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Directory:Australian Paralympic Committee

2012-03-13T19:39:35Z

Jackson: clean up

{{Infobox Nonprofit
| nonprofit_name = [[Nonprofit_Name::Australian Paralympic Committee]]
| nonprofit_logo =
| nonprofit_slogan =
| company_type = [[Company_Type::NPO|Non-Profit Organization]]
| foundation = [[1990]]
| founder =
| location =
| key_people = [[Key_Person1::Jason Hellwig]], [[Key_Person1_Title::CEO]] [[Key_Person2::Greg Hartung]], [[Key_Person2_Title::President]] [[Key_Person3::Laura Hale]], [[Key_Person3_Title::Publicist]] 
| industry =
| products =
| revenue = {{profit}}[[Australian dollar|A$]][[Surplus::109000|109 thousand]] (2009) A$ [[Revenues::23015000|23 million]] (2010)
| net_assets = {{profit}}A$[[Net Assets::10561000|10,561,000]] (2010) net
| num_employees = {{steady}}[[Employees:=49]] (2010) total
| parent =
| subsid = 
| owner =
| contact =
| reference = [http://www.paralympic.org.au/sites/default/files/2010-2011%20APC%20Annual%20Report.pdf 2010-2011 Annual Report]
| footnotes =
}}

The '''Australian Paralympic Committee''' (APC) is the [[Australia]]n affiliate of the [[International Paralympic Committee]]. (Paralympic sports are athletic competitions designed for persons with disabilities.) The APC works with federations that promote particular paralympic sports in Australia.

The APC promotes paralymic sports within Australia. It also selects and trains paralympic athletes to compete in the "Paralympic Games" that are held in conjunction with the [[Olympic Games]]. The next Paralympic Games will be held in London, England in 2012.

The APC has annual revenue of $23 million, of which $12.8 million comes from government grants.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.paralympic.org.au/sites/default/files/2010-2011%20APC%20Annual%20Report.pdf|title=2010-2011 Annual Report|accessdate=2012-02-10}} page 8</ref>

In 2011, the APC started construction of a new headquarters building at Essendon Football Club’s new high performance centre at Melbourne Airport.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.paralympic.org.au/news/construction-underway-new-apc-and-essendon-hq|title=Construction underway at new APC and Essendon HQ|date=01/02/2012|accessdate=2012-02-10}}</ref>

==Hall of Fame and History Projects==
The APC seeks to promote paralympic sports and to preserve their heritage through a Hall of Fame. The Hall of Fame inducted its first three members in 2011.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.paralympic.org.au/apc-programs/australian-paralympic-hall-fame/australian-paralympic-hall-fame|title=Australian Paralympic Hall of Fame|accessdate=2012-02-10}}</ref>

The APC's history project seeks to record the past of paralympic sports in Australia through scholarly research and oral histories. The APC conducted a competitive tender in early 2011 for authors to write a formal history book at the expense of APC. One applicant submitted an innovative proposal that would crowd-source the research using wiki software as more cost-effective than just scholars conducting traditional research on a paid basis.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/The_History_of_the_Paralympic_Movement_in_Australia/Tender|title=The History of the Paralympic Movement in Australia/Tender|date=4 March 2011|accessdate=2012-02-10}}</ref> At first, the project was to produce a book that would be printed on-demand by Pediapress, with content developed on wikiversity.org. The project team included John Vandenberg, President of Wikimedia Australia and a member of the prestigious Wikipedia Arbitration Committee. Although Wikipedia normally prohibits paid editing on its encyclopedia, the APC history project was reclassified as a "GLAM" (Galleries, Libraries, Archives and Museums)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://outreach.wikimedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Paralympic_Movement_in_Australia|title=History of the Paralympic Movement in Australia|accessdate=2012-02-10}}</ref> allowing it to pay people to add content to the main encyclopedia as a hagiography.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hagiography|title=hagiography|accessdate=2012-02-10}}</ref> Currently, Laura Hale (Vice President of Wikimedia Australia) is the paid Wikipedian in residence at APC.

The history project is particularly noteworthy because of its writing contest. Instead of paying authors to add relevant content to Wikipedia, the project is sponsoring a competition with the two authors who add the most content winning an all-expense paid trip to the 2012 Paralympic Games in London. This represents the largest prize purse ever awarded in a Wikipedia competition.<ref>{{cite web|ur=http://outreach.wikimedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Paralympic_Movement_in_Australia/Wikimedians_to_the_Games|title=Wikimedians to the Games|accessdate=2012-02-10}}</ref> As of February 10, five people have signed up for the contest.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://outreach.wikimedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Paralympic_Movement_in_Australia/Wikimedians_to_the_Games/Participant|title=Participants|accessdate=2012-02-10}}</ref>

If this contest proves successful, Hale hopes to use APC as a model and advise other sports regarding the crowd-sourcing of their heritage.

The Hall of Fame and History projects are coordinated by Tony Naar, General Manager Knowledge Services at APC. Naar spoke at the [[University of Canberra]] to tell students about his projects.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ucniss.net/2011/10/australian-paralympic-committee-comes.html|title=Australian Paralympic Committee Comes To Speak with UCNISS Students|accessdate=2012-02-10}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.paralympic.org.au/ www.paralympic.org.au] home page

===Share this page===
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Directory:Australian Paralympic Committee

2012-03-13T19:35:03Z

Jackson: try again

{{Infobox Nonprofit
| nonprofit_name = [[Nonprofit_Name::Australian Paralympic Committee]]
| nonprofit_logo =
| nonprofit_slogan =
| company_type = [[Company_Type::NPO|Non-Profit Organization]]
| foundation = [[1990]]
| founder =
| location =
| key_people = [[Key_Person1::Jason Hellwig]], [[Key_Person1_Title::CEO]] [[Key_Person2::Greg Hartung]], [[Key_Person2_Title::President]] [[Key_Person3::Laura Hale]], [[Key_Person3_Title::Publicist]] 
| industry =
| products =
| revenue = {{profit}}[[Australian dollar|A$]][[Surplus::109000|109 thousand]] (2009) A$ [[Revenues::23015000|23 million]] (2010)
| net_assets = {{profit}}A$[[Net Assets::10561000|10,561,000]] (2010) net
| num_employees = {{steady}}[[Employees:=49]] (2010) total
| parent =
| subsid = 
| owner =
| contact =
| reference = [http://www.paralympic.org.au/sites/default/files/2010-2011%20APC%20Annual%20Report.pdf 2010-2011 Annual Report]
| footnotes =
}}

The '''Australian Paralympic Committee''' (APC) is the [[Australia]]n affiliate of the [[International Paralympic Committee]]. (Paralympic sports are athletic competitions designed for persons with disabilities.) The APC works with federations that promote particular paralympic sports in Australia.

The APC promotes paralymic sports within Australia. It also selects and trains paralympic athletes to compete in the "Paralympic Games" that are held in conjunction with the [[Olympic Games]]. The next Paralympic Games will be held in London, England in 2012.

The APC has annual revenue of $23 million, of which $12.8 million comes from government grants.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.paralympic.org.au/sites/default/files/2010-2011%20APC%20Annual%20Report.pdf|title=2010-2011 Annual Report|accessdate=2012-02-10}} page 8</ref>

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In 2011, the APC started construction of a new headquarters building at Essendon Football Club’s new high performance centre at Melbourne Airport.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.paralympic.org.au/news/construction-underway-new-apc-and-essendon-hq|title=Construction underway at new APC and Essendon HQ|date=01/02/2012|accessdate=2012-02-10}}</ref>

 

==Hall of Fame and History Projects==
The APC seeks to promote paralympic sports and to preserve their heritage through a Hall of Fame. The Hall of Fame inducted its first three members in 2011.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.paralympic.org.au/apc-programs/australian-paralympic-hall-fame/australian-paralympic-hall-fame|title=Australian Paralympic Hall of Fame|accessdate=2012-02-10}}</ref>

The APC's history project seeks to record the past of paralympic sports in Australia through scholarly research and oral histories. The APC conducted a competitive tender in early 2011 for authors to write a formal history book at the expense of APC. One applicant submitted an innovative proposal that would crowd-source the research using wiki software as more cost-effective than just scholars conducting traditional research on a paid basis.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/The_History_of_the_Paralympic_Movement_in_Australia/Tender|title=The History of the Paralympic Movement in Australia/Tender|date=4 March 2011|accessdate=2012-02-10}}</ref> At first, the project was to produce a book that would be printed on-demand by Pediapress, with content developed on wikiversity.org. The project team included John Vandenberg, President of Wikimedia Australia and a member of the prestigious Wikipedia Arbitration Committee. Although Wikipedia normally prohibits paid editing on its encyclopedia, the APC history project was reclassified as a "GLAM" (Galleries, Libraries, Archives and Museums)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://outreach.wikimedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Paralympic_Movement_in_Australia|title=History of the Paralympic Movement in Australia|accessdate=2012-02-10}}</ref> allowing it to pay people to add content to the main encyclopedia as a hagiography.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hagiography|title=hagiography|accessdate=2012-02-10}}</ref> Currently, Laura Hale (Vice President of Wikimedia Australia) is the paid Wikipedian in residence at APC.

The history project is particularly noteworthy because of its writing contest. Instead of paying authors to add relevant content to Wikipedia, the project is sponsoring a competition with the two authors who add the most content winning an all-expense paid trip to the 2012 Paralympic Games in London. This represents the largest prize purse ever awarded in a Wikipedia competition.<ref>{{cite web|ur=http://outreach.wikimedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Paralympic_Movement_in_Australia/Wikimedians_to_the_Games|title=Wikimedians to the Games|accessdate=2012-02-10}}</ref> As of February 10, five people have signed up for the contest.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://outreach.wikimedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Paralympic_Movement_in_Australia/Wikimedians_to_the_Games/Participant|title=Participants|accessdate=2012-02-10}}</ref>

If this contest proves successful, Hale hopes to use APC as a model and advise other sports regarding the crowd-sourcing of their heritage.

The Hall of Fame and History projects are coordinated by Tony Naar, General Manager Knowledge Services at APC. Naar spoke at the [[University of Canberra]] to tell students about his projects.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ucniss.net/2011/10/australian-paralympic-committee-comes.html|title=Australian Paralympic Committee Comes To Speak with UCNISS Students|accessdate=2012-02-10}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.paralympic.org.au/ www.paralympic.org.au] home page

===Share this page===
<sharethis />

Directory:Australian Paralympic Committee

2012-03-13T19:22:28Z

Jackson: change ads

{{Infobox Nonprofit
| nonprofit_name = [[Nonprofit_Name::Australian Paralympic Committee]]
| nonprofit_logo =
| nonprofit_slogan =
| company_type = [[Company_Type::NPO|Non-Profit Organization]]
| foundation = [[1990]]
| founder =
| location =
| key_people = [[Key_Person1::Jason Hellwig]], [[Key_Person1_Title::CEO]] [[Key_Person2::Greg Hartung]], [[Key_Person2_Title::President]] [[Key_Person3::Laura Hale]], [[Key_Person3_Title::Publicist]] 
| industry =
| products =
| revenue = {{profit}}[[Australian dollar|A$]][[Surplus::109000|109 thousand]] (2009) A$ [[Revenues::23015000|23 million]] (2010)
| net_assets = {{profit}}A$[[Net Assets::10561000|10,561,000]] (2010) net
| num_employees = {{steady}}[[Employees:=49]] (2010) total
| parent =
| subsid = 
| owner =
| contact =
| reference = [http://www.paralympic.org.au/sites/default/files/2010-2011%20APC%20Annual%20Report.pdf 2010-2011 Annual Report]
| footnotes =
}}

The '''Australian Paralympic Committee''' (APC) is the [[Australia]]n affiliate of the [[International Paralympic Committee]]. (Paralympic sports are athletic competitions designed for persons with disabilities.) The APC works with federations that promote particular paralympic sports in Australia.

The APC promotes paralymic sports within Australia. It also selects and trains paralympic athletes to compete in the "Paralympic Games" that are held in conjunction with the [[Olympic Games]]. The next Paralympic Games will be held in London, England in 2012.

The APC has annual revenue of $23 million, of which $12.8 million comes from government grants.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.paralympic.org.au/sites/default/files/2010-2011%20APC%20Annual%20Report.pdf|title=2010-2011 Annual Report|accessdate=2012-02-10}} page 8</ref>

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In 2011, the APC started construction of a new headquarters building at Essendon Football Club’s new high performance centre at Melbourne Airport.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.paralympic.org.au/news/construction-underway-new-apc-and-essendon-hq|title=Construction underway at new APC and Essendon HQ|date=01/02/2012|accessdate=2012-02-10}}</ref>

 

==Hall of Fame and History Projects==
The APC seeks to promote paralympic sports and to preserve their heritage through a Hall of Fame. The Hall of Fame inducted its first three members in 2011.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.paralympic.org.au/apc-programs/australian-paralympic-hall-fame/australian-paralympic-hall-fame|title=Australian Paralympic Hall of Fame|accessdate=2012-02-10}}</ref>

The APC's history project seeks to record the past of paralympic sports in Australia through scholarly research and oral histories. The APC conducted a competitive tender in early 2011 for authors to write a formal history book at the expense of APC. One applicant submitted an innovative proposal that would crowd-source the research using wiki software as more cost-effective than just scholars conducting traditional research on a paid basis.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/The_History_of_the_Paralympic_Movement_in_Australia/Tender|title=The History of the Paralympic Movement in Australia/Tender|date=4 March 2011|accessdate=2012-02-10}}</ref> At first, the project was to produce a book that would be printed on-demand by Pediapress, with content developed on wikiversity.org. The project team included John Vandenberg, President of Wikimedia Australia and a member of the prestigious Wikipedia Arbitration Committee. Although Wikipedia normally prohibits paid editing on its encyclopedia, the APC history project was reclassified as a "GLAM" (Galleries, Libraries, Archives and Museums)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://outreach.wikimedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Paralympic_Movement_in_Australia|title=History of the Paralympic Movement in Australia|accessdate=2012-02-10}}</ref> allowing it to pay people to add content to the main encyclopedia as a hagiography.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hagiography|title=hagiography|accessdate=2012-02-10}}</ref> Currently, Laura Hale (Vice President of Wikimedia Australia) is the paid Wikipedian in residence at APC.

The history project is particularly noteworthy because of its writing contest. Instead of paying authors to add relevant content to Wikipedia, the project is sponsoring a competition with the two authors who add the most content winning an all-expense paid trip to the 2012 Paralympic Games in London. This represents the largest prize purse ever awarded in a Wikipedia competition.<ref>{{cite web|ur=http://outreach.wikimedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Paralympic_Movement_in_Australia/Wikimedians_to_the_Games|title=Wikimedians to the Games|accessdate=2012-02-10}}</ref> As of February 10, five people have signed up for the contest.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://outreach.wikimedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Paralympic_Movement_in_Australia/Wikimedians_to_the_Games/Participant|title=Participants|accessdate=2012-02-10}}</ref>

If this contest proves successful, Hale hopes to use APC as a model and advise other sports regarding the crowd-sourcing of their heritage.

The Hall of Fame and History projects are coordinated by Tony Naar, General Manager Knowledge Services at APC. Naar spoke at the [[University of Canberra]] to tell students about his projects.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ucniss.net/2011/10/australian-paralympic-committee-comes.html|title=Australian Paralympic Committee Comes To Speak with UCNISS Students|accessdate=2012-02-10}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.paralympic.org.au/ www.paralympic.org.au] home page

===Share this page===
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Directory:Ryugyong Hotel

2012-03-13T19:19:59Z

Jackson: /* References */ spacing

{{Infobox_Company
| company_name = [[Company_Name::Ryugyong Hotel]]
| company_type = [[Company_Type::State owned]]
| company_logo = [[Image:Ryugyeong_Hotel_on_February_2011.jpg|200px]]
| genre =
| foundation = [[Year_Started::1987]]
| founder =
| location = [[City::Pyongyang]], [[Country_Name::North Korea]]
| industry =
| products = 
| revenue =
| operating_income =
| net_income =
| num_employees =
| parent = 
| subsid = 
| owner = 
| contact =
| reference = [[Latitude]]: [[Latitude::39.036389|39° 2′ 11″ N]] [[Longitude]]: [[Longitude::125.730556|125° 43′ 50″ E]]
| footnotes =
}}
The '''Ryugyong Hotel''' ({{lang-ko|류경호텔}}) (sometimes [[Anglicization|anglicized]] as '''Ryu-Gyong Hotel''' or '''Yu-Kyung Hotel'''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.orientalarchitecture.com/koreanorth/pyongyang/105building.php|title=105 Building, Pyongyang, Korea, North|publisher=Asian Historical Architecture|accessdate=2010-02-11}}</ref>) is a 105-[[storey|story]] [[skyscraper]] under construction in [[Pyongyang]], [[North Korea]]. Its name ("capital of [[willow]]s") is also one of the historic names for Pyongyang.<ref>{{cite book|last=Funabashi|first=Yoichi|title=The Peninsula Question: A Chronicle of the Second Northern Korean Nuclear Crisis|publisher=Brookings Institution Press|location=[[Washington, D.C.]]|date=2007|page=50|isbn=0-8157-3010-1}}</ref> The building is also known as the '''105 Building''',<ref name=Emporis/> a reference to its number of floors. Construction began in 1987 with planned completion in 1989. However, after several delays, construction was eventually halted in 1992; the [[Dissolution of the Soviet Union|fall of the Soviet Union]] had resulted in widespread economic disruptions in North Korea and shortages of raw materials.

The building stood [[topping off|topped out]] but without windows or interior fittings for the next sixteen years. Construction resumed in April 2008 under the supervision of the [[Orascom Group]] of [[Egypt]], which has invested heavily in the North Korean [[mobile telephony]] and [[construction]] industries.<ref name=IFES/> The company completed exterior work on the building in 2011, and interior work on the building's 360,000 square metres (3,900,000 sq ft) of floor space will continue until 2012 or later. Orascom has stated that the building will contain restaurants, hotel accommodation, apartments, and business facilities.

The building rises to a height of {{Convert|330|m|ft}}, making it the most prominent feature of Pyongyang's [[skyline]] and by far the largest structure in North Korea. Construction of the Ryugyong was intended to be completed in time for the [[13th World Festival of Youth and Students]] in June 1989; had this been achieved, it would have held the title of [[List of tallest hotels in the world|world's tallest hotel]]. The unfinished building was not surpassed in height by any new hotel until the 2009 completion of the spire atop the [[Rose Tower]] in [[Dubai]], [[United Arab Emirates]]. The Ryugyong Hotel is currently the world's [[List of tallest buildings in the world|40th tallest building]] (alongside the [[China World Trade Center Tower III]]) in terms of total height and has the 5th [[List of buildings with 100 floors or more|highest number of floors]].

==History==
===Background===

The plan for a large hotel was reportedly a [[Cold War]] response to the completion of the world's tallest hotel, the [[Swissôtel The Stamford|Westin Stamford Hotel]] in [[Singapore]], in 1986 by the [[South Korea]]n company [[SsangYong Group]].<ref name="oversight"/> North Korean leadership envisioned the project as a channel for Western investors to step into the marketplace.<ref name="oversight"/> A firm, the Ryugyong Hotel Investment and Management Co., was established to attract a hoped-for US$230 million in foreign investment.<ref name="oversight"/> A representative for the North Korean government promised relaxed oversight, saying, "The foreign investors can even operate [[casino]]s, [[nightclub]]s or Japanese lounges if they want to."<ref name="oversight">{{cite journal| last=Ngor| first=Oh Kwee| date=1990-06-09| title=Western decadence hits N. Korea| journal= Japan Economic Journal| page=12}}</ref> North Korean construction firm Baikdoosan Architects & Engineers (also known as Baekdu Mountain Architects and Engineers) began construction on a pyramid-shaped hotel in 1987.<ref name=IFES>{{cite web|url=http://ifes.kyungnam.ac.kr/eng/m05/s10/content.asp?nkbriefNO=207&GoP=1|title= Orascom and DPRK to Complete Ryugyong Hotel Construction|publisher=The Institute for Far Eastern Studies|date= 2008-05-20|accessdate=2010-02-09}}</ref><ref name="almanac">{{cite book|title=Almanac of Architecture & Design|editor=Cramer, James P.; Jennifer Evans Yankopolus|publisher=Greenway Publications|location=[[Atlanta]], [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]]|date=2006|edition=7th|page=368|isbn=0-9755-654-27}}</ref> The ''Washington Post'' says that the hotel was started to upstage a 63-story South Korean hotel that was built for the [[1988 Summer Olympics]]<ref>{{cite news|title=N. Korea's intended jewel that drew jeers may open|first=Chico|last=Harlan|work=Washington Post|date=February 10, 2012|page=A1}}</ref>[http://www.racepacket.com]

===Building deadlock===
The hotel was scheduled to open in June 1989 for the [[13th World Festival of Youth and Students]], but problems<ref>{{cite web
|url= http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/northkorea/6337040/North-Korean-hotel-dubbed-the-worst-building-in-the-world-may-finally-be-finished.html
|title=North Korean hotel dubbed the 'worst building in the world' may finally be finished - Telegraph
|work=[[Daily Telegraph]] |publisher=Telegraph Media Group | location=London |date=16 October 2009 | last=Foreign Staff
|accessdate=25 August 2010
}}</ref> with building methods and materials delayed completion. Had it opened on schedule, it would have surpassed the [[Westin Stamford|Westin Stamford Hotel]] to become [[List of tallest hotels in the world|the world's tallest hotel]],<ref name="ABC">{{cite news |first=Dan |last=Beckmann |title=Pyongyang: Home to the Tallest Hotel in the World That Could, but Will Never Be |url=http://abcnews.go.com/print?id=2590901 |work=[[ABC News]] |publisher=[[The Walt Disney Company]] |date=2006-10-23 |accessdate=2009-07-05 }}</ref> and been ranked the [[List of tallest buildings in the world|seventh-tallest building in the world]].<ref name=Emporis/>

In 1992, after the building had reached its full architectural height,<ref name=Emporis>{{cite web|url=http://www.emporis.com/application/?nav=building&id=130967&lng=3
|title=Ryugyong Hotel|accessdate=2010-02-09|work=Emporis.com}}</ref> work was halted due to a lack of funds amid electricity and food shortages in North Korea.<ref name="doom"/> Japanese newspapers estimated the cost of construction was US$750 million,<ref name="cost">{{cite journal| title=North Korea builds record-height hotel| month=November 15| year=1990| journal=Engineering News-Record| page=41}}</ref> consuming 2 percent of North Korea’s [[GDP]].<ref name="Esquire"/> For over a decade, the unfinished building sat vacant and without windows, fixtures, or fittings, appearing as a massive concrete shell.<ref name=Emporis/> A rusting construction crane at the top, which the [[BBC]] called "a reminder of the [[totalitarian]] state's thwarted ambition",<ref name=doom/> became a permanent fixture.<ref name="Forbes">{{Cite news |last=Kirk |first=Donald |publication-date=27 October 2008 |title=Grand Illusion |periodical=[[Forbes (magazine)|Forbes]]|url=http://www.forbes.com/global/2008/1027/059.html |accessdate=2009-07-05 |postscript=}}</ref> In the late 1990s, the [[European Union Chamber of Commerce in Korea]] inspected the building and concluded that the structure was irreparable.<ref>{{cite book|last=Noland|first=Marcus|title=Avoiding the Apocalypse: The Future of the Two Koreas|publisher=[[Peterson Institute for International Economics|Institute for International Economics]]|location=[[Washington, D.C.]]|date=2000|page=82|isbn=0-88132-278-4}}</ref> Questions have been raised regarding the quality of the building's concrete and the alignment of its [[elevator]] shafts,<ref name=doom/> which some sources say are "crooked".<ref name="idiots"/>

In a 2006 article, [[ABC News]] questioned whether North Korea had sufficient [[raw materials]] or energy for such a massive project.<ref name="ABC"/> A North Korean government official told the ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'' in 2008 that construction was not completed "because [North Korea] ran out of money".<ref name="boom">{{cite news|url=http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-boom27-2008sep27,0,7763249.story?page=2&track=rss|title= North Korea in the midst of mysterious building boom|date= 2008-09-27 |publisher=[[Los Angeles Times]] |accessdate=2008-12-14 | first=Barbara | last=Demick}}</ref>

Even though the Ryugyong dominates the Pyongyang skyline, official information regarding the hotel and its status have proven difficult to obtain. Though mocked-up images of the completed hotel had once appeared on North Korean stamps, the North Korean government denied the building's existence for many years. The government [[Photo manipulation|manipulated]] official photographs in order to remove the structure, and excluded it from printed maps of Pyongyang.<ref name="ABC"/><ref name=boom/><ref name=doom/> The alleged problems associated with the hotel led some media sources to dub it "The Worst Building in the World",<ref name="Independent">{{Cite news |last=Herskovitz |first=Jon |publication-date=18 July 2008 |title=North Koreans revamp 'world's worst building' |work=[[The Independent]] |publisher=Independent News and Media|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/north-koreans-revamp-worlds-worst-building-870858.html |accessdate=2009-07-05 | location=London |postscript=}}</ref><ref name="Esquire">{{Cite news |last=Hagberg |first=Eva |publication-date=28 January 2008 |title=The Worst Building in the History of Mankind |periodical=[[Esquire (magazine)|Esquire]] |url=http://www.esquire.com/the-side/DESIGN/hotel-of-doom-012808 |accessdate=2009-07-05 |postscript=}}</ref> "Hotel of Doom" and "Phantom Hotel".<ref name="doom">{{cite news |title=Will 'Hotel of Doom' ever be finished? |url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/8306697.stm |work= BBC News|publisher= BBC |date= 15 October 2009 |accessdate=2009-10-13}}</ref>

On 1 January 2012, state news agency KCNA released a new propaganda poster, which showed the Ryugyong Hotel as part of the background. <ref name="KCNA">{{cite news |title=New Posters Created in DPRK |url= http://www.kcna.kp/kcnadata/kor/photo/2012/1/189393-1.jpg |work= KCNA|publisher= KCNA |date= 01 January 2012 |accessdate=2012-01-01}}</ref>

===Construction resumes===

In April 2008, after 16 years of inactivity, work on the building was restarted by the Egyptian company [[Orascom Group]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.mysinchew.com/node/11909|title=Korea: N Korea Resumes Construction Of Luxury Hotel|date=2008-05-25|publisher=MySinchew|accessdate=2009-07-05}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
|url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/8306697.stm
|title= Will 'Hotel of Doom' ever be finished?
|work=BBC News |publisher=BBC |date=15 October 2009 |last=Staff
|accessdate=25 August 2010
}}</ref> Orascom, which has entered into a [[U.S. dollar|US$]] 400 million deal with the North Korean government to build and run a [[3G]] mobile phone network, has denied that their telecommunications deal was directly related to the Ryugyong Hotel work.<ref name=doom/>

It is unclear to what extent Orascom plans to complete the building. In 2008, Orascom's resident project manager stated that, at a minimum, their goal was to make the facade more attractive.<ref name="boom"/> In 2009, Orascom's chief operating officer [[Khaled Bichara]] noted that they "had not had too many problems" resolving the reported structural issues of the building, that interior work will be performed, and that a revolving restaurant will be located at the top of the building.<ref name=doom/>

In July 2011, it was reported that the exterior work was complete.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.architizer.com/en_us/blog/dyn/25976/ryugyong-hotel-exterior-completed/| title = Ryugyong Hotel Exterior Completed| publisher = architizer| author = Samuel Medina | date = 2011-07-22|accessdate = 2011-07-26}}</ref> Features that Orascom has installed include exterior glass panels and telecommunications antennas.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.reuters.com/article/rbssTechMediaTelecomNews/idUSSEO9654020080717| title = North Korea's "Hotel of Doom" wakes from its coma| publisher = Reuters| author = Herskovitz, Jon| date = 2008-07-17|accessdate = 2009-07-05}}</ref>

It is unclear when the building will open. In 2008, North Korean officials stated that the hotel would be completed by 2012, coinciding with the 100th anniversary of the birth of "Eternal President" [[Kim Il-sung]].<ref name="Forbes"/> According to Orascom, interior work is to be conducted after the completion of exterior work, and the building will not be ready until 2012 or beyond.<ref name =doom/>

==Architecture==

The Ryugyong Hotel consists of three wings, each measuring {{Convert|100|m|ft}} long, {{Convert|18|m|ft}} wide, and sloped at a 75-degree angle, which converge at a common point to form a pinnacle. The building is topped by a truncated [[cone (geometry)|cone]] {{Convert|40|m|ft}} wide, consisting of eight floors that are intended to rotate, topped by a further six static floors. The structure was originally intended to house five [[revolving restaurant]]s, and either 3,000 or 7,665 guest rooms, according to different sources.<ref name="revolving">{{cite book|last=Randl|first=Chad|title=Revolving Architecture: A History of Buildings That Rotate, Swivel, and Pivot|publisher=Princeton Architectural Press|location=[[New York City|New York]]|date=2008|page=133|isbn=978-1-56898-681-4}}</ref><ref name="idiots">{{cite book|last=Quinones|first=C. Kenneth|coauthors=Joseph Taggert|title=The Complete Idiot's Guide to Understanding North Korea|publisher=[[Alpha Books]]|location=[[Indianapolis]]|date=2003|series=[[Complete Idiot's Guides]]|page=183|isbn=1-59257-169-7}}</ref> According to BBC quoting Orascom's Mr. Bichra in 2009, the Ryugyong will not be just a hotel, but rather a [[mixed-use development]], including "revolving restaurant" facilities along with "a mixture of hotel accommodation, apartments and business facilities".<ref name="doom"/>
==References==
<div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:1; column-count:1;">
<references />
</div>
{{-}}
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Directory:Ryugyong Hotel

2012-03-13T19:16:59Z

Jackson: /* References */ fix bug

{{Infobox_Company
| company_name = [[Company_Name::Ryugyong Hotel]]
| company_type = [[Company_Type::State owned]]
| company_logo = [[Image:Ryugyeong_Hotel_on_February_2011.jpg|200px]]
| genre =
| foundation = [[Year_Started::1987]]
| founder =
| location = [[City::Pyongyang]], [[Country_Name::North Korea]]
| industry =
| products = 
| revenue =
| operating_income =
| net_income =
| num_employees =
| parent = 
| subsid = 
| owner = 
| contact =
| reference = [[Latitude]]: [[Latitude::39.036389|39° 2′ 11″ N]] [[Longitude]]: [[Longitude::125.730556|125° 43′ 50″ E]]
| footnotes =
}}
The '''Ryugyong Hotel''' ({{lang-ko|류경호텔}}) (sometimes [[Anglicization|anglicized]] as '''Ryu-Gyong Hotel''' or '''Yu-Kyung Hotel'''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.orientalarchitecture.com/koreanorth/pyongyang/105building.php|title=105 Building, Pyongyang, Korea, North|publisher=Asian Historical Architecture|accessdate=2010-02-11}}</ref>) is a 105-[[storey|story]] [[skyscraper]] under construction in [[Pyongyang]], [[North Korea]]. Its name ("capital of [[willow]]s") is also one of the historic names for Pyongyang.<ref>{{cite book|last=Funabashi|first=Yoichi|title=The Peninsula Question: A Chronicle of the Second Northern Korean Nuclear Crisis|publisher=Brookings Institution Press|location=[[Washington, D.C.]]|date=2007|page=50|isbn=0-8157-3010-1}}</ref> The building is also known as the '''105 Building''',<ref name=Emporis/> a reference to its number of floors. Construction began in 1987 with planned completion in 1989. However, after several delays, construction was eventually halted in 1992; the [[Dissolution of the Soviet Union|fall of the Soviet Union]] had resulted in widespread economic disruptions in North Korea and shortages of raw materials.

The building stood [[topping off|topped out]] but without windows or interior fittings for the next sixteen years. Construction resumed in April 2008 under the supervision of the [[Orascom Group]] of [[Egypt]], which has invested heavily in the North Korean [[mobile telephony]] and [[construction]] industries.<ref name=IFES/> The company completed exterior work on the building in 2011, and interior work on the building's 360,000 square metres (3,900,000 sq ft) of floor space will continue until 2012 or later. Orascom has stated that the building will contain restaurants, hotel accommodation, apartments, and business facilities.

The building rises to a height of {{Convert|330|m|ft}}, making it the most prominent feature of Pyongyang's [[skyline]] and by far the largest structure in North Korea. Construction of the Ryugyong was intended to be completed in time for the [[13th World Festival of Youth and Students]] in June 1989; had this been achieved, it would have held the title of [[List of tallest hotels in the world|world's tallest hotel]]. The unfinished building was not surpassed in height by any new hotel until the 2009 completion of the spire atop the [[Rose Tower]] in [[Dubai]], [[United Arab Emirates]]. The Ryugyong Hotel is currently the world's [[List of tallest buildings in the world|40th tallest building]] (alongside the [[China World Trade Center Tower III]]) in terms of total height and has the 5th [[List of buildings with 100 floors or more|highest number of floors]].

