation or Slavicisation was a policy firstly implemented under the rule of the [[Austria|Austro]]-Hungarian Empire</ref>

*Dalmatia was named by the Romans after the Dalmatae (or Delmatae) Illyrian tribes <ref>Medieval Greek"Dalmatae": Δαλμᾶται.</ref> who inhabited the region.
=====Sir John Gardner Wilkinson=====
[[File:400px-Split riva.jpg|thumb|right|400px|The "Riva" of Split, that was created and named by Antonio Bajamonti. ''(photo by Mate Balota)'']]
Sir John Gardner Wilkinson (1797 – 1875) was an [[England|English]] traveller, writer and pioneer Egyptologist of the 19th century. He is often referred to as "the Father of British Egyptology". He was in Dubrovnik (then called Ragusa) in 1848, he wrote in his; Dalmatia and Montenegro: With a Journey to Mostar in Herzegovina:
{{Cquote| ''[[Italian language|Italian]] is spoken in all the seaports of Dalmatia, but the language of the country is a dialect of the Slavonic, which alone is used by peasants in the interior.''<ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=eQIEAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA4&dq=Sir+John+Gardner+Wilkinson+Italian+is+spoken+in+all+the+seaports+of+Dalmatia&hl=en&ei=qP6qTLiWJoPRcdXJ8KAE&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CC0Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false Dalmatia and Montenegro: With a journey to Mostar in Herzegovina.Volume 1] by Sir John Gardner Wilkinson (p4)</ref>}}{{Cquote|''Their language though gradually falling into Venetianisms of the other Dalmatians towns, still retains some of that pure Italian idiom, for which was always noted.'' <ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=UsYJAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA362&dq=Sir+John+Gardner+Wilkinson+Their+language+through+gradually+falling+into+Venetianisms&hl=en&ei=MfyqTLCJHc_IcZnDhOoE&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCsQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false Dalmatia and Montenegro: With a journey to Mostar in Herzegovina.Volume 1] by Sir John Gardner Wilkinson (p362)</ref>}}
=====Andrew Archibald Paton=====
Andrew Archibald Paton (1811 - 1874) was a British diplomat and writer from the 19 century. In 1861 he wrote in his; Researches on the Danube and the Adriatic: Or, Contributions to the Modern:
{{Cquote|''...the islands of Dalmatia owe much of their culture to the near vicinity of Venice and the more extensive use of the Italian language...'' <ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=E_NBAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA167&dq=Researches+on+the+Danube+and+the+Adriatic++the+extensive+use+of+Italian&hl=en&ei=5b0GTeaTKJHGvQPyj8zNBg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCUQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false Researches on the Danube and the Adriatic, Volume 1] ''by'' Andrew Archibald Paton (p167)</ref>}}

=====Maude Holbach (a 1910 travel guide)=====

*Dalmatia-The Land Where East Meets West by Maude Holbach (a 1910 travel guide from COSIMO books and publications [[New York]] USA):
{{Cquote|''Two hundred years later that, is, early in the tenth century you might have heard Slavish and Latin spoken had you walked in the streets of Ragusa (Dubrovnik), just as you hear Slavish and Italian today ; for as times of peace followed times of war, the Greek and Roman inhabitants of Rausium intermarried with the surrounding Slavs, and so a mixed race sprang up, a people apart from the rest of Dalmatia.'' <ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=EcvNw81I3hkC&pg=PA121&dq=Dalmatia:+The+Land+Where+East+Meets+West+Slavish+and+Italian+today&hl=en&ei=J46dTKDEF4XOvQOT_PS4DQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCoQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false Dalmatia: The Land Where East Meets West] by Maude Holbach (p121)
* "DALMATIA: The Land Where East Meets West is MAUDE M. HOLBACH's second book of travel in Eastern Europe. First published in '''1910''', this is an anthropological travel journal of an often-overlooked kingdom" {{cite web |url=http://www.cosimobooks.com/cosimo/about.html |title=Web site: www.cosimobooks.com |archiveurl=http://archive.is/20120921/http://www.cosimobooks.com/cosimo/about.html |archivedate=2012-09-21}}</ref>}}
[[File: Venetian galley at Curzola-engraving.jpg|thumb|right|375px| A 19th century engraving of a Venetian galley fighting a Genoese fleet at the ''Battle of Curzola'' (Korcula) in 1298. The Granger Collection-England]]