==History==
===Background===

The plan for a large hotel was reportedly a [[Cold War]] response to the completion of the world's tallest hotel, the [[Swissôtel The Stamford|Westin Stamford Hotel]] in [[Singapore]], in 1986 by the [[South Korea]]n company [[SsangYong Group]].<ref name="oversight"/> North Korean leadership envisioned the project as a channel for Western investors to step into the marketplace.<ref name="oversight"/> A firm, the Ryugyong Hotel Investment and Management Co., was established to attract a hoped-for US$230 million in foreign investment.<ref name="oversight"/> A representative for the North Korean government promised relaxed oversight, saying, "The foreign investors can even operate [[casino]]s, [[nightclub]]s or Japanese lounges if they want to."<ref name="oversight">{{cite journal| last=Ngor| first=Oh Kwee| date=1990-06-09| title=Western decadence hits N. Korea| journal= Japan Economic Journal| page=12}}</ref> North Korean construction firm Baikdoosan Architects & Engineers (also known as Baekdu Mountain Architects and Engineers) began construction on a pyramid-shaped hotel in 1987.<ref name=IFES>{{cite web|url=http://ifes.kyungnam.ac.kr/eng/m05/s10/content.asp?nkbriefNO=207&GoP=1|title= Orascom and DPRK to Complete Ryugyong Hotel Construction|publisher=The Institute for Far Eastern Studies|date= 2008-05-20|accessdate=2010-02-09}}</ref><ref name="almanac">{{cite book|title=Almanac of Architecture & Design|editor=Cramer, James P.; Jennifer Evans Yankopolus|publisher=Greenway Publications|location=[[Atlanta]], [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]]|date=2006|edition=7th|page=368|isbn=0-9755-654-27}}</ref> The ''Washington Post'' says that the hotel was started to upstage a 63-story South Korean hotel that was built for the [[1988 Summer Olympics]]<ref>{{cite news|title=N. Korea's intended jewel that drew jeers may open|first=Chico|last=Harlan|work=Washington Post|date=February 10, 2012|page=A1}}</ref>[http://www.racepacket.com]

===Building deadlock===
The hotel was scheduled to open in June 1989 for the [[13th World Festival of Youth and Students]], but problems<ref>{{cite web
|url= http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/northkorea/6337040/North-Korean-hotel-dubbed-the-worst-building-in-the-world-may-finally-be-finished.html
|title=North Korean hotel dubbed the 'worst building in the world' may finally be finished - Telegraph
|work=[[Daily Telegraph]] |publisher=Telegraph Media Group | location=London |date=16 October 2009 | last=Foreign Staff
|accessdate=25 August 2010
}}</ref> with building methods and materials delayed completion. Had it opened on schedule, it would have surpassed the [[Westin Stamford|Westin Stamford Hotel]] to become [[List of tallest hotels in the world|the world's tallest hotel]],<ref name="ABC">{{cite news |first=Dan |last=Beckmann |title=Pyongyang: Home to the Tallest Hotel in the World That Could, but Will Never Be |url=http://abcnews.go.com/print?id=2590901 |work=[[ABC News]] |publisher=[[The Walt Disney Company]] |date=2006-10-23 |accessdate=2009-07-05 }}</ref> and been ranked the [[List of tallest buildings in the world|seventh-tallest building in the world]].<ref name=Emporis/>

In 1992, after the building had reached its full architectural height,<ref name=Emporis>{{cite web|url=http://www.emporis.com/application/?nav=building&id=130967&lng=3
|title=Ryugyong Hotel|accessdate=2010-02-09|work=Emporis.com}}</ref> work was halted due to a lack of funds amid electricity and food shortages in North Korea.<ref name="doom"/> Japanese newspapers estimated the cost of construction was US$750 million,<ref name="cost">{{cite journal| title=North Korea builds record-height hotel| month=November 15| year=1990| journal=Engineering News-Record| page=41}}</ref> consuming 2 percent of North Korea’s [[GDP]].<ref name="Esquire"/> For over a decade, the unfinished building sat vacant and without windows, fixtures, or fittings, appearing as a massive concrete shell.<ref name=Emporis/> A rusting construction crane at the top, which the [[BBC]] called "a reminder of the [[totalitarian]] state's thwarted ambition",<ref name=doom/> became a permanent fixture.<ref name="Forbes">{{Cite news |last=Kirk |first=Donald |publication-date=27 October 2008 |title=Grand Illusion |periodical=[[Forbes (magazine)|Forbes]]|url=http://www.forbes.com/global/2008/1027/059.html |accessdate=2009-07-05 |postscript=}}</ref> In the late 1990s, the [[European Union Chamber of Commerce in Korea]] inspected the building and concluded that the structure was irreparable.<ref>{{cite book|last=Noland|first=Marcus|title=Avoiding the Apocalypse: The Future of the Two Koreas|publisher=[[Peterson Institute for International Economics|Institute for International Economics]]|location=[[Washington, D.C.]]|date=2000|page=82|isbn=0-88132-278-4}}</ref> Questions have been raised regarding the quality of the building's concrete and the alignment of its [[elevator]] shafts,<ref name=doom/> which some sources say are "crooked".<ref name="idiots"/>

In a 2006 article, [[ABC News]] questioned whether North Korea had sufficient [[raw materials]] or energy for such a massive project.<ref name="ABC"/> A North Korean government official told the ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'' in 2008 that construction was not completed "because [North Korea] ran out of money".<ref name="boom">{{cite news|url=http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-boom27-2008sep27,0,7763249.story?page=2&track=rss|title= North Korea in the midst of mysterious building boom|date= 2008-09-27 |publisher=[[Los Angeles Times]] |accessdate=2008-12-14 | first=Barbara | last=Demick}}</ref>

Even though the Ryugyong dominates the Pyongyang skyline, official information regarding the hotel and its status have proven difficult to obtain. Though mocked-up images of the completed hotel had once appeared on North Korean stamps, the North Korean government denied the building's existence for many years. The government [[Photo manipulation|manipulated]] official photographs in order to remove the structure, and excluded it from printed maps of Pyongyang.<ref name="ABC"/><ref name=boom/><ref name=doom/> The alleged problems associated with the hotel led some media sources to dub it "The Worst Building in the World",<ref name="Independent">{{Cite news |last=Herskovitz |first=Jon |publication-date=18 July 2008 |title=North Koreans revamp 'world's worst building' |work=[[The Independent]] |publisher=Independent News and Media|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/north-koreans-revamp-worlds-worst-building-870858.html |accessdate=2009-07-05 | location=London |postscript=}}</ref><ref name="Esquire">{{Cite news |last=Hagberg |first=Eva |publication-date=28 January 2008 |title=The Worst Building in the History of Mankind |periodical=[[Esquire (magazine)|Esquire]] |url=http://www.esquire.com/the-side/DESIGN/hotel-of-doom-012808 |accessdate=2009-07-05 |postscript=}}</ref> "Hotel of Doom" and "Phantom Hotel".<ref name="doom">{{cite news |title=Will 'Hotel of Doom' ever be finished? |url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/8306697.stm |work= BBC News|publisher= BBC |date= 15 October 2009 |accessdate=2009-10-13}}</ref>

On 1 January 2012, state news agency KCNA released a new propaganda poster, which showed the Ryugyong Hotel as part of the background. <ref name="KCNA">{{cite news |title=New Posters Created in DPRK |url= http://www.kcna.kp/kcnadata/kor/photo/2012/1/189393-1.jpg |work= KCNA|publisher= KCNA |date= 01 January 2012 |accessdate=2012-01-01}}</ref>

===Construction resumes===

In April 2008, after 16 years of inactivity, work on the building was restarted by the Egyptian company [[Orascom Group]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.mysinchew.com/node/11909|title=Korea: N Korea Resumes Construction Of Luxury Hotel|date=2008-05-25|publisher=MySinchew|accessdate=2009-07-05}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
|url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/8306697.stm
|title= Will 'Hotel of Doom' ever be finished?
|work=BBC News |publisher=BBC |date=15 October 2009 |last=Staff
|accessdate=25 August 2010
}}</ref> Orascom, which has entered into a [[U.S. dollar|US$]] 400 million deal with the North Korean government to build and run a [[3G]] mobile phone network, has denied that their telecommunications deal was directly related to the Ryugyong Hotel work.<ref name=doom/>

It is unclear to what extent Orascom plans to complete the building. In 2008, Orascom's resident project manager stated that, at a minimum, their goal was to make the facade more attractive.<ref name="boom"/> In 2009, Orascom's chief operating officer [[Khaled Bichara]] noted that they "had not had too many problems" resolving the reported structural issues of the building, that interior work will be performed, and that a revolving restaurant will be located at the top of the building.<ref name=doom/>

In July 2011, it was reported that the exterior work was complete.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.architizer.com/en_us/blog/dyn/25976/ryugyong-hotel-exterior-completed/| title = Ryugyong Hotel Exterior Completed| publisher = architizer| author = Samuel Medina | date = 2011-07-22|accessdate = 2011-07-26}}</ref> Features that Orascom has installed include exterior glass panels and telecommunications antennas.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.reuters.com/article/rbssTechMediaTelecomNews/idUSSEO9654020080717| title = North Korea's "Hotel of Doom" wakes from its coma| publisher = Reuters| author = Herskovitz, Jon| date = 2008-07-17|accessdate = 2009-07-05}}</ref>

It is unclear when the building will open. In 2008, North Korean officials stated that the hotel would be completed by 2012, coinciding with the 100th anniversary of the birth of "Eternal President" [[Kim Il-sung]].<ref name="Forbes"/> According to Orascom, interior work is to be conducted after the completion of exterior work, and the building will not be ready until 2012 or beyond.<ref name =doom/>

==Architecture==

The Ryugyong Hotel consists of three wings, each measuring {{Convert|100|m|ft}} long, {{Convert|18|m|ft}} wide, and sloped at a 75-degree angle, which converge at a common point to form a pinnacle. The building is topped by a truncated [[cone (geometry)|cone]] {{Convert|40|m|ft}} wide, consisting of eight floors that are intended to rotate, topped by a further six static floors. The structure was originally intended to house five [[revolving restaurant]]s, and either 3,000 or 7,665 guest rooms, according to different sources.<ref name="revolving">{{cite book|last=Randl|first=Chad|title=Revolving Architecture: A History of Buildings That Rotate, Swivel, and Pivot|publisher=Princeton Architectural Press|location=[[New York City|New York]]|date=2008|page=133|isbn=978-1-56898-681-4}}</ref><ref name="idiots">{{cite book|last=Quinones|first=C. Kenneth|coauthors=Joseph Taggert|title=The Complete Idiot's Guide to Understanding North Korea|publisher=[[Alpha Books]]|location=[[Indianapolis]]|date=2003|series=[[Complete Idiot's Guides]]|page=183|isbn=1-59257-169-7}}</ref> According to BBC quoting Orascom's Mr. Bichra in 2009, the Ryugyong will not be just a hotel, but rather a [[mixed-use development]], including "revolving restaurant" facilities along with "a mixture of hotel accommodation, apartments and business facilities".<ref name="doom"/>
==References==
<div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:1; column-count:1;">
<references />
</div>
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{{Mapit-US-cityscale|39.036389|125.730556}}

Directory:Ryugyong Hotel

2012-03-13T19:12:14Z

Jackson: clean up

{{Infobox_Company
| company_name = [[Company_Name::Ryugyong Hotel]]
| company_type = [[Company_Type::State owned]]
| company_logo = [[Image:Ryugyeong_Hotel_on_February_2011.jpg|200px]]
| genre =
| foundation = [[Year_Started::1987]]
| founder =
| location = [[City::Pyongyang]], [[Country_Name::North Korea]]
| industry =
| products = 
| revenue =
| operating_income =
| net_income =
| num_employees =
| parent = 
| subsid = 
| owner = 
| contact =
| reference = [[Latitude]]: [[Latitude::39.036389|39° 2′ 11″ N]] [[Longitude]]: [[Longitude::125.730556|125° 43′ 50″ E]]
| footnotes =
}}
The '''Ryugyong Hotel''' ({{lang-ko|류경호텔}}) (sometimes [[Anglicization|anglicized]] as '''Ryu-Gyong Hotel''' or '''Yu-Kyung Hotel'''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.orientalarchitecture.com/koreanorth/pyongyang/105building.php|title=105 Building, Pyongyang, Korea, North|publisher=Asian Historical Architecture|accessdate=2010-02-11}}</ref>) is a 105-[[storey|story]] [[skyscraper]] under construction in [[Pyongyang]], [[North Korea]]. Its name ("capital of [[willow]]s") is also one of the historic names for Pyongyang.<ref>{{cite book|last=Funabashi|first=Yoichi|title=The Peninsula Question: A Chronicle of the Second Northern Korean Nuclear Crisis|publisher=Brookings Institution Press|location=[[Washington, D.C.]]|date=2007|page=50|isbn=0-8157-3010-1}}</ref> The building is also known as the '''105 Building''',<ref name=Emporis/> a reference to its number of floors. Construction began in 1987 with planned completion in 1989. However, after several delays, construction was eventually halted in 1992; the [[Dissolution of the Soviet Union|fall of the Soviet Union]] had resulted in widespread economic disruptions in North Korea and shortages of raw materials.

The building stood [[topping off|topped out]] but without windows or interior fittings for the next sixteen years. Construction resumed in April 2008 under the supervision of the [[Orascom Group]] of [[Egypt]], which has invested heavily in the North Korean [[mobile telephony]] and [[construction]] industries.<ref name=IFES/> The company completed exterior work on the building in 2011, and interior work on the building's 360,000 square metres (3,900,000 sq ft) of floor space will continue until 2012 or later. Orascom has stated that the building will contain restaurants, hotel accommodation, apartments, and business facilities.

The building rises to a height of {{Convert|330|m|ft}}, making it the most prominent feature of Pyongyang's [[skyline]] and by far the largest structure in North Korea. Construction of the Ryugyong was intended to be completed in time for the [[13th World Festival of Youth and Students]] in June 1989; had this been achieved, it would have held the title of [[List of tallest hotels in the world|world's tallest hotel]]. The unfinished building was not surpassed in height by any new hotel until the 2009 completion of the spire atop the [[Rose Tower]] in [[Dubai]], [[United Arab Emirates]]. The Ryugyong Hotel is currently the world's [[List of tallest buildings in the world|40th tallest building]] (alongside the [[China World Trade Center Tower III]]) in terms of total height and has the 5th [[List of buildings with 100 floors or more|highest number of floors]].

==History==
===Background===

The plan for a large hotel was reportedly a [[Cold War]] response to the completion of the world's tallest hotel, the [[Swissôtel The Stamford|Westin Stamford Hotel]] in [[Singapore]], in 1986 by the [[South Korea]]n company [[SsangYong Group]].<ref name="oversight"/> North Korean leadership envisioned the project as a channel for Western investors to step into the marketplace.<ref name="oversight"/> A firm, the Ryugyong Hotel Investment and Management Co., was established to attract a hoped-for US$230 million in foreign investment.<ref name="oversight"/> A representative for the North Korean government promised relaxed oversight, saying, "The foreign investors can even operate [[casino]]s, [[nightclub]]s or Japanese lounges if they want to."<ref name="oversight">{{cite journal| last=Ngor| first=Oh Kwee| date=1990-06-09| title=Western decadence hits N. Korea| journal= Japan Economic Journal| page=12}}</ref> North Korean construction firm Baikdoosan Architects & Engineers (also known as Baekdu Mountain Architects and Engineers) began construction on a pyramid-shaped hotel in 1987.<ref name=IFES>{{cite web|url=http://ifes.kyungnam.ac.kr/eng/m05/s10/content.asp?nkbriefNO=207&GoP=1|title= Orascom and DPRK to Complete Ryugyong Hotel Construction|publisher=The Institute for Far Eastern Studies|date= 2008-05-20|accessdate=2010-02-09}}</ref><ref name="almanac">{{cite book|title=Almanac of Architecture & Design|editor=Cramer, James P.; Jennifer Evans Yankopolus|publisher=Greenway Publications|location=[[Atlanta]], [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]]|date=2006|edition=7th|page=368|isbn=0-9755-654-27}}</ref> The ''Washington Post'' says that the hotel was started to upstage a 63-story South Korean hotel that was built for the [[1988 Summer Olympics]]<ref>{{cite news|title=N. Korea's intended jewel that drew jeers may open|first=Chico|last=Harlan|work=Washington Post|date=February 10, 2012|page=A1}}</ref>[http://www.racepacket.com]

===Building deadlock===
The hotel was scheduled to open in June 1989 for the [[13th World Festival of Youth and Students]], but problems<ref>{{cite web
|url= http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/northkorea/6337040/North-Korean-hotel-dubbed-the-worst-building-in-the-world-may-finally-be-finished.html
|title=North Korean hotel dubbed the 'worst building in the world' may finally be finished - Telegraph
|work=[[Daily Telegraph]] |publisher=Telegraph Media Group | location=London |date=16 October 2009 | last=Foreign Staff
|accessdate=25 August 2010
}}</ref> with building methods and materials delayed completion. Had it opened on schedule, it would have surpassed the [[Westin Stamford|Westin Stamford Hotel]] to become [[List of tallest hotels in the world|the world's tallest hotel]],<ref name="ABC">{{cite news |first=Dan |last=Beckmann |title=Pyongyang: Home to the Tallest Hotel in the World That Could, but Will Never Be |url=http://abcnews.go.com/print?id=2590901 |work=[[ABC News]] |publisher=[[The Walt Disney Company]] |date=2006-10-23 |accessdate=2009-07-05 }}</ref> and been ranked the [[List of tallest buildings in the world|seventh-tallest building in the world]].<ref name=Emporis/>

In 1992, after the building had reached its full architectural height,<ref name=Emporis>{{cite web|url=http://www.emporis.com/application/?nav=building&id=130967&lng=3
|title=Ryugyong Hotel|accessdate=2010-02-09|work=Emporis.com}}</ref> work was halted due to a lack of funds amid electricity and food shortages in North Korea.<ref name="doom"/> Japanese newspapers estimated the cost of construction was US$750 million,<ref name="cost">{{cite journal| title=North Korea builds record-height hotel| month=November 15| year=1990| journal=Engineering News-Record| page=41}}</ref> consuming 2 percent of North Korea’s [[GDP]].<ref name="Esquire"/> For over a decade, the unfinished building sat vacant and without windows, fixtures, or fittings, appearing as a massive concrete shell.<ref name=Emporis/> A rusting construction crane at the top, which the [[BBC]] called "a reminder of the [[totalitarian]] state's thwarted ambition",<ref name=doom/> became a permanent fixture.<ref name="Forbes">{{Cite news |last=Kirk |first=Donald |publication-date=27 October 2008 |title=Grand Illusion |periodical=[[Forbes (magazine)|Forbes]]|url=http://www.forbes.com/global/2008/1027/059.html |accessdate=2009-07-05 |postscript=}}</ref> In the late 1990s, the [[European Union Chamber of Commerce in Korea]] inspected the building and concluded that the structure was irreparable.<ref>{{cite book|last=Noland|first=Marcus|title=Avoiding the Apocalypse: The Future of the Two Koreas|publisher=[[Peterson Institute for International Economics|Institute for International Economics]]|location=[[Washington, D.C.]]|date=2000|page=82|isbn=0-88132-278-4}}</ref> Questions have been raised regarding the quality of the building's concrete and the alignment of its [[elevator]] shafts,<ref name=doom/> which some sources say are "crooked".<ref name="idiots"/>

In a 2006 article, [[ABC News]] questioned whether North Korea had sufficient [[raw materials]] or energy for such a massive project.<ref name="ABC"/> A North Korean government official told the ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'' in 2008 that construction was not completed "because [North Korea] ran out of money".<ref name="boom">{{cite news|url=http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-boom27-2008sep27,0,7763249.story?page=2&track=rss|title= North Korea in the midst of mysterious building boom|date= 2008-09-27 |publisher=[[Los Angeles Times]] |accessdate=2008-12-14 | first=Barbara | last=Demick}}</ref>

Even though the Ryugyong dominates the Pyongyang skyline, official information regarding the hotel and its status have proven difficult to obtain. Though mocked-up images of the completed hotel had once appeared on North Korean stamps, the North Korean government denied the building's existence for many years. The government [[Photo manipulation|manipulated]] official photographs in order to remove the structure, and excluded it from printed maps of Pyongyang.<ref name="ABC"/><ref name=boom/><ref name=doom/> The alleged problems associated with the hotel led some media sources to dub it "The Worst Building in the World",<ref name="Independent">{{Cite news |last=Herskovitz |first=Jon |publication-date=18 July 2008 |title=North Koreans revamp 'world's worst building' |work=[[The Independent]] |publisher=Independent News and Media|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/north-koreans-revamp-worlds-worst-building-870858.html |accessdate=2009-07-05 | location=London |postscript=}}</ref><ref name="Esquire">{{Cite news |last=Hagberg |first=Eva |publication-date=28 January 2008 |title=The Worst Building in the History of Mankind |periodical=[[Esquire (magazine)|Esquire]] |url=http://www.esquire.com/the-side/DESIGN/hotel-of-doom-012808 |accessdate=2009-07-05 |postscript=}}</ref> "Hotel of Doom" and "Phantom Hotel".<ref name="doom">{{cite news |title=Will 'Hotel of Doom' ever be finished? |url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/8306697.stm |work= BBC News|publisher= BBC |date= 15 October 2009 |accessdate=2009-10-13}}</ref>

On 1 January 2012, state news agency KCNA released a new propaganda poster, which showed the Ryugyong Hotel as part of the background. <ref name="KCNA">{{cite news |title=New Posters Created in DPRK |url= http://www.kcna.kp/kcnadata/kor/photo/2012/1/189393-1.jpg |work= KCNA|publisher= KCNA |date= 01 January 2012 |accessdate=2012-01-01}}</ref>

===Construction resumes===

In April 2008, after 16 years of inactivity, work on the building was restarted by the Egyptian company [[Orascom Group]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.mysinchew.com/node/11909|title=Korea: N Korea Resumes Construction Of Luxury Hotel|date=2008-05-25|publisher=MySinchew|accessdate=2009-07-05}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
|url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/8306697.stm
|title= Will 'Hotel of Doom' ever be finished?
|work=BBC News |publisher=BBC |date=15 October 2009 |last=Staff
|accessdate=25 August 2010
}}</ref> Orascom, which has entered into a [[U.S. dollar|US$]] 400 million deal with the North Korean government to build and run a [[3G]] mobile phone network, has denied that their telecommunications deal was directly related to the Ryugyong Hotel work.<ref name=doom/>

It is unclear to what extent Orascom plans to complete the building. In 2008, Orascom's resident project manager stated that, at a minimum, their goal was to make the facade more attractive.<ref name="boom"/> In 2009, Orascom's chief operating officer [[Khaled Bichara]] noted that they "had not had too many problems" resolving the reported structural issues of the building, that interior work will be performed, and that a revolving restaurant will be located at the top of the building.<ref name=doom/>

In July 2011, it was reported that the exterior work was complete.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.architizer.com/en_us/blog/dyn/25976/ryugyong-hotel-exterior-completed/| title = Ryugyong Hotel Exterior Completed| publisher = architizer| author = Samuel Medina | date = 2011-07-22|accessdate = 2011-07-26}}</ref> Features that Orascom has installed include exterior glass panels and telecommunications antennas.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.reuters.com/article/rbssTechMediaTelecomNews/idUSSEO9654020080717| title = North Korea's "Hotel of Doom" wakes from its coma| publisher = Reuters| author = Herskovitz, Jon| date = 2008-07-17|accessdate = 2009-07-05}}</ref>

It is unclear when the building will open. In 2008, North Korean officials stated that the hotel would be completed by 2012, coinciding with the 100th anniversary of the birth of "Eternal President" [[Kim Il-sung]].<ref name="Forbes"/> According to Orascom, interior work is to be conducted after the completion of exterior work, and the building will not be ready until 2012 or beyond.<ref name =doom/>

==Architecture==

The Ryugyong Hotel consists of three wings, each measuring {{Convert|100|m|ft}} long, {{Convert|18|m|ft}} wide, and sloped at a 75-degree angle, which converge at a common point to form a pinnacle. The building is topped by a truncated [[cone (geometry)|cone]] {{Convert|40|m|ft}} wide, consisting of eight floors that are intended to rotate, topped by a further six static floors. The structure was originally intended to house five [[revolving restaurant]]s, and either 3,000 or 7,665 guest rooms, according to different sources.<ref name="revolving">{{cite book|last=Randl|first=Chad|title=Revolving Architecture: A History of Buildings That Rotate, Swivel, and Pivot|publisher=Princeton Architectural Press|location=[[New York City|New York]]|date=2008|page=133|isbn=978-1-56898-681-4}}</ref><ref name="idiots">{{cite book|last=Quinones|first=C. Kenneth|coauthors=Joseph Taggert|title=The Complete Idiot's Guide to Understanding North Korea|publisher=[[Alpha Books]]|location=[[Indianapolis]]|date=2003|series=[[Complete Idiot's Guides]]|page=183|isbn=1-59257-169-7}}</ref> According to BBC quoting Orascom's Mr. Bichra in 2009, the Ryugyong will not be just a hotel, but rather a [[mixed-use development]], including "revolving restaurant" facilities along with "a mixture of hotel accommodation, apartments and business facilities".<ref name="doom"/>
==References==
<div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:1; column-count:1;">
<references />
</div>
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src="http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js">
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===Share this page===
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===Geolocation===
{{Mapit-US-cityscale|39.036389|125.730556}}

Directory:Ryugyong Hotel

2012-03-13T17:39:44Z

Jackson: /* Geolocation */ fix coordinates

{{Infobox_Company
| company_name = [[Company_Name::Ryugyong Hotel]]
| company_type = [[Company_Type::State owned]]
| company_logo = [[Image:Ryugyeong_Hotel_on_February_2011.jpg]]
| genre =
| foundation = [[Year_Started::1987]]
| founder =
| location = [[City::Pyongyang]], [[Country_Name::North Korea]]
| industry =
| products = 
| revenue =
| operating_income =
| net_income =
| num_employees =
| parent = 
| subsid = 
| owner = 
| contact =
| reference = [[Latitude]]: [[Latitude::39.036389|39° 2′ 11″ N]] [[Longitude]]: [[Longitude::125.730556|125° 43′ 50″ E]]
| footnotes =
}}
The '''Ryugyong Hotel''' ({{lang-ko|류경호텔}}) (sometimes [[Anglicization|anglicized]] as '''Ryu-Gyong Hotel''' or '''Yu-Kyung Hotel'''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.orientalarchitecture.com/koreanorth/pyongyang/105building.php|title=105 Building, Pyongyang, Korea, North|publisher=Asian Historical Architecture|accessdate=2010-02-11}}</ref>) is a 105-[[storey|story]] [[skyscraper]] under construction in [[Pyongyang]], [[North Korea]]. Its name ("capital of [[willow]]s") is also one of the historic names for Pyongyang.<ref>{{cite book|last=Funabashi|first=Yoichi|title=The Peninsula Question: A Chronicle of the Second Northern Korean Nuclear Crisis|publisher=Brookings Institution Press|location=[[Washington, D.C.]]|date=2007|page=50|isbn=0-8157-3010-1}}</ref> The building is also known as the '''105 Building''',<ref name=Emporis/> a reference to its number of floors. Construction began in 1987 with planned completion in 1989. However, after several delays, construction was eventually halted in 1992; the [[Dissolution of the Soviet Union|fall of the Soviet Union]] had resulted in widespread economic disruptions in North Korea and shortages of raw materials.

The building stood [[topping off|topped out]] but without windows or interior fittings for the next sixteen years. Construction resumed in April 2008 under the supervision of the [[Orascom Group]] of [[Egypt]], which has invested heavily in the North Korean [[mobile telephony]] and [[construction]] industries.<ref name=IFES/> The company completed exterior work on the building in 2011, and interior work on the building's 360,000 square metres (3,900,000 sq ft) of floor space will continue until 2012 or later. Orascom has stated that the building will contain restaurants, hotel accommodation, apartments, and business facilities.

The building rises to a height of {{Convert|330|m|ft}}, making it the most prominent feature of Pyongyang's [[skyline]] and by far the largest structure in North Korea. Construction of the Ryugyong was intended to be completed in time for the [[13th World Festival of Youth and Students]] in June 1989; had this been achieved, it would have held the title of [[List of tallest hotels in the world|world's tallest hotel]]. The unfinished building was not surpassed in height by any new hotel until the 2009 completion of the spire atop the [[Rose Tower]] in [[Dubai]], [[United Arab Emirates]]. The Ryugyong Hotel is currently the world's [[List of tallest buildings in the world|40th tallest building]] (alongside the [[China World Trade Center Tower III]]) in terms of total height and has the 5th [[List of buildings with 100 floors or more|highest number of floors]].

==History==
===Background===

The plan for a large hotel was reportedly a [[Cold War]] response to the completion of the world's tallest hotel, the [[Swissôtel The Stamford|Westin Stamford Hotel]] in [[Singapore]], in 1986 by the [[South Korea]]n company [[SsangYong Group]].<ref name="oversight"/> North Korean leadership envisioned the project as a channel for Western investors to step into the marketplace.<ref name="oversight"/> A firm, the Ryugyong Hotel Investment and Management Co., was established to attract a hoped-for US$230 million in foreign investment.<ref name="oversight"/> A representative for the North Korean government promised relaxed oversight, saying, "The foreign investors can even operate [[casino]]s, [[nightclub]]s or Japanese lounges if they want to."<ref name="oversight">{{cite journal| last=Ngor| first=Oh Kwee| date=1990-06-09| title=Western decadence hits N. Korea| journal= Japan Economic Journal| page=12}}</ref> North Korean construction firm Baikdoosan Architects & Engineers (also known as Baekdu Mountain Architects and Engineers) began construction on a pyramid-shaped hotel in 1987.<ref name=IFES>{{cite web|url=http://ifes.kyungnam.ac.kr/eng/m05/s10/content.asp?nkbriefNO=207&GoP=1|title= Orascom and DPRK to Complete Ryugyong Hotel Construction|publisher=The Institute for Far Eastern Studies|date= 2008-05-20|accessdate=2010-02-09}}</ref><ref name="almanac">{{cite book|title=Almanac of Architecture & Design|editor=Cramer, James P.; Jennifer Evans Yankopolus|publisher=Greenway Publications|location=[[Atlanta]], [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]]|date=2006|edition=7th|page=368|isbn=0-9755-654-27}}</ref> The ''Washington Post'' says that the hotel was started to upstage a 63-story South Korean hotel that was built for the [[1988 Summer Olympics]]<ref>{{cite news|title=N. Korea's intended jewel that drew jeers may open|first=Chico|last=Harlan|work=Washington Post|date=February 10, 2012|page=A1}}</ref>[http://www.racepacket.com]

===Building deadlock===
The hotel was scheduled to open in June 1989 for the [[13th World Festival of Youth and Students]], but problems<ref>{{cite web
|url= http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/northkorea/6337040/North-Korean-hotel-dubbed-the-worst-building-in-the-world-may-finally-be-finished.html
|title=North Korean hotel dubbed the 'worst building in the world' may finally be finished - Telegraph
|work=[[Daily Telegraph]] |publisher=Telegraph Media Group | location=London |date=16 October 2009 | last=Foreign Staff
|accessdate=25 August 2010
}}</ref> with building methods and materials delayed completion. Had it opened on schedule, it would have surpassed the [[Westin Stamford|Westin Stamford Hotel]] to become [[List of tallest hotels in the world|the world's tallest hotel]],<ref name="ABC">{{cite news |first=Dan |last=Beckmann |title=Pyongyang: Home to the Tallest Hotel in the World That Could, but Will Never Be |url=http://abcnews.go.com/print?id=2590901 |work=[[ABC News]] |publisher=[[The Walt Disney Company]] |date=2006-10-23 |accessdate=2009-07-05 }}</ref> and been ranked the [[List of tallest buildings in the world|seventh-tallest building in the world]].<ref name=Emporis/>

In 1992, after the building had reached its full architectural height,<ref name=Emporis>{{cite web|url=http://www.emporis.com/application/?nav=building&id=130967&lng=3
|title=Ryugyong Hotel|accessdate=2010-02-09|work=Emporis.com}}</ref> work was halted due to a lack of funds amid electricity and food shortages in North Korea.<ref name="doom"/> Japanese newspapers estimated the cost of construction was US$750 million,<ref name="cost">{{cite journal| title=North Korea builds record-height hotel| month=November 15| year=1990| journal=Engineering News-Record| page=41}}</ref> consuming 2 percent of North Korea’s [[GDP]].<ref name="Esquire"/> For over a decade, the unfinished building sat vacant and without windows, fixtures, or fittings, appearing as a massive concrete shell.<ref name=Emporis/> A rusting construction crane at the top, which the [[BBC]] called "a reminder of the [[totalitarian]] state's thwarted ambition",<ref name=doom/> became a permanent fixture.<ref name="Forbes">{{Cite news |last=Kirk |first=Donald |publication-date=27 October 2008 |title=Grand Illusion |periodical=[[Forbes (magazine)|Forbes]]|url=http://www.forbes.com/global/2008/1027/059.html |accessdate=2009-07-05 |postscript=}}</ref> In the late 1990s, the [[European Union Chamber of Commerce in Korea]] inspected the building and concluded that the structure was irreparable.<ref>{{cite book|last=Noland|first=Marcus|title=Avoiding the Apocalypse: The Future of the Two Koreas|publisher=[[Peterson Institute for International Economics|Institute for International Economics]]|location=[[Washington, D.C.]]|date=2000|page=82|isbn=0-88132-278-4}}</ref> Questions have been raised regarding the quality of the building's concrete and the alignment of its [[elevator]] shafts,<ref name=doom/> which some sources say are "crooked".<ref name="idiots"/>

In a 2006 article, [[ABC News]] questioned whether North Korea had sufficient [[raw materials]] or energy for such a massive project.<ref name="ABC"/> A North Korean government official told the ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'' in 2008 that construction was not completed "because [North Korea] ran out of money".<ref name="boom">{{cite news|url=http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-boom27-2008sep27,0,7763249.story?page=2&track=rss|title= North Korea in the midst of mysterious building boom|date= 2008-09-27 |publisher=[[Los Angeles Times]] |accessdate=2008-12-14 | first=Barbara | last=Demick}}</ref>

Even though the Ryugyong dominates the Pyongyang skyline, official information regarding the hotel and its status have proven difficult to obtain. Though mocked-up images of the completed hotel had once appeared on North Korean stamps, the North Korean government denied the building's existence for many years. The government [[Photo manipulation|manipulated]] official photographs in order to remove the structure, and excluded it from printed maps of Pyongyang.<ref name="ABC"/><ref name=boom/><ref name=doom/> The alleged problems associated with the hotel led some media sources to dub it "The Worst Building in the World",<ref name="Independent">{{Cite news |last=Herskovitz |first=Jon |publication-date=18 July 2008 |title=North Koreans revamp 'world's worst building' |work=[[The Independent]] |publisher=Independent News and Media|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/north-koreans-revamp-worlds-worst-building-870858.html |accessdate=2009-07-05 | location=London |postscript=}}</ref><ref name="Esquire">{{Cite news |last=Hagberg |first=Eva |publication-date=28 January 2008 |title=The Worst Building in the History of Mankind |periodical=[[Esquire (magazine)|Esquire]] |url=http://www.esquire.com/the-side/DESIGN/hotel-of-doom-012808 |accessdate=2009-07-05 |postscript=}}</ref> "Hotel of Doom" and "Phantom Hotel".<ref name="doom">{{cite news |title=Will 'Hotel of Doom' ever be finished? |url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/8306697.stm |work= BBC News|publisher= BBC |date= 15 October 2009 |accessdate=2009-10-13}}</ref>

On 1 January 2012, state news agency KCNA released a new propaganda poster, which showed the Ryugyong Hotel as part of the background. <ref name="KCNA">{{cite news |title=New Posters Created in DPRK |url= http://www.kcna.kp/kcnadata/kor/photo/2012/1/189393-1.jpg |work= KCNA|publisher= KCNA |date= 01 January 2012 |accessdate=2012-01-01}}</ref>

===Construction resumes===

In April 2008, after 16 years of inactivity, work on the building was restarted by the Egyptian company [[Orascom Group]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.mysinchew.com/node/11909|title=Korea: N Korea Resumes Construction Of Luxury Hotel|date=2008-05-25|publisher=MySinchew|accessdate=2009-07-05}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
|url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/8306697.stm
|title= Will 'Hotel of Doom' ever be finished?
|work=BBC News |publisher=BBC |date=15 October 2009 |last=Staff
|accessdate=25 August 2010
}}</ref> Orascom, which has entered into a [[U.S. dollar|US$]] 400 million deal with the North Korean government to build and run a [[3G]] mobile phone network, has denied that their telecommunications deal was directly related to the Ryugyong Hotel work.<ref name=doom/>

It is unclear to what extent Orascom plans to complete the building. In 2008, Orascom's resident project manager stated that, at a minimum, their goal was to make the facade more attractive.<ref name="boom"/> In 2009, Orascom's chief operating officer [[Khaled Bichara]] noted that they "had not had too many problems" resolving the reported structural issues of the building, that interior work will be performed, and that a revolving restaurant will be located at the top of the building.<ref name=doom/>

In July 2011, it was reported that the exterior work was complete.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.architizer.com/en_us/blog/dyn/25976/ryugyong-hotel-exterior-completed/| title = Ryugyong Hotel Exterior Completed| publisher = architizer| author = Samuel Medina | date = 2011-07-22|accessdate = 2011-07-26}}</ref> Features that Orascom has installed include exterior glass panels and telecommunications antennas.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.reuters.com/article/rbssTechMediaTelecomNews/idUSSEO9654020080717| title = North Korea's "Hotel of Doom" wakes from its coma| publisher = Reuters| author = Herskovitz, Jon| date = 2008-07-17|accessdate = 2009-07-05}}</ref>

It is unclear when the building will open. In 2008, North Korean officials stated that the hotel would be completed by 2012, coinciding with the 100th anniversary of the birth of "Eternal President" [[Kim Il-sung]].<ref name="Forbes"/> According to Orascom, interior work is to be conducted after the completion of exterior work, and the building will not be ready until 2012 or beyond.<ref name =doom/>

==Architecture==

The Ryugyong Hotel consists of three wings, each measuring {{Convert|100|m|ft}} long, {{Convert|18|m|ft}} wide, and sloped at a 75-degree angle, which converge at a common point to form a pinnacle. The building is topped by a truncated [[cone (geometry)|cone]] {{Convert|40|m|ft}} wide, consisting of eight floors that are intended to rotate, topped by a further six static floors. The structure was originally intended to house five [[revolving restaurant]]s, and either 3,000 or 7,665 guest rooms, according to different sources.<ref name="revolving">{{cite book|last=Randl|first=Chad|title=Revolving Architecture: A History of Buildings That Rotate, Swivel, and Pivot|publisher=Princeton Architectural Press|location=[[New York City|New York]]|date=2008|page=133|isbn=978-1-56898-681-4}}</ref><ref name="idiots">{{cite book|last=Quinones|first=C. Kenneth|coauthors=Joseph Taggert|title=The Complete Idiot's Guide to Understanding North Korea|publisher=[[Alpha Books]]|location=[[Indianapolis]]|date=2003|series=[[Complete Idiot's Guides]]|page=183|isbn=1-59257-169-7}}</ref> According to BBC quoting Orascom's Mr. Bichra in 2009, the Ryugyong will not be just a hotel, but rather a [[mixed-use development]], including "revolving restaurant" facilities along with "a mixture of hotel accommodation, apartments and business facilities".<ref name="doom"/>
==References==
<div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:1; column-count:1;">
<references />
</div>

== External links ==
*[http://www.milsonprinting.com/ Milson Printing website]

===Share this page===
<sharethis />

===Geolocation===
{{Mapit-US-cityscale|39.036389|125.730556}}

Directory:Ryugyong Hotel

2012-03-13T17:32:33Z

Jackson: fix image and missing template

{{Infobox_Company
| company_name = [[Company_Name::Ryugyong Hotel]]
| company_type = [[Company_Type::State owned]]
| company_logo = [[Image:Ryugyeong_Hotel_on_February_2011.jpg]]
| genre =
| foundation = [[Year_Started::1987]]
| founder =
| location = [[City::Pyongyang]], [[Country_Name::North Korea]]
| industry =
| products = 
| revenue =
| operating_income =
| net_income =
| num_employees =
| parent = 
| subsid = 
| owner = 
| contact =
| reference = [[Latitude]]: [[Latitude::39.036389|39° 2′ 11″ N]] [[Longitude]]: [[Longitude::125.730556|125° 43′ 50″ E]]
| footnotes =
}}
The '''Ryugyong Hotel''' ({{lang-ko|류경호텔}}) (sometimes [[Anglicization|anglicized]] as '''Ryu-Gyong Hotel''' or '''Yu-Kyung Hotel'''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.orientalarchitecture.com/koreanorth/pyongyang/105building.php|title=105 Building, Pyongyang, Korea, North|publisher=Asian Historical Architecture|accessdate=2010-02-11}}</ref>) is a 105-[[storey|story]] [[skyscraper]] under construction in [[Pyongyang]], [[North Korea]]. Its name ("capital of [[willow]]s") is also one of the historic names for Pyongyang.<ref>{{cite book|last=Funabashi|first=Yoichi|title=The Peninsula Question: A Chronicle of the Second Northern Korean Nuclear Crisis|publisher=Brookings Institution Press|location=[[Washington, D.C.]]|date=2007|page=50|isbn=0-8157-3010-1}}</ref> The building is also known as the '''105 Building''',<ref name=Emporis/> a reference to its number of floors. Construction began in 1987 with planned completion in 1989. However, after several delays, construction was eventually halted in 1992; the [[Dissolution of the Soviet Union|fall of the Soviet Union]] had resulted in widespread economic disruptions in North Korea and shortages of raw materials.

The building stood [[topping off|topped out]] but without windows or interior fittings for the next sixteen years. Construction resumed in April 2008 under the supervision of the [[Orascom Group]] of [[Egypt]], which has invested heavily in the North Korean [[mobile telephony]] and [[construction]] industries.<ref name=IFES/> The company completed exterior work on the building in 2011, and interior work on the building's 360,000 square metres (3,900,000 sq ft) of floor space will continue until 2012 or later. Orascom has stated that the building will contain restaurants, hotel accommodation, apartments, and business facilities.

The building rises to a height of {{Convert|330|m|ft}}, making it the most prominent feature of Pyongyang's [[skyline]] and by far the largest structure in North Korea. Construction of the Ryugyong was intended to be completed in time for the [[13th World Festival of Youth and Students]] in June 1989; had this been achieved, it would have held the title of [[List of tallest hotels in the world|world's tallest hotel]]. The unfinished building was not surpassed in height by any new hotel until the 2009 completion of the spire atop the [[Rose Tower]] in [[Dubai]], [[United Arab Emirates]]. The Ryugyong Hotel is currently the world's [[List of tallest buildings in the world|40th tallest building]] (alongside the [[China World Trade Center Tower III]]) in terms of total height and has the 5th [[List of buildings with 100 floors or more|highest number of floors]].

==History==
===Background===

The plan for a large hotel was reportedly a [[Cold War]] response to the completion of the world's tallest hotel, the [[Swissôtel The Stamford|Westin Stamford Hotel]] in [[Singapore]], in 1986 by the [[South Korea]]n company [[SsangYong Group]].<ref name="oversight"/> North Korean leadership envisioned the project as a channel for Western investors to step into the marketplace.<ref name="oversight"/> A firm, the Ryugyong Hotel Investment and Management Co., was established to attract a hoped-for US$230 million in foreign investment.<ref name="oversight"/> A representative for the North Korean government promised relaxed oversight, saying, "The foreign investors can even operate [[casino]]s, [[nightclub]]s or Japanese lounges if they want to."<ref name="oversight">{{cite journal| last=Ngor| first=Oh Kwee| date=1990-06-09| title=Western decadence hits N. Korea| journal= Japan Economic Journal| page=12}}</ref> North Korean construction firm Baikdoosan Architects & Engineers (also known as Baekdu Mountain Architects and Engineers) began construction on a pyramid-shaped hotel in 1987.<ref name=IFES>{{cite web|url=http://ifes.kyungnam.ac.kr/eng/m05/s10/content.asp?nkbriefNO=207&GoP=1|title= Orascom and DPRK to Complete Ryugyong Hotel Construction|publisher=The Institute for Far Eastern Studies|date= 2008-05-20|accessdate=2010-02-09}}</ref><ref name="almanac">{{cite book|title=Almanac of Architecture & Design|editor=Cramer, James P.; Jennifer Evans Yankopolus|publisher=Greenway Publications|location=[[Atlanta]], [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]]|date=2006|edition=7th|page=368|isbn=0-9755-654-27}}</ref> The ''Washington Post'' says that the hotel was started to upstage a 63-story South Korean hotel that was built for the [[1988 Summer Olympics]]<ref>{{cite news|title=N. Korea's intended jewel that drew jeers may open|first=Chico|last=Harlan|work=Washington Post|date=February 10, 2012|page=A1}}</ref>[http://www.racepacket.com]

===Building deadlock===
The hotel was scheduled to open in June 1989 for the [[13th World Festival of Youth and Students]], but problems<ref>{{cite web
|url= http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/northkorea/6337040/North-Korean-hotel-dubbed-the-worst-building-in-the-world-may-finally-be-finished.html
|title=North Korean hotel dubbed the 'worst building in the world' may finally be finished - Telegraph
|work=[[Daily Telegraph]] |publisher=Telegraph Media Group | location=London |date=16 October 2009 | last=Foreign Staff
|accessdate=25 August 2010
}}</ref> with building methods and materials delayed completion. Had it opened on schedule, it would have surpassed the [[Westin Stamford|Westin Stamford Hotel]] to become [[List of tallest hotels in the world|the world's tallest hotel]],<ref name="ABC">{{cite news |first=Dan |last=Beckmann |title=Pyongyang: Home to the Tallest Hotel in the World That Could, but Will Never Be |url=http://abcnews.go.com/print?id=2590901 |work=[[ABC News]] |publisher=[[The Walt Disney Company]] |date=2006-10-23 |accessdate=2009-07-05 }}</ref> and been ranked the [[List of tallest buildings in the world|seventh-tallest building in the world]].<ref name=Emporis/>

In 1992, after the building had reached its full architectural height,<ref name=Emporis>{{cite web|url=http://www.emporis.com/application/?nav=building&id=130967&lng=3
|title=Ryugyong Hotel|accessdate=2010-02-09|work=Emporis.com}}</ref> work was halted due to a lack of funds amid electricity and food shortages in North Korea.<ref name="doom"/> Japanese newspapers estimated the cost of construction was US$750 million,<ref name="cost">{{cite journal| title=North Korea builds record-height hotel| month=November 15| year=1990| journal=Engineering News-Record| page=41}}</ref> consuming 2 percent of North Korea’s [[GDP]].<ref name="Esquire"/> For over a decade, the unfinished building sat vacant and without windows, fixtures, or fittings, appearing as a massive concrete shell.<ref name=Emporis/> A rusting construction crane at the top, which the [[BBC]] called "a reminder of the [[totalitarian]] state's thwarted ambition",<ref name=doom/> became a permanent fixture.<ref name="Forbes">{{Cite news |last=Kirk |first=Donald |publication-date=27 October 2008 |title=Grand Illusion |periodical=[[Forbes (magazine)|Forbes]]|url=http://www.forbes.com/global/2008/1027/059.html |accessdate=2009-07-05 |postscript=}}</ref> In the late 1990s, the [[European Union Chamber of Commerce in Korea]] inspected the building and concluded that the structure was irreparable.<ref>{{cite book|last=Noland|first=Marcus|title=Avoiding the Apocalypse: The Future of the Two Koreas|publisher=[[Peterson Institute for International Economics|Institute for International Economics]]|location=[[Washington, D.C.]]|date=2000|page=82|isbn=0-88132-278-4}}</ref> Questions have been raised regarding the quality of the building's concrete and the alignment of its [[elevator]] shafts,<ref name=doom/> which some sources say are "crooked".<ref name="idiots"/>

In a 2006 article, [[ABC News]] questioned whether North Korea had sufficient [[raw materials]] or energy for such a massive project.<ref name="ABC"/> A North Korean government official told the ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'' in 2008 that construction was not completed "because [North Korea] ran out of money".<ref name="boom">{{cite news|url=http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-boom27-2008sep27,0,7763249.story?page=2&track=rss|title= North Korea in the midst of mysterious building boom|date= 2008-09-27 |publisher=[[Los Angeles Times]] |accessdate=2008-12-14 | first=Barbara | last=Demick}}</ref>

Even though the Ryugyong dominates the Pyongyang skyline, official information regarding the hotel and its status have proven difficult to obtain. Though mocked-up images of the completed hotel had once appeared on North Korean stamps, the North Korean government denied the building's existence for many years. The government [[Photo manipulation|manipulated]] official photographs in order to remove the structure, and excluded it from printed maps of Pyongyang.<ref name="ABC"/><ref name=boom/><ref name=doom/> The alleged problems associated with the hotel led some media sources to dub it "The Worst Building in the World",<ref name="Independent">{{Cite news |last=Herskovitz |first=Jon |publication-date=18 July 2008 |title=North Koreans revamp 'world's worst building' |work=[[The Independent]] |publisher=Independent News and Media|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/north-koreans-revamp-worlds-worst-building-870858.html |accessdate=2009-07-05 | location=London |postscript=}}</ref><ref name="Esquire">{{Cite news |last=Hagberg |first=Eva |publication-date=28 January 2008 |title=The Worst Building in the History of Mankind |periodical=[[Esquire (magazine)|Esquire]] |url=http://www.esquire.com/the-side/DESIGN/hotel-of-doom-012808 |accessdate=2009-07-05 |postscript=}}</ref> "Hotel of Doom" and "Phantom Hotel".<ref name="doom">{{cite news |title=Will 'Hotel of Doom' ever be finished? |url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/8306697.stm |work= BBC News|publisher= BBC |date= 15 October 2009 |accessdate=2009-10-13}}</ref>

On 1 January 2012, state news agency KCNA released a new propaganda poster, which showed the Ryugyong Hotel as part of the background. <ref name="KCNA">{{cite news |title=New Posters Created in DPRK |url= http://www.kcna.kp/kcnadata/kor/photo/2012/1/189393-1.jpg |work= KCNA|publisher= KCNA |date= 01 January 2012 |accessdate=2012-01-01}}</ref>

===Construction resumes===

In April 2008, after 16 years of inactivity, work on the building was restarted by the Egyptian company [[Orascom Group]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.mysinchew.com/node/11909|title=Korea: N Korea Resumes Construction Of Luxury Hotel|date=2008-05-25|publisher=MySinchew|accessdate=2009-07-05}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
|url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/8306697.stm
|title= Will 'Hotel of Doom' ever be finished?
|work=BBC News |publisher=BBC |date=15 October 2009 |last=Staff
|accessdate=25 August 2010
}}</ref> Orascom, which has entered into a [[U.S. dollar|US$]] 400 million deal with the North Korean government to build and run a [[3G]] mobile phone network, has denied that their telecommunications deal was directly related to the Ryugyong Hotel work.<ref name=doom/>

It is unclear to what extent Orascom plans to complete the building. In 2008, Orascom's resident project manager stated that, at a minimum, their goal was to make the facade more attractive.<ref name="boom"/> In 2009, Orascom's chief operating officer [[Khaled Bichara]] noted that they "had not had too many problems" resolving the reported structural issues of the building, that interior work will be performed, and that a revolving restaurant will be located at the top of the building.<ref name=doom/>

In July 2011, it was reported that the exterior work was complete.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.architizer.com/en_us/blog/dyn/25976/ryugyong-hotel-exterior-completed/| title = Ryugyong Hotel Exterior Completed| publisher = architizer| author = Samuel Medina | date = 2011-07-22|accessdate = 2011-07-26}}</ref> Features that Orascom has installed include exterior glass panels and telecommunications antennas.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.reuters.com/article/rbssTechMediaTelecomNews/idUSSEO9654020080717| title = North Korea's "Hotel of Doom" wakes from its coma| publisher = Reuters| author = Herskovitz, Jon| date = 2008-07-17|accessdate = 2009-07-05}}</ref>

It is unclear when the building will open. In 2008, North Korean officials stated that the hotel would be completed by 2012, coinciding with the 100th anniversary of the birth of "Eternal President" [[Kim Il-sung]].<ref name="Forbes"/> According to Orascom, interior work is to be conducted after the completion of exterior work, and the building will not be ready until 2012 or beyond.<ref name =doom/>

==Architecture==

The Ryugyong Hotel consists of three wings, each measuring {{Convert|100|m|ft}} long, {{Convert|18|m|ft}} wide, and sloped at a 75-degree angle, which converge at a common point to form a pinnacle. The building is topped by a truncated [[cone (geometry)|cone]] {{Convert|40|m|ft}} wide, consisting of eight floors that are intended to rotate, topped by a further six static floors. The structure was originally intended to house five [[revolving restaurant]]s, and either 3,000 or 7,665 guest rooms, according to different sources.<ref name="revolving">{{cite book|last=Randl|first=Chad|title=Revolving Architecture: A History of Buildings That Rotate, Swivel, and Pivot|publisher=Princeton Architectural Press|location=[[New York City|New York]]|date=2008|page=133|isbn=978-1-56898-681-4}}</ref><ref name="idiots">{{cite book|last=Quinones|first=C. Kenneth|coauthors=Joseph Taggert|title=The Complete Idiot's Guide to Understanding North Korea|publisher=[[Alpha Books]]|location=[[Indianapolis]]|date=2003|series=[[Complete Idiot's Guides]]|page=183|isbn=1-59257-169-7}}</ref> According to BBC quoting Orascom's Mr. Bichra in 2009, the Ryugyong will not be just a hotel, but rather a [[mixed-use development]], including "revolving restaurant" facilities along with "a mixture of hotel accommodation, apartments and business facilities".<ref name="doom"/>
==References==
<div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:1; column-count:1;">
<references />
</div>

== External links ==
*[http://www.milsonprinting.com/ Milson Printing website]

===Share this page===
<sharethis />

===Geolocation===
{{Mapit-US-cityscale|35.019608|-90.025098}}

Directory:Ryugyong Hotel

2012-03-13T17:19:21Z

Jackson: further edits

{{Infobox_Company
| company_name = [[Company_Name::Ryugyong Hotel]]
| company_type = [[Company_Type::State owned]]
| image =[[File:Ryugyeong_Hotel_on_February_2011.jpg]]
| genre =
| foundation = [[Year_Started::1987]]
| founder =
| location = [[City::Pyongyang]], [[Country_Name::North Korea]]
| industry =
| products = 
| revenue =
| operating_income =
| net_income =
| num_employees =
| parent = 
| subsid = 
| owner = 
| contact =
| reference = [[Latitude]]: [[Latitude::39.036389|39° 2′ 11″ N]] [[Longitude]]: [[Longitude::125.730556|125° 43′ 50″ E]]
| footnotes =
}}
The '''Ryugyong Hotel''' ({{lang-ko|류경호텔}}) (sometimes [[Anglicization|anglicized]] as '''Ryu-Gyong Hotel''' or '''Yu-Kyung Hotel'''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.orientalarchitecture.com/koreanorth/pyongyang/105building.php|title=105 Building, Pyongyang, Korea, North|publisher=Asian Historical Architecture|accessdate=2010-02-11}}</ref>) is a 105-[[storey|story]] [[skyscraper]] under construction in [[Pyongyang]], [[North Korea]]. Its name ("capital of [[willow]]s") is also one of the historic names for Pyongyang.<ref>{{cite book|last=Funabashi|first=Yoichi|title=The Peninsula Question: A Chronicle of the Second Northern Korean Nuclear Crisis|publisher=Brookings Institution Press|location=[[Washington, D.C.]]|date=2007|page=50|isbn=0-8157-3010-1}}</ref> The building is also known as the '''105 Building''',<ref name=Emporis/> a reference to its number of floors. Construction began in 1987 with planned completion in 1989. However, after several delays, construction was eventually halted in 1992; the [[Dissolution of the Soviet Union|fall of the Soviet Union]] had resulted in widespread economic disruptions in North Korea and shortages of raw materials.

The building stood [[topping off|topped out]] but without windows or interior fittings for the next sixteen years. Construction resumed in April 2008 under the supervision of the [[Orascom Group]] of [[Egypt]], which has invested heavily in the North Korean [[mobile telephony]] and [[construction]] industries.<ref name=IFES/> The company completed exterior work on the building in 2011, and interior work on the building's {{Convert|360000|m2|sqft}} of floor space will continue until 2012 or later. Orascom has stated that the building will contain restaurants, hotel accommodation, apartments, and business facilities.

The building rises to a height of {{Convert|330|m|ft}}, making it the most prominent feature of Pyongyang's [[skyline]] and by far the largest structure in North Korea. Construction of the Ryugyong was intended to be completed in time for the [[13th World Festival of Youth and Students]] in June 1989; had this been achieved, it would have held the title of [[List of tallest hotels in the world|world's tallest hotel]]. The unfinished building was not surpassed in height by any new hotel until the 2009 completion of the spire atop the [[Rose Tower]] in [[Dubai]], [[United Arab Emirates]]. The Ryugyong Hotel is currently the world's [[List of tallest buildings in the world|40th tallest building]] (alongside the [[China World Trade Center Tower III]]) in terms of total height and has the 5th [[List of buildings with 100 floors or more|highest number of floors]].

==History==
===Background===

The plan for a large hotel was reportedly a [[Cold War]] response to the completion of the world's tallest hotel, the [[Swissôtel The Stamford|Westin Stamford Hotel]] in [[Singapore]], in 1986 by the [[South Korea]]n company [[SsangYong Group]].<ref name="oversight"/> North Korean leadership envisioned the project as a channel for Western investors to step into the marketplace.<ref name="oversight"/> A firm, the Ryugyong Hotel Investment and Management Co., was established to attract a hoped-for US$230 million in foreign investment.<ref name="oversight"/> A representative for the North Korean government promised relaxed oversight, saying, "The foreign investors can even operate [[casino]]s, [[nightclub]]s or Japanese lounges if they want to."<ref name="oversight">{{cite journal| last=Ngor| first=Oh Kwee| date=1990-06-09| title=Western decadence hits N. Korea| journal= Japan Economic Journal| page=12}}</ref> North Korean construction firm Baikdoosan Architects & Engineers (also known as Baekdu Mountain Architects and Engineers) began construction on a pyramid-shaped hotel in 1987.<ref name=IFES>{{cite web|url=http://ifes.kyungnam.ac.kr/eng/m05/s10/content.asp?nkbriefNO=207&GoP=1|title= Orascom and DPRK to Complete Ryugyong Hotel Construction|publisher=The Institute for Far Eastern Studies|date= 2008-05-20|accessdate=2010-02-09}}</ref><ref name="almanac">{{cite book|title=Almanac of Architecture & Design|editor=Cramer, James P.; Jennifer Evans Yankopolus|publisher=Greenway Publications|location=[[Atlanta]], [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]]|date=2006|edition=7th|page=368|isbn=0-9755-654-27}}</ref> The ''Washington Post'' says that the hotel was started to upstage a 63-story South Korean hotel that was built for the [[1988 Summer Olympics]]<ref>{{cite news|title=N. Korea's intended jewel that drew jeers may open|first=Chico|last=Harlan|work=Washington Post|date=February 10, 2012|page=A1}}</ref>[http://www.racepacket.com]

===Building deadlock===
The hotel was scheduled to open in June 1989 for the [[13th World Festival of Youth and Students]], but problems<ref>{{cite web
|url= http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/northkorea/6337040/North-Korean-hotel-dubbed-the-worst-building-in-the-world-may-finally-be-finished.html
|title=North Korean hotel dubbed the 'worst building in the world' may finally be finished - Telegraph
|work=[[Daily Telegraph]] |publisher=Telegraph Media Group | location=London |date=16 October 2009 | last=Foreign Staff
|accessdate=25 August 2010
}}</ref> with building methods and materials delayed completion. Had it opened on schedule, it would have surpassed the [[Westin Stamford|Westin Stamford Hotel]] to become [[List of tallest hotels in the world|the world's tallest hotel]],<ref name="ABC">{{cite news |first=Dan |last=Beckmann |title=Pyongyang: Home to the Tallest Hotel in the World That Could, but Will Never Be |url=http://abcnews.go.com/print?id=2590901 |work=[[ABC News]] |publisher=[[The Walt Disney Company]] |date=2006-10-23 |accessdate=2009-07-05 }}</ref> and been ranked the [[List of tallest buildings in the world|seventh-tallest building in the world]].<ref name=Emporis/>

In 1992, after the building had reached its full architectural height,<ref name=Emporis>{{cite web|url=http://www.emporis.com/application/?nav=building&id=130967&lng=3
|title=Ryugyong Hotel|accessdate=2010-02-09|work=Emporis.com}}</ref> work was halted due to a lack of funds amid electricity and food shortages in North Korea.<ref name="doom"/> Japanese newspapers estimated the cost of construction was US$750 million,<ref name="cost">{{cite journal| title=North Korea builds record-height hotel| month=November 15| year=1990| journal=Engineering News-Record| page=41}}</ref> consuming 2 percent of North Korea’s [[GDP]].<ref name="Esquire"/> For over a decade, the unfinished building sat vacant and without windows, fixtures, or fittings, appearing as a massive concrete shell.<ref name=Emporis/> A rusting construction crane at the top, which the [[BBC]] called "a reminder of the [[totalitarian]] state's thwarted ambition",<ref name=doom/> became a permanent fixture.<ref name="Forbes">{{Cite news |last=Kirk |first=Donald |publication-date=27 October 2008 |title=Grand Illusion |periodical=[[Forbes (magazine)|Forbes]]|url=http://www.forbes.com/global/2008/1027/059.html |accessdate=2009-07-05 |postscript=}}</ref> In the late 1990s, the [[European Union Chamber of Commerce in Korea]] inspected the building and concluded that the structure was irreparable.<ref>{{cite book|last=Noland|first=Marcus|title=Avoiding the Apocalypse: The Future of the Two Koreas|publisher=[[Peterson Institute for International Economics|Institute for International Economics]]|location=[[Washington, D.C.]]|date=2000|page=82|isbn=0-88132-278-4}}</ref> Questions have been raised regarding the quality of the building's concrete and the alignment of its [[elevator]] shafts,<ref name=doom/> which some sources say are "crooked".<ref name="idiots"/>

In a 2006 article, [[ABC News]] questioned whether North Korea had sufficient [[raw materials]] or energy for such a massive project.<ref name="ABC"/> A North Korean government official told the ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'' in 2008 that construction was not completed "because [North Korea] ran out of money".<ref name="boom">{{cite news|url=http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-boom27-2008sep27,0,7763249.story?page=2&track=rss|title= North Korea in the midst of mysterious building boom|date= 2008-09-27 |publisher=[[Los Angeles Times]] |accessdate=2008-12-14 | first=Barbara | last=Demick}}</ref>

Even though the Ryugyong dominates the Pyongyang skyline, official information regarding the hotel and its status have proven difficult to obtain. Though mocked-up images of the completed hotel had once appeared on North Korean stamps, the North Korean government denied the building's existence for many years. The government [[Photo manipulation|manipulated]] official photographs in order to remove the structure, and excluded it from printed maps of Pyongyang.<ref name="ABC"/><ref name=boom/><ref name=doom/> The alleged problems associated with the hotel led some media sources to dub it "The Worst Building in the World",<ref name="Independent">{{Cite news |last=Herskovitz |first=Jon |publication-date=18 July 2008 |title=North Koreans revamp 'world's worst building' |work=[[The Independent]] |publisher=Independent News and Media|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/north-koreans-revamp-worlds-worst-building-870858.html |accessdate=2009-07-05 | location=London |postscript=}}</ref><ref name="Esquire">{{Cite news |last=Hagberg |first=Eva |publication-date=28 January 2008 |title=The Worst Building in the History of Mankind |periodical=[[Esquire (magazine)|Esquire]] |url=http://www.esquire.com/the-side/DESIGN/hotel-of-doom-012808 |accessdate=2009-07-05 |postscript=}}</ref> "Hotel of Doom" and "Phantom Hotel".<ref name="doom">{{cite news |title=Will 'Hotel of Doom' ever be finished? |url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/8306697.stm |work= BBC News|publisher= BBC |date= 15 October 2009 |accessdate=2009-10-13}}</ref>

On 1 January 2012, state news agency KCNA released a new propaganda poster, which showed the Ryugyong Hotel as part of the background. <ref name="KCNA">{{cite news |title=New Posters Created in DPRK |url= http://www.kcna.kp/kcnadata/kor/photo/2012/1/189393-1.jpg |work= KCNA|publisher= KCNA |date= 01 January 2012 |accessdate=2012-01-01}}</ref>

===Construction resumes===

In April 2008, after 16 years of inactivity, work on the building was restarted by the Egyptian company [[Orascom Group]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.mysinchew.com/node/11909|title=Korea: N Korea Resumes Construction Of Luxury Hotel|date=2008-05-25|publisher=MySinchew|accessdate=2009-07-05}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
|url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/8306697.stm
|title= Will 'Hotel of Doom' ever be finished?
|work=BBC News |publisher=BBC |date=15 October 2009 |last=Staff
|accessdate=25 August 2010
}}</ref> Orascom, which has entered into a [[U.S. dollar|US$]] 400 million deal with the North Korean government to build and run a [[3G]] mobile phone network, has denied that their telecommunications deal was directly related to the Ryugyong Hotel work.<ref name=doom/>

It is unclear to what extent Orascom plans to complete the building. In 2008, Orascom's resident project manager stated that, at a minimum, their goal was to make the facade more attractive.<ref name="boom"/> In 2009, Orascom's chief operating officer [[Khaled Bichara]] noted that they "had not had too many problems" resolving the reported structural issues of the building, that interior work will be performed, and that a revolving restaurant will be located at the top of the building.<ref name=doom/>

In July 2011, it was reported that the exterior work was complete.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.architizer.com/en_us/blog/dyn/25976/ryugyong-hotel-exterior-completed/| title = Ryugyong Hotel Exterior Completed| publisher = architizer| author = Samuel Medina | date = 2011-07-22|accessdate = 2011-07-26}}</ref> Features that Orascom has installed include exterior glass panels and telecommunications antennas.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.reuters.com/article/rbssTechMediaTelecomNews/idUSSEO9654020080717| title = North Korea's "Hotel of Doom" wakes from its coma| publisher = Reuters| author = Herskovitz, Jon| date = 2008-07-17|accessdate = 2009-07-05}}</ref>

It is unclear when the building will open. In 2008, North Korean officials stated that the hotel would be completed by 2012, coinciding with the 100th anniversary of the birth of "Eternal President" [[Kim Il-sung]].<ref name="Forbes"/> According to Orascom, interior work is to be conducted after the completion of exterior work, and the building will not be ready until 2012 or beyond.<ref name =doom/>

==Architecture==

The Ryugyong Hotel consists of three wings, each measuring {{Convert|100|m|ft}} long, {{Convert|18|m|ft}} wide, and sloped at a 75-degree angle, which converge at a common point to form a pinnacle. The building is topped by a truncated [[cone (geometry)|cone]] {{Convert|40|m|ft}} wide, consisting of eight floors that are intended to rotate, topped by a further six static floors. The structure was originally intended to house five [[revolving restaurant]]s, and either 3,000 or 7,665 guest rooms, according to different sources.<ref name="revolving">{{cite book|last=Randl|first=Chad|title=Revolving Architecture: A History of Buildings That Rotate, Swivel, and Pivot|publisher=Princeton Architectural Press|location=[[New York City|New York]]|date=2008|page=133|isbn=978-1-56898-681-4}}</ref><ref name="idiots">{{cite book|last=Quinones|first=C. Kenneth|coauthors=Joseph Taggert|title=The Complete Idiot's Guide to Understanding North Korea|publisher=[[Alpha Books]]|location=[[Indianapolis]]|date=2003|series=[[Complete Idiot's Guides]]|page=183|isbn=1-59257-169-7}}</ref> According to BBC quoting Orascom's Mr. Bichra in 2009, the Ryugyong will not be just a hotel, but rather a [[mixed-use development]], including "revolving restaurant" facilities along with "a mixture of hotel accommodation, apartments and business facilities".<ref name="doom"/>
==References==
<div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:1; column-count:1;">
<references />
</div>

== External links ==
*[http://www.milsonprinting.com/ Milson Printing website]

===Share this page===
<sharethis />

===Geolocation===
{{Mapit-US-cityscale|35.019608|-90.025098}}

Directory:Ryugyong Hotel

2012-03-13T16:37:11Z

Jackson: started article using information from http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ryugyong_Hotel&oldid=477369052

Directory:Chester A. Arthur

2012-03-05T13:08:00Z

Jackson: /* Notes */ remove inflation template

{{Infobox Officeholder
|name = Chester A. Arthur
|image = 20 Chester Arthur 3x4.jpg
|office = [[List of Presidents of the United States|21st]] [[President of the United States]]
|term_start = September 19, 1881
|term_end = March 4, 1885
|vicepresident = ''None''
|predecessor = [[James A. Garfield]]
|successor = [[Grover Cleveland]]
|office2 = [[List of Vice Presidents of the United States|20th]] [[Vice President of the United States]]
|president2 = [[James A. Garfield]]
|term_start2 = March 4, 1881
|term_end2 = September 19, 1881
|predecessor2 = [[William A. Wheeler]]
|successor2 = [[Thomas A. Hendricks]]
|birth_date = {{birth date|1829|10|5}}
|birth_place = [[Fairfield, Vermont|Fairfield]], Vermont, U.S.
|death_date = {{death date and age|1886|11|18|1829|10|5}}
|death_place = New York City, New York, U.S.
|party = [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] (1854–1886)
|otherparty = [[Whig Party (United States)|Whig]] (Before 1856)
|spouse = [[Ellen Lewis Herndon Arthur|Ellen Herndon]]
|children = William Chester Ellen
|alma_mater = [[Union College]] [[State and National Law School]]
|profession = Lawyer [[Civil service|Civil servant]]
|religion = [[Episcopal Church (United States)|Episcopal]]
|signature = Chester Alan Arthur Signature.svg
|signature_alt = Cursive signature in ink
|allegiance = United States [[Union (American Civil War)|Union]]
|branch = [[Union Army]]
|unit = [[New York Guard]]
|rank = [[Brigadier general (United States)|Brigadier general]]
|battles = [[American Civil War]]
}}

'''Chester Alan Arthur''' (October 5, 1829 – November 18, 1886) was the [[List of Presidents of the United States|21st]] [[President of the United States]] (1881–1885). Becoming President after [[Assassination of James A. Garfield|the assassination]] of President [[James A. Garfield]], Arthur struggled to overcome suspicions of his beginnings as a politician from the New York City [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] machine, succeeding at that task by embracing the cause of civil service reform. His advocacy for, and enforcement of, the [[Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act]] was the centerpiece of his administration.

Born in [[Fairfield, Vermont]], Arthur grew up in [[upstate New York]] and practiced law in New York City. He devoted much of his time to Republican politics and quickly rose in the political machine run by New York Senator [[Roscoe Conkling]]. Appointed by President [[Ulysses S. Grant]] to the lucrative and politically powerful post of [[Collector of the Port of New York]] in 1871, Arthur was an important supporter of Conkling and the [[Stalwart (politics)|Stalwart]] faction of the Republican Party. In 1878 he was replaced by the new president, [[Rutherford B. Hayes]], who was trying to reform the federal patronage system in New York. When James Garfield won the Republican nomination for President in 1880, Arthur was nominated for Vice President to [[Ticket balance|balance the ticket]] by adding an eastern Stalwart to it.