=====Narodnjaci=====
[[Image:antonio.bajamonti.jpg|thumb|right|400px|Antonio Bajamonti-the last Italian major of '''Split''']]
*The National Party (Narodnjaci) from the Kingdom of Dalmatia (Austro-Hungarian Empire). From the second half of the 19th century and early 20th century.
{{Cquote|''According to Costant (Kosta) Vojnovic, one of the principal Dalmatian Slavophile intellectuals, Dalmatia was part of the 'Slav-Hellenic' peninsula and was populated exclusively by the ' Slav race'; there were no Italians in Dalmatia, and so it was necessary to 'nationalize' the schools, the administration, and the courts in order to erase the traces left by Venetian rule and damage it caused. The Italian culture could survive only within the limits of Slav national character of the country and, in any case, without any recognition as a autochthonus element of Dalmatian society.'' <ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=kMXURN7sxh4C&pg=PA65&dq=The+Italians+of+Dalmatia+autochthonous+element+of+dalmatian+society&hl=en&ei=56efTe3kBJTKcaas0fAB&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CDIQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=The%20Italians%20of%20Dalmatia%20autochthonous%20element%20of%20dalmatian%20society&f=false The Italians of Dalmatia:] From Italian Unification to World War I by Luciano Monzali (p65)</ref>}}

=====Luciano Monzali=====
{{Cquote|''Pavlinovic argued forcefully that only Slavs lived in Dalmatia and that these Slavs were all Croatians. He denied not just the existence of an element of an element of Italian language and culture in Dalmatia but also the legitimacy of the Serb presence. Italians and Serbs had only one alternative: to become Croatian or leave.'' <ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=kMXURN7sxh4C&pg=PA102&lpg=PA102&dq=Italians+and+Serbs+had+only+one+alternative:+to+become+Croatian+or+leave&source=bl&ots=Sx1cLugl2z&sig=PAqXCGNkAk7SIJ7L3V_1QCxtFyw&hl=en#v=onepage&q=Italians%20and%20Serbs%20had%20only%20one%20alternative%3A%20to%20become%20Croatian%20or%20leave&f=false The Italians of Dalmatia:]From Italian Unification to World War I by Luciano Monzali (p102)</ref>}}

=====Edwin Dino Veggian=====
{{Cquote|''Some Croatian historians and researchers are a legion of agit-props engaged in the “patriotic mission” of promoting the grandeur of their homeland. Their patriotism obeys to a categorical imperative: the country comes first, at any cost, even lying. They “Croatianize“ everybody and everything. Literally hundreds of public figures, artists, scientists, and academics - Italian Dalmatia had in XIX century 32 newspapers and periodicals, a rich history, an incredible artistic, academic and literary life, and glorious maritime traditions - today are mentioned as “Croatian“. Of the original Italian speaking population of the town only about 40 individuals survived. Unnoticed by academic authorities in the West, an implacable (first Panslavistic, then Pan Croat) “nationalisation” of non-Croatian history continued for decades in a dramatic crescendo.''}}