After just half a year as Vice President, Arthur found himself, unexpectedly, in the [[White House|Executive Mansion]]. To the surprise of reformers, Arthur took up the reform cause that had once led to his expulsion from office. He signed the [[Pendleton Act]] into law, and enforced its provisions vigorously. He won plaudits for his veto of a Rivers and Harbors Act that would have appropriated federal funds in a manner he thought excessive. He presided over the rebirth of the [[United States Navy]] but was criticized for failing to alleviate the federal budget surplus that had been accumulating since the end of the [[American Civil War]]. Suffering from poor health, Arthur made only a limited effort to secure renomination in 1884; he retired at the close of his term. As journalist [[Alexander McClure]] would later write, "No man ever entered the Presidency so profoundly and widely distrusted as Chester Alan Arthur, and no one ever retired ... more generally respected, alike by political friend and foe."<ref>[[#reeves|Reeves]], p. 420</ref> Although his failing health and political temperament combined to make his administration less active than a modern presidency, he earned praise among contemporaries for his solid performance in office. The ''New York World'' summed up Arthur's presidency at his death in 1886: "No duty was neglected in his administration, and no adventurous project alarmed the nation."<ref>[[#reeves|Reeves]], p. 423</ref>

==Early life==
===Birth and family===
Chester Alan Arthur was born October 5, 1829, in [[Fairfield, Vermont]].[Note 1] His father, William Arthur, was born just outside the village of [[Cullybackey]], [[County Antrim]], Ireland, and emigrated to [[Dunham, Quebec|Dunham]], [[Lower Canada]] (in present-day [[Quebec]]) in 1818 or 1819 after graduating from Belfast College.<ref name=reeves4>[[#reeves|Reeves]], p. 4; [[#howe|Howe]], p. 4</ref> Arthur's mother, Malvina Stone, was born in Vermont, the daughter of George Washington Stone and Judith Stevens. Malvina's family was primarily of English descent, and her grandfather, Uriah Stone, fought in the [[Continental Army]] during the [[American Revolution]].<ref name=reeves4/> Arthur's mother met his father while he was teaching at a school in Dunham, just over the border from her native Vermont, and the two soon married.<ref name=reeves4/> After their first child, Regina, was born in Dunham, the Arthurs moved around Vermont in quick succession to [[Burlington, Vermont|Burlington]], [[Jericho, Vermont|Jericho]], and [[Waterville, Vermont|Waterville]], as William moved to jobs with different schools.<ref name=reeves4/> In Waterville, William Arthur departed from his Presbyterian upbringing and joined the [[Free Will Baptist]]s, spending the rest of his life as a minister in that sect.<ref name=reeves4/> He also became an outspoken abolitionist, which at times made him unpopular with parts of his congregations and contributed to the family's frequent moves.<ref>[[#howe|Howe]], p. 7; [[#reeves|Reeves]], p. 6</ref> In 1828, the family moved again, to Fairfield, where Chester Alan Arthur was born the following year.<ref name=reeves5/> He was named "Chester" after Chester Abell, the physician and family friend who assisted in his birth, and "Alan" after his paternal grandfather.[Note 2] After Arthur's birth, the family remained in Fairfield until 1832, when the elder Arthur's profession took them on the road again to several towns in Vermont and [[upstate New York]], finally settling in the [[Schenectady]] area.<ref name="reeves7"/>

William Arthur's frequent moves would later form the basis for accusations that Chester Arthur was not a native-born citizen of the United States. After Arthur was [[United States presidential election, 1880|nominated for Vice President in 1880]], his political opponents suggested that he might be constitutionally ineligible to hold that office.<ref>[[#kara|Karabell]], pp. 53–54</ref> A New York attorney, Arthur P. Hinman, apparently hired by his opponents, explored rumors of Arthur's foreign birth.<ref name=hinman>[[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 202–203</ref> Hinman initially alleged that Arthur was born in Ireland and did not come to the United States until he was fourteen years old, which would make him ineligible for the Vice Presidency under the United States Constitution's [[Natural-born-citizen clause of the U.S. Constitution|natural-born citizen clause]].<ref name=hinman/>[Note 3] When that story did not take root, Hinman spread a new rumor that Arthur was born in Canada, but this claim also failed to gain credence.<ref name=hinman/>

===Education===
Arthur spent some of his childhood years living in [[Perry (village), New York|Perry]] and [[Greenwich (village), New York|Greenwich]], New York. During his time at school, his first political inclinations were to support the [[Whig Party (United States)|Whig Party]], and he joined other young Whigs in support of [[Henry Clay]], even participating in a brawl against those students supporting [[James K. Polk]].<ref name=reeves7>[[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 7–8</ref> He also showed his support for the [[Fenian Brotherhood]] by wearing a green coat.<ref name=reeves9>[[#reeves|Reeves]], p. 9</ref> Arthur enrolled in [[Union College]] in 1845 where he studied the traditional [[Classical education movement|classical curriculum]].<ref name=reeves7/> As a senior there in 1848, at age 18, he was elected to [[Phi Beta Kappa]] and was president of the debate society.<ref name=reeves9/> During his winter breaks, Arthur taught school in [[Schaghticoke (town), New York|Schaghticoke]].<ref name=reeves9/>

After graduating, Arthur returned to Schaghticoke and taught school full-time, but soon began to pursue an education in the law.<ref name=reeves10>[[#reeves|Reeves]], p. 10</ref> While studying law, he continued teaching, moving closer to home by taking a job teaching in [[North Pownal, Vermont|North Pownal]], Vermont.<ref name=reeves10/> Coincidentally, future President [[James A. Garfield]] would teach penmanship at the same school three years later, but the two did not cross paths.<ref name=reeves11>[[#reeves|Reeves]], p. 11</ref> In 1852, Arthur moved again, to [[Cohoes, New York|Cohoes]], New York, to become the principal of a school at which his sister Malvina was a teacher.<ref name=reeves11/> After saving enough money, and studying at [[State and National Law School]] in [[Ballston Spa, New York|Ballston Spa]], he moved to New York City the following year to [[Reading law|read law]] at the law office of [[Erastus D. Culver]], an abolitionist lawyer and family friend.<ref>[[#kara|Karabell]], p. 12</ref> When Arthur was admitted to the [[Bar (law)|bar]] in 1854, he joined the firm, which was renamed Culver, Parker, and Arthur.<ref name=reeves14>[[#reeves|Reeves]], p. 14</ref>

==Early career==
[[File:Chester A Arthur 1859.png|thumb|left|upright|alt=Black-and-white photograph of a young man with a mustache|Arthur as a young lawyer]]

===New York lawyer===
When Arthur joined the firm, Culver and New York attorney [[John Jay (lawyer)|John Jay]] (the grandson of the Founding Father of the [[John Jay|same name]]) were pursuing a ''[[habeas corpus]]'' action against Jonathan Lemmon, a Virginia slaveholder who was passing through New York with his eight slaves.<ref name=lemmon>[[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 14–15</ref> In ''[[Lemmon v. New York]]'', Culver argued that, as New York law did not permit slavery, any slave arriving in New York was automatically freed.<ref name=lemmon/> The argument was successful, and after several appeals was upheld by the [[New York Court of Appeals]] in 1860.<ref name=lemmon/> Campaign biographers would later give Arthur much of the credit for the victory; in fact his role was minor, although he was certainly an active participant in the case.<ref name=reeves16>[[#reeves|Reeves]], p. 16</ref> In another civil rights case in 1854, Arthur was the lead attorney representing [[Elizabeth Jennings Graham]] after she was denied a seat on a streetcar because she was black.<ref name=reeves16/> He won the case, and the verdict led to the [[desegregation]] of the New York City streetcar lines.<ref name=reeves16/>

In 1856, Arthur courted [[Ellen Lewis Herndon Arthur|Ellen Herndon]], the daughter of [[William Lewis Herndon]], a Virginia naval officer.<ref>[[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 19–20</ref> The two were soon engaged to be married.<ref>[[#kara|Karabell]], p. 14</ref> Later that year, he started a new law partnership with a friend, Henry D. Gardiner, and traveled with him to Kansas to consider purchasing land and setting up a law practice there.<ref name=reeves16/> At that time, the state was the scene of a [[Bleeding Kansas|brutal struggle]] between pro-slavery and anti-slavery forces, and Arthur lined up firmly with the latter.<ref name=reeves17>[[#reeves|Reeves]], pp.17–18</ref> The rough frontier life did not agree with the genteel New Yorkers; after three or four months the two young lawyers returned to New York City, where Arthur comforted his fiancée after her father was lost at sea in the wreck of the [[SS Central America|SS ''Central America'']].<ref name=reeves17/> In 1859, they were married at [[Calvary Church (Manhattan)|Calvary Episcopal Church]] in Manhattan.<ref>[[#reeves|Reeves]], p. 21</ref> After his marriage, Arthur devoted his efforts to building his law practice, but also found time to engage in [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican party]] politics.<ref name=howe18>[[#howe|Howe]], pp. 18–19</ref>

===Civil War===
[[File:Ellen Arthur.jpg|thumb|upright|alt=Black-and-white photograph of a woman with dark hair|Arthur married [[Ellen Lewis Herndon Arthur|Ellen Herndon]] in 1859.]]
In 1860, Arthur was appointed to the military staff of Governor [[Edwin D. Morgan]].<ref name=howe18/> The office was a patronage appointment of minor importance until the outbreak of the [[American Civil War|Civil War]] in April 1861, when New York and the other northern states were faced with raising and equipping armies of a size never before seen in American history.<ref name=howe20>[[#howe|Howe]], pp. 20–21; [[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 22–23</ref> Arthur was given the rank of [[Brigadier general (United States)|brigadier general]] and assigned to the [[quartermaster]] department.<ref name=howe20/> He was so efficient at housing and outfitting the troops that poured into New York City that he was promoted within the state militia to inspector general in February 1862, and then to quartermaster general that July.<ref>[[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 24–25</ref> He had an opportunity to serve at the front when the [[9th New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment]] elected him [[colonel]] early in the war, but at Governor Morgan's request, he turned it down to remain at his post in New York.<ref>[[#howe|Howe]], p. 25</ref> The closest Arthur came to the front was when he traveled south to inspect New York troops near [[Fredericksburg, Virginia|Fredericksburg]], Virginia, in May 1862, shortly after forces under Major General [[Irwin McDowell]] seized the town during the [[Peninsula Campaign]].<ref name=howe26>[[#howe|Howe]], pp. 26–27; [[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 28–29</ref> That summer, he and other representatives of northern governors met with Secretary of State [[William H. Seward]] in New York to coordinate the raising of additional troops, and spent the next few months enlisting New York's quota of 120,000 men.<ref name=howe26/> Arthur received plaudits for his work, but his post was a political one, and he was relieved of his office in January 1863 when Governor [[Horatio Seymour]], a [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrat]], took office.<ref>[[#reeves|Reeves]], p. 30</ref>

Arthur returned to his law practice in 1863 and the firm of Arthur & Gardiner flourished.<ref>[[#howe|Howe]], pp. 30–31; [[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 33–34</ref> Even as his professional life improved, however, Arthur and his wife experienced a personal tragedy as their only child, William, died suddenly that year at the age of three.<ref>[[#howe|Howe]], pp. 29–30; [[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 34–35</ref> The couple took their son's death hard, and when they had another son, Chester Alan Jr., in 1864, they lavished attention on him.<ref>[[#reeves|Reeves]], p. 35</ref> They would also have a daughter, Ellen, in 1871. Both children survived to adulthood.<ref>[[#reeves|Reeves]], p. 84</ref> Arthur's political prospects improved along with his law practice when his patron, ex-Governor Morgan, was elected to the [[United States Senate]].<ref name=reeves37>[[#reeves|Reeves]], p. 37</ref> He was hired by [[Thomas Murphy (Collector)|Thomas Murphy]], a [[Hatmaking|hatter]] who sold goods to the Union Army, to represent him in Washington. The two became associates within New York Republican party circles, eventually rising in the ranks of the conservative branch of the party dominated by [[Thurlow Weed]].<ref name=reeves37/> In the [[United States presidential election, 1864|presidential election of 1864]], Arthur and Murphy raised funds from Republicans in New York and attended [[Abraham Lincoln]]'s [[Second inauguration of Abraham Lincoln|inauguration in 1865]].<ref>[[#reeves|Reeves]], p. 38</ref>

==New York politician==
===Conkling's machine===
[[File:NYCustomHouseMerchantsExchange.jpg|thumb|left|alt=A columned building with a domed roof|The [[New York Custom House]] (formerly the Merchants' Exchange building) was Arthur's office for seven years.]]
The end of the Civil War meant new opportunities for the men in Morgan's Republican [[Political machine|machine]], including Arthur.<ref name=kara17>[[#kara|Karabell]], p. 17</ref> Morgan leaned toward the conservative wing of the New York Republican party, as did the men who worked for him, including Weed, Seward (who continued in office under President [[Andrew Johnson]]), and [[Roscoe Conkling]] (an eloquent [[Utica, New York|Utica]] Congressman and rising star in the party).<ref name=kara17/> Arthur rarely articulated his own political ideas during his time as a part of the machine; as was common at the time, loyalty and hard work on the machine's behalf was more important than actual political sympathies.<ref>[[#reeves|Reeves]], p. 39; [[#howe|Howe]], p. 37</ref> In 1866, he attempted to secure the position of Naval Officer at the [[New York Custom House]], a lucrative job with few responsibilities, but was unable to do so.<ref name=r40>[[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 40–41</ref> Nevertheless, he continued his law practice (now a solo practitionership after Gardiner's death) and his role in politics, becoming a member of the prestigious [[Century Association|Century Club]] in 1867.<ref name=r40/> Conkling, [[United States Senate election in New York, 1867|elected in 1867]] to the United States Senate, noticed Arthur and aided his rise in the party.<ref name=r44>[[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 44–45</ref> Arthur became chairman of the New York City Republican executive committee in 1868.<ref name=r42>[[#reeves|Reeves]], p. 42; [[#howe|Howe]], p. 39</ref> His ascent in the party hierarchy kept him busy most nights, and his wife began to resent his continual absence from the family home on party business.<ref name=r71>[[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 71–73</ref>

Conkling's machine was solidly behind General [[Ulysses S. Grant]]'s candidacy for president, and Arthur worked to raise funds for Grant's election in 1868.<ref name=r48>[[#reeves|Reeves]], p. 48</ref> The opposing Democratic machine in New York City, known as [[Tammany Hall]], worked for Grant's opponent, former New York Governor Horatio Seymour; while Grant was victorious in the national vote, Seymour carried the state of New York easily.<ref name=r48/> Arthur began to devote more of his time to politics and less to law.<ref name=r49>[[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 49–50; [[#howe|Howe]], p. 42</ref> In 1869, he was appointed counsel to the New York City tax commission under an arrangement his friend Murphy made with [[William Marcy Tweed]], the Tammany Hall boss.<ref name=r49/> He remained at the job until 1870 at a salary of $10,000 a year.<ref name=r49/>[Note 4] Arthur's actual role in the tax commission's duties is still unknown; after Tweed's fall from power in 1871, Arthur never spoke of the Conking machine's cooperation with Tammany Hall.<ref name=r49/> Shortly thereafter, President Grant gave control over the [[New York Custom House]] [[patronage]] to Conkling and appointed Murphy to the position of [[Collector of the Port of New York]].<ref name=r51>[[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 51–53; [[#howe|Howe]], pp. 44–45</ref> Murphy's reputation as a war profiteer and his association with Tammany Hall made him unacceptable to many of his own party, but Conkling nevertheless convinced the Senate to confirm him.<ref name=r51/> The Collector was responsible for hiring hundreds of workers to collect the tariffs due at the United States' busiest port. Typically, these jobs were dispensed to adherents of the political machine responsible for hiring the Collector. Employees were required to make political contributions (known as "assessments") back to the machine, which made the job a highly coveted political plum.<ref name=r61>[[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 61–67; [[#schwartz|Schwartz]], p. 182</ref> Murphy's unpopularity only increased as he replaced workers loyal to Senator [[Reuben Fenton]]'s faction of the Republican party with those loyal to Conkling's.<ref name=r57>[[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 57–58</ref> Eventually, the pressure to replace Murphy grew too great, and Grant asked for his resignation in 1871.<ref name=r57/> To replace him, Grant nominated Arthur.<ref name=r60>[[#reeves|Reeves]], p. 60; [[#howe|Howe]], pp. 46–47</ref>

The Senate confirmed Arthur's appointment. As Collector, he not only controlled nearly a thousand jobs, but he also stood to receive personal compensation as great as any federal officeholder.<ref name=r61/> Arthur's salary was $6,500, but senior customs employees were also compensated by the "moiety" system, which awarded them a percentage of the fines levied on importers who attempted to evade the tariff.<ref name=r59>[[#reeves|Reeves]], p. 59, 63, 85–86</ref> In total, his income came to more than $50,000—more than the president's salary, and more than enough for him to enjoy fashionable clothes and a lavish lifestyle.<ref name=r59/><super.[Note 5]</super> Among those who dealt with the Custom House, Arthur was one of the era's more popular collectors.<ref>[[#reeves|Reeves]], p. 68</ref> He got along with his subordinates and, since Murphy had already filled the staff with Conkling's adherents, he had few occasions to fire anyone.<ref>[[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 69–70</ref> He was also popular within the Republican party as he efficiently collected campaign assessments from the staff and placed party leaders' friends in jobs as positions became available.<ref name=r71/> Arthur had a better reputation than Murphy, but reformers still criticized the patronage structure and the moiety system as corrupt.<ref name=r61/> A rising tide of reform within the party caused Arthur to recharacterize the financial extractions from employees as "voluntary contributions" in 1872, but the principle remained the same and the party reaped the benefit of controlling government jobs.<ref>[[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 76–77</ref> In that year, reform-minded Republicans formed the [[Liberal Republican Party (United States)|Liberal Republican]] party and voted against Grant, but he was [[United States presidential election, 1872|re-elected]] in spite of their opposition.<ref>[[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 78–79</ref> Nevertheless, the movement for civil service reform continued to chip away at Conkling's patronage machine when, after Custom House employees were found to have improperly assessed fines against an importing company in 1874, Congress repealed the moiety system and put the staff, including Arthur, on regular salary.<ref name=r79>[[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 79–84; [[#howe|Howe]], p. 49</ref> As a result, his income dropped to $12,000 a year.<ref name=r79/>

===Clash with Hayes===
[[File:Arthur NYcustoms house cartoon.jpg|thumb|alt=Cartoon of a man kicking another man into the street|A cartoon depicting President [[Rutherford B. Hayes]] kicking Arthur out of the New York Custom House.]]
Arthur's four-year term expired on December 10, 1875, and Conkling, now among the most powerful politicians in Washington, arranged his protégé's reappointment by President Grant.<ref>[[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 87–89</ref> By 1876, Conkling was considering a run for the Presidency himself, but the selection of [[Rutherford B. Hayes]], a reformer, at the [[1876 Republican National Convention]] presaged problems for the machine boss.<ref>[[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 95–96; [[#kara|Karabell]], pp. 26–27</ref> Arthur and the machine gathered campaign funds with their usual zeal, but Conkling limited his own campaign activities to a few speeches.<ref name=r100>[[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 100–105</ref> Hayes's opponent, New York Governor [[Samuel J. Tilden]], carried New York but, after months of [[Electoral Commission (United States)|disputes over certain electoral votes]], lost the Presidency.<ref>[[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 106–107</ref>

Hayes entered office having pledged to reform the patronage system; in 1877, he and Treasury Secretary [[John Sherman]] made Conkling's machine their first target.<ref name=r100/> Sherman ordered a commission led by John Jay to investigate the New York Custom House.<ref>[[#hoog|Hoogenboom]], pp. 318–319</ref> Jay, with whom Arthur had collaborated in the ''Lemmon'' case two decades earlier, suggested that the Custom House was so overstaffed with political appointments that 20% of the employees were expendable.<ref>[[#hoog|Hoogenboom]], pp. 322–325; [[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 118–119; [[#howe|Howe]], pp. 68–69</ref> Sherman was less enthusiastic about the reforms than Hayes and Jay, but he approved the commission's report and ordered Arthur to make the personnel reductions.<ref>[[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 119–120</ref> Arthur appointed a committee of Custom House workers to determine where the cuts were to be made and, after a written protest, carried them out.<ref name=reeves121>[[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 121–122</ref> Notwithstanding his cooperation, the Jay Commission issued a second report critical of Arthur and other Custom House employees, and subsequent reports urging a complete reorganization.<ref name=reeves121/>

Hayes further struck at the heart of the [[spoils system]] by issuing an [[Executive order (United States)|executive order]] that forbade assessments and barred federal office holders from "tak[ing] part in the management of political organizations, caucuses, conventions, or election campaigns".<ref>[[#hoog|Hoogenboom]], pp. 322–325; [[#reeves|Reeves]], p. 121</ref> Arthur and his subordinates, [[Alonzo B. Cornell]] and [[George H. Sharpe]], refused to obey the president's order.<ref>[[#reeves|Reeves]], p. 121</ref> Sherman encouraged Arthur to resign, offering him the [[United States Ambassador to France|consulship at Paris]] in exchange, but Arthur refused.<ref name=r123>[[#reeves|Reeves]], p. 123</ref> In September 1877, Hayes demanded the three men's resignations, which they refused to give.<ref name=r123/> Nonetheless, Hayes submitted appointments of [[Theodore Roosevelt, Sr.]], [[L. Bradford Prince]], and [[Edwin Atkins Merritt|Edwin Merritt]]—all supporters of [[William M. Evarts]], Conkling's New York rival—to the Senate for confirmation as their replacements.<ref>[[#hoog|Hoogenboom]], p. 352; [[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 125–126</ref> The Senate's Commerce Committee, which Conkling chaired, voted unanimously to reject the nominees, and the full Senate rejected Roosevelt and Prince by a vote of 31–25, confirming Merritt only because Sharpe's term had expired.<ref>[[#hoog|Hoogenboom]], pp. 353–355; [[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 126–131</ref>

Arthur's job was thus saved, but only until July 1878 when Hayes took advantage of a Congressional recess to fire him and Cornell, and replace them by [[recess appointment]]s of Merritt and [[Silas W. Burt]], respectively.<ref>[[#hoog|Hoogenboom]], pp. 370–371; [[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 136–137</ref>[Note 6] Conkling opposed the appointees' confirmation when the Senate reconvened in February 1879, but Merritt was approved by a vote of 31–25, as was Burt by 31–19, giving Hayes his most significant civil service reform victory.<ref>[[#hoog|Hoogenboom]], pp. 382–384; [[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 138–148</ref> After six years, Arthur found himself out of a job, but still a political power.<ref>[[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 150–151</ref> In the state elections of 1879, he and Conkling worked to ensure that the Republican nominees for state offices would be men of Conkling's faction, who had become known as [[Stalwart (politics)|Stalwarts]].<ref name=r153>[[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 153–155; [[#peskin|Peskin]], p. 704</ref> They were successful, but narrowly, as Cornell was nominated for governor by a vote of 234–216.<ref name=r153/> Arthur and Conkling campaigned vigorously for the Stalwart ticket and, owing partly to a splintering of the Democratic vote, were victorious.<ref>[[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 153–155; [[#howe|Howe]], pp. 96–99</ref> Arthur and the machine had rebuked Hayes and their intra-party rivals, but Arthur had had only a few days to enjoy his triumph when, on January 12, 1880, his wife died suddenly while he was in Albany organizing the political agenda for the coming year.<ref name=r158>[[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 158–159; [[#kara|Karabell]], pp. 38–39</ref> He was devastated, and never remarried.<ref name=r158/>

==Election of 1880==
{{main|United States presidential election, 1880}}
[[File:1880RepublicanPoster.png|thumb|left|Garfield–Arthur campaign poster]]
Conkling and his fellow Stalwarts wished to follow up their 1879 success at the [[1880 Republican National Convention]] by securing the nomination for their ally, ex-President Grant.<ref name=r160>[[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 160–165</ref> Their opponents in the Republican party, known as [[Half-Breed (politics)|Half-Breeds]], concentrated their efforts on [[James G. Blaine]], a Senator from Maine who was more amenable to civil service reform.<ref name=r160/> Neither candidate commanded a majority of delegates and, deadlocked after thirty-six ballots, the convention turned to a [[dark horse]], [[James A. Garfield]], an Ohio Congressman and Civil War General who was neither Stalwart nor Half-Breed.<ref>[[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 177–178; [[#howe|Howe]], pp. 107–108; [[#kara|Karabell]], pp. 39–40</ref> Garfield and his supporters knew they would face a difficult election without the support of the New York Stalwarts and decided to offer one of them the vice presidential nomination.<ref>[[#kara|Karabell]], p. 41; [[#reeves|Reeves]], p. 178</ref> [[Levi P. Morton]] was the first choice of Garfield's supporters but, on Conkling's advice, refused to run.<ref>[[#howe|Howe]], pp. 107–108</ref> They next approached Arthur. Conkling advised him to also reject the nomination, believing the Republicans would lose.<ref name=r179>[[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 179–181</ref> Arthur thought otherwise and accepted, telling Conkling, "The office of the Vice-President is a greater honor than I ever dreamed of attaining."<ref name=r179/>[Note 7] Conkling eventually reconciled himself with the nomination and campaigned for the [[Ticket (election)|ticket]].<ref>[[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 190–194</ref> As expected, the election was close. The Democratic nominee, General [[Winfield Scott Hancock]], was popular and, since he had not taken unpopular positions (or any positions at all) on the issues of the day, he had not offended any important constituencies.<ref>[[#jordan|Jordan]], pp. 292–305</ref> As Republicans had done since the end of the Civil War, Garfield and Arthur initially focused their campaign on the "[[bloody shirt]]"—the idea that returning Democrats to office would undo the victory of the Civil War and reward [[Secession in the United States|secessionists]].<ref name=r194>[[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 194–196; [[#jordan|Jordan]], pp. 294–295</ref> With the war fifteen years in the past and Union generals at the head of both tickets, the tactic was less effective than the Republicans hoped.<ref name=r194/> Realizing this, they shifted their approach to claim that Democrats would lower the country's [[tariff|protective tariff]], which would allow more cheap manufactured goods to be imported from Europe, thereby putting thousands of workingmen out of work.<ref name=r196>[[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 196–197; [[#jordan|Jordan]], pp. 297–302</ref> This argument struck home in the swing states of New York and [[Indiana]], where many were employed in manufacturing.<ref name=r196/> Hancock did not help his own cause when, in an attempt to remain neutral on the tariff, he said that "[t]he tariff question is a local question", which only served to make him appear uninformed about an important issue.<ref>[[#reeves|Reeves]], p. 196; [[#jordan|Jordan]], p. 301</ref> Candidates for high office did not personally campaign in those days, but Arthur played a part in the campaign in his usual fashion: raising money.<ref>[[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 198–202</ref> The funds were crucial in the close election, and his home state of New York was pivotal.<ref name=r203>[[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 203–204</ref> The Republicans carried New York by 20,000 votes and, in an election with the largest turnout of qualified voters ever recorded—78.4%—they won the nationwide popular vote by just 7,018 votes.<ref name=r203/> The [[Electoral College (United States)|electoral college]] result was more decisive—214 to 155—and Garfield and Arthur were elected.<ref name=r203/>

==Vice Presidency==
[[File:CAArthur-oathofoffice.jpg|thumb|alt=A group of men, one with his hand raised|Arthur taking the oath of office as administered by Judge [[John R. Brady]] at Arthur's home in New York City, September 20, 1881.]]
After the election, Arthur worked to persuade Garfield to fill certain positions—especially that of the Secretary of the Treasury—with his fellow New York Stalwarts.<ref name=r205>[[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 205–207</ref> He was unsuccessful, and the Stalwart machine received a further rebuke when they discovered that Garfield planned to appoint Blaine, Conkling's arch-enemy, as Secretary of State.<ref name=r205/> The running mates, never close, grew farther apart as Garfield continued to freeze out the Stalwarts from the patronage at his disposal. Arthur's status in the administration fell further when, a month before inauguration day, he gave a speech in front of newspaper reporters that suggested the election in Indiana, a [[swing state]], had been won by illegal voting.<ref>[[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 213–216; [[#kara|Karabell]], pp. 52–53</ref> Garfield ultimately appointed a Stalwart, [[Thomas Lemuel James]], to be Postmaster General, but the cabinet fight and Arthur's ill-considered speech left the President and Vice President estranged when they took their oaths of office on March 4, 1881.<ref>[[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 216–219; [[#kara|Karabell]], pp. 54–56</ref> The Senate in the [[47th United States Congress]] was divided among 37 Republicans, 37 Democrats, one independent ([[David Davis (Supreme Court justice)|David Davis]]) who announced he would [[Congressional caucus|caucus]] with the Democrats, one [[Readjuster Party|Readjuster]] ([[William Mahone]]) whose allegiance was uncertain, and four vacancies.<ref name=r220>[[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 220–223</ref> Immediately, the Democrats attempted to organize the Senate, knowing that the vacancies would soon be filled by Republicans.<ref name=r220/> As Vice President, Arthur cast [[List of tie-breaking votes cast by Vice Presidents of the United States|tie-breaking votes]] in favor of the Republicans when Mahone opted to join their caucus.<ref name=r220/> Even so, the Senate remained deadlocked for two months over Garfield's nominations because of Conkling's opposition to some of them.<ref name=r223>[[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 223–230</ref> Just before going into recess in May 1881, the situation became more complicated when Conkling and the other Senator from New York, [[Thomas C. Platt]], resigned in protest of Garfield's continuing opposition to their faction.<ref name=r230>[[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 230–233</ref>

With the Senate in recess, Arthur had no duties in Washington and returned to New York City.<ref name=r233>[[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 233–237; [[#howe|Howe]], pp. 147–149</ref> Once there, he traveled with Conkling to [[Albany, New York|Albany]], where the former Senator had hoped for a quick re-election to the Senate and, thereby, a rebuke to the Garfield administration.<ref name=r233/>[Note 8] The Republican majority in the state legislature was divided on the question, to Conkling and Platt's surprise, and they found themselves fighting for their political lives.<ref name=r233/>[Note 9] While in Albany on July 2, word reached Arthur that Garfield had been shot.<ref name=r233/> The assassin, [[Charles J. Guiteau]], was a deranged office-seeker who believed that assassinating Garfield would convince Arthur to appoint him to a patronage job; he proclaimed to onlookers: "I am a Stalwart, and Arthur will be President!"<ref>[[#kara|Karabell]], p. 59; [[#reeves|Reeves]], p. 237</ref> Despite his claims of friendship with Arthur, the public soon learned that Guiteau was mentally unstable and unconnected with the Vice President.<ref name=r238>[[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 238–241; [[#doenecke|Doenecke]], pp. 53–54</ref> More troubling was the lack of legal guidance on [[United States presidential line of succession|presidential succession]]: as Garfield lingered near death, no one was sure who, if anyone, could exercise presidential authority.<ref name=r241>[[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 241–243; [[#howe|Howe]], pp. 152–154</ref> Moreover, after Conkling's resignation, the Senate had adjourned without electing a ''[[President pro tempore of the United States Senate|president pro tempore]],'' who would normally follow Arthur in the succession.<ref name=r241/> Arthur was reluctant to be seen to act as President while Garfield lived, and the next two months saw a vacuum in the executive office, with Garfield too weak to carry out any of his duties and Arthur refusing to assume them.<ref name=r244>[[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 244–248; [[#kara|Karabell]], pp. 61–63</ref> Through the summer, Arthur refused to travel to Washington and was at his [[Lexington Avenue (Manhattan)|Lexington Avenue]] home when, on the night of September 19, he learned that Garfield had died.<ref name=r244/> Judge [[John R. Brady]] of the [[New York Supreme Court]] administered the [[Oath of office of the President of the United States|oath of office]] in Arthur's home at 2:15 a.m. the following day, and Arthur boarded a train for the nation's capital two days later.<ref name=r244/>

==Presidency 1881–1885==
[[File:Arthur-cabinet.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Drawing of a group of men looking at another man|''On the threshold of office, what have we to expect of him?'' In an 1881 ''[[Puck (magazine)|Puck]]'' cartoon, Arthur faces the [[James Garfield#Administration and Cabinet|presidential cabinet]] after President [[James A. Garfield]] was assassinated. ]]

===Taking office===
Arriving in Washington on September 22, Arthur repeated the oath of office, this time administered by Chief Justice [[Morrison R. Waite]], because of concerns that a state judge may have lacked the authority to administer the presidential oath.<ref>[[#doenecke|Doenecke]], pp. 53–54; [[#reeves|Reeves]], p. 248</ref> He first resided at the home of Senator [[John P. Jones]] in anticipation of significant remodeling he had ordered for the White House, including the addition of an elaborate fifty-foot glass screen made by [[Louis Comfort Tiffany]].<ref name=r252>[[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 252–253, 268–269</ref> Since Arthur was a widower, his sister, [[Mary Arthur McElroy]], served as White House hostess.<ref name=r252/> Arthur rapidly became Washington's most eligible bachelor and his social life became the subject of many rumors, but he remained devoted only to the memory of his late wife.<ref name=r275>[[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 275–276</ref> His son, Chester Jr., was then a freshman at [[Princeton University]] and his daughter, Nell, stayed in New York with a [[governess]] until 1882; when she arrived, Arthur attempted to shield her from the intrusions of the press as much as he could.<ref name=r275/>

Arthur quickly came into conflict with Garfield's cabinet, most of whose members represented Republican factions that opposed him. He asked the cabinet members to remain until December, when Congress would reconvene, but Treasury Secretary [[William Windom]] submitted his resignation in October to enter a Senate race in his home state of [[Minnesota]].<ref name=windom>[[#howe|Howe]], p. 160; [[#reeves|Reeves]], p. 254</ref> Arthur replaced him with [[Charles J. Folger]], his friend and fellow New York Stalwart.<ref name=windom/> Attorney General [[Wayne MacVeagh]] was next to resign, believing that, as a reformer, he had no place in an Arthur cabinet.<ref name=macveigh>[[#howe|Howe]], p. 161; [[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 254–255</ref> Despite Arthur's personal appeal to remain, MacVeigh resigned in December 1881 and Arthur replaced him with [[Benjamin H. Brewster]], a [[Philadelphia]] lawyer and machine politician who was thought to have some reformist leanings.<ref name=macveigh/> Blaine, arch-nemesis of the Stalwart faction, agreed to remain Secretary of State until Congress reconvened, and when it did so he departed immediately.<ref name=blaine>[[#howe|Howe]], pp. 160–161; [[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 255–257</ref> Conkling expected Arthur to appoint him in Blaine's place, but the President instead chose [[Frederick Theodore Frelinghuysen|Frederick T. Frelinghuysen]] of New Jersey, a Stalwart recommended by ex-President Grant.<ref name=blaine/> Frelinghuysen advised Arthur not to fill any future vacancies with Stalwarts, but when Postmaster General James resigned in January 1882, Arthur selected [[Timothy O. Howe]], a [[Wisconsin]] Stalwart, to replace him.<ref name=r257>[[#howe|Howe]], pp. 162–163; [[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 257–258</ref> Navy Secretary [[William H. Hunt]] was next to resign, in April 1882, and Arthur attempted a more balanced approach by appointing [[William E. Chandler]] to the post, on Blaine's recommendation.<ref name=r257/> Finally, when Interior Secretary [[Samuel J. Kirkwood]] resigned that same month, Arthur appointed [[Henry M. Teller]], a [[Colorado]] Stalwart to the office.<ref name=r257/> Of the Cabinet members Arthur had inherited from Garfield, only Secretary of War [[Robert Todd Lincoln]] remained for the entirety of Arthur's term.<ref name=r257/>

===Civil service reform===
[[File:Chester A. Arthur by Ole Peter Hansen Balling.JPG|alt=Portrait of a man with a tremendous mustache|thumb|[[Ole Peter Hansen Balling]]'s 1881 portrait of Chester A. Arthur]]
In the 1870s, the public became aware of a [[star route scandal|scandal]] in which contractors for [[Star routes|star postal routes]] were greatly overpaid for their services with the connivance of government officials (including Second Assistant Postal Secretary [[Thomas J. Brady]] and former Senator [[Stephen Wallace Dorsey]]).<ref name=star>[[#doenecke|Doenecke]], pp. 93–95; [[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 297–298</ref> This was an example of the kind of corruption that reformers feared Arthur would permit, and reformers grew concerned that the former supporter of the spoils system would not devote his administration's energy to continuing the investigation into the scandal.<ref name=star/> Nevertheless, the new Attorney General, Brewster, continued the investigations begun by MacVeigh and hired notable Democratic lawyers William W. Ker and [[Richard T. Merrick]] in an attempt both to improve the prosecution team and avoid the appearance of political partisanship.<ref name=star2>[[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 299–300; [[#howe|Howe]], p. 182</ref> Although Arthur had worked closely with Dorsey before taking office, once in office he supported the investigation and forced the resignation of officials suspected in the scandal.<ref name=star2/> An 1882 trial of the ringleaders resulted in convictions for two minor conspirators and a [[hung jury]] for the rest.<ref name=star3>[[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 301–302; [[#howe|Howe]], pp. 185–189</ref> After a juror came forward with allegations that the defendants attempted to bribe him, the judge set aside the guilty verdicts and granted a new trial.<ref name=star3/> Before the second trial began, Arthur removed five federal office holders who were sympathetic with the defense, including a former Senator.<ref name=star4>[[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 303–305; [[#howe|Howe]], pp. 189–193</ref> The second trial began in December 1882 and lasted until July 1883 and, again, did not result in a guilty verdict.<ref name=star4/> Failure to obtain a conviction tarnished the administration's image, but Arthur did succeed in putting a stop to the fraud.<ref name=star4/>

Garfield's assassination by a deranged office seeker amplified the growing public demand for civil service reform.<ref name=r320>[[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 320–324; [[#doenecke|Doenecke]], pp. 96–97; [[#theriault|Theriault]], pp. 52–53, 56</ref> Democratic and Republican leaders both realized that they could attract the votes of reformers by turning against the spoils system and, by 1882, the tide turned in favor of reform.<ref name=r320/> As early as 1880, Democratic Senator [[George H. Pendleton]] of Ohio had introduced legislation that would allow for selection of civil servants based on merit as determined by an [[Civil service examination|examination]].<ref name=r320/> In his first [[State of the Union address|annual Presidential address to Congress]] in 1881, Arthur requested civil service reform legislation and Pendleton again introduced his bill, but Congress did not pass it.<ref name=r320/> Republicans lost seats in the 1882 congressional elections, in which Democrats campaigned on the reform issue.<ref>[[#doenecke|Doenecke]], pp. 99–100; [[#theriault|Theriault]], pp. 57–63</ref> As a result, the [[lame duck session]] of Congress was more amenable to civil service reform; the Senate approved Pendleton's bill 38–5 and the House soon concurred by a vote of 155–47.<ref name=r324>[[#reeves|Reeves]], p. 324; [[#doenecke|Doenecke]], pp. 101–102</ref> Arthur signed the [[Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act]] into law on January 16, 1883.<ref name=r324/> In just two years' time, an unrepentant Stalwart had become the president who ushered in long-awaited civil service reform.<ref name=r324/>

At first, the act applied only to 10% of federal jobs and, without proper implementation by the president, it could have gone no further.<ref name=r325>[[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 325–327; [[#doenecke|Doenecke]], pp. 102–104</ref> Even after he signed the act into law, its proponents doubted Arthur's commitment to reform.<ref name=r325/> To their surprise, he acted quickly to appoint the members of the [[United States Civil Service Commission|Civil Service Commission]] that the law created, naming reformers [[Dorman Bridgeman Eaton]], [[John Milton Gregory]], and [[Leroy D. Thoman]] as commissioners.<ref name=r325/> The chief examiner, [[Silas W. Burt]], was a long-time reformer who had been Arthur's opponent when the two men worked at the New York Customs House.<ref name=h209>[[#howe|Howe]], pp. 209–210</ref> The commission issued its first rules in May 1883; by 1884, half of all postal officials and three-quarters of the [[United States Customs Service|Customs Service]] jobs were to be awarded by merit.<ref name=h209/> That year, Arthur expressed satisfaction in the new system, praising its effectiveness "in securing competent and faithful public servants and in protecting the appointing officers of the Government from the pressure of personal importunity and from the labor of examining the claims and pretensions of rival candidates for public employment."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur%27s_Fourth_State_of_the_Union_Address |title=Fourth State of the Union Address |author=Chester A. Arthur |year=1884 |publisher=Wikisource, The Free Library |accessdate=July 15, 2011}}</ref>

===Surplus and the tariff===
With high income held over from [[American Civil War|wartime]] taxes, coupled with debt management problems and the inability to pass a program for early debt retirement, the federal government had collected more revenue than it had spent since 1866 and, by 1882, the surplus had reached $145 million,<ref name=r328>[[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 328–329; [[#doenecke|Doenecke]], p. 168</ref> Opinions varied on how to [[Balanced budget|balance the budget]], but nonetheless these surpluses created a tendency to overspend.<ref name="Kim-Dwor">Lewis A. Kimmel, ''Federal-Budget and Fiscal Policy 1789-1958'', (Washington, D. C.: The Brooking Institute, 1959). Cited in Dworsky: "The temptation to squander money was overwhelming; the Rivers and Harbors Act passed over (President) Arthur's veto in 1882 demonstrated how strongly it lay upon the Congress."</ref> Most Democrats wished to lower tariffs, in order to reduce revenues and lower the cost of imported goods. Republicans largely disagreed, believing that high tariffs ensured high wages for men employed in manufacturing and [[natural resource extraction]]. They preferred that the government spend more on [[internal improvements]] and reduce [[excise]] taxes.<ref name=r328/> Arthur mostly agreed with his party, and in 1882 called for the abolition of excise taxes on everything except liquor, as well as a simplification of the complex tariff structure.<ref name=r330>[[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 330–333; [[#doenecke|Doenecke]], pp. 169–171</ref> In May of that year, Representative [[William D. Kelley]] of Pennsylvania introduced a bill to establish a tariff commission.<ref name=r330/> The bill passed and Arthur signed it into law but appointed mostly [[Protectionism|protectionists]] to the committee. Republicans were pleased with the committee's make-up but were surprised when, in December 1882, they submitted a report to Congress calling for tariff cuts averaging between 20 and 25%. The commission's recommendations were ignored, however, as the [[United States House Committee on Ways and Means|House Ways and Means Committee]], dominated by protectionists, wrote the law to yield reductions of 10%.<ref name=r330/> After conference with the Senate, the bill that emerged only reduced tariffs by an average of 1.47%. The bill passed both houses narrowly on March 3, 1883, the last full day of the [[47th United States Congress|47th Congress]]. Arthur signed the measure into law, but it did little to reduce the surplus.<ref name=r334>[[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 334–335</ref>

At the same time and closely tied to the tariff and budget debate, Congress attempted to balance the budget from the other side of the ledger by spending on the 1882 [[Rivers and Harbors Act]] that contained the then-unprecedented expenditure of $19 million for internal improvements.<ref name=r280>[[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 280–282; [[#doenecke|Doenecke]], p. 81</ref> While Arthur was not opposed to internal improvements, the scale of the bill disturbed him, as did its focus on "particular localities," rather than on projects that benefited a large part of the nation.<ref name=r280/> On August 1, 1882, Arthur vetoed the bill to widespread popular acclaim.<ref name=r280/> In his veto message, he wrote that his principal objection to the bill was that it appropriated funds for purposes "not for the common defense or general welfare, and which do not promote commerce among the States."<ref>[[#reeves|Reeves]], p. 281</ref> Congress [[Veto override|overrode]] his veto,<ref name=r280/> and the new law reduced the surplus by $19 million. Many Republicans considered the law a success at the time, but later believed the unpopular law contributed to their loss of seats in the elections of 1882.<ref>[[#howe|Howe]], pp. 196–197; [[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 281–282; [[#kara|Karabell]], p. 90</ref>

===Foreign affairs and immigration===
[[File:The only one barred out cph.3b48680.jpg|thumb|alt=A Chinese man sitting outside a locked gate|A political cartoon from 1882, criticizing [[Chinese exclusion]]]]
During the [[Presidency of James Garfield|Garfield administration]], Secretary of State [[James G. Blaine]] took the United States' diplomacy in [[Latin America]] in a new direction, urging reciprocal trade agreements and offering to mediate disputes among the Latin American nations.<ref name=d55>[[#doenecke|Doenecke]], pp. 55–57; [[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 284–289</ref> Blaine proposed holding a Pan-American conference in 1882 to discuss trade and an end to the [[War of the Pacific]] being fought by [[Bolivia]], [[Chile]], and [[Peru]].<ref name=d55/> This represented a greater involvement in affairs south of the [[Rio Grande]] than the United States had previously attempted, and marked a significant shift in foreign policy.<ref name=d55/> Blaine did not remain in office long enough to see the effort through, and when [[Frederick Theodore Frelinghuysen|Frederick T. Frelinghuysen]] replaced him at the end of 1881, the conference efforts lapsed.<ref name=d129>[[#doenecke|Doenecke]], pp. 129–132; [[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 289–293; [[#bastert|Bastert]], pp. 653–671</ref> Frelinghuysen also discontinued Blaine's peace efforts in the War of the Pacific, fearing that the United States might be drawn into the conflict.<ref name=d129/> Arthur and Frelinghuysen continued Blaine's efforts to encourage trade among the nations of the Western Hemisphere, and a treaty with [[Mexico]] providing for reciprocal tariff reductions was signed in 1882 and approved by the Senate in 1884.<ref name=d173>[[#doenecke|Doenecke]], pp. 173–175; [[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 398–399, 409</ref> The House declined to approve the legislation required to bring the treaty into force, however, rendering it a [[wikt:dead letter|dead letter]].<ref name=d173/> Similar efforts at reciprocal trade treaties with [[Santo Domingo]] and [[Spanish West Indies|Spain's American colonies]] were defeated by February 1885, and an existing reciprocity treaty with the [[Kingdom of Hawaii]] was allowed to lapse.<ref name=d175>[[#doenecke|Doenecke]], pp. 175–178; [[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 398–399, 407–410</ref>

The 47th Congress spent a great deal of its time on the regulation of immigration, at times in accord with Arthur's wishes and at times against them.<ref name=h168>[[#howe|Howe]], pp. 168–169; [[#doenecke|Doenecke]], p. 81</ref> In July 1882, without significant opposition, Congress passed a bill regulating steamships that carried immigrants to the United States.<ref name=h168/> To their surprise, Arthur vetoed it, citing problems in the bill's wording; Congress agreed to reword it, and he signed the revised measure.<ref name=h168/> He also signed in August of that year the [[Immigration Act of 1882]], which levied a fifty-cent tax on immigrants to the United States, as well as excluding from entry the [[mentally ill]], the [[mentally retarded]], [[criminals]], or any person "unable to take care of himself or herself without becoming a public charge."<ref>[[#hutchinson|Hutchinson]], p. 162; [[#howe|Howe]], p. 169</ref> A larger debate concerned the status of one particular group of immigrants: the Chinese. In 1868, the Senate had ratified the [[Burlingame Treaty]] with China, allowing an unrestricted flow of [[Chinese American history|Chinese immigrants]] into the country. As the economy soured after the [[Panic of 1873]], Chinese immigrants were blamed for depressing workmen's wages.<ref name=r277>[[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 277–278; [[#hoog|Hoogenboom]], pp. 387–389</ref> In response, Congress passed a Chinese Exclusion Act in 1879, abrogating the 1868 treaty, which President Hayes vetoed.<ref name=r277/> Three years later, after China had agreed to treaty revisions, Congress tried again to exclude Chinese immigrants. Senator [[John Franklin Miller (senator)|John F. Miller]] of [[California]] introduced a [[Chinese Exclusion Act]] that would have denied Chinese immigrants United States citizenship and completely banned their immigration for the next twenty years.<ref name=r278/> The bill passed the Senate and House by overwhelming margins, arriving at Arthur's desk in April 1882.<ref name=r278>[[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 278–279; [[#doenecke|Doenecke]], pp. 81–84</ref> Arthur vetoed the bill, seeing the twenty-year ban as a breach of the renegotiated treaty of 1880, which allowed only a "reasonable" suspension of immigration. Eastern newspapers praised the veto, but he was widely condemned in the Western states. Congress was unable to override the veto, instead passing a new bill that reduced the ban on Chinese immigration to ten years. Although he still objected to the denial of citizenship to Chinese immigrants, Arthur signed the compromise measure into law on May 6, 1882.<ref name=r278/>[Note 10]

===Naval reform===
[[File:Squadron of Evolution (Hart).jpg|left|thumb|alt=Photograph of four warships|The "Squadron of Evolution" at anchor in 1889, after ''Yorktown'' had been added: ''Chicago'', ''Yorktown'', ''Boston'', ''Atlanta'']]
In the years following the Civil War, [[United States Navy|American naval power]] declined precipitously, shrinking from nearly 700 vessels to just 52, most of which were obsolete.<ref>[[#reeves|Reeves]], p. 337; [[#doenecke|Doenecke]], p. 145</ref> The nation's military focus over the fifteen years before Garfield and Arthur's election had been on the [[American Indian wars|Indian wars]] in the West, rather than the high seas, but as the region was increasingly pacified, many in Congress grew concerned at the poor state of the Navy.<ref name=r338>[[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 338–341; [[#doenecke|Doenecke]], pp. 145–147</ref> Garfield's Secretary of the Navy, [[William H. Hunt]], advocated reform of the Navy and his successor, [[William E. Chandler]], appointed an advisory board to prepare a report on modernization.<ref>[[#doenecke|Doenecke]], pp. 147–149</ref> Based on the suggestions in the report, Congress appropriated funds for the construction of three steel [[protected cruiser]]s (''[[USS Atlanta (1884)|Atlanta]]'', ''[[USS Boston (1884)|Boston]]'', and ''[[USS Chicago (1885)|Chicago]]'') and an armed dispatch-steamer (''[[USS Dolphin (PG-24)|Dolphin]]''), collectively known as the "ABCD Ships" or the "[[Squadron of Evolution]]".<ref name=navy>[[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 342–343; [[#abbot|Abbot]], pp. 346–347</ref> Congress also approved funds to rebuild four [[monitor (warship)|monitors]] (''[[USS Puritan (BM-1)|Puritan]]'', ''[[USS Amphitrite (BM-2)|Amphitrite]]'', ''[[USS Monadnock (BM-3)|Monadnock]]'', and ''[[USS Terror (BM-4)|Terror]],'') which had lain uncompleted since 1877.<ref name=navy/> The contracts to build the ABCD ships were all awarded to the low bidder, [[John Roach & Sons]] of [[Chester, Pennsylvania|Chester]], Pennsylvania,<ref name=r343>[[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 343–345; [[#doenecke|Doenecke]], pp. 149–151</ref> even though Roach once employed Secretary Chandler as a lobbyist.<ref name=r343/> Democrats turned against the "New Navy" projects and, when they won control of the [[48th United States Congress|48th Congress]], refused to appropriate funds for seven more steel warships.<ref name=r343/> Even without the additional ships, the state of the Navy improved when, after several construction delays, the last of the new ships entered service in 1889.<ref name=r349>[[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 349–350; [[#doenecke|Doenecke]], pp. 152–153</ref>
{{-}}

===Civil rights===
[[File:William Mahone.jpg|thumb|Arthur thought the Readjuster Party, led by [[William Mahone]], could succeed in advancing civil rights in Virginia where Republicans had failed.]]
Like his Republican predecessors, Arthur struggled with the question of how his party was to challenge the Democrats in [[Southern United States|the South]] and how, if at all, to protect the civil rights of black southerners.<ref name=r306>[[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 306–308; [[#doenecke|Doenecke]], pp. 105–108</ref> Since the end of [[Reconstruction Era of the United States|Reconstruction]], conservative white Democrats (or "[[Bourbon Democrat]]s") had regained power in the South, and the Republican party dwindled rapidly as their primary supporters in the region, blacks, [[Disfranchisement after Reconstruction era|were disenfranchised]].<ref name=r306/> One crack in the [[Solid South|solidly Democratic South]] emerged with the growth of a new party, the [[Readjuster Party|Readjusters]], in Virginia.<ref name=r307>[[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 307–309; [[#ayers|Ayers]], pp. 46–47</ref> Having won an election in that state on a platform of more education funding (for black and white schools alike) and abolition of the [[poll tax]] and the [[pillory|whipping post]], many northern Republicans saw the Readjusters as a more viable ally in the South than the moribund southern Republican party.<ref name=r307/> Arthur agreed, and directed the federal patronage in Virginia through the Readjusters rather than the Republicans.<ref name=r307/> He followed the same pattern in other Southern states, forging coalitions with independents and [[Greenback Party]] members.<ref name=r307/> Some black Republicans felt betrayed by the pragmatic gambit, but others (including [[Frederick Douglass]] and ex-Senator [[Blanche K. Bruce]]) endorsed the administration's actions, as the Southern independents had more liberal racial policies than the Democrats.<ref name=r310>[[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 310–313</ref> Arthur's coalition policy was only successful in Virginia, however, and by 1885 the Readjuster movement began to collapse with the election of a Democratic president.<ref>[[#ayers|Ayers]], pp. 47–48</ref> Other federal action on behalf of blacks was equally ineffective: when the Supreme Court struck down the [[Civil Rights Act of 1875]] in [[United States v. Harris|an 1883 decision]], Arthur expressed his disagreement with the decision in a message to Congress, but was unable to persuade Congress to pass any new legislation in its place.<ref>[[#doenecke|Doenecke]], pp. 112–114</ref> Arthur did, however, effectively intervene to overturn a [[court-martial]] ruling against a black [[United States Military Academy|West Point]] cadet, [[Johnson Chesnut Whittaker|Johnson Whittaker]], after the [[Judge Advocate General of the United States Army|Judge Advocate General of the Army]], [[David G. Swaim]], found the prosecution's case against Whittaker legally invalid and based on racial animus.<ref>[[#marszalek|Marszalek]], ''[[passim]].''</ref> The administration faced a different challenge in the West, where [[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints|the Mormon Church]] was under government pressure to stop the practice of [[polygamy]] in [[Utah Territory]].<ref name=d84>[[#doenecke|Doenecke]], pp. 84–85</ref> Garfield had believed polygamy was criminal behavior and was morally detrimental to family values, and Arthur's views were, for once, in line with his predecessor's.<ref name=d84/> In 1882, he signed the [[Edmunds Act]] into law, making polygamy a federal crime and barring polygamists from public office.<ref name=d84/>

===Indian policy===
The Arthur administration also dealt with changing relations with western [[Native Americans in the United States|American Indian]] tribes.<ref name=d85>[[#doenecke|Doenecke]], pp. 85–89</ref> The Indian Wars were winding down, and public sentiment was shifting toward more favorable treatment of Native Americans. Arthur urged Congress to increase funding for Indian education, which it did in 1884, although not to the extent he wished.<ref name=d89>[[#doenecke|Doenecke]], pp. 89–92; [[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 362–363</ref> He also favored a move to the [[Allotment Era|allotment system]], under which individual Native Americans, rather than tribes, would own land. Arthur was unable to convince Congress to adopt the idea during his administration but, in 1887, the [[Dawes Act]] changed the law to favor such a system.<ref name=d89/> The allotment system was favored by liberal reformers at the time, but eventually proved detrimental to Native Americans as most of their land was resold at low prices to white [[Speculation|speculators]].<ref>[[#doenecke|Doenecke]], p. 91; [[#stuart|Stuart]], pp. 452–454</ref> During Arthur's presidency, settlers and cattle ranchers continued to encroach on Indian territory.<ref name=d89-90>[[#doenecke|Doenecke]], pp. 89-90; [[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 362–363</ref> Arthur initially resisted their efforts, but after Secretary of the Interior [[Henry M. Teller]], an opponent of allotment, assured him that the lands were not protected, Arthur opened up the [[Crow Creek Reservation]] in the [[Dakota Territory]] to settlers by executive order in 1885.<ref name=d89-90/> Arthur's successor, [[Grover Cleveland]], finding that title belonged to the Indians, revoked Arthur's order a few months later.<ref name=d89-90/>

===Health, travel, and renomination===
[[File:President Chester A. Arthur Yellowstone National Park Expedition 1883.jpg|alt=A group of men seated in a forest|thumb|left|Arthur on an expedition in [[Yellowstone National Park]] along with [[Philip Sheridan]] and [[Robert Todd Lincoln]].]]
Shortly after becoming President, Arthur was diagnosed with [[Bright's disease]], a [[kidney]] ailment now referred to as [[nephritis]].<ref name=r317>[[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 317–318; [[#howe|Howe]], pp. 243–244</ref> He attempted to keep his condition private, but by 1883 rumors of his illness began to circulate.<ref name=r317/> By that time he had become thinner and more aged in appearance, as well as less energetic in keeping up with the demands of the presidency.<ref name=r317/> Hoping to rejuvenate his health by getting out of Washington, Arthur and some political friends traveled to [[Florida]] in April 1883.<ref name=r355>[[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 355–359; [[#howe|Howe]], pp. 244–246</ref> The vacation had the opposite effect, and Arthur suffered from intense pain before returning to Washington.<ref name=r355/> Later that year, on the advice of [[Missouri]] Senator [[George Graham Vest]], he visited [[Yellowstone National Park]].<ref name=r364>[[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 364–367; [[#howe|Howe]], pp. 247–248</ref> Reporters accompanied the presidential party, helping to publicize the new [[History of the National Park Service|National Park system]].<ref name=r364/> The Yellowstone trip was more beneficial to Arthur's health than his Florida excursion, and he returned to Washington refreshed after two months of travel.<ref>[[#kara|Karabell]], pp. 124–125; [[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 366–367</ref>

As the [[United States presidential election, 1884|1884 presidential election]] approached, [[James G. Blaine]] was thought to be the favorite for the Republican nomination, but Arthur, too, contemplated a run for a full term as President.<ref name=r368>[[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 368–371; [[#howe|Howe]], pp. 254–257</ref> In the months leading up to the [[1884 Republican National Convention]], however, Arthur began to realize that neither faction of the Republican party was prepared to give him their full support: the Half-Breeds were again solidly behind Blaine, while Stalwarts were undecided; some backed Arthur, with others considering Senator [[John A. Logan]] of Illinois.<ref name=r368/> Reform-minded Republicans, friendlier to Arthur after he endorsed civil service reform, were still not certain enough of his reform credentials to back him over Senator [[George F. Edmunds]] of Vermont, who had long favored their cause.<ref name=r368/> Business leaders supported him, as did Southern Republicans who owed their jobs to his control of the patronage, but by the time they began to rally around him, Arthur had decided against a serious campaign for the nomination.<ref name=r373>[[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 373–375; [[#doenecke|Doenecke]], pp. 181–182</ref> He kept up a token effort, believing that to drop out would cast doubt on his actions in office and raise questions about his health, but by the time the convention began in June, his defeat was almost assured.<ref name=r373/> Blaine led on the first ballot, and by the fourth ballot he had a majority.<ref name=r380>[[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 380–381; [[#howe|Howe]], pp. 264–265</ref> Arthur [[telegraph]]ed his congratulations to Blaine and accepted his defeat with equanimity.<ref name=r380/> He played no role in the 1884 campaign, which Blaine would later say contributed to his loss that November to the Democratic nominee, [[Grover Cleveland]].<ref name=r387>[[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 387–389; [[#howe|Howe]], pp. 265–266</ref>

===Administration and cabinet===
[[File:Chester_A_Arthur_by_Daniel_Huntington.jpeg|alt=Portrait of a man in a fur coat|thumb|right| Official White House portrait of Chester A. Arthur by [[Daniel Huntington]]]]
{{Infobox U.S. Cabinet
|align=left
|clear=yes
|Name=Arthur
|President=Chester A. Arthur
|President start=1881
|President end=1885
|Vice President= ''None''
|Vice President start=1881
|Vice President end=1885
|State=[[James G. Blaine]]
|State date=1881
|State 2=[[Frederick Theodore Frelinghuysen|Frederick T. Frelinghuysen]]
|State start 2=1881
|State end 2=1885
|War=[[Robert Todd Lincoln|Robert T. Lincoln]]
|War start=1881
|War end=1885
|Treasury=[[William Windom]]
|Treasury date=1881
|Treasury 2=[[Charles J. Folger]]
|Treasury start 2=1881
|Treasury end 2=1884
|Treasury 3=[[Walter Q. Gresham]]
|Treasury date 3=1884
|Treasury 4=[[Hugh McCulloch]]
|Treasury start 4=1884
|Treasury end 4=1885
|Justice=[[Wayne MacVeagh]]
|Justice date=1881
|Justice 2=[[Benjamin H. Brewster]]
|Justice start 2=1881
|Justice end 2=1885
|Post=[[Thomas Lemuel James|Thomas L. James]]
|Post date=1881
|Post 2=[[Timothy O. Howe]]
|Post start 2=1881
|Post end 2=1883
|Post 3=[[Walter Q. Gresham]]
|Post start 3=1883
|Post end 3=1884
|Post 4=[[Frank Hatton (U.S. politician)|Frank Hatton]]
|Post start 4=1884
|Post end 4=1885
|Navy=[[William H. Hunt]]
|Navy start=1881
|Navy end=1882
|Navy 2=[[William E. Chandler]]
|Navy start 2=1882
|Navy end 2=1885
|Interior=[[Samuel J. Kirkwood]]
|Interior start=1881
|Interior end=1882
|Interior 2=[[Henry Moore Teller|Henry M. Teller]]
|Interior start 2=1882
|Interior end 2=1885
}}

===Judicial appointments===
{{Main|List of federal judges appointed by Chester A. Arthur|l1=Chester A. Arthur judicial appointments}}
Arthur made appointments to fill two vacancies on the [[United States Supreme Court]]. The first vacancy arose in July 1881 with the death of [[Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States|Associate Justice]] [[Nathan Clifford]], a Democrat who had been a member of the Court since before the Civil War.<ref name=r260>[[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 260–261; [[#howe|Howe]], p. 195</ref> Arthur nominated [[Horace Gray]], a distinguished jurist from the [[Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court]] to replace him, and the nomination was easily confirmed.<ref name=r260/> Gray would serve until 1902 and was the author of the court's [[majority opinion]] in ''[[United States v. Wong Kim Ark]],'' which overturned the section of the Chinese Exclusion Act that denied Chinese-Americans citizenship. The second vacancy occurred when Associate Justice [[Ward Hunt]] retired in January 1882. Arthur first nominated his old political boss, [[Roscoe Conkling]]; he doubted that Conkling would accept, but felt obligated to offer a high office to his former patron.<ref name=r260/> The Senate confirmed the nomination but, as expected, Conkling declined it,<ref name=r260/> the last time a confirmed nominee declined his appointment.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.senate.gov/pagelayout/reference/nominations/Nominations.htm |title=Supreme Court Nominations, present-1789 |publisher=U.S. Senate |accessdate=February 11, 2012}}</ref> Senator George Edmunds was Arthur's next choice, but he declined to be considered.<ref>[[#doenecke|Doenecke]], p. 76</ref> Instead, Arthur nominated [[Samuel Blatchford]], a judge on the [[United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit|Second Circuit Court of Appeals]] for the last fifteen years.<ref name=r260/> Blatchford accepted, and his nomination was approved within two weeks.<ref name=r260/> Blatchford served on the Court until his death in 1893.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fjc.gov/servlet/nGetInfo?jid=192&cid=999&ctype=na&instate=na |title=Blatchford, Samuel M. |work=Biographical Directory of Federal Judges |publisher=Federal Judicial Center |accessdate=July 27, 2011}}</ref>

==Retirement and death==
[[File:Chet Arthur Mad Sq jeh.JPG|alt=Bronze statue of a man in a city park|thumb|upright|Chester A. Arthur statue at [[Madison Square]] in [[New York City]]]]
Arthur left office in 1885 and returned to his New York City home. Two months before the end of his term, several New York Stalwarts approached him to request that he run for United States Senate, but he declined, preferring to return to his old law practice at Arthur, Knevals & Ransom.<ref name=r412>[[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 412–414</ref> His health limited his activity with the firm, and Arthur served only [[of counsel]]. He took on few assignments with the firm and was often too ill to leave his house.<ref name=r416>[[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 416–418</ref> He managed a few public appearances, up until the end of 1885.<ref name=r416/>

After summering in [[New London, Connecticut]], in 1886, he returned quite ill and, on November 16, ordered nearly all of his papers, both personal and official, burned.<ref name=r416/>[Note 11] The next morning, Arthur suffered a [[cerebral hemorrhage]] and never regained consciousness; he died the following day at the age of 57.<ref name=r416/> On November 22, a private funeral was held at the [[Church of the Heavenly Rest]] in New York City, attended by President Cleveland and ex-President Hayes, among other notables.<ref name=r418>[[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 418–419</ref> Arthur was buried next to the graves of many of his family members and ancestors in the [[Albany Rural Cemetery]] in [[Menands, New York]]. He was laid beside his wife in a [[sarcophagus]] on a large corner of the plot.<ref name=r416/>

==See also==
* [[Arthur Cottage]], ancestral home, [[Cullybackey]], [[County Antrim]], [[Northern Ireland]]

==Notes==
1. Some older sources list the date as October 5, 1830,<ref>[[#howe|Howe]], p. 5</ref> but biographer [[Thomas C. Reeves]] confirms that this is incorrect: Arthur claimed to be a year younger "out of simple vanity."<ref name=reeves5>[[#reeves|Reeves]], p. 5</ref>

2. Arthur pronounced his middle name with the accent on the second syllable.<ref name=reeves5/>

3. The [[Twelfth Amendment to the United States Constitution]] applies that clause, which specifically restricts presidential eligibility, to would-be vice presidents, as well: "no person constitutionally ineligible to the office of President shall be eligible to that of Vice-President".

4. $10,000 in 1870 is equal to $184,000 in present terms.{{Inflation-fn|US}}

5. $50,000 in 1871 is equal to $$970,000 in present terms.{{Inflation-fn|US}}

6. [[Charles K. Graham]] filled Merritt's former position.<ref>[[#hoog|Hoogenboom]], p. 370</ref>

7. Biographer George Howe takes this exchange at face value,<ref>[[#howe|Howe]], p. 109</ref> but later biographers suspect it may be apocryphal.<ref>[[#reeves|Reeves]], p. 179; [[#kara|Karabell]], pp. 40–41</ref>

8. Before the passage of the [[Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution]], Senators were elected by state legislatures.

9. Conkling and Pratt were ultimately denied re-election, being succeeded by [[Elbridge G. Lapham]] and [[Warner Miller]], respectively.

10. The portion of the law denying citizenship to Chinese-Americans would be found unconstitutional in ''[[United States v. Wong Kim Ark]]'' in 1898.

11. A small number of Arthur's papers survived and passed to his grandson, [[Gavin Arthur]], who allowed Arthur's biographer, Thomas C. Reeves, to examine them the 1970s.<ref>[[#reeves72|Reeves 1972]], ''passim''.</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=20em}}

==Sources==
{{refbegin}}
'''Books'''
* {{cite book |title=The Naval History of the United States |volume=2 |last=Abbot |first=Willis J. |authorlink=Willis J. Abbot |publisher=Peter Fenelon Collier |year=1896 |oclc=3453791 |url=http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/26416 |ref=abbot}}
*{{cite book |title=The Promise of the New South: Life After Reconstruction |last=Ayers |first=Edward L. |authorlink=Edward L. Ayers |year=2007 |origyear=1992 |publisher=Oxford University Press, USA |location=New York |isbn=0195326881 |ref=ayers}}
*{{cite book |title=The Presidencies of James A. Garfield and Chester A. Arthur |last=Doenecke |first=Justus D. |year=1981 |publisher=University Press of Kansas |location=Lawrence, Kansas |isbn=0700602089 |ref=doenecke}}
* {{cite book |author=Hoogenboom, Ari |title=Rutherford Hayes: Warrior and President|year=1995 |publisher=University Press of Kansas| location=Lawrence, Kansas |isbn=9780700606412 |ref=hoog}}
*{{cite book |title=Chester A. Arthur, A Quarter-Century of Machine Politics |last=Howe |first=George F. |year=1966 |origyear=1935 |publisher=F. Ungar Pub. Co |location=New York |asin=B00089DVIG |ref=howe}}
*{{cite book |title=Winfield Scott Hancock: A Soldier's Life |last=Jordan |first=David M. |year=1988 |publisher=Indiana University Press |location=Bloomfield, Indiana |isbn=0253365805 |ref=jordan}}
*{{cite book |title=Chester Alan Arthur |last=Karabell |first=Zachary |authorlink=Zachary Karabell |year=2004 |publisher=Henry Holt & Co |location=New York |isbn=0805069518 |ref=kara}}
*{{cite book |title=Gentleman Boss: The Life of Chester A. Arthur |last=Reeves |first=Thomas C. |authorlink=Thomas C. Reeves |year=1975 |publisher=Alfred A. Knopf |location=New York |isbn=0394460952 |ref=reeves}}

'''Articles'''
*{{cite journal |title=Diplomatic Reversal: Frelinghuysen's Opposition to Blaine's Pan-American Policy in 1882 |journal=The Mississippi Valley Historical Review |first=Russell H. |last=Bastert |volume=42 |issue=4 |month=March |year=1956 |page=653 |jstor=1889232 |ref=bastert |pages=653–671 |doi=10.2307/1889232}}
*{{cite journal |title=The Present Status of Our Immigration Laws and Policies |journal=The Milbank Memorial Fund Quarterly |first=C.P. |last=Hutchinson |volume=25 |issue=2 |month=April |year=1947 |page=161 |jstor=3348178 |ref=hutchinson |pages=161–173 |doi=10.2307/3348178}}
*{{cite journal |title=A Black Cadet At West Point |journal=American Heritage |first=John F. |last=Marszalek, Jr. |authorlink=John F. Marszalek |volume=22 |issue=5 |month=August |year=1971 |url=http://www.americanheritage.com/content/black-cadet-west-point?page=show |ref=marszalek}}
*{{cite journal |title=Who Were the Stalwarts? Who Were Their Rivals? Republican Factions in the Gilded Age |journal=Political Science Quarterly |first=Allan |last=Peskin |volume=99 |issue=4 |month=Winter |year=1984 |page=703 |jstor=2150708 |ref=peskin |pages=703–716 |doi=10.2307/2150708}}
*{{cite journal |title=The Search for the Chester Alan Arthur Papers |journal=The Wisconsin Magazine of History |first=Thomas C. |last=Reeves |volume=55 |issue=4 |month=Summer |year=1972 |jstor=4634741 |ref=reeves72 |pages=310–319}}
*{{cite journal |title=In Defense of Chester Arthur |journal=The Wilson Quarterly |first=Sybil |last=Schwartz |volume=2 |issue=4 |month=Autumn |year=1978 |page=180 |jstor=40255548 |ref=schwartz |pages=180–184}}
*{{cite journal |title=United States Indian Policy: From the Dawes Act to the American Indian Policy Review Commission |journal=Social Service Review |first=Paul |last=Stuart |volume=51 |issue=3 |month=September |year=1977 |page=451 |jstor=30015511 |ref=stuart |pages=451–463 |doi=10.1086/643524}}
*{{cite journal |title=Patronage, the Pendleton Act, and the Power of the People |journal=The Journal of Politics |first=Sean M. |last=Theriault |volume=65 |issue=1 |month=February |year=2003 |page=50 |jstor=3449855 |ref=theriault |pages=50–68}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
* [http://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/presidents/arthur/index.html Chester Arthur: A Resource Guide] from the Library of Congress
* {{CongBio|A000303}} Retrieved on 2008-09-28
* [http://www.whitehouse.gov/history/presidents/ca21.html White House Biography]
* {{gutenberg author |id=Chester_Alan_Arthur | name=Chester Alan Arthur}}
*[http://americanpresidents.org/presidents/president.asp?PresidentNumber=21 Chester A. Arthur] at [[C-SPAN]]'s ''[[American Presidents: Life Portraits]]''

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{{Navboxes
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{{US Presidents}}
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{{Persondata
|NAME = Arthur, Chester Alan
|ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
|SHORT DESCRIPTION = American politician, lawyer, [[Union (American Civil War)|Union]] [[Union Army|Army]] [[General officer|general]]
|DATE OF BIRTH = October 5, 1829
|PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Fairfield, Vermont]]
|DATE OF DEATH = November 18, 1886
|PLACE OF DEATH = [[New York City]], [[New York]]
}}
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[[Category:1829 births]]
[[Category:1886 deaths]]
[[Category:19th-century American Episcopalians]]
[[Category:American people of English descent]]
[[Category:American people of Scotch-Irish descent]]
[[Category:American people of Welsh descent]]
[[Category:Burials at Albany Rural Cemetery]]
[[Category:Chester A. Arthur| ]]
[[Category:Collectors of the Port of New York]]
[[Category:Deaths from cerebral hemorrhage]]
[[Category:New York Republicans]]
[[Category:People from Fairfield, Vermont]]
[[Category:People of Vermont in the American Civil War]]
[[Category:Presidents of the United States]]
[[Category:Republican Party Presidents of the United States]]
[[Category:Republican Party (United States) vice presidential nominees]]
[[Category:Republican Party Vice Presidents of the United States]]
[[Category:State and National Law School alumni]]
[[Category:Union Army generals]]
[[Category:Union College (New York) alumni]]
[[Category:United States presidential candidates, 1884]]
[[Category:United States vice-presidential candidates, 1880]]

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Directory:Chester A. Arthur

2012-03-05T12:49:03Z

Jackson: typo & fix notes

{{Infobox Officeholder
|name = Chester A. Arthur
|image = 20 Chester Arthur 3x4.jpg
|office = [[List of Presidents of the United States|21st]] [[President of the United States]]
|term_start = September 19, 1881
|term_end = March 4, 1885
|vicepresident = ''None''
|predecessor = [[James A. Garfield]]
|successor = [[Grover Cleveland]]
|office2 = [[List of Vice Presidents of the United States|20th]] [[Vice President of the United States]]
|president2 = [[James A. Garfield]]
|term_start2 = March 4, 1881
|term_end2 = September 19, 1881
|predecessor2 = [[William A. Wheeler]]
|successor2 = [[Thomas A. Hendricks]]
|birth_date = {{birth date|1829|10|5}}
|birth_place = [[Fairfield, Vermont|Fairfield]], Vermont, U.S.
|death_date = {{death date and age|1886|11|18|1829|10|5}}
|death_place = New York City, New York, U.S.
|party = [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] (1854–1886)
|otherparty = [[Whig Party (United States)|Whig]] (Before 1856)
|spouse = [[Ellen Lewis Herndon Arthur|Ellen Herndon]]
|children = William Chester Ellen
|alma_mater = [[Union College]] [[State and National Law School]]
|profession = Lawyer [[Civil service|Civil servant]]
|religion = [[Episcopal Church (United States)|Episcopal]]
|signature = Chester Alan Arthur Signature.svg
|signature_alt = Cursive signature in ink
|allegiance = United States [[Union (American Civil War)|Union]]
|branch = [[Union Army]]
|unit = [[New York Guard]]
|rank = [[Brigadier general (United States)|Brigadier general]]
|battles = [[American Civil War]]
}}

'''Chester Alan Arthur''' (October 5, 1829 – November 18, 1886) was the [[List of Presidents of the United States|21st]] [[President of the United States]] (1881–1885). Becoming President after [[Assassination of James A. Garfield|the assassination]] of President [[James A. Garfield]], Arthur struggled to overcome suspicions of his beginnings as a politician from the New York City [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] machine, succeeding at that task by embracing the cause of civil service reform. His advocacy for, and enforcement of, the [[Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act]] was the centerpiece of his administration.

Born in [[Fairfield, Vermont]], Arthur grew up in [[upstate New York]] and practiced law in New York City. He devoted much of his time to Republican politics and quickly rose in the political machine run by New York Senator [[Roscoe Conkling]]. Appointed by President [[Ulysses S. Grant]] to the lucrative and politically powerful post of [[Collector of the Port of New York]] in 1871, Arthur was an important supporter of Conkling and the [[Stalwart (politics)|Stalwart]] faction of the Republican Party. In 1878 he was replaced by the new president, [[Rutherford B. Hayes]], who was trying to reform the federal patronage system in New York. When James Garfield won the Republican nomination for President in 1880, Arthur was nominated for Vice President to [[Ticket balance|balance the ticket]] by adding an eastern Stalwart to it.