=====Antonio Bajamonti=====
Antonio (Ante) Bajamonti, the most prominent Dalmatian Italian in history, once remarked:
{{Cquote|''No joy, only pain and tears, is brought by being a part of the Italian Party in Dalmatia. We, the Italians of Dalmatia, retain a single right to suffer.''<ref>A.Bajamonti, ''Discorso inaugurale della Società Politica dalmata'', Spalato 1886</ref>}}
=====Zadar during and after World War II =====
The chapter below is taken from the Secret Dalmatia Blog site, it is written by Alan Mandic.{{Cquote|''The Italian majority in Zadar was first hurt by the [[Directory:American Journals and the Strategic Bombing of Germany|Allied bombings]] and then chased away by the [[Communists|communist]] rule. In those terrible times, many people were looking for all sorts of revenges: from personal to national and many of [[Titoism and Totalitarianism#Ethnic cleansing, Post-World War Two Camps & Communist Concentration Camps|Zadar’s Italians]] perished.<ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=ykMVAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA136&dq=Foibe+massacres+Refugees+in+the+Age+of+Total+War+by+Anna+Bramwell&hl=en&ei=pApCTdDhCIa8cKvn6d0N&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCgQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false Refugees in the Age of Total War] by Anna Bramwell (p136, ''read '''Zara'''''-p137)</ref><ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=hhD0R8DBr_UC&pg=PR12&dq=A+tragedy+revealed:+the+story+of+the+Italian+population+of+Istria,+Dalmatia+Foibe+massacres&hl=en&ei=PJI9TZ6vMoP5cb3LlIYH&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCYQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false A Tragedy Revealed''] The Story of the Italian Population of Istria & Dalmatia by Arrigo Petacco. (p12 & [http://books.google.com.au/books?id=hhD0R8DBr_UC&pg=PA81&dq=A+tragedy+revealed+Zadra&hl=en&ei=_1BjTfX8HIamugPH9r28Ag&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCgQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false ''read ''page 81] '''Zadar'''/Zara)</ref> (Note: References added by Editor) Some say that bones of many are still in one of the caves of Levrnaka in Kornati, many managed to escape and leave their beloved city for good, some stayed and formed a small Italian community. Among those who went from their homes were Ottavio Missoni (fashion designer born in Dubrovnik)''. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://secretdalmatia.wordpress.com/2010/11/24/zadar-the-charming-past/| title=Zadar – The postcards from the past|date=[[2010]]|accessdate=2010-11-25 |archiveurl=http://archive.is/20120921/http://secretdalmatia.wordpress.com/2010/11/24/zadar-the-charming-past/ |archivedate=2012-09-21}}</ref>}}
[[File:SPLIT-Hebrard overall color restitution.jpg|thumb|right|275px|Diocletian's palace built during the Roman Empire. The palace is part of '''old Split''' (Spalato/Spalatum).]]
[[File:619px-Croatia location map, Split-Dalmatia county.svg.png|thumb|right|215px|Dalmatia today as a political administrative region (Split-Dalmatia), within todays modern [[Croatia]]. ''Map created by Minestrone'' ]]
==More on Yugoslavia's once hidden history:==
=== Displaced persons from the former Yugoslavia from 1940s and 1950s ===
The University of Western Australia study about ''Displaced Persons'' from former Yugoslavia right after [[World War Two]], quote: {{Cquote|''Around 6,000 of these displaced persons from the former Italian region of Venezia Giulia (Istra) and Zara (Zadar) resettled in [[Australia]] with the assistance of the IRO. After transfer of Trieste to [[Italy]] in 1954, another several thousand Giuliani were assisted to migrate to Australia. While most were classed as Yugoslav residents and citizens, an estimated 5,000 were ethnic Italians from the cities of Fiume, Pola and Zara (Gardini 2004). Given the difficulty of ascertaining the ethnicity of displaced persons from the names and nationalities listed on official IRO documents, it is unclear how many displaced persons who identified as 'Italian' settled in[[ Western Australia]]. What is clear is that the Istrian 'Italians' came from different backgrounds and had different motives for leaving their homes compared with other Italian assisted passage or sponsored migrants''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.italianlives.arts.uwa.edu.au/stories/martini/background |title=The University of Western Australia |archiveurl=http://archive.is/20120921/http://www.italianlives.arts.uwa.edu.au/stories/martini/background |archivedate=2012-09-21}} (Italian Lives www.italianlives.arts.uwa.edu.au)</ref>}}