After just half a year as Vice President, Arthur found himself, unexpectedly, in the [[White House|Executive Mansion]]. To the surprise of reformers, Arthur took up the reform cause that had once led to his expulsion from office. He signed the [[Pendleton Act]] into law, and enforced its provisions vigorously. He won plaudits for his veto of a Rivers and Harbors Act that would have appropriated federal funds in a manner he thought excessive. He presided over the rebirth of the [[United States Navy]] but was criticized for failing to alleviate the federal budget surplus that had been accumulating since the end of the [[American Civil War]]. Suffering from poor health, Arthur made only a limited effort to secure renomination in 1884; he retired at the close of his term. As journalist [[Alexander McClure]] would later write, "No man ever entered the Presidency so profoundly and widely distrusted as Chester Alan Arthur, and no one ever retired ... more generally respected, alike by political friend and foe."<ref>[[#reeves|Reeves]], p. 420</ref> Although his failing health and political temperament combined to make his administration less active than a modern presidency, he earned praise among contemporaries for his solid performance in office. The ''New York World'' summed up Arthur's presidency at his death in 1886: "No duty was neglected in his administration, and no adventurous project alarmed the nation."<ref>[[#reeves|Reeves]], p. 423</ref>

==Early life==
===Birth and family===
Chester Alan Arthur was born October 5, 1829, in [[Fairfield, Vermont]].[Note 1] His father, William Arthur, was born just outside the village of [[Cullybackey]], [[County Antrim]], Ireland, and emigrated to [[Dunham, Quebec|Dunham]], [[Lower Canada]] (in present-day [[Quebec]]) in 1818 or 1819 after graduating from Belfast College.<ref name=reeves4>[[#reeves|Reeves]], p. 4; [[#howe|Howe]], p. 4</ref> Arthur's mother, Malvina Stone, was born in Vermont, the daughter of George Washington Stone and Judith Stevens. Malvina's family was primarily of English descent, and her grandfather, Uriah Stone, fought in the [[Continental Army]] during the [[American Revolution]].<ref name=reeves4/> Arthur's mother met his father while he was teaching at a school in Dunham, just over the border from her native Vermont, and the two soon married.<ref name=reeves4/> After their first child, Regina, was born in Dunham, the Arthurs moved around Vermont in quick succession to [[Burlington, Vermont|Burlington]], [[Jericho, Vermont|Jericho]], and [[Waterville, Vermont|Waterville]], as William moved to jobs with different schools.<ref name=reeves4/> In Waterville, William Arthur departed from his Presbyterian upbringing and joined the [[Free Will Baptist]]s, spending the rest of his life as a minister in that sect.<ref name=reeves4/> He also became an outspoken abolitionist, which at times made him unpopular with parts of his congregations and contributed to the family's frequent moves.<ref>[[#howe|Howe]], p. 7; [[#reeves|Reeves]], p. 6</ref> In 1828, the family moved again, to Fairfield, where Chester Alan Arthur was born the following year.<ref name=reeves5/> He was named "Chester" after Chester Abell, the physician and family friend who assisted in his birth, and "Alan" after his paternal grandfather.[Note 2] After Arthur's birth, the family remained in Fairfield until 1832, when the elder Arthur's profession took them on the road again to several towns in Vermont and [[upstate New York]], finally settling in the [[Schenectady]] area.<ref name="reeves7"/>

William Arthur's frequent moves would later form the basis for accusations that Chester Arthur was not a native-born citizen of the United States. After Arthur was [[United States presidential election, 1880|nominated for Vice President in 1880]], his political opponents suggested that he might be constitutionally ineligible to hold that office.<ref>[[#kara|Karabell]], pp. 53–54</ref> A New York attorney, Arthur P. Hinman, apparently hired by his opponents, explored rumors of Arthur's foreign birth.<ref name=hinman>[[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 202–203</ref> Hinman initially alleged that Arthur was born in Ireland and did not come to the United States until he was fourteen years old, which would make him ineligible for the Vice Presidency under the United States Constitution's [[Natural-born-citizen clause of the U.S. Constitution|natural-born citizen clause]].<ref name=hinman/>[Note 3] When that story did not take root, Hinman spread a new rumor that Arthur was born in Canada, but this claim also failed to gain credence.<ref name=hinman/>

===Education===
Arthur spent some of his childhood years living in [[Perry (village), New York|Perry]] and [[Greenwich (village), New York|Greenwich]], New York. During his time at school, his first political inclinations were to support the [[Whig Party (United States)|Whig Party]], and he joined other young Whigs in support of [[Henry Clay]], even participating in a brawl against those students supporting [[James K. Polk]].<ref name=reeves7>[[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 7–8</ref> He also showed his support for the [[Fenian Brotherhood]] by wearing a green coat.<ref name=reeves9>[[#reeves|Reeves]], p. 9</ref> Arthur enrolled in [[Union College]] in 1845 where he studied the traditional [[Classical education movement|classical curriculum]].<ref name=reeves7/> As a senior there in 1848, at age 18, he was elected to [[Phi Beta Kappa]] and was president of the debate society.<ref name=reeves9/> During his winter breaks, Arthur taught school in [[Schaghticoke (town), New York|Schaghticoke]].<ref name=reeves9/>

After graduating, Arthur returned to Schaghticoke and taught school full-time, but soon began to pursue an education in the law.<ref name=reeves10>[[#reeves|Reeves]], p. 10</ref> While studying law, he continued teaching, moving closer to home by taking a job teaching in [[North Pownal, Vermont|North Pownal]], Vermont.<ref name=reeves10/> Coincidentally, future President [[James A. Garfield]] would teach penmanship at the same school three years later, but the two did not cross paths.<ref name=reeves11>[[#reeves|Reeves]], p. 11</ref> In 1852, Arthur moved again, to [[Cohoes, New York|Cohoes]], New York, to become the principal of a school at which his sister Malvina was a teacher.<ref name=reeves11/> After saving enough money, and studying at [[State and National Law School]] in [[Ballston Spa, New York|Ballston Spa]], he moved to New York City the following year to [[Reading law|read law]] at the law office of [[Erastus D. Culver]], an abolitionist lawyer and family friend.<ref>[[#kara|Karabell]], p. 12</ref> When Arthur was admitted to the [[Bar (law)|bar]] in 1854, he joined the firm, which was renamed Culver, Parker, and Arthur.<ref name=reeves14>[[#reeves|Reeves]], p. 14</ref>

==Early career==
[[File:Chester A Arthur 1859.png|thumb|left|upright|alt=Black-and-white photograph of a young man with a mustache|Arthur as a young lawyer]]

===New York lawyer===
When Arthur joined the firm, Culver and New York attorney [[John Jay (lawyer)|John Jay]] (the grandson of the Founding Father of the [[John Jay|same name]]) were pursuing a ''[[habeas corpus]]'' action against Jonathan Lemmon, a Virginia slaveholder who was passing through New York with his eight slaves.<ref name=lemmon>[[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 14–15</ref> In ''[[Lemmon v. New York]]'', Culver argued that, as New York law did not permit slavery, any slave arriving in New York was automatically freed.<ref name=lemmon/> The argument was successful, and after several appeals was upheld by the [[New York Court of Appeals]] in 1860.<ref name=lemmon/> Campaign biographers would later give Arthur much of the credit for the victory; in fact his role was minor, although he was certainly an active participant in the case.<ref name=reeves16>[[#reeves|Reeves]], p. 16</ref> In another civil rights case in 1854, Arthur was the lead attorney representing [[Elizabeth Jennings Graham]] after she was denied a seat on a streetcar because she was black.<ref name=reeves16/> He won the case, and the verdict led to the [[desegregation]] of the New York City streetcar lines.<ref name=reeves16/>

In 1856, Arthur courted [[Ellen Lewis Herndon Arthur|Ellen Herndon]], the daughter of [[William Lewis Herndon]], a Virginia naval officer.<ref>[[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 19–20</ref> The two were soon engaged to be married.<ref>[[#kara|Karabell]], p. 14</ref> Later that year, he started a new law partnership with a friend, Henry D. Gardiner, and traveled with him to Kansas to consider purchasing land and setting up a law practice there.<ref name=reeves16/> At that time, the state was the scene of a [[Bleeding Kansas|brutal struggle]] between pro-slavery and anti-slavery forces, and Arthur lined up firmly with the latter.<ref name=reeves17>[[#reeves|Reeves]], pp.17–18</ref> The rough frontier life did not agree with the genteel New Yorkers; after three or four months the two young lawyers returned to New York City, where Arthur comforted his fiancée after her father was lost at sea in the wreck of the [[SS Central America|SS ''Central America'']].<ref name=reeves17/> In 1859, they were married at [[Calvary Church (Manhattan)|Calvary Episcopal Church]] in Manhattan.<ref>[[#reeves|Reeves]], p. 21</ref> After his marriage, Arthur devoted his efforts to building his law practice, but also found time to engage in [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican party]] politics.<ref name=howe18>[[#howe|Howe]], pp. 18–19</ref>

===Civil War===
[[File:Ellen Arthur.jpg|thumb|upright|alt=Black-and-white photograph of a woman with dark hair|Arthur married [[Ellen Lewis Herndon Arthur|Ellen Herndon]] in 1859.]]
In 1860, Arthur was appointed to the military staff of Governor [[Edwin D. Morgan]].<ref name=howe18/> The office was a patronage appointment of minor importance until the outbreak of the [[American Civil War|Civil War]] in April 1861, when New York and the other northern states were faced with raising and equipping armies of a size never before seen in American history.<ref name=howe20>[[#howe|Howe]], pp. 20–21; [[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 22–23</ref> Arthur was given the rank of [[Brigadier general (United States)|brigadier general]] and assigned to the [[quartermaster]] department.<ref name=howe20/> He was so efficient at housing and outfitting the troops that poured into New York City that he was promoted within the state militia to inspector general in February 1862, and then to quartermaster general that July.<ref>[[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 24–25</ref> He had an opportunity to serve at the front when the [[9th New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment]] elected him [[colonel]] early in the war, but at Governor Morgan's request, he turned it down to remain at his post in New York.<ref>[[#howe|Howe]], p. 25</ref> The closest Arthur came to the front was when he traveled south to inspect New York troops near [[Fredericksburg, Virginia|Fredericksburg]], Virginia, in May 1862, shortly after forces under Major General [[Irwin McDowell]] seized the town during the [[Peninsula Campaign]].<ref name=howe26>[[#howe|Howe]], pp. 26–27; [[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 28–29</ref> That summer, he and other representatives of northern governors met with Secretary of State [[William H. Seward]] in New York to coordinate the raising of additional troops, and spent the next few months enlisting New York's quota of 120,000 men.<ref name=howe26/> Arthur received plaudits for his work, but his post was a political one, and he was relieved of his office in January 1863 when Governor [[Horatio Seymour]], a [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrat]], took office.<ref>[[#reeves|Reeves]], p. 30</ref>

Arthur returned to his law practice in 1863 and the firm of Arthur & Gardiner flourished.<ref>[[#howe|Howe]], pp. 30–31; [[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 33–34</ref> Even as his professional life improved, however, Arthur and his wife experienced a personal tragedy as their only child, William, died suddenly that year at the age of three.<ref>[[#howe|Howe]], pp. 29–30; [[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 34–35</ref> The couple took their son's death hard, and when they had another son, Chester Alan Jr., in 1864, they lavished attention on him.<ref>[[#reeves|Reeves]], p. 35</ref> They would also have a daughter, Ellen, in 1871. Both children survived to adulthood.<ref>[[#reeves|Reeves]], p. 84</ref> Arthur's political prospects improved along with his law practice when his patron, ex-Governor Morgan, was elected to the [[United States Senate]].<ref name=reeves37>[[#reeves|Reeves]], p. 37</ref> He was hired by [[Thomas Murphy (Collector)|Thomas Murphy]], a [[Hatmaking|hatter]] who sold goods to the Union Army, to represent him in Washington. The two became associates within New York Republican party circles, eventually rising in the ranks of the conservative branch of the party dominated by [[Thurlow Weed]].<ref name=reeves37/> In the [[United States presidential election, 1864|presidential election of 1864]], Arthur and Murphy raised funds from Republicans in New York and attended [[Abraham Lincoln]]'s [[Second inauguration of Abraham Lincoln|inauguration in 1865]].<ref>[[#reeves|Reeves]], p. 38</ref>

==New York politician==
===Conkling's machine===
[[File:NYCustomHouseMerchantsExchange.jpg|thumb|left|alt=A columned building with a domed roof|The [[New York Custom House]] (formerly the Merchants' Exchange building) was Arthur's office for seven years.]]
The end of the Civil War meant new opportunities for the men in Morgan's Republican [[Political machine|machine]], including Arthur.<ref name=kara17>[[#kara|Karabell]], p. 17</ref> Morgan leaned toward the conservative wing of the New York Republican party, as did the men who worked for him, including Weed, Seward (who continued in office under President [[Andrew Johnson]]), and [[Roscoe Conkling]] (an eloquent [[Utica, New York|Utica]] Congressman and rising star in the party).<ref name=kara17/> Arthur rarely articulated his own political ideas during his time as a part of the machine; as was common at the time, loyalty and hard work on the machine's behalf was more important than actual political sympathies.<ref>[[#reeves|Reeves]], p. 39; [[#howe|Howe]], p. 37</ref> In 1866, he attempted to secure the position of Naval Officer at the [[New York Custom House]], a lucrative job with few responsibilities, but was unable to do so.<ref name=r40>[[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 40–41</ref> Nevertheless, he continued his law practice (now a solo practitionership after Gardiner's death) and his role in politics, becoming a member of the prestigious [[Century Association|Century Club]] in 1867.<ref name=r40/> Conkling, [[United States Senate election in New York, 1867|elected in 1867]] to the United States Senate, noticed Arthur and aided his rise in the party.<ref name=r44>[[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 44–45</ref> Arthur became chairman of the New York City Republican executive committee in 1868.<ref name=r42>[[#reeves|Reeves]], p. 42; [[#howe|Howe]], p. 39</ref> His ascent in the party hierarchy kept him busy most nights, and his wife began to resent his continual absence from the family home on party business.<ref name=r71>[[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 71–73</ref>

Conkling's machine was solidly behind General [[Ulysses S. Grant]]'s candidacy for president, and Arthur worked to raise funds for Grant's election in 1868.<ref name=r48>[[#reeves|Reeves]], p. 48</ref> The opposing Democratic machine in New York City, known as [[Tammany Hall]], worked for Grant's opponent, former New York Governor Horatio Seymour; while Grant was victorious in the national vote, Seymour carried the state of New York easily.<ref name=r48/> Arthur began to devote more of his time to politics and less to law.<ref name=r49>[[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 49–50; [[#howe|Howe]], p. 42</ref> In 1869, he was appointed counsel to the New York City tax commission under an arrangement his friend Murphy made with [[William Marcy Tweed]], the Tammany Hall boss.<ref name=r49/> He remained at the job until 1870 at a salary of $10,000 a year.<ref name=r49/>[Note 4] Arthur's actual role in the tax commission's duties is still unknown; after Tweed's fall from power in 1871, Arthur never spoke of the Conking machine's cooperation with Tammany Hall.<ref name=r49/> Shortly thereafter, President Grant gave control over the [[New York Custom House]] [[patronage]] to Conkling and appointed Murphy to the position of [[Collector of the Port of New York]].<ref name=r51>[[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 51–53; [[#howe|Howe]], pp. 44–45</ref> Murphy's reputation as a war profiteer and his association with Tammany Hall made him unacceptable to many of his own party, but Conkling nevertheless convinced the Senate to confirm him.<ref name=r51/> The Collector was responsible for hiring hundreds of workers to collect the tariffs due at the United States' busiest port. Typically, these jobs were dispensed to adherents of the political machine responsible for hiring the Collector. Employees were required to make political contributions (known as "assessments") back to the machine, which made the job a highly coveted political plum.<ref name=r61>[[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 61–67; [[#schwartz|Schwartz]], p. 182</ref> Murphy's unpopularity only increased as he replaced workers loyal to Senator [[Reuben Fenton]]'s faction of the Republican party with those loyal to Conkling's.<ref name=r57>[[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 57–58</ref> Eventually, the pressure to replace Murphy grew too great, and Grant asked for his resignation in 1871.<ref name=r57/> To replace him, Grant nominated Arthur.<ref name=r60>[[#reeves|Reeves]], p. 60; [[#howe|Howe]], pp. 46–47</ref>

The Senate confirmed Arthur's appointment. As Collector, he not only controlled nearly a thousand jobs, but he also stood to receive personal compensation as great as any federal officeholder.<ref name=r61/> Arthur's salary was $6,500, but senior customs employees were also compensated by the "moiety" system, which awarded them a percentage of the fines levied on importers who attempted to evade the tariff.<ref name=r59>[[#reeves|Reeves]], p. 59, 63, 85–86</ref> In total, his income came to more than $50,000—more than the president's salary, and more than enough for him to enjoy fashionable clothes and a lavish lifestyle.<ref name=r59/><super.[Note 5]</super> Among those who dealt with the Custom House, Arthur was one of the era's more popular collectors.<ref>[[#reeves|Reeves]], p. 68</ref> He got along with his subordinates and, since Murphy had already filled the staff with Conkling's adherents, he had few occasions to fire anyone.<ref>[[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 69–70</ref> He was also popular within the Republican party as he efficiently collected campaign assessments from the staff and placed party leaders' friends in jobs as positions became available.<ref name=r71/> Arthur had a better reputation than Murphy, but reformers still criticized the patronage structure and the moiety system as corrupt.<ref name=r61/> A rising tide of reform within the party caused Arthur to recharacterize the financial extractions from employees as "voluntary contributions" in 1872, but the principle remained the same and the party reaped the benefit of controlling government jobs.<ref>[[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 76–77</ref> In that year, reform-minded Republicans formed the [[Liberal Republican Party (United States)|Liberal Republican]] party and voted against Grant, but he was [[United States presidential election, 1872|re-elected]] in spite of their opposition.<ref>[[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 78–79</ref> Nevertheless, the movement for civil service reform continued to chip away at Conkling's patronage machine when, after Custom House employees were found to have improperly assessed fines against an importing company in 1874, Congress repealed the moiety system and put the staff, including Arthur, on regular salary.<ref name=r79>[[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 79–84; [[#howe|Howe]], p. 49</ref> As a result, his income dropped to $12,000 a year.<ref name=r79/>

===Clash with Hayes===
[[File:Arthur NYcustoms house cartoon.jpg|thumb|alt=Cartoon of a man kicking another man into the street|A cartoon depicting President [[Rutherford B. Hayes]] kicking Arthur out of the New York Custom House.]]
Arthur's four-year term expired on December 10, 1875, and Conkling, now among the most powerful politicians in Washington, arranged his protégé's reappointment by President Grant.<ref>[[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 87–89</ref> By 1876, Conkling was considering a run for the Presidency himself, but the selection of [[Rutherford B. Hayes]], a reformer, at the [[1876 Republican National Convention]] presaged problems for the machine boss.<ref>[[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 95–96; [[#kara|Karabell]], pp. 26–27</ref> Arthur and the machine gathered campaign funds with their usual zeal, but Conkling limited his own campaign activities to a few speeches.<ref name=r100>[[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 100–105</ref> Hayes's opponent, New York Governor [[Samuel J. Tilden]], carried New York but, after months of [[Electoral Commission (United States)|disputes over certain electoral votes]], lost the Presidency.<ref>[[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 106–107</ref>

Hayes entered office having pledged to reform the patronage system; in 1877, he and Treasury Secretary [[John Sherman]] made Conkling's machine their first target.<ref name=r100/> Sherman ordered a commission led by John Jay to investigate the New York Custom House.<ref>[[#hoog|Hoogenboom]], pp. 318–319</ref> Jay, with whom Arthur had collaborated in the ''Lemmon'' case two decades earlier, suggested that the Custom House was so overstaffed with political appointments that 20% of the employees were expendable.<ref>[[#hoog|Hoogenboom]], pp. 322–325; [[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 118–119; [[#howe|Howe]], pp. 68–69</ref> Sherman was less enthusiastic about the reforms than Hayes and Jay, but he approved the commission's report and ordered Arthur to make the personnel reductions.<ref>[[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 119–120</ref> Arthur appointed a committee of Custom House workers to determine where the cuts were to be made and, after a written protest, carried them out.<ref name=reeves121>[[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 121–122</ref> Notwithstanding his cooperation, the Jay Commission issued a second report critical of Arthur and other Custom House employees, and subsequent reports urging a complete reorganization.<ref name=reeves121/>

Hayes further struck at the heart of the [[spoils system]] by issuing an [[Executive order (United States)|executive order]] that forbade assessments and barred federal office holders from "tak[ing] part in the management of political organizations, caucuses, conventions, or election campaigns".<ref>[[#hoog|Hoogenboom]], pp. 322–325; [[#reeves|Reeves]], p. 121</ref> Arthur and his subordinates, [[Alonzo B. Cornell]] and [[George H. Sharpe]], refused to obey the president's order.<ref>[[#reeves|Reeves]], p. 121</ref> Sherman encouraged Arthur to resign, offering him the [[United States Ambassador to France|consulship at Paris]] in exchange, but Arthur refused.<ref name=r123>[[#reeves|Reeves]], p. 123</ref> In September 1877, Hayes demanded the three men's resignations, which they refused to give.<ref name=r123/> Nonetheless, Hayes submitted appointments of [[Theodore Roosevelt, Sr.]], [[L. Bradford Prince]], and [[Edwin Atkins Merritt|Edwin Merritt]]—all supporters of [[William M. Evarts]], Conkling's New York rival—to the Senate for confirmation as their replacements.<ref>[[#hoog|Hoogenboom]], p. 352; [[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 125–126</ref> The Senate's Commerce Committee, which Conkling chaired, voted unanimously to reject the nominees, and the full Senate rejected Roosevelt and Prince by a vote of 31–25, confirming Merritt only because Sharpe's term had expired.<ref>[[#hoog|Hoogenboom]], pp. 353–355; [[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 126–131</ref>

Arthur's job was thus saved, but only until July 1878 when Hayes took advantage of a Congressional recess to fire him and Cornell, and replace them by [[recess appointment]]s of Merritt and [[Silas W. Burt]], respectively.<ref>[[#hoog|Hoogenboom]], pp. 370–371; [[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 136–137</ref>[Note 6] Conkling opposed the appointees' confirmation when the Senate reconvened in February 1879, but Merritt was approved by a vote of 31–25, as was Burt by 31–19, giving Hayes his most significant civil service reform victory.<ref>[[#hoog|Hoogenboom]], pp. 382–384; [[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 138–148</ref> After six years, Arthur found himself out of a job, but still a political power.<ref>[[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 150–151</ref> In the state elections of 1879, he and Conkling worked to ensure that the Republican nominees for state offices would be men of Conkling's faction, who had become known as [[Stalwart (politics)|Stalwarts]].<ref name=r153>[[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 153–155; [[#peskin|Peskin]], p. 704</ref> They were successful, but narrowly, as Cornell was nominated for governor by a vote of 234–216.<ref name=r153/> Arthur and Conkling campaigned vigorously for the Stalwart ticket and, owing partly to a splintering of the Democratic vote, were victorious.<ref>[[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 153–155; [[#howe|Howe]], pp. 96–99</ref> Arthur and the machine had rebuked Hayes and their intra-party rivals, but Arthur had had only a few days to enjoy his triumph when, on January 12, 1880, his wife died suddenly while he was in Albany organizing the political agenda for the coming year.<ref name=r158>[[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 158–159; [[#kara|Karabell]], pp. 38–39</ref> He was devastated, and never remarried.<ref name=r158/>

==Election of 1880==
{{main|United States presidential election, 1880}}
[[File:1880RepublicanPoster.png|thumb|left|Garfield–Arthur campaign poster]]
Conkling and his fellow Stalwarts wished to follow up their 1879 success at the [[1880 Republican National Convention]] by securing the nomination for their ally, ex-President Grant.<ref name=r160>[[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 160–165</ref> Their opponents in the Republican party, known as [[Half-Breed (politics)|Half-Breeds]], concentrated their efforts on [[James G. Blaine]], a Senator from Maine who was more amenable to civil service reform.<ref name=r160/> Neither candidate commanded a majority of delegates and, deadlocked after thirty-six ballots, the convention turned to a [[dark horse]], [[James A. Garfield]], an Ohio Congressman and Civil War General who was neither Stalwart nor Half-Breed.<ref>[[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 177–178; [[#howe|Howe]], pp. 107–108; [[#kara|Karabell]], pp. 39–40</ref> Garfield and his supporters knew they would face a difficult election without the support of the New York Stalwarts and decided to offer one of them the vice presidential nomination.<ref>[[#kara|Karabell]], p. 41; [[#reeves|Reeves]], p. 178</ref> [[Levi P. Morton]] was the first choice of Garfield's supporters but, on Conkling's advice, refused to run.<ref>[[#howe|Howe]], pp. 107–108</ref> They next approached Arthur. Conkling advised him to also reject the nomination, believing the Republicans would lose.<ref name=r179>[[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 179–181</ref> Arthur thought otherwise and accepted, telling Conkling, "The office of the Vice-President is a greater honor than I ever dreamed of attaining."<ref name=r179/>[Note 7] Conkling eventually reconciled himself with the nomination and campaigned for the [[Ticket (election)|ticket]].<ref>[[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 190–194</ref> As expected, the election was close. The Democratic nominee, General [[Winfield Scott Hancock]], was popular and, since he had not taken unpopular positions (or any positions at all) on the issues of the day, he had not offended any important constituencies.<ref>[[#jordan|Jordan]], pp. 292–305</ref> As Republicans had done since the end of the Civil War, Garfield and Arthur initially focused their campaign on the "[[bloody shirt]]"—the idea that returning Democrats to office would undo the victory of the Civil War and reward [[Secession in the United States|secessionists]].<ref name=r194>[[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 194–196; [[#jordan|Jordan]], pp. 294–295</ref> With the war fifteen years in the past and Union generals at the head of both tickets, the tactic was less effective than the Republicans hoped.<ref name=r194/> Realizing this, they shifted their approach to claim that Democrats would lower the country's [[tariff|protective tariff]], which would allow more cheap manufactured goods to be imported from Europe, thereby putting thousands of workingmen out of work.<ref name=r196>[[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 196–197; [[#jordan|Jordan]], pp. 297–302</ref> This argument struck home in the swing states of New York and [[Indiana]], where many were employed in manufacturing.<ref name=r196/> Hancock did not help his own cause when, in an attempt to remain neutral on the tariff, he said that "[t]he tariff question is a local question", which only served to make him appear uninformed about an important issue.<ref>[[#reeves|Reeves]], p. 196; [[#jordan|Jordan]], p. 301</ref> Candidates for high office did not personally campaign in those days, but Arthur played a part in the campaign in his usual fashion: raising money.<ref>[[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 198–202</ref> The funds were crucial in the close election, and his home state of New York was pivotal.<ref name=r203>[[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 203–204</ref> The Republicans carried New York by 20,000 votes and, in an election with the largest turnout of qualified voters ever recorded—78.4%—they won the nationwide popular vote by just 7,018 votes.<ref name=r203/> The [[Electoral College (United States)|electoral college]] result was more decisive—214 to 155—and Garfield and Arthur were elected.<ref name=r203/>

==Vice Presidency==
[[File:CAArthur-oathofoffice.jpg|thumb|alt=A group of men, one with his hand raised|Arthur taking the oath of office as administered by Judge [[John R. Brady]] at Arthur's home in New York City, September 20, 1881.]]
After the election, Arthur worked to persuade Garfield to fill certain positions—especially that of the Secretary of the Treasury—with his fellow New York Stalwarts.<ref name=r205>[[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 205–207</ref> He was unsuccessful, and the Stalwart machine received a further rebuke when they discovered that Garfield planned to appoint Blaine, Conkling's arch-enemy, as Secretary of State.<ref name=r205/> The running mates, never close, grew farther apart as Garfield continued to freeze out the Stalwarts from the patronage at his disposal. Arthur's status in the administration fell further when, a month before inauguration day, he gave a speech in front of newspaper reporters that suggested the election in Indiana, a [[swing state]], had been won by illegal voting.<ref>[[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 213–216; [[#kara|Karabell]], pp. 52–53</ref> Garfield ultimately appointed a Stalwart, [[Thomas Lemuel James]], to be Postmaster General, but the cabinet fight and Arthur's ill-considered speech left the President and Vice President estranged when they took their oaths of office on March 4, 1881.<ref>[[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 216–219; [[#kara|Karabell]], pp. 54–56</ref> The Senate in the [[47th United States Congress]] was divided among 37 Republicans, 37 Democrats, one independent ([[David Davis (Supreme Court justice)|David Davis]]) who announced he would [[Congressional caucus|caucus]] with the Democrats, one [[Readjuster Party|Readjuster]] ([[William Mahone]]) whose allegiance was uncertain, and four vacancies.<ref name=r220>[[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 220–223</ref> Immediately, the Democrats attempted to organize the Senate, knowing that the vacancies would soon be filled by Republicans.<ref name=r220/> As Vice President, Arthur cast [[List of tie-breaking votes cast by Vice Presidents of the United States|tie-breaking votes]] in favor of the Republicans when Mahone opted to join their caucus.<ref name=r220/> Even so, the Senate remained deadlocked for two months over Garfield's nominations because of Conkling's opposition to some of them.<ref name=r223>[[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 223–230</ref> Just before going into recess in May 1881, the situation became more complicated when Conkling and the other Senator from New York, [[Thomas C. Platt]], resigned in protest of Garfield's continuing opposition to their faction.<ref name=r230>[[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 230–233</ref>

With the Senate in recess, Arthur had no duties in Washington and returned to New York City.<ref name=r233>[[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 233–237; [[#howe|Howe]], pp. 147–149</ref> Once there, he traveled with Conkling to [[Albany, New York|Albany]], where the former Senator had hoped for a quick re-election to the Senate and, thereby, a rebuke to the Garfield administration.<ref name=r233/>[Note 8] The Republican majority in the state legislature was divided on the question, to Conkling and Platt's surprise, and they found themselves fighting for their political lives.<ref name=r233/>[Note 9] While in Albany on July 2, word reached Arthur that Garfield had been shot.<ref name=r233/> The assassin, [[Charles J. Guiteau]], was a deranged office-seeker who believed that assassinating Garfield would convince Arthur to appoint him to a patronage job; he proclaimed to onlookers: "I am a Stalwart, and Arthur will be President!"<ref>[[#kara|Karabell]], p. 59; [[#reeves|Reeves]], p. 237</ref> Despite his claims of friendship with Arthur, the public soon learned that Guiteau was mentally unstable and unconnected with the Vice President.<ref name=r238>[[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 238–241; [[#doenecke|Doenecke]], pp. 53–54</ref> More troubling was the lack of legal guidance on [[United States presidential line of succession|presidential succession]]: as Garfield lingered near death, no one was sure who, if anyone, could exercise presidential authority.<ref name=r241>[[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 241–243; [[#howe|Howe]], pp. 152–154</ref> Moreover, after Conkling's resignation, the Senate had adjourned without electing a ''[[President pro tempore of the United States Senate|president pro tempore]],'' who would normally follow Arthur in the succession.<ref name=r241/> Arthur was reluctant to be seen to act as President while Garfield lived, and the next two months saw a vacuum in the executive office, with Garfield too weak to carry out any of his duties and Arthur refusing to assume them.<ref name=r244>[[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 244–248; [[#kara|Karabell]], pp. 61–63</ref> Through the summer, Arthur refused to travel to Washington and was at his [[Lexington Avenue (Manhattan)|Lexington Avenue]] home when, on the night of September 19, he learned that Garfield had died.<ref name=r244/> Judge [[John R. Brady]] of the [[New York Supreme Court]] administered the [[Oath of office of the President of the United States|oath of office]] in Arthur's home at 2:15 a.m. the following day, and Arthur boarded a train for the nation's capital two days later.<ref name=r244/>

==Presidency 1881–1885==
[[File:Arthur-cabinet.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Drawing of a group of men looking at another man|''On the threshold of office, what have we to expect of him?'' In an 1881 ''[[Puck (magazine)|Puck]]'' cartoon, Arthur faces the [[James Garfield#Administration and Cabinet|presidential cabinet]] after President [[James A. Garfield]] was assassinated. ]]

===Taking office===
Arriving in Washington on September 22, Arthur repeated the oath of office, this time administered by Chief Justice [[Morrison R. Waite]], because of concerns that a state judge may have lacked the authority to administer the presidential oath.<ref>[[#doenecke|Doenecke]], pp. 53–54; [[#reeves|Reeves]], p. 248</ref> He first resided at the home of Senator [[John P. Jones]] in anticipation of significant remodeling he had ordered for the White House, including the addition of an elaborate fifty-foot glass screen made by [[Louis Comfort Tiffany]].<ref name=r252>[[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 252–253, 268–269</ref> Since Arthur was a widower, his sister, [[Mary Arthur McElroy]], served as White House hostess.<ref name=r252/> Arthur rapidly became Washington's most eligible bachelor and his social life became the subject of many rumors, but he remained devoted only to the memory of his late wife.<ref name=r275>[[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 275–276</ref> His son, Chester Jr., was then a freshman at [[Princeton University]] and his daughter, Nell, stayed in New York with a [[governess]] until 1882; when she arrived, Arthur attempted to shield her from the intrusions of the press as much as he could.<ref name=r275/>

Arthur quickly came into conflict with Garfield's cabinet, most of whose members represented Republican factions that opposed him. He asked the cabinet members to remain until December, when Congress would reconvene, but Treasury Secretary [[William Windom]] submitted his resignation in October to enter a Senate race in his home state of [[Minnesota]].<ref name=windom>[[#howe|Howe]], p. 160; [[#reeves|Reeves]], p. 254</ref> Arthur replaced him with [[Charles J. Folger]], his friend and fellow New York Stalwart.<ref name=windom/> Attorney General [[Wayne MacVeagh]] was next to resign, believing that, as a reformer, he had no place in an Arthur cabinet.<ref name=macveigh>[[#howe|Howe]], p. 161; [[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 254–255</ref> Despite Arthur's personal appeal to remain, MacVeigh resigned in December 1881 and Arthur replaced him with [[Benjamin H. Brewster]], a [[Philadelphia]] lawyer and machine politician who was thought to have some reformist leanings.<ref name=macveigh/> Blaine, arch-nemesis of the Stalwart faction, agreed to remain Secretary of State until Congress reconvened, and when it did so he departed immediately.<ref name=blaine>[[#howe|Howe]], pp. 160–161; [[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 255–257</ref> Conkling expected Arthur to appoint him in Blaine's place, but the President instead chose [[Frederick Theodore Frelinghuysen|Frederick T. Frelinghuysen]] of New Jersey, a Stalwart recommended by ex-President Grant.<ref name=blaine/> Frelinghuysen advised Arthur not to fill any future vacancies with Stalwarts, but when Postmaster General James resigned in January 1882, Arthur selected [[Timothy O. Howe]], a [[Wisconsin]] Stalwart, to replace him.<ref name=r257>[[#howe|Howe]], pp. 162–163; [[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 257–258</ref> Navy Secretary [[William H. Hunt]] was next to resign, in April 1882, and Arthur attempted a more balanced approach by appointing [[William E. Chandler]] to the post, on Blaine's recommendation.<ref name=r257/> Finally, when Interior Secretary [[Samuel J. Kirkwood]] resigned that same month, Arthur appointed [[Henry M. Teller]], a [[Colorado]] Stalwart to the office.<ref name=r257/> Of the Cabinet members Arthur had inherited from Garfield, only Secretary of War [[Robert Todd Lincoln]] remained for the entirety of Arthur's term.<ref name=r257/>