*Quote from the [[Titoism and Totalitarianism#European Public Hearing on “Crimes Committed by Totalitarian Regimes"|European Public Hearing]] on “Crimes Committed by Totalitarian Regimes": {{Cquote| ''Mystifying the crimes of the occupiers, Titoism covered its own crimes. The taboo to hide the crimes of Titoism was meant to conceal the War-time and post-War murders of civilians and prisoners of war without trials. Their graves were levelled and in Slovenia it was forbidden to talk about their fate. Repressive organs controlled the burials sites and the living were strictly forbidden to mention the victims or the graves. The so-called system of preserving and developing revolutionary heritage was used by the [[Communists|Communist Party]] to implement a monopoly on the truth.'' <ref>[http://www.mp.gov.si/fileadmin/mp.gov.si/pageuploads/2005/PDF/publikacije/Crimes_committed_by_Totalitarian_Regimes.pdf''' European Public Hearing''' on “Crimes Committed by Totalitarian Regimes"] (p201) </ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=MEMO/08/230&type=HTML&aged=0&language=EN&guiLanguage=en |title=European EU's press releases concerning European Public Hearing on: |archiveurl=http://archive.is/20120527/http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=MEMO/08/230&type=HTML&aged=0&language=EN&guiLanguage=en |archivedate=2012-05-27}} “Crimes Committed by Totalitarian Regime-'''Brussels'''"</ref>}}

The former Communist '''Yugoslavia''' (which Croatia was part of) played a major role during the Cold War era in depicting this style of historical documentation (i.e ''Dalmatia'' - History, Culture, Art Heritage & the above mentioned ''"Mystifying the crimes of the occupiers, Titoism covered its own crimes."'') of the region’s past. Yugoslav Communist history is now dogma in Croatia. This also would apply to the history of the Dalmatian Italians. Many of today’s Croatians live with this dogma as their reality even though the Berlin Wall fell in 1989. This dogma, falsehood was created by a totalitarian society. The Communist Party of Yugoslavia had a '''profound''' effect on the region.<ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=o5cefCSRx5EC&pg=PA47&dq=tito+cult+propaganda&hl=en&ei=8NneS5e1H9egkQX77rzOBw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CD0Q6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=tito%20cult%20propaganda&f=false The Fragmentation of Yugoslavia:] Nationalism and War in the Balkans ''by'' Aleksandar Pavkovic (p 47).
* The former Yugoslavia's political and cultural scene were heavily influenced by the cult of personality of the Dictator [[Josip Broz Tito]].</ref> So much so that it has created today’s political and cultural scene.
*Statement made by the contemporary historian Dr Danijel Dzino ([[Australia|Australian]] Research Council Australian Postdoctoral Fellow BA (Hons), MA, PhD Adelaide): {{Cquote| ''Medieval studies in Croatia and in most of the former Yugoslav space were firmly rooted in political history and suffered from isolationism and lack of interest in foreign scholarship. In the [[Titoism and Totalitarianism|communist era]], especially after the 1960s, Marxist ideology and national and Yugoslav political-ideological frameworks strongly impacted on the research into medieval history in Croatia '' <ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=6UbOtJcF8rQC&pg=PA43&dq=Becoming+Slav,+Becoming+Croat:+Identity+Transformations+in+Post-Roman+Medieval+studies+in+croatia&hl=en&ei=aEVLTZXLC5GevgPU26QW&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCoQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false Becoming Slav, Becoming Croat:] Identity Transformations in Post-Roman and Early Medieval Dalmatia by Danijel Dzino (p43)</ref>}}
*Statements made by the contemporary historian John Van Antwerp Fine (Professor Emeritus of History at the University of Michigan):{{Cquote|''Such substitutions of “Croat” for” Slav,” however, mislead the reader into believing something the sources do not tell...''<ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=wEF5oN5erE0C&pg=PA11&dq=John+Van+Antwerp+Fine+Such+substitutions+of+“Croat”+for”+Slav,”+however&hl=en&ei=oT-ITfy5CoPCvQOo56HZDg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCkQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false When Ethnicity did not Matter in the Balkans:] by John Van Antwerp Fine (p11)</ref>
{{Cquote|''There is no justification to falsify history to support ethnic ambitions. The Croats and their Balkan neighbours have done this in a major way'' <ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=wEF5oN5erE0C&pg=PA15&dq=When+ethnicity+did+not+matter+in+the+Balkans++falsify+history&hl=en&ei=vmmZTeq9O4_qvQOtmfj5Cw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCkQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false When Ethnicity did not Matter in the Balkans] by John Van Antwerp Fine (p15)</ref>}}}}
'''Note''': Communist Yugoslavia executed Historian - ''Kerubin Segvic''. He was executed mainly for proposing a different historic model of how Croats came to the western Balkans in the middle ages than that of the Yugoslav government's state policies. <ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=6UbOtJcF8rQC&pg=PA20&dq=Kerubin+Segvic+Becoming+Slav,+Becoming+Croat:+Identity+Transformations+in+Post-Roman&hl=en&ei=ITrwTP7nLsW3cO_RwJYK&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCcQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false Becoming Slav, Becoming Croat:] Identity Transformations in Post-Roman and Early Medieval Dalmatia by Danijel Dzino (p20)</ref>