===Civil service reform===
[[File:Chester A. Arthur by Ole Peter Hansen Balling.JPG|alt=Portrait of a man with a tremendous mustache|thumb|[[Ole Peter Hansen Balling]]'s 1881 portrait of Chester A. Arthur]]
In the 1870s, the public became aware of a [[star route scandal|scandal]] in which contractors for [[Star routes|star postal routes]] were greatly overpaid for their services with the connivance of government officials (including Second Assistant Postal Secretary [[Thomas J. Brady]] and former Senator [[Stephen Wallace Dorsey]]).<ref name=star>[[#doenecke|Doenecke]], pp. 93–95; [[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 297–298</ref> This was an example of the kind of corruption that reformers feared Arthur would permit, and reformers grew concerned that the former supporter of the spoils system would not devote his administration's energy to continuing the investigation into the scandal.<ref name=star/> Nevertheless, the new Attorney General, Brewster, continued the investigations begun by MacVeigh and hired notable Democratic lawyers William W. Ker and [[Richard T. Merrick]] in an attempt both to improve the prosecution team and avoid the appearance of political partisanship.<ref name=star2>[[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 299–300; [[#howe|Howe]], p. 182</ref> Although Arthur had worked closely with Dorsey before taking office, once in office he supported the investigation and forced the resignation of officials suspected in the scandal.<ref name=star2/> An 1882 trial of the ringleaders resulted in convictions for two minor conspirators and a [[hung jury]] for the rest.<ref name=star3>[[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 301–302; [[#howe|Howe]], pp. 185–189</ref> After a juror came forward with allegations that the defendants attempted to bribe him, the judge set aside the guilty verdicts and granted a new trial.<ref name=star3/> Before the second trial began, Arthur removed five federal office holders who were sympathetic with the defense, including a former Senator.<ref name=star4>[[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 303–305; [[#howe|Howe]], pp. 189–193</ref> The second trial began in December 1882 and lasted until July 1883 and, again, did not result in a guilty verdict.<ref name=star4/> Failure to obtain a conviction tarnished the administration's image, but Arthur did succeed in putting a stop to the fraud.<ref name=star4/>

Garfield's assassination by a deranged office seeker amplified the growing public demand for civil service reform.<ref name=r320>[[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 320–324; [[#doenecke|Doenecke]], pp. 96–97; [[#theriault|Theriault]], pp. 52–53, 56</ref> Democratic and Republican leaders both realized that they could attract the votes of reformers by turning against the spoils system and, by 1882, the tide turned in favor of reform.<ref name=r320/> As early as 1880, Democratic Senator [[George H. Pendleton]] of Ohio had introduced legislation that would allow for selection of civil servants based on merit as determined by an [[Civil service examination|examination]].<ref name=r320/> In his first [[State of the Union address|annual Presidential address to Congress]] in 1881, Arthur requested civil service reform legislation and Pendleton again introduced his bill, but Congress did not pass it.<ref name=r320/> Republicans lost seats in the 1882 congressional elections, in which Democrats campaigned on the reform issue.<ref>[[#doenecke|Doenecke]], pp. 99–100; [[#theriault|Theriault]], pp. 57–63</ref> As a result, the [[lame duck session]] of Congress was more amenable to civil service reform; the Senate approved Pendleton's bill 38–5 and the House soon concurred by a vote of 155–47.<ref name=r324>[[#reeves|Reeves]], p. 324; [[#doenecke|Doenecke]], pp. 101–102</ref> Arthur signed the [[Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act]] into law on January 16, 1883.<ref name=r324/> In just two years' time, an unrepentant Stalwart had become the president who ushered in long-awaited civil service reform.<ref name=r324/>

At first, the act applied only to 10% of federal jobs and, without proper implementation by the president, it could have gone no further.<ref name=r325>[[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 325–327; [[#doenecke|Doenecke]], pp. 102–104</ref> Even after he signed the act into law, its proponents doubted Arthur's commitment to reform.<ref name=r325/> To their surprise, he acted quickly to appoint the members of the [[United States Civil Service Commission|Civil Service Commission]] that the law created, naming reformers [[Dorman Bridgeman Eaton]], [[John Milton Gregory]], and [[Leroy D. Thoman]] as commissioners.<ref name=r325/> The chief examiner, [[Silas W. Burt]], was a long-time reformer who had been Arthur's opponent when the two men worked at the New York Customs House.<ref name=h209>[[#howe|Howe]], pp. 209–210</ref> The commission issued its first rules in May 1883; by 1884, half of all postal officials and three-quarters of the [[United States Customs Service|Customs Service]] jobs were to be awarded by merit.<ref name=h209/> That year, Arthur expressed satisfaction in the new system, praising its effectiveness "in securing competent and faithful public servants and in protecting the appointing officers of the Government from the pressure of personal importunity and from the labor of examining the claims and pretensions of rival candidates for public employment."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur%27s_Fourth_State_of_the_Union_Address |title=Fourth State of the Union Address |author=Chester A. Arthur |year=1884 |publisher=Wikisource, The Free Library |accessdate=July 15, 2011}}</ref>

===Surplus and the tariff===
With high income held over from [[American Civil War|wartime]] taxes, coupled with debt management problems and the inability to pass a program for early debt retirement, the federal government had collected more revenue than it had spent since 1866 and, by 1882, the surplus had reached $145 million,<ref name=r328>[[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 328–329; [[#doenecke|Doenecke]], p. 168</ref> Opinions varied on how to [[Balanced budget|balance the budget]], but nonetheless these surpluses created a tendency to overspend.<ref name="Kim-Dwor">Lewis A. Kimmel, ''Federal-Budget and Fiscal Policy 1789-1958'', (Washington, D. C.: The Brooking Institute, 1959). Cited in Dworsky: "The temptation to squander money was overwhelming; the Rivers and Harbors Act passed over (President) Arthur's veto in 1882 demonstrated how strongly it lay upon the Congress."</ref> Most Democrats wished to lower tariffs, in order to reduce revenues and lower the cost of imported goods. Republicans largely disagreed, believing that high tariffs ensured high wages for men employed in manufacturing and [[natural resource extraction]]. They preferred that the government spend more on [[internal improvements]] and reduce [[excise]] taxes.<ref name=r328/> Arthur mostly agreed with his party, and in 1882 called for the abolition of excise taxes on everything except liquor, as well as a simplification of the complex tariff structure.<ref name=r330>[[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 330–333; [[#doenecke|Doenecke]], pp. 169–171</ref> In May of that year, Representative [[William D. Kelley]] of Pennsylvania introduced a bill to establish a tariff commission.<ref name=r330/> The bill passed and Arthur signed it into law but appointed mostly [[Protectionism|protectionists]] to the committee. Republicans were pleased with the committee's make-up but were surprised when, in December 1882, they submitted a report to Congress calling for tariff cuts averaging between 20 and 25%. The commission's recommendations were ignored, however, as the [[United States House Committee on Ways and Means|House Ways and Means Committee]], dominated by protectionists, wrote the law to yield reductions of 10%.<ref name=r330/> After conference with the Senate, the bill that emerged only reduced tariffs by an average of 1.47%. The bill passed both houses narrowly on March 3, 1883, the last full day of the [[47th United States Congress|47th Congress]]. Arthur signed the measure into law, but it did little to reduce the surplus.<ref name=r334>[[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 334–335</ref>

At the same time and closely tied to the tariff and budget debate, Congress attempted to balance the budget from the other side of the ledger by spending on the 1882 [[Rivers and Harbors Act]] that contained the then-unprecedented expenditure of $19 million for internal improvements.<ref name=r280>[[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 280–282; [[#doenecke|Doenecke]], p. 81</ref> While Arthur was not opposed to internal improvements, the scale of the bill disturbed him, as did its focus on "particular localities," rather than on projects that benefited a large part of the nation.<ref name=r280/> On August 1, 1882, Arthur vetoed the bill to widespread popular acclaim.<ref name=r280/> In his veto message, he wrote that his principal objection to the bill was that it appropriated funds for purposes "not for the common defense or general welfare, and which do not promote commerce among the States."<ref>[[#reeves|Reeves]], p. 281</ref> Congress [[Veto override|overrode]] his veto,<ref name=r280/> and the new law reduced the surplus by $19 million. Many Republicans considered the law a success at the time, but later believed the unpopular law contributed to their loss of seats in the elections of 1882.<ref>[[#howe|Howe]], pp. 196–197; [[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 281–282; [[#kara|Karabell]], p. 90</ref>

===Foreign affairs and immigration===
[[File:The only one barred out cph.3b48680.jpg|thumb|alt=A Chinese man sitting outside a locked gate|A political cartoon from 1882, criticizing [[Chinese exclusion]]]]
During the [[Presidency of James Garfield|Garfield administration]], Secretary of State [[James G. Blaine]] took the United States' diplomacy in [[Latin America]] in a new direction, urging reciprocal trade agreements and offering to mediate disputes among the Latin American nations.<ref name=d55>[[#doenecke|Doenecke]], pp. 55–57; [[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 284–289</ref> Blaine proposed holding a Pan-American conference in 1882 to discuss trade and an end to the [[War of the Pacific]] being fought by [[Bolivia]], [[Chile]], and [[Peru]].<ref name=d55/> This represented a greater involvement in affairs south of the [[Rio Grande]] than the United States had previously attempted, and marked a significant shift in foreign policy.<ref name=d55/> Blaine did not remain in office long enough to see the effort through, and when [[Frederick Theodore Frelinghuysen|Frederick T. Frelinghuysen]] replaced him at the end of 1881, the conference efforts lapsed.<ref name=d129>[[#doenecke|Doenecke]], pp. 129–132; [[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 289–293; [[#bastert|Bastert]], pp. 653–671</ref> Frelinghuysen also discontinued Blaine's peace efforts in the War of the Pacific, fearing that the United States might be drawn into the conflict.<ref name=d129/> Arthur and Frelinghuysen continued Blaine's efforts to encourage trade among the nations of the Western Hemisphere, and a treaty with [[Mexico]] providing for reciprocal tariff reductions was signed in 1882 and approved by the Senate in 1884.<ref name=d173>[[#doenecke|Doenecke]], pp. 173–175; [[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 398–399, 409</ref> The House declined to approve the legislation required to bring the treaty into force, however, rendering it a [[wikt:dead letter|dead letter]].<ref name=d173/> Similar efforts at reciprocal trade treaties with [[Santo Domingo]] and [[Spanish West Indies|Spain's American colonies]] were defeated by February 1885, and an existing reciprocity treaty with the [[Kingdom of Hawaii]] was allowed to lapse.<ref name=d175>[[#doenecke|Doenecke]], pp. 175–178; [[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 398–399, 407–410</ref>

The 47th Congress spent a great deal of its time on the regulation of immigration, at times in accord with Arthur's wishes and at times against them.<ref name=h168>[[#howe|Howe]], pp. 168–169; [[#doenecke|Doenecke]], p. 81</ref> In July 1882, without significant opposition, Congress passed a bill regulating steamships that carried immigrants to the United States.<ref name=h168/> To their surprise, Arthur vetoed it, citing problems in the bill's wording; Congress agreed to reword it, and he signed the revised measure.<ref name=h168/> He also signed in August of that year the [[Immigration Act of 1882]], which levied a fifty-cent tax on immigrants to the United States, as well as excluding from entry the [[mentally ill]], the [[mentally retarded]], [[criminals]], or any person "unable to take care of himself or herself without becoming a public charge."<ref>[[#hutchinson|Hutchinson]], p. 162; [[#howe|Howe]], p. 169</ref> A larger debate concerned the status of one particular group of immigrants: the Chinese. In 1868, the Senate had ratified the [[Burlingame Treaty]] with China, allowing an unrestricted flow of [[Chinese American history|Chinese immigrants]] into the country. As the economy soured after the [[Panic of 1873]], Chinese immigrants were blamed for depressing workmen's wages.<ref name=r277>[[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 277–278; [[#hoog|Hoogenboom]], pp. 387–389</ref> In response, Congress passed a Chinese Exclusion Act in 1879, abrogating the 1868 treaty, which President Hayes vetoed.<ref name=r277/> Three years later, after China had agreed to treaty revisions, Congress tried again to exclude Chinese immigrants. Senator [[John Franklin Miller (senator)|John F. Miller]] of [[California]] introduced a [[Chinese Exclusion Act]] that would have denied Chinese immigrants United States citizenship and completely banned their immigration for the next twenty years.<ref name=r278/> The bill passed the Senate and House by overwhelming margins, arriving at Arthur's desk in April 1882.<ref name=r278>[[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 278–279; [[#doenecke|Doenecke]], pp. 81–84</ref> Arthur vetoed the bill, seeing the twenty-year ban as a breach of the renegotiated treaty of 1880, which allowed only a "reasonable" suspension of immigration. Eastern newspapers praised the veto, but he was widely condemned in the Western states. Congress was unable to override the veto, instead passing a new bill that reduced the ban on Chinese immigration to ten years. Although he still objected to the denial of citizenship to Chinese immigrants, Arthur signed the compromise measure into law on May 6, 1882.<ref name=r278/>[Note 10]

===Naval reform===
[[File:Squadron of Evolution (Hart).jpg|left|thumb|alt=Photograph of four warships|The "Squadron of Evolution" at anchor in 1889, after ''Yorktown'' had been added: ''Chicago'', ''Yorktown'', ''Boston'', ''Atlanta'']]
In the years following the Civil War, [[United States Navy|American naval power]] declined precipitously, shrinking from nearly 700 vessels to just 52, most of which were obsolete.<ref>[[#reeves|Reeves]], p. 337; [[#doenecke|Doenecke]], p. 145</ref> The nation's military focus over the fifteen years before Garfield and Arthur's election had been on the [[American Indian wars|Indian wars]] in the West, rather than the high seas, but as the region was increasingly pacified, many in Congress grew concerned at the poor state of the Navy.<ref name=r338>[[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 338–341; [[#doenecke|Doenecke]], pp. 145–147</ref> Garfield's Secretary of the Navy, [[William H. Hunt]], advocated reform of the Navy and his successor, [[William E. Chandler]], appointed an advisory board to prepare a report on modernization.<ref>[[#doenecke|Doenecke]], pp. 147–149</ref> Based on the suggestions in the report, Congress appropriated funds for the construction of three steel [[protected cruiser]]s (''[[USS Atlanta (1884)|Atlanta]]'', ''[[USS Boston (1884)|Boston]]'', and ''[[USS Chicago (1885)|Chicago]]'') and an armed dispatch-steamer (''[[USS Dolphin (PG-24)|Dolphin]]''), collectively known as the "ABCD Ships" or the "[[Squadron of Evolution]]".<ref name=navy>[[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 342–343; [[#abbot|Abbot]], pp. 346–347</ref> Congress also approved funds to rebuild four [[monitor (warship)|monitors]] (''[[USS Puritan (BM-1)|Puritan]]'', ''[[USS Amphitrite (BM-2)|Amphitrite]]'', ''[[USS Monadnock (BM-3)|Monadnock]]'', and ''[[USS Terror (BM-4)|Terror]],'') which had lain uncompleted since 1877.<ref name=navy/> The contracts to build the ABCD ships were all awarded to the low bidder, [[John Roach & Sons]] of [[Chester, Pennsylvania|Chester]], Pennsylvania,<ref name=r343>[[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 343–345; [[#doenecke|Doenecke]], pp. 149–151</ref> even though Roach once employed Secretary Chandler as a lobbyist.<ref name=r343/> Democrats turned against the "New Navy" projects and, when they won control of the [[48th United States Congress|48th Congress]], refused to appropriate funds for seven more steel warships.<ref name=r343/> Even without the additional ships, the state of the Navy improved when, after several construction delays, the last of the new ships entered service in 1889.<ref name=r349>[[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 349–350; [[#doenecke|Doenecke]], pp. 152–153</ref>
{{-}}

===Civil rights===
[[File:William Mahone.jpg|thumb|Arthur thought the Readjuster Party, led by [[William Mahone]], could succeed in advancing civil rights in Virginia where Republicans had failed.]]
Like his Republican predecessors, Arthur struggled with the question of how his party was to challenge the Democrats in [[Southern United States|the South]] and how, if at all, to protect the civil rights of black southerners.<ref name=r306>[[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 306–308; [[#doenecke|Doenecke]], pp. 105–108</ref> Since the end of [[Reconstruction Era of the United States|Reconstruction]], conservative white Democrats (or "[[Bourbon Democrat]]s") had regained power in the South, and the Republican party dwindled rapidly as their primary supporters in the region, blacks, [[Disfranchisement after Reconstruction era|were disenfranchised]].<ref name=r306/> One crack in the [[Solid South|solidly Democratic South]] emerged with the growth of a new party, the [[Readjuster Party|Readjusters]], in Virginia.<ref name=r307>[[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 307–309; [[#ayers|Ayers]], pp. 46–47</ref> Having won an election in that state on a platform of more education funding (for black and white schools alike) and abolition of the [[poll tax]] and the [[pillory|whipping post]], many northern Republicans saw the Readjusters as a more viable ally in the South than the moribund southern Republican party.<ref name=r307/> Arthur agreed, and directed the federal patronage in Virginia through the Readjusters rather than the Republicans.<ref name=r307/> He followed the same pattern in other Southern states, forging coalitions with independents and [[Greenback Party]] members.<ref name=r307/> Some black Republicans felt betrayed by the pragmatic gambit, but others (including [[Frederick Douglass]] and ex-Senator [[Blanche K. Bruce]]) endorsed the administration's actions, as the Southern independents had more liberal racial policies than the Democrats.<ref name=r310>[[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 310–313</ref> Arthur's coalition policy was only successful in Virginia, however, and by 1885 the Readjuster movement began to collapse with the election of a Democratic president.<ref>[[#ayers|Ayers]], pp. 47–48</ref> Other federal action on behalf of blacks was equally ineffective: when the Supreme Court struck down the [[Civil Rights Act of 1875]] in [[United States v. Harris|an 1883 decision]], Arthur expressed his disagreement with the decision in a message to Congress, but was unable to persuade Congress to pass any new legislation in its place.<ref>[[#doenecke|Doenecke]], pp. 112–114</ref> Arthur did, however, effectively intervene to overturn a [[court-martial]] ruling against a black [[United States Military Academy|West Point]] cadet, [[Johnson Chesnut Whittaker|Johnson Whittaker]], after the [[Judge Advocate General of the United States Army|Judge Advocate General of the Army]], [[David G. Swaim]], found the prosecution's case against Whittaker legally invalid and based on racial animus.<ref>[[#marszalek|Marszalek]], ''[[passim]].''</ref> The administration faced a different challenge in the West, where [[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints|the Mormon Church]] was under government pressure to stop the practice of [[polygamy]] in [[Utah Territory]].<ref name=d84>[[#doenecke|Doenecke]], pp. 84–85</ref> Garfield had believed polygamy was criminal behavior and was morally detrimental to family values, and Arthur's views were, for once, in line with his predecessor's.<ref name=d84/> In 1882, he signed the [[Edmunds Act]] into law, making polygamy a federal crime and barring polygamists from public office.<ref name=d84/>

===Indian policy===
The Arthur administration also dealt with changing relations with western [[Native Americans in the United States|American Indian]] tribes.<ref name=d85>[[#doenecke|Doenecke]], pp. 85–89</ref> The Indian Wars were winding down, and public sentiment was shifting toward more favorable treatment of Native Americans. Arthur urged Congress to increase funding for Indian education, which it did in 1884, although not to the extent he wished.<ref name=d89>[[#doenecke|Doenecke]], pp. 89–92; [[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 362–363</ref> He also favored a move to the [[Allotment Era|allotment system]], under which individual Native Americans, rather than tribes, would own land. Arthur was unable to convince Congress to adopt the idea during his administration but, in 1887, the [[Dawes Act]] changed the law to favor such a system.<ref name=d89/> The allotment system was favored by liberal reformers at the time, but eventually proved detrimental to Native Americans as most of their land was resold at low prices to white [[Speculation|speculators]].<ref>[[#doenecke|Doenecke]], p. 91; [[#stuart|Stuart]], pp. 452–454</ref> During Arthur's presidency, settlers and cattle ranchers continued to encroach on Indian territory.<ref name=d89-90>[[#doenecke|Doenecke]], pp. 89-90; [[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 362–363</ref> Arthur initially resisted their efforts, but after Secretary of the Interior [[Henry M. Teller]], an opponent of allotment, assured him that the lands were not protected, Arthur opened up the [[Crow Creek Reservation]] in the [[Dakota Territory]] to settlers by executive order in 1885.<ref name=d89-90/> Arthur's successor, [[Grover Cleveland]], finding that title belonged to the Indians, revoked Arthur's order a few months later.<ref name=d89-90/>

===Health, travel, and renomination===
[[File:President Chester A. Arthur Yellowstone National Park Expedition 1883.jpg|alt=A group of men seated in a forest|thumb|left|Arthur on an expedition in [[Yellowstone National Park]] along with [[Philip Sheridan]] and [[Robert Todd Lincoln]].]]
Shortly after becoming President, Arthur was diagnosed with [[Bright's disease]], a [[kidney]] ailment now referred to as [[nephritis]].<ref name=r317>[[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 317–318; [[#howe|Howe]], pp. 243–244</ref> He attempted to keep his condition private, but by 1883 rumors of his illness began to circulate.<ref name=r317/> By that time he had become thinner and more aged in appearance, as well as less energetic in keeping up with the demands of the presidency.<ref name=r317/> Hoping to rejuvenate his health by getting out of Washington, Arthur and some political friends traveled to [[Florida]] in April 1883.<ref name=r355>[[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 355–359; [[#howe|Howe]], pp. 244–246</ref> The vacation had the opposite effect, and Arthur suffered from intense pain before returning to Washington.<ref name=r355/> Later that year, on the advice of [[Missouri]] Senator [[George Graham Vest]], he visited [[Yellowstone National Park]].<ref name=r364>[[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 364–367; [[#howe|Howe]], pp. 247–248</ref> Reporters accompanied the presidential party, helping to publicize the new [[History of the National Park Service|National Park system]].<ref name=r364/> The Yellowstone trip was more beneficial to Arthur's health than his Florida excursion, and he returned to Washington refreshed after two months of travel.<ref>[[#kara|Karabell]], pp. 124–125; [[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 366–367</ref>

As the [[United States presidential election, 1884|1884 presidential election]] approached, [[James G. Blaine]] was thought to be the favorite for the Republican nomination, but Arthur, too, contemplated a run for a full term as President.<ref name=r368>[[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 368–371; [[#howe|Howe]], pp. 254–257</ref> In the months leading up to the [[1884 Republican National Convention]], however, Arthur began to realize that neither faction of the Republican party was prepared to give him their full support: the Half-Breeds were again solidly behind Blaine, while Stalwarts were undecided; some backed Arthur, with others considering Senator [[John A. Logan]] of Illinois.<ref name=r368/> Reform-minded Republicans, friendlier to Arthur after he endorsed civil service reform, were still not certain enough of his reform credentials to back him over Senator [[George F. Edmunds]] of Vermont, who had long favored their cause.<ref name=r368/> Business leaders supported him, as did Southern Republicans who owed their jobs to his control of the patronage, but by the time they began to rally around him, Arthur had decided against a serious campaign for the nomination.<ref name=r373>[[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 373–375; [[#doenecke|Doenecke]], pp. 181–182</ref> He kept up a token effort, believing that to drop out would cast doubt on his actions in office and raise questions about his health, but by the time the convention began in June, his defeat was almost assured.<ref name=r373/> Blaine led on the first ballot, and by the fourth ballot he had a majority.<ref name=r380>[[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 380–381; [[#howe|Howe]], pp. 264–265</ref> Arthur [[telegraph]]ed his congratulations to Blaine and accepted his defeat with equanimity.<ref name=r380/> He played no role in the 1884 campaign, which Blaine would later say contributed to his loss that November to the Democratic nominee, [[Grover Cleveland]].<ref name=r387>[[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 387–389; [[#howe|Howe]], pp. 265–266</ref>

===Administration and cabinet===
[[File:Chester_A_Arthur_by_Daniel_Huntington.jpeg|alt=Portrait of a man in a fur coat|thumb|right| Official White House portrait of Chester A. Arthur by [[Daniel Huntington]]]]
{{Infobox U.S. Cabinet
|align=left
|clear=yes
|Name=Arthur
|President=Chester A. Arthur
|President start=1881
|President end=1885
|Vice President= ''None''
|Vice President start=1881
|Vice President end=1885
|State=[[James G. Blaine]]
|State date=1881
|State 2=[[Frederick Theodore Frelinghuysen|Frederick T. Frelinghuysen]]
|State start 2=1881
|State end 2=1885
|War=[[Robert Todd Lincoln|Robert T. Lincoln]]
|War start=1881
|War end=1885
|Treasury=[[William Windom]]
|Treasury date=1881
|Treasury 2=[[Charles J. Folger]]
|Treasury start 2=1881
|Treasury end 2=1884
|Treasury 3=[[Walter Q. Gresham]]
|Treasury date 3=1884
|Treasury 4=[[Hugh McCulloch]]
|Treasury start 4=1884
|Treasury end 4=1885
|Justice=[[Wayne MacVeagh]]
|Justice date=1881
|Justice 2=[[Benjamin H. Brewster]]
|Justice start 2=1881
|Justice end 2=1885
|Post=[[Thomas Lemuel James|Thomas L. James]]
|Post date=1881
|Post 2=[[Timothy O. Howe]]
|Post start 2=1881
|Post end 2=1883
|Post 3=[[Walter Q. Gresham]]
|Post start 3=1883
|Post end 3=1884
|Post 4=[[Frank Hatton (U.S. politician)|Frank Hatton]]
|Post start 4=1884
|Post end 4=1885
|Navy=[[William H. Hunt]]
|Navy start=1881
|Navy end=1882
|Navy 2=[[William E. Chandler]]
|Navy start 2=1882
|Navy end 2=1885
|Interior=[[Samuel J. Kirkwood]]
|Interior start=1881
|Interior end=1882
|Interior 2=[[Henry Moore Teller|Henry M. Teller]]
|Interior start 2=1882
|Interior end 2=1885
}}

===Judicial appointments===
{{Main|List of federal judges appointed by Chester A. Arthur|l1=Chester A. Arthur judicial appointments}}
Arthur made appointments to fill two vacancies on the [[United States Supreme Court]]. The first vacancy arose in July 1881 with the death of [[Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States|Associate Justice]] [[Nathan Clifford]], a Democrat who had been a member of the Court since before the Civil War.<ref name=r260>[[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 260–261; [[#howe|Howe]], p. 195</ref> Arthur nominated [[Horace Gray]], a distinguished jurist from the [[Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court]] to replace him, and the nomination was easily confirmed.<ref name=r260/> Gray would serve until 1902 and was the author of the court's [[majority opinion]] in ''[[United States v. Wong Kim Ark]],'' which overturned the section of the Chinese Exclusion Act that denied Chinese-Americans citizenship. The second vacancy occurred when Associate Justice [[Ward Hunt]] retired in January 1882. Arthur first nominated his old political boss, [[Roscoe Conkling]]; he doubted that Conkling would accept, but felt obligated to offer a high office to his former patron.<ref name=r260/> The Senate confirmed the nomination but, as expected, Conkling declined it,<ref name=r260/> the last time a confirmed nominee declined his appointment.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.senate.gov/pagelayout/reference/nominations/Nominations.htm |title=Supreme Court Nominations, present-1789 |publisher=U.S. Senate |accessdate=February 11, 2012}}</ref> Senator George Edmunds was Arthur's next choice, but he declined to be considered.<ref>[[#doenecke|Doenecke]], p. 76</ref> Instead, Arthur nominated [[Samuel Blatchford]], a judge on the [[United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit|Second Circuit Court of Appeals]] for the last fifteen years.<ref name=r260/> Blatchford accepted, and his nomination was approved within two weeks.<ref name=r260/> Blatchford served on the Court until his death in 1893.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fjc.gov/servlet/nGetInfo?jid=192&cid=999&ctype=na&instate=na |title=Blatchford, Samuel M. |work=Biographical Directory of Federal Judges |publisher=Federal Judicial Center |accessdate=July 27, 2011}}</ref>

==Retirement and death==
[[File:Chet Arthur Mad Sq jeh.JPG|alt=Bronze statue of a man in a city park|thumb|upright|Chester A. Arthur statue at [[Madison Square]] in [[New York City]]]]
Arthur left office in 1885 and returned to his New York City home. Two months before the end of his term, several New York Stalwarts approached him to request that he run for United States Senate, but he declined, preferring to return to his old law practice at Arthur, Knevals & Ransom.<ref name=r412>[[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 412–414</ref> His health limited his activity with the firm, and Arthur served only [[of counsel]]. He took on few assignments with the firm and was often too ill to leave his house.<ref name=r416>[[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 416–418</ref> He managed a few public appearances, up until the end of 1885.<ref name=r416/>

After summering in [[New London, Connecticut]], in 1886, he returned quite ill and, on November 16, ordered nearly all of his papers, both personal and official, burned.<ref name=r416/>[Note 11] The next morning, Arthur suffered a [[cerebral hemorrhage]] and never regained consciousness; he died the following day at the age of 57.<ref name=r416/> On November 22, a private funeral was held at the [[Church of the Heavenly Rest]] in New York City, attended by President Cleveland and ex-President Hayes, among other notables.<ref name=r418>[[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 418–419</ref> Arthur was buried next to the graves of many of his family members and ancestors in the [[Albany Rural Cemetery]] in [[Menands, New York]]. He was laid beside his wife in a [[sarcophagus]] on a large corner of the plot.<ref name=r416/>

==See also==
* [[Arthur Cottage]], ancestral home, [[Cullybackey]], [[County Antrim]], [[Northern Ireland]]

==Notes==
1. Some older sources list the date as October 5, 1830,<ref>[[#howe|Howe]], p. 5</ref> but biographer [[Thomas C. Reeves]] confirms that this is incorrect: Arthur claimed to be a year younger "out of simple vanity."<ref name=reeves5>[[#reeves|Reeves]], p. 5</ref>

2. Arthur pronounced his middle name with the accent on the second syllable.<ref name=reeves5/>

3. The [[Twelfth Amendment to the United States Constitution]] applies that clause, which specifically restricts presidential eligibility, to would-be vice presidents, as well: "no person constitutionally ineligible to the office of President shall be eligible to that of Vice-President".

4. $10,000 in 1870 is equal to ${{Formatprice|{{Inflation|US|10000|1870}}}} in present terms.{{Inflation-fn|US}}

5. $50,000 in 1871 is equal to ${{Formatprice|{{Inflation|US|50000|1871}}}} in present terms.{{Inflation-fn|US}}

6. [[Charles K. Graham]] filled Merritt's former position.<ref>[[#hoog|Hoogenboom]], p. 370</ref>

7. Biographer George Howe takes this exchange at face value,<ref>[[#howe|Howe]], p. 109</ref> but later biographers suspect it may be apocryphal.<ref>[[#reeves|Reeves]], p. 179; [[#kara|Karabell]], pp. 40–41</ref>

8. Before the passage of the [[Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution]], Senators were elected by state legislatures.

9. Conkling and Pratt were ultimately denied re-election, being succeeded by [[Elbridge G. Lapham]] and [[Warner Miller]], respectively.

10. The portion of the law denying citizenship to Chinese-Americans would be found unconstitutional in ''[[United States v. Wong Kim Ark]]'' in 1898.

11. A small number of Arthur's papers survived and passed to his grandson, [[Gavin Arthur]], who allowed Arthur's biographer, Thomas C. Reeves, to examine them the 1970s.<ref>[[#reeves72|Reeves 1972]], ''passim''.</ref>
==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=20em}}

==Sources==
{{refbegin}}
'''Books'''
* {{cite book |title=The Naval History of the United States |volume=2 |last=Abbot |first=Willis J. |authorlink=Willis J. Abbot |publisher=Peter Fenelon Collier |year=1896 |oclc=3453791 |url=http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/26416 |ref=abbot}}
*{{cite book |title=The Promise of the New South: Life After Reconstruction |last=Ayers |first=Edward L. |authorlink=Edward L. Ayers |year=2007 |origyear=1992 |publisher=Oxford University Press, USA |location=New York |isbn=0195326881 |ref=ayers}}
*{{cite book |title=The Presidencies of James A. Garfield and Chester A. Arthur |last=Doenecke |first=Justus D. |year=1981 |publisher=University Press of Kansas |location=Lawrence, Kansas |isbn=0700602089 |ref=doenecke}}
* {{cite book |author=Hoogenboom, Ari |title=Rutherford Hayes: Warrior and President|year=1995 |publisher=University Press of Kansas| location=Lawrence, Kansas |isbn=9780700606412 |ref=hoog}}
*{{cite book |title=Chester A. Arthur, A Quarter-Century of Machine Politics |last=Howe |first=George F. |year=1966 |origyear=1935 |publisher=F. Ungar Pub. Co |location=New York |asin=B00089DVIG |ref=howe}}
*{{cite book |title=Winfield Scott Hancock: A Soldier's Life |last=Jordan |first=David M. |year=1988 |publisher=Indiana University Press |location=Bloomfield, Indiana |isbn=0253365805 |ref=jordan}}
*{{cite book |title=Chester Alan Arthur |last=Karabell |first=Zachary |authorlink=Zachary Karabell |year=2004 |publisher=Henry Holt & Co |location=New York |isbn=0805069518 |ref=kara}}
*{{cite book |title=Gentleman Boss: The Life of Chester A. Arthur |last=Reeves |first=Thomas C. |authorlink=Thomas C. Reeves |year=1975 |publisher=Alfred A. Knopf |location=New York |isbn=0394460952 |ref=reeves}}

'''Articles'''
*{{cite journal |title=Diplomatic Reversal: Frelinghuysen's Opposition to Blaine's Pan-American Policy in 1882 |journal=The Mississippi Valley Historical Review |first=Russell H. |last=Bastert |volume=42 |issue=4 |month=March |year=1956 |page=653 |jstor=1889232 |ref=bastert |pages=653–671 |doi=10.2307/1889232}}
*{{cite journal |title=The Present Status of Our Immigration Laws and Policies |journal=The Milbank Memorial Fund Quarterly |first=C.P. |last=Hutchinson |volume=25 |issue=2 |month=April |year=1947 |page=161 |jstor=3348178 |ref=hutchinson |pages=161–173 |doi=10.2307/3348178}}
*{{cite journal |title=A Black Cadet At West Point |journal=American Heritage |first=John F. |last=Marszalek, Jr. |authorlink=John F. Marszalek |volume=22 |issue=5 |month=August |year=1971 |url=http://www.americanheritage.com/content/black-cadet-west-point?page=show |ref=marszalek}}
*{{cite journal |title=Who Were the Stalwarts? Who Were Their Rivals? Republican Factions in the Gilded Age |journal=Political Science Quarterly |first=Allan |last=Peskin |volume=99 |issue=4 |month=Winter |year=1984 |page=703 |jstor=2150708 |ref=peskin |pages=703–716 |doi=10.2307/2150708}}
*{{cite journal |title=The Search for the Chester Alan Arthur Papers |journal=The Wisconsin Magazine of History |first=Thomas C. |last=Reeves |volume=55 |issue=4 |month=Summer |year=1972 |jstor=4634741 |ref=reeves72 |pages=310–319}}
*{{cite journal |title=In Defense of Chester Arthur |journal=The Wilson Quarterly |first=Sybil |last=Schwartz |volume=2 |issue=4 |month=Autumn |year=1978 |page=180 |jstor=40255548 |ref=schwartz |pages=180–184}}
*{{cite journal |title=United States Indian Policy: From the Dawes Act to the American Indian Policy Review Commission |journal=Social Service Review |first=Paul |last=Stuart |volume=51 |issue=3 |month=September |year=1977 |page=451 |jstor=30015511 |ref=stuart |pages=451–463 |doi=10.1086/643524}}
*{{cite journal |title=Patronage, the Pendleton Act, and the Power of the People |journal=The Journal of Politics |first=Sean M. |last=Theriault |volume=65 |issue=1 |month=February |year=2003 |page=50 |jstor=3449855 |ref=theriault |pages=50–68}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
* [http://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/presidents/arthur/index.html Chester Arthur: A Resource Guide] from the Library of Congress
* {{CongBio|A000303}} Retrieved on 2008-09-28
* [http://www.whitehouse.gov/history/presidents/ca21.html White House Biography]
* {{gutenberg author |id=Chester_Alan_Arthur | name=Chester Alan Arthur}}
*[http://americanpresidents.org/presidents/president.asp?PresidentNumber=21 Chester A. Arthur] at [[C-SPAN]]'s ''[[American Presidents: Life Portraits]]''

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{{Navboxes
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{{US Presidents}}
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{{Persondata
|NAME = Arthur, Chester Alan
|ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
|SHORT DESCRIPTION = American politician, lawyer, [[Union (American Civil War)|Union]] [[Union Army|Army]] [[General officer|general]]
|DATE OF BIRTH = October 5, 1829
|PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Fairfield, Vermont]]
|DATE OF DEATH = November 18, 1886
|PLACE OF DEATH = [[New York City]], [[New York]]
}}
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[[Category:1829 births]]
[[Category:1886 deaths]]
[[Category:19th-century American Episcopalians]]
[[Category:American people of English descent]]
[[Category:American people of Scotch-Irish descent]]
[[Category:American people of Welsh descent]]
[[Category:Burials at Albany Rural Cemetery]]
[[Category:Chester A. Arthur| ]]
[[Category:Collectors of the Port of New York]]
[[Category:Deaths from cerebral hemorrhage]]
[[Category:New York Republicans]]
[[Category:People from Fairfield, Vermont]]
[[Category:People of Vermont in the American Civil War]]
[[Category:Presidents of the United States]]
[[Category:Republican Party Presidents of the United States]]
[[Category:Republican Party (United States) vice presidential nominees]]
[[Category:Republican Party Vice Presidents of the United States]]
[[Category:State and National Law School alumni]]
[[Category:Union Army generals]]
[[Category:Union College (New York) alumni]]
[[Category:United States presidential candidates, 1884]]
[[Category:United States vice-presidential candidates, 1880]]

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Directory:Chester A. Arthur

2012-03-05T12:10:55Z

Jackson: replaced article with information from http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chester_A._Arthur&oldid=479847676. See that page for author attributions

{Infobox Officeholder
|name = Chester A. Arthur
|image = 20 Chester Arthur 3x4.jpg
|office = [[List of Presidents of the United States|21st]] [[President of the United States]]
|term_start = September 19, 1881
|term_end = March 4, 1885
|vicepresident = ''None''
|predecessor = [[James A. Garfield]]
|successor = [[Grover Cleveland]]
|office2 = [[List of Vice Presidents of the United States|20th]] [[Vice President of the United States]]
|president2 = [[James A. Garfield]]
|term_start2 = March 4, 1881
|term_end2 = September 19, 1881
|predecessor2 = [[William A. Wheeler]]
|successor2 = [[Thomas A. Hendricks]]
|birth_date = {{birth date|1829|10|5}}
|birth_place = [[Fairfield, Vermont|Fairfield]], Vermont, U.S.
|death_date = {{death date and age|1886|11|18|1829|10|5}}
|death_place = New York City, New York, U.S.
|party = [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] (1854–1886)
|otherparty = [[Whig Party (United States)|Whig]] (Before 1856)
|spouse = [[Ellen Lewis Herndon Arthur|Ellen Herndon]]
|children = William Chester Ellen
|alma_mater = [[Union College]] [[State and National Law School]]
|profession = Lawyer [[Civil service|Civil servant]]
|religion = [[Episcopal Church (United States)|Episcopal]]
|signature = Chester Alan Arthur Signature.svg
|signature_alt = Cursive signature in ink
|allegiance = United States [[Union (American Civil War)|Union]]
|branch = [[Union Army]]
|unit = [[New York Guard]]
|rank = [[Brigadier general (United States)|Brigadier general]]
|battles = [[American Civil War]]
}}

'''Chester Alan Arthur''' (October 5, 1829 – November 18, 1886) was the [[List of Presidents of the United States|21st]] [[President of the United States]] (1881–1885). Becoming President after [[Assassination of James A. Garfield|the assassination]] of President [[James A. Garfield]], Arthur struggled to overcome suspicions of his beginnings as a politician from the New York City [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] machine, succeeding at that task by embracing the cause of civil service reform. His advocacy for, and enforcement of, the [[Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act]] was the centerpiece of his administration.