== See also==
* [[Italian language]]
* [[Split|1918–1920 incidents at Spalato-Split]]
* [[Korcula and Italian Wikipedia]]
* [[Directory:Korcula History 2|Korcula History 2]]
* [[Yugoslavia and Communism]]
* [[Croatisation]]

== External links ==
* [http://secretdalmatia.wordpress.com/2010/11/24/zadar-the-charming-past/ Image of Zadar post Allied bombings (February 4th 1944)]
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalmatian_language Dalmatian Language (Wikipedia)]
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Curzola Wikipedia: Battle of Curzola]
* [http://books.google.com/books/about/The_Italians_of_Dalmatia.html?id=kMXURN7sxh4C The Italians of Dalmatia:] From Italian Unification to World War I ''written'' by Luciano Monzali:
{{Cquote|''Located on the eastern coast of the Adriatic Sea, the area known as Dalmatia, part of modern-day Croatia and Montenegro, was part of the Austrian Empire during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Dalmatia was a multicultural region that had traditionally been politically and economically dominated by its Italian minority. In The Italians of Dalmatia , Luciano Monzali argues that the vast majority of local Italians were loyal to and supportive of Habsburg rule, desiring only a larger degree of local autonomy.''

''An Italian national consciousness developed only in response to pressure from Slavic national movements and was facilitated by the emergence of a large, unified, and independent Italian state.Using little-known Italian, Austrian, and Dalmatian sources, Monzali explores the political history of Dalmatia between 1848 and 1915, with a focus on the Italian minority, on Austrian-Italian relations and on the foreign policy of the Italian state towards the region and its peoples.''}}

== Editor's Note ==

The research I have done in the last two years has led me to this conclusion concerning the history of Dubrovnik area (for now anyway.... I'm always open to new information).

The ancient peoples of Dubrovnik identified themselves as '''Ragusans'''. Latin-Illyrian families created the Republic of Ragusa. Modern theories say that a small town was already there during the times of the Roman Empire (some say even earlier).<ref>Note: Recent findings of artefacts in Dubrovnik suggest to be [[Greece|Greek]] in origin.</ref>

Refugees from Roman Epidaurus in the 7th century turned it into a fortified city. Over the centuries, it became a City State importantly called Ragusa. Later it became a Republic (1358), also importantly called Republic of Ragusa. The early medieval City State had a population of Romans and Latinized Illyrians, who spoke [[Latin]]. With time it evolved into the Dalmatian language, a now extinct Romance language. The Ragusan Dalmatian language disappeared in the 17th century. For centuries Ragusa, was an [[Italy|Italian-City State]].

In the 16th and 17th century <ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=wEF5oN5erE0C&pg=PA299&dq=Ottoman+Diplomacy+When+Ethnicity+did+not+Matter+in+the+Balkans&hl=en&ei=YjzmTa-sF4a6vQOe5_nnCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CDAQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false When Ethnicity did not Matter in the Balkans:] by John Van Antwerp Fine (p229)
* "Discussions between Ottoman officials (many of whom were of Slavic origin) and Ragusan envoys were frequently carried out in “our language” (proto- Serbo- Croatian), and both sides (these particular Ottomans and the Ragusan diplomats)" Editors Note: This event as described by John Van Antwerp Fine are from 1608.</ref><ref>'''Note''': According to Francesco Maria Appendini (Italian scholar 1768–1837) the Slavic language started to be spoken in area in the 13th century.</ref> its ethnic population changed dramatically mainly due to various historical events in Europe (i.e migrations from the east, as the Ottoman Empire advanced into Europe). It became a hub of '''multi-ethnic''' communities. The most numerous of these were the Slavs. The peoples of the Republic started to merge (including mixed marriages). Additionally the Ragusan-Slavic population were Romanised, meaning they adopted Latin Mediterranean culture. A form of [[Italian language|Italian]] was spoken in the Republic, which was heavily influenced by '''Venetian'''. Books were written in Latin and Italian. Some Ragusans started to write in a Slavic language. Two languages Italian and Slavic (which at times overlapped) became the norm in the Republic.
[[File:800px-Dubrovnik 042.jpg|thumb|right|350px|Dubrovnik once the capital of the Republic of Ragusa now within todays modern [[Croatia]]. The ''Republic'' in the past was a hub of multi-ethnic communities.]]

During the '''Napoleonic Wars''' the ''"Republic of Ragusa"'' ceased to be. In '''1815''' it was made a part of the Habsburg Empire (later renamed the Austro-Hungarian Empire). The former Republic was within the province of the Kingdom of Dalmatia and under [[Austria|Austrian]] rule. In essence it was occupied. Former Republic of Ragusa borders were opened up. Peoples who were once foreigners (''or'' even enemies), were now citizens of the Austro-Hungarian Empire.

The political situation stated to change and one of them was the nationalistic movement of the 19th century. In the neighbouring '''Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia''' a [[Croatia|Croatian]] nationalistic movement was established and alongside that, within the Balkan region a Pan-Slavic movement was growing (the beginnings of the ill fated Yugoslavia). These political on goings started to be felt in the Kingdom of Dalmatia. The Austrians in the 1860s started to introduce within the Kingdom of Dalmatia a standardised Croatian language sometimes referred to as '''Illirski'''.<ref> Sir John Gardner Wilkinson (an 19 century [[United Kingdom|English]] historian. October 5, 1797 – October 29, 1875)
*He too referred to the Dalmatian Slavic dialect as Illirskee. Cited from [http://books.google.com.au/books?id=K7oAAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA256&dq=Statute+of+Curzola+korcula&hl=en&ei=ZAtdTJ7lF5ivcI-m3NsO&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=5&ved=0CEMQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=naski&f=false Dalmatia and Montenegro: With a Journey to Mostar in Herzegovina] by Sir John Gardner Wilkinson. (p33)</ref> It then replaced Italian altogether. In effect the government undertook culture genocide. <ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=kMXURN7sxh4C&pg=PA83&lpg=PA83&dq=The+Italians+of+Dalmatia+Curzola+school&source=bl&ots=Sx1bUxdn1A&sig=YCATl36eEUduI42Azs0GVUeepBo&hl=en#v=onepage&q=The%20Italians%20of%20Dalmatia%20Curzola%20school&f=false The Italians of Dalmatia] From Italian Unification to World War I by Luciano Monzali (p83)
* One of the last Italian school that was abolished was in Korčula (Curzola) on the 13th of September 1876.</ref> For centuries the Italian language was the official language of the Dalmatian establishment. It was also the spoken language in white-collar, civil service and merchant families. <ref> Osnovna Škola "Vela Luka" Vela Luka Zbornik-150 Godina Školstva u Velaoj Luci (in Croatian-p8)
* The Early Beginnings of Formal Education - Vela Luka (beginnings of literacy and Lower Primary School 1857 – 1870):

"The article analyses the preparations for the foundation of the first regular primary school in Vela Luka (Vallegrande) based on numerous archival materials and bibliography. The school was founded as '''''Scuola Elementare Minore''''' in 1857. The introductory part examines a general context, i.e. development of Vela Luka as a town and a parish until the-mid 19th century. The article also gives a brief outline of formal education of girls."</ref>

The process of creating a standardised Croatian language was incomplete. This is reflected in its labelling of the language as Croatian, Croatian-Serbo and the very unpopular Serbo-Croatian. This was a fundamental mistake made when political extremist ideology influenced decision-making regarding language and culture. It was an attempt at imitating Western imperial empire building egotism (a super Southern Slav State), which failed. <ref>[http://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:W0qJaxFWySwJ:sdsu-dspace.calstate.edu/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10211.10/1223/Young_Mitchell.pdf%3Fsequence%3D1+In+1850,+a+small+group+of+Croatians+(Illyrian+movement)+and+Serbian+representatives+signed+the+%22Vienna+agreement%22.+This+agreement+was+indeed+the+basis+and+the+start+of+the+regions+problems.&hl=en&gl=au&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESiUqvX7PsU9eqoabBdAydnIJGhg51U28ot5XwTzQZDbK7bH-BgJ7fyGBN9H9SdJKGMzWprhDP9eE2AKI1AGvDD_AiTJpS-r-wJ6t_SQ-Vnzab_0q8mnDaQRty_pi92eS6e8YnzW&sig=AHIEtbSXRBZ8GEgv-6ybIMgyJPm3G06yBw LANGUAGE AND NATION: AN ANALYSIS OF CROATIAN LINGUISTIC NATIONALISM - A Thesis Presented to the Faculty of San Diego State (p43)]
{{Cquote|''Robert Greenberg, the foremost English-language scholar on South Slav languages, believes the root of the language polemic lies in the Vienna agreement of 1850, which “reversed several centuries of natural Abstand developments for the languages of Orthodox Southern Slavs and Catholic Southern Slavs.” (Greenberg 2004, 23) Croatians and Serbians came to the negotiating table with differing experiences. Serbian linguists were standardizing a single dialect of rural speech and breaking with the archaic Slaveno-Serbian heritage of the eighteenth century “Serbian enlightenment.” Early [[Croatia|Croat]] nationalists proposed a standard language based on a widely spoken dialect linked with the literature of the Croatian Renaissance. With an eye towards South Slav unity they also encouraged liberal borrowing from various dialects (Greenberg 2004, 24-26). This basic difference in approach created conflicts throughout the history of the South Slav movement and the Yugoslav state (Greenberg 2004, 48).'' }}</ref>

A process of [[Croatisation]] (cultural assimilation) of the Republic of Ragusa's '''history''' began in the 19th century (and in part the Kingdom of Dalmatia) and this process is still continuing today. This process happened firstly in relation to the Ragusan-Slavic history and later with the Ragusan-Italianic history. In relation to this Croatisation of history, '''Gianfrancesco Gondola''' (1589 -1638) a Ragusan Baroque poet from Republic of Ragusa has ''become'' a Croatian Baroque poet called Ivan Gundulić from Dubrovnik, Croatia.
Ivan Gundulic wrote many works in [[Italian language|Italian]] and Slavic (today referred to as Croatian<ref>{{citeweb|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/172803/Dubrovnik|title="Dubrovnik." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 08 Mar. 2011. |date=[[2011]]|accessdate=2011-03-8 |archiveurl=http://archive.is/20120921/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/172803/Dubrovnik |archivedate=2012-09-21}}</ref>).

One of these was the Slavic poem [http://books.google.com/books?id=J8coAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false Osman]. Interestingly, in 1967 his work was referred to as ''"The works of the greatest poet of early Yugoslav literature, Ivan Gundulić"'' taken from the book Dubrovnik by Bariša Krekić<ref> Dubrovnik by Bariša Krekić ''"The works of the greatest poet of early Yugoslav literature, Ivan Gundulic, 1589 — 1638, are the best testimony to this. His epic "Osman" ranks among the greatest masterpieces of early Slavic literature, and also among the most ..."''</ref>

==Notes and References==
[[File:Korcula Postcard 1902.jpg|thumb|right|275px|A '''Korcula''' postcard from 1902 in Italian. The last Italian language government school was abolished in Korcula on the 13th of September 1876.]]
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[[File:Defaced.jpg|thumb|left|160px|Defaced Photo by [[Directory:Peter Zuvela|Peter Zuvela]]]]