Born in [[Fairfield, Vermont]], Arthur grew up in [[upstate New York]] and practiced law in New York City. He devoted much of his time to Republican politics and quickly rose in the political machine run by New York Senator [[Roscoe Conkling]]. Appointed by President [[Ulysses S. Grant]] to the lucrative and politically powerful post of [[Collector of the Port of New York]] in 1871, Arthur was an important supporter of Conkling and the [[Stalwart (politics)|Stalwart]] faction of the Republican Party. In 1878 he was replaced by the new president, [[Rutherford B. Hayes]], who was trying to reform the federal patronage system in New York. When James Garfield won the Republican nomination for President in 1880, Arthur was nominated for Vice President to [[Ticket balance|balance the ticket]] by adding an eastern Stalwart to it.

After just half a year as Vice President, Arthur found himself, unexpectedly, in the [[White House|Executive Mansion]]. To the surprise of reformers, Arthur took up the reform cause that had once led to his expulsion from office. He signed the [[Pendleton Act]] into law, and enforced its provisions vigorously. He won plaudits for his veto of a Rivers and Harbors Act that would have appropriated federal funds in a manner he thought excessive. He presided over the rebirth of the [[United States Navy]] but was criticized for failing to alleviate the federal budget surplus that had been accumulating since the end of the [[American Civil War]]. Suffering from poor health, Arthur made only a limited effort to secure renomination in 1884; he retired at the close of his term. As journalist [[Alexander McClure]] would later write, "No man ever entered the Presidency so profoundly and widely distrusted as Chester Alan Arthur, and no one ever retired ... more generally respected, alike by political friend and foe."<ref>[[#reeves|Reeves]], p. 420</ref> Although his failing health and political temperament combined to make his administration less active than a modern presidency, he earned praise among contemporaries for his solid performance in office. The ''New York World'' summed up Arthur's presidency at his death in 1886: "No duty was neglected in his administration, and no adventurous project alarmed the nation."<ref>[[#reeves|Reeves]], p. 423</ref>

==Early life==
===Birth and family===
Chester Alan Arthur was born October 5, 1829, in [[Fairfield, Vermont]].{{#tag:ref|Some older sources list the date as October 5, 1830,<ref>[[#howe|Howe]], p. 5</ref> but biographer [[Thomas C. Reeves]] confirms that this is incorrect: Arthur claimed to be a year younger "out of simple vanity."<ref name=reeves5>[[#reeves|Reeves]], p. 5</ref>|group=note}} His father, William Arthur, was born just outside the village of [[Cullybackey]], [[County Antrim]], Ireland, and emigrated to [[Dunham, Quebec|Dunham]], [[Lower Canada]] (in present-day [[Quebec]]) in 1818 or 1819 after graduating from Belfast College.<ref name=reeves4>[[#reeves|Reeves]], p. 4; [[#howe|Howe]], p. 4</ref> Arthur's mother, Malvina Stone, was born in Vermont, the daughter of George Washington Stone and Judith Stevens. Malvina's family was primarily of English descent, and her grandfather, Uriah Stone, fought in the [[Continental Army]] during the [[American Revolution]].<ref name=reeves4/> Arthur's mother met his father while he was teaching at a school in Dunham, just over the border from her native Vermont, and the two soon married.<ref name=reeves4/> After their first child, Regina, was born in Dunham, the Arthurs moved around Vermont in quick succession to [[Burlington, Vermont|Burlington]], [[Jericho, Vermont|Jericho]], and [[Waterville, Vermont|Waterville]], as William moved to jobs with different schools.<ref name=reeves4/> In Waterville, William Arthur departed from his Presbyterian upbringing and joined the [[Free Will Baptist]]s, spending the rest of his life as a minister in that sect.<ref name=reeves4/> He also became an outspoken abolitionist, which at times made him unpopular with parts of his congregations and contributed to the family's frequent moves.<ref>[[#howe|Howe]], p. 7; [[#reeves|Reeves]], p. 6</ref> In 1828, the family moved again, to Fairfield, where Chester Alan Arthur was born the following year.<ref name=reeves5/> He was named "Chester" after Chester Abell, the physician and family friend who assisted in his birth, and "Alan" after his paternal grandfather.{{#tag:ref|Arthur pronounced his middle name with the accent on the second syllable.<ref name=reeves5/>|group=note}} After Arthur's birth, the family remained in Fairfield until 1832, when the elder Arthur's profession took them on the road again to several towns in Vermont and [[upstate New York]], finally settling in the [[Schenectady]] area.<ref name="reeves7"/>

William Arthur's frequent moves would later form the basis for accusations that Chester Arthur was not a native-born citizen of the United States. After Arthur was [[United States presidential election, 1880|nominated for Vice President in 1880]], his political opponents suggested that he might be constitutionally ineligible to hold that office.<ref>[[#kara|Karabell]], pp. 53–54</ref> A New York attorney, Arthur P. Hinman, apparently hired by his opponents, explored rumors of Arthur's foreign birth.<ref name=hinman>[[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 202–203</ref> Hinman initially alleged that Arthur was born in Ireland and did not come to the United States until he was fourteen years old, which would make him ineligible for the Vice Presidency under the United States Constitution's [[Natural-born-citizen clause of the U.S. Constitution|natural-born citizen clause]].<ref name=hinman/>{{#tag:ref|The [[Twelfth Amendment to the United States Constitution]] applies that clause, which specifically restricts presidential eligibility, to would-be vice presidents, as well: "no person constitutionally ineligible to the office of President shall be eligible to that of Vice-President".|group=note}} When that story did not take root, Hinman spread a new rumor that Arthur was born in Canada, but this claim also failed to gain credence.<ref name=hinman/>

===Education===
Arthur spent some of his childhood years living in [[Perry (village), New York|Perry]] and [[Greenwich (village), New York|Greenwich]], New York. During his time at school, his first political inclinations were to support the [[Whig Party (United States)|Whig Party]], and he joined other young Whigs in support of [[Henry Clay]], even participating in a brawl against those students supporting [[James K. Polk]].<ref name=reeves7>[[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 7–8</ref> He also showed his support for the [[Fenian Brotherhood]] by wearing a green coat.<ref name=reeves9>[[#reeves|Reeves]], p. 9</ref> Arthur enrolled in [[Union College]] in 1845 where he studied the traditional [[Classical education movement|classical curriculum]].<ref name=reeves7/> As a senior there in 1848, at age 18, he was elected to [[Phi Beta Kappa]] and was president of the debate society.<ref name=reeves9/> During his winter breaks, Arthur taught school in [[Schaghticoke (town), New York|Schaghticoke]].<ref name=reeves9/>

After graduating, Arthur returned to Schaghticoke and taught school full-time, but soon began to pursue an education in the law.<ref name=reeves10>[[#reeves|Reeves]], p. 10</ref> While studying law, he continued teaching, moving closer to home by taking a job teaching in [[North Pownal, Vermont|North Pownal]], Vermont.<ref name=reeves10/> Coincidentally, future President [[James A. Garfield]] would teach penmanship at the same school three years later, but the two did not cross paths.<ref name=reeves11>[[#reeves|Reeves]], p. 11</ref> In 1852, Arthur moved again, to [[Cohoes, New York|Cohoes]], New York, to become the principal of a school at which his sister Malvina was a teacher.<ref name=reeves11/> After saving enough money, and studying at [[State and National Law School]] in [[Ballston Spa, New York|Ballston Spa]], he moved to New York City the following year to [[Reading law|read law]] at the law office of [[Erastus D. Culver]], an abolitionist lawyer and family friend.<ref>[[#kara|Karabell]], p. 12</ref> When Arthur was admitted to the [[Bar (law)|bar]] in 1854, he joined the firm, which was renamed Culver, Parker, and Arthur.<ref name=reeves14>[[#reeves|Reeves]], p. 14</ref>

==Early career==
[[File:Chester A Arthur 1859.png|thumb|left|upright|alt=Black-and-white photograph of a young man with a mustache|Arthur as a young lawyer]]

===New York lawyer===
When Arthur joined the firm, Culver and New York attorney [[John Jay (lawyer)|John Jay]] (the grandson of the Founding Father of the [[John Jay|same name]]) were pursuing a ''[[habeas corpus]]'' action against Jonathan Lemmon, a Virginia slaveholder who was passing through New York with his eight slaves.<ref name=lemmon>[[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 14–15</ref> In ''[[Lemmon v. New York]]'', Culver argued that, as New York law did not permit slavery, any slave arriving in New York was automatically freed.<ref name=lemmon/> The argument was successful, and after several appeals was upheld by the [[New York Court of Appeals]] in 1860.<ref name=lemmon/> Campaign biographers would later give Arthur much of the credit for the victory; in fact his role was minor, although he was certainly an active participant in the case.<ref name=reeves16>[[#reeves|Reeves]], p. 16</ref> In another civil rights case in 1854, Arthur was the lead attorney representing [[Elizabeth Jennings Graham]] after she was denied a seat on a streetcar because she was black.<ref name=reeves16/> He won the case, and the verdict led to the [[desegregation]] of the New York City streetcar lines.<ref name=reeves16/>

In 1856, Arthur courted [[Ellen Lewis Herndon Arthur|Ellen Herndon]], the daughter of [[William Lewis Herndon]], a Virginia naval officer.<ref>[[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 19–20</ref> The two were soon engaged to be married.<ref>[[#kara|Karabell]], p. 14</ref> Later that year, he started a new law partnership with a friend, Henry D. Gardiner, and traveled with him to Kansas to consider purchasing land and setting up a law practice there.<ref name=reeves16/> At that time, the state was the scene of a [[Bleeding Kansas|brutal struggle]] between pro-slavery and anti-slavery forces, and Arthur lined up firmly with the latter.<ref name=reeves17>[[#reeves|Reeves]], pp.17–18</ref> The rough frontier life did not agree with the genteel New Yorkers; after three or four months the two young lawyers returned to New York City, where Arthur comforted his fiancée after her father was lost at sea in the wreck of the [[SS Central America|SS ''Central America'']].<ref name=reeves17/> In 1859, they were married at [[Calvary Church (Manhattan)|Calvary Episcopal Church]] in Manhattan.<ref>[[#reeves|Reeves]], p. 21</ref> After his marriage, Arthur devoted his efforts to building his law practice, but also found time to engage in [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican party]] politics.<ref name=howe18>[[#howe|Howe]], pp. 18–19</ref>

===Civil War===
[[File:Ellen Arthur.jpg|thumb|upright|alt=Black-and-white photograph of a woman with dark hair|Arthur married [[Ellen Lewis Herndon Arthur|Ellen Herndon]] in 1859.]]
In 1860, Arthur was appointed to the military staff of Governor [[Edwin D. Morgan]].<ref name=howe18/> The office was a patronage appointment of minor importance until the outbreak of the [[American Civil War|Civil War]] in April 1861, when New York and the other northern states were faced with raising and equipping armies of a size never before seen in American history.<ref name=howe20>[[#howe|Howe]], pp. 20–21; [[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 22–23</ref> Arthur was given the rank of [[Brigadier general (United States)|brigadier general]] and assigned to the [[quartermaster]] department.<ref name=howe20/> He was so efficient at housing and outfitting the troops that poured into New York City that he was promoted within the state militia to inspector general in February 1862, and then to quartermaster general that July.<ref>[[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 24–25</ref> He had an opportunity to serve at the front when the [[9th New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment]] elected him [[colonel]] early in the war, but at Governor Morgan's request, he turned it down to remain at his post in New York.<ref>[[#howe|Howe]], p. 25</ref> The closest Arthur came to the front was when he traveled south to inspect New York troops near [[Fredericksburg, Virginia|Fredericksburg]], Virginia, in May 1862, shortly after forces under Major General [[Irwin McDowell]] seized the town during the [[Peninsula Campaign]].<ref name=howe26>[[#howe|Howe]], pp. 26–27; [[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 28–29</ref> That summer, he and other representatives of northern governors met with Secretary of State [[William H. Seward]] in New York to coordinate the raising of additional troops, and spent the next few months enlisting New York's quota of 120,000 men.<ref name=howe26/> Arthur received plaudits for his work, but his post was a political one, and he was relieved of his office in January 1863 when Governor [[Horatio Seymour]], a [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrat]], took office.<ref>[[#reeves|Reeves]], p. 30</ref>

Arthur returned to his law practice in 1863 and the firm of Arthur & Gardiner flourished.<ref>[[#howe|Howe]], pp. 30–31; [[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 33–34</ref> Even as his professional life improved, however, Arthur and his wife experienced a personal tragedy as their only child, William, died suddenly that year at the age of three.<ref>[[#howe|Howe]], pp. 29–30; [[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 34–35</ref> The couple took their son's death hard, and when they had another son, Chester Alan Jr., in 1864, they lavished attention on him.<ref>[[#reeves|Reeves]], p. 35</ref> They would also have a daughter, Ellen, in 1871. Both children survived to adulthood.<ref>[[#reeves|Reeves]], p. 84</ref> Arthur's political prospects improved along with his law practice when his patron, ex-Governor Morgan, was elected to the [[United States Senate]].<ref name=reeves37>[[#reeves|Reeves]], p. 37</ref> He was hired by [[Thomas Murphy (Collector)|Thomas Murphy]], a [[Hatmaking|hatter]] who sold goods to the Union Army, to represent him in Washington. The two became associates within New York Republican party circles, eventually rising in the ranks of the conservative branch of the party dominated by [[Thurlow Weed]].<ref name=reeves37/> In the [[United States presidential election, 1864|presidential election of 1864]], Arthur and Murphy raised funds from Republicans in New York and attended [[Abraham Lincoln]]'s [[Second inauguration of Abraham Lincoln|inauguration in 1865]].<ref>[[#reeves|Reeves]], p. 38</ref>

==New York politician==
===Conkling's machine===
[[File:NYCustomHouseMerchantsExchange.jpg|thumb|left|alt=A columned building with a domed roof|The [[New York Custom House]] (formerly the Merchants' Exchange building) was Arthur's office for seven years.]]
The end of the Civil War meant new opportunities for the men in Morgan's Republican [[Political machine|machine]], including Arthur.<ref name=kara17>[[#kara|Karabell]], p. 17</ref> Morgan leaned toward the conservative wing of the New York Republican party, as did the men who worked for him, including Weed, Seward (who continued in office under President [[Andrew Johnson]]), and [[Roscoe Conkling]] (an eloquent [[Utica, New York|Utica]] Congressman and rising star in the party).<ref name=kara17/> Arthur rarely articulated his own political ideas during his time as a part of the machine; as was common at the time, loyalty and hard work on the machine's behalf was more important than actual political sympathies.<ref>[[#reeves|Reeves]], p. 39; [[#howe|Howe]], p. 37</ref> In 1866, he attempted to secure the position of Naval Officer at the [[New York Custom House]], a lucrative job with few responsibilities, but was unable to do so.<ref name=r40>[[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 40–41</ref> Nevertheless, he continued his law practice (now a solo practitionership after Gardiner's death) and his role in politics, becoming a member of the prestigious [[Century Association|Century Club]] in 1867.<ref name=r40/> Conkling, [[United States Senate election in New York, 1867|elected in 1867]] to the United States Senate, noticed Arthur and aided his rise in the party.<ref name=r44>[[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 44–45</ref> Arthur became chairman of the New York City Republican executive committee in 1868.<ref name=r42>[[#reeves|Reeves]], p. 42; [[#howe|Howe]], p. 39</ref> His ascent in the party hierarchy kept him busy most nights, and his wife began to resent his continual absence from the family home on party business.<ref name=r71>[[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 71–73</ref>

Conkling's machine was solidly behind General [[Ulysses S. Grant]]'s candidacy for president, and Arthur worked to raise funds for Grant's election in 1868.<ref name=r48>[[#reeves|Reeves]], p. 48</ref> The opposing Democratic machine in New York City, known as [[Tammany Hall]], worked for Grant's opponent, former New York Governor Horatio Seymour; while Grant was victorious in the national vote, Seymour carried the state of New York easily.<ref name=r48/> Arthur began to devote more of his time to politics and less to law.<ref name=r49>[[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 49–50; [[#howe|Howe]], p. 42</ref> In 1869, he was appointed counsel to the New York City tax commission under an arrangement his friend Murphy made with [[William Marcy Tweed]], the Tammany Hall boss.<ref name=r49/> He remained at the job until 1870 at a salary of $10,000 a year.<ref name=r49/>{{#tag:ref|$10,000 in 1870 is equal to ${{Formatprice|{{Inflation|US|10000|1870}}}} in present terms.{{Inflation-fn|US}}|group=note}} Arthur's actual role in the tax commission's duties is still unknown; after Tweed's fall from power in 1871, Arthur never spoke of the Conking machine's cooperation with Tammany Hall.<ref name=r49/> Shortly thereafter, President Grant gave control over the [[New York Custom House]] [[patronage]] to Conkling and appointed Murphy to the position of [[Collector of the Port of New York]].<ref name=r51>[[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 51–53; [[#howe|Howe]], pp. 44–45</ref> Murphy's reputation as a war profiteer and his association with Tammany Hall made him unacceptable to many of his own party, but Conkling nevertheless convinced the Senate to confirm him.<ref name=r51/> The Collector was responsible for hiring hundreds of workers to collect the tariffs due at the United States' busiest port. Typically, these jobs were dispensed to adherents of the political machine responsible for hiring the Collector. Employees were required to make political contributions (known as "assessments") back to the machine, which made the job a highly coveted political plum.<ref name=r61>[[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 61–67; [[#schwartz|Schwartz]], p. 182</ref> Murphy's unpopularity only increased as he replaced workers loyal to Senator [[Reuben Fenton]]'s faction of the Republican party with those loyal to Conkling's.<ref name=r57>[[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 57–58</ref> Eventually, the pressure to replace Murphy grew too great, and Grant asked for his resignation in 1871.<ref name=r57/> To replace him, Grant nominated Arthur.<ref name=r60>[[#reeves|Reeves]], p. 60; [[#howe|Howe]], pp. 46–47</ref>

The Senate confirmed Arthur's appointment. As Collector, he not only controlled nearly a thousand jobs, but he also stood to receive personal compensation as great as any federal officeholder.<ref name=r61/> Arthur's salary was $6,500, but senior customs employees were also compensated by the "moiety" system, which awarded them a percentage of the fines levied on importers who attempted to evade the tariff.<ref name=r59>[[#reeves|Reeves]], p. 59, 63, 85–86</ref> In total, his income came to more than $50,000—more than the president's salary, and more than enough for him to enjoy fashionable clothes and a lavish lifestyle.<ref name=r59/>{{#tag:ref|$50,000 in 1871 is equal to ${{Formatprice|{{Inflation|US|50000|1871}}}} in present terms.{{Inflation-fn|US}}|group=note}} Among those who dealt with the Custom House, Arthur was one of the era's more popular collectors.<ref>[[#reeves|Reeves]], p. 68</ref> He got along with his subordinates and, since Murphy had already filled the staff with Conkling's adherents, he had few occasions to fire anyone.<ref>[[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 69–70</ref> He was also popular within the Republican party as he efficiently collected campaign assessments from the staff and placed party leaders' friends in jobs as positions became available.<ref name=r71/> Arthur had a better reputation than Murphy, but reformers still criticized the patronage structure and the moiety system as corrupt.<ref name=r61/> A rising tide of reform within the party caused Arthur to recharacterize the financial extractions from employees as "voluntary contributions" in 1872, but the principle remained the same and the party reaped the benefit of controlling government jobs.<ref>[[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 76–77</ref> In that year, reform-minded Republicans formed the [[Liberal Republican Party (United States)|Liberal Republican]] party and voted against Grant, but he was [[United States presidential election, 1872|re-elected]] in spite of their opposition.<ref>[[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 78–79</ref> Nevertheless, the movement for civil service reform continued to chip away at Conkling's patronage machine when, after Custom House employees were found to have improperly assessed fines against an importing company in 1874, Congress repealed the moiety system and put the staff, including Arthur, on regular salary.<ref name=r79>[[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 79–84; [[#howe|Howe]], p. 49</ref> As a result, his income dropped to $12,000 a year.<ref name=r79/>

===Clash with Hayes===
[[File:Arthur NYcustoms house cartoon.jpg|thumb|alt=Cartoon of a man kicking another man into the street|A cartoon depicting President [[Rutherford B. Hayes]] kicking Arthur out of the New York Custom House.]]
Arthur's four-year term expired on December 10, 1875, and Conkling, now among the most powerful politicians in Washington, arranged his protégé's reappointment by President Grant.<ref>[[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 87–89</ref> By 1876, Conkling was considering a run for the Presidency himself, but the selection of [[Rutherford B. Hayes]], a reformer, at the [[1876 Republican National Convention]] presaged problems for the machine boss.<ref>[[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 95–96; [[#kara|Karabell]], pp. 26–27</ref> Arthur and the machine gathered campaign funds with their usual zeal, but Conkling limited his own campaign activities to a few speeches.<ref name=r100>[[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 100–105</ref> Hayes's opponent, New York Governor [[Samuel J. Tilden]], carried New York but, after months of [[Electoral Commission (United States)|disputes over certain electoral votes]], lost the Presidency.<ref>[[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 106–107</ref>

Hayes entered office having pledged to reform the patronage system; in 1877, he and Treasury Secretary [[John Sherman]] made Conkling's machine their first target.<ref name=r100/> Sherman ordered a commission led by John Jay to investigate the New York Custom House.<ref>[[#hoog|Hoogenboom]], pp. 318–319</ref> Jay, with whom Arthur had collaborated in the ''Lemmon'' case two decades earlier, suggested that the Custom House was so overstaffed with political appointments that 20% of the employees were expendable.<ref>[[#hoog|Hoogenboom]], pp. 322–325; [[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 118–119; [[#howe|Howe]], pp. 68–69</ref> Sherman was less enthusiastic about the reforms than Hayes and Jay, but he approved the commission's report and ordered Arthur to make the personnel reductions.<ref>[[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 119–120</ref> Arthur appointed a committee of Custom House workers to determine where the cuts were to be made and, after a written protest, carried them out.<ref name=reeves121>[[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 121–122</ref> Notwithstanding his cooperation, the Jay Commission issued a second report critical of Arthur and other Custom House employees, and subsequent reports urging a complete reorganization.<ref name=reeves121/>

Hayes further struck at the heart of the [[spoils system]] by issuing an [[Executive order (United States)|executive order]] that forbade assessments and barred federal office holders from "tak[ing] part in the management of political organizations, caucuses, conventions, or election campaigns".<ref>[[#hoog|Hoogenboom]], pp. 322–325; [[#reeves|Reeves]], p. 121</ref> Arthur and his subordinates, [[Alonzo B. Cornell]] and [[George H. Sharpe]], refused to obey the president's order.<ref>[[#reeves|Reeves]], p. 121</ref> Sherman encouraged Arthur to resign, offering him the [[United States Ambassador to France|consulship at Paris]] in exchange, but Arthur refused.<ref name=r123>[[#reeves|Reeves]], p. 123</ref> In September 1877, Hayes demanded the three men's resignations, which they refused to give.<ref name=r123/> Nonetheless, Hayes submitted appointments of [[Theodore Roosevelt, Sr.]], [[L. Bradford Prince]], and [[Edwin Atkins Merritt|Edwin Merritt]]—all supporters of [[William M. Evarts]], Conkling's New York rival—to the Senate for confirmation as their replacements.<ref>[[#hoog|Hoogenboom]], p. 352; [[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 125–126</ref> The Senate's Commerce Committee, which Conkling chaired, voted unanimously to reject the nominees, and the full Senate rejected Roosevelt and Prince by a vote of 31–25, confirming Merritt only because Sharpe's term had expired.<ref>[[#hoog|Hoogenboom]], pp. 353–355; [[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 126–131</ref>

Arthur's job was thus saved, but only until July 1878 when Hayes took advantage of a Congressional recess to fire him and Cornell, and replace them by [[recess appointment]]s of Merritt and [[Silas W. Burt]], respectively.<ref>[[#hoog|Hoogenboom]], pp. 370–371; [[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 136–137</ref>{{#tag:ref|[[Charles K. Graham]] filled Merritt's former position.<ref>[[#hoog|Hoogenboom]], p. 370</ref>|group=note}} Conkling opposed the appointees' confirmation when the Senate reconvened in February 1879, but Merritt was approved by a vote of 31–25, as was Burt by 31–19, giving Hayes his most significant civil service reform victory.<ref>[[#hoog|Hoogenboom]], pp. 382–384; [[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 138–148</ref> After six years, Arthur found himself out of a job, but still a political power.<ref>[[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 150–151</ref> In the state elections of 1879, he and Conkling worked to ensure that the Republican nominees for state offices would be men of Conkling's faction, who had become known as [[Stalwart (politics)|Stalwarts]].<ref name=r153>[[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 153–155; [[#peskin|Peskin]], p. 704</ref> They were successful, but narrowly, as Cornell was nominated for governor by a vote of 234–216.<ref name=r153/> Arthur and Conkling campaigned vigorously for the Stalwart ticket and, owing partly to a splintering of the Democratic vote, were victorious.<ref>[[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 153–155; [[#howe|Howe]], pp. 96–99</ref> Arthur and the machine had rebuked Hayes and their intra-party rivals, but Arthur had had only a few days to enjoy his triumph when, on January 12, 1880, his wife died suddenly while he was in Albany organizing the political agenda for the coming year.<ref name=r158>[[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 158–159; [[#kara|Karabell]], pp. 38–39</ref> He was devastated, and never remarried.<ref name=r158/>

==Election of 1880==
{{main|United States presidential election, 1880}}
[[File:1880RepublicanPoster.png|thumb|left|Garfield–Arthur campaign poster]]
Conkling and his fellow Stalwarts wished to follow up their 1879 success at the [[1880 Republican National Convention]] by securing the nomination for their ally, ex-President Grant.<ref name=r160>[[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 160–165</ref> Their opponents in the Republican party, known as [[Half-Breed (politics)|Half-Breeds]], concentrated their efforts on [[James G. Blaine]], a Senator from Maine who was more amenable to civil service reform.<ref name=r160/> Neither candidate commanded a majority of delegates and, deadlocked after thirty-six ballots, the convention turned to a [[dark horse]], [[James A. Garfield]], an Ohio Congressman and Civil War General who was neither Stalwart nor Half-Breed.<ref>[[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 177–178; [[#howe|Howe]], pp. 107–108; [[#kara|Karabell]], pp. 39–40</ref> Garfield and his supporters knew they would face a difficult election without the support of the New York Stalwarts and decided to offer one of them the vice presidential nomination.<ref>[[#kara|Karabell]], p. 41; [[#reeves|Reeves]], p. 178</ref> [[Levi P. Morton]] was the first choice of Garfield's supporters but, on Conkling's advice, refused to run.<ref>[[#howe|Howe]], pp. 107–108</ref> They next approached Arthur. Conkling advised him to also reject the nomination, believing the Republicans would lose.<ref name=r179>[[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 179–181</ref> Arthur thought otherwise and accepted, telling Conkling, "The office of the Vice-President is a greater honor than I ever dreamed of attaining."<ref name=r179/>{{#tag:ref|Biographer George Howe takes this exchange at face value,<ref>[[#howe|Howe]], p. 109</ref> but later biographers suspect it may be apocryphal.<ref>[[#reeves|Reeves]], p. 179; [[#kara|Karabell]], pp. 40–41</ref>|group=note}} Conkling eventually reconciled himself with the nomination and campaigned for the [[Ticket (election)|ticket]].<ref>[[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 190–194</ref> As expected, the election was close. The Democratic nominee, General [[Winfield Scott Hancock]], was popular and, since he had not taken unpopular positions (or any positions at all) on the issues of the day, he had not offended any important constituencies.<ref>[[#jordan|Jordan]], pp. 292–305</ref> As Republicans had done since the end of the Civil War, Garfield and Arthur initially focused their campaign on the "[[bloody shirt]]"—the idea that returning Democrats to office would undo the victory of the Civil War and reward [[Secession in the United States|secessionists]].<ref name=r194>[[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 194–196; [[#jordan|Jordan]], pp. 294–295</ref> With the war fifteen years in the past and Union generals at the head of both tickets, the tactic was less effective than the Republicans hoped.<ref name=r194/> Realizing this, they shifted their approach to claim that Democrats would lower the country's [[tariff|protective tariff]], which would allow more cheap manufactured goods to be imported from Europe, thereby putting thousands of workingmen out of work.<ref name=r196>[[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 196–197; [[#jordan|Jordan]], pp. 297–302</ref> This argument struck home in the swing states of New York and [[Indiana]], where many were employed in manufacturing.<ref name=r196/> Hancock did not help his own cause when, in an attempt to remain neutral on the tariff, he said that "[t]he tariff question is a local question", which only served to make him appear uninformed about an important issue.<ref>[[#reeves|Reeves]], p. 196; [[#jordan|Jordan]], p. 301</ref> Candidates for high office did not personally campaign in those days, but Arthur played a part in the campaign in his usual fashion: raising money.<ref>[[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 198–202</ref> The funds were crucial in the close election, and his home state of New York was pivotal.<ref name=r203>[[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 203–204</ref> The Republicans carried New York by 20,000 votes and, in an election with the largest turnout of qualified voters ever recorded—78.4%—they won the nationwide popular vote by just 7,018 votes.<ref name=r203/> The [[Electoral College (United States)|electoral college]] result was more decisive—214 to 155—and Garfield and Arthur were elected.<ref name=r203/>

==Vice Presidency==
[[File:CAArthur-oathofoffice.jpg|thumb|alt=A group of men, one with his hand raised|Arthur taking the oath of office as administered by Judge [[John R. Brady]] at Arthur's home in New York City, September 20, 1881.]]
After the election, Arthur worked to persuade Garfield to fill certain positions—especially that of the Secretary of the Treasury—with his fellow New York Stalwarts.<ref name=r205>[[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 205–207</ref> He was unsuccessful, and the Stalwart machine received a further rebuke when they discovered that Garfield planned to appoint Blaine, Conkling's arch-enemy, as Secretary of State.<ref name=r205/> The running mates, never close, grew farther apart as Garfield continued to freeze out the Stalwarts from the patronage at his disposal. Arthur's status in the administration fell further when, a month before inauguration day, he gave a speech in front of newspaper reporters that suggested the election in Indiana, a [[swing state]], had been won by illegal voting.<ref>[[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 213–216; [[#kara|Karabell]], pp. 52–53</ref> Garfield ultimately appointed a Stalwart, [[Thomas Lemuel James]], to be Postmaster General, but the cabinet fight and Arthur's ill-considered speech left the President and Vice President estranged when they took their oaths of office on March 4, 1881.<ref>[[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 216–219; [[#kara|Karabell]], pp. 54–56</ref> The Senate in the [[47th United States Congress]] was divided among 37 Republicans, 37 Democrats, one independent ([[David Davis (Supreme Court justice)|David Davis]]) who announced he would [[Congressional caucus|caucus]] with the Democrats, one [[Readjuster Party|Readjuster]] ([[William Mahone]]) whose allegiance was uncertain, and four vacancies.<ref name=r220>[[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 220–223</ref> Immediately, the Democrats attempted to organize the Senate, knowing that the vacancies would soon be filled by Republicans.<ref name=r220/> As Vice President, Arthur cast [[List of tie-breaking votes cast by Vice Presidents of the United States|tie-breaking votes]] in favor of the Republicans when Mahone opted to join their caucus.<ref name=r220/> Even so, the Senate remained deadlocked for two months over Garfield's nominations because of Conkling's opposition to some of them.<ref name=r223>[[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 223–230</ref> Just before going into recess in May 1881, the situation became more complicated when Conkling and the other Senator from New York, [[Thomas C. Platt]], resigned in protest of Garfield's continuing opposition to their faction.<ref name=r230>[[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 230–233</ref>

With the Senate in recess, Arthur had no duties in Washington and returned to New York City.<ref name=r233>[[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 233–237; [[#howe|Howe]], pp. 147–149</ref> Once there, he traveled with Conkling to [[Albany, New York|Albany]], where the former Senator had hoped for a quick re-election to the Senate and, thereby, a rebuke to the Garfield administration.<ref name=r233/>{{#tag:ref|Before the passage of the [[Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution]], Senators were elected by state legislatures.|group=note}} The Republican majority in the state legislature was divided on the question, to Conkling and Platt's surprise, and they found themselves fighting for their political lives.<ref name=r233/>{{#tag:ref|Conkling and Pratt were ultimately denied re-election, being succeeded by [[Elbridge G. Lapham]] and [[Warner Miller]], respectively.|group=note}} While in Albany on July 2, word reached Arthur that Garfield had been shot.<ref name=r233/> The assassin, [[Charles J. Guiteau]], was a deranged office-seeker who believed that assassinating Garfield would convince Arthur to appoint him to a patronage job; he proclaimed to onlookers: "I am a Stalwart, and Arthur will be President!"<ref>[[#kara|Karabell]], p. 59; [[#reeves|Reeves]], p. 237</ref> Despite his claims of friendship with Arthur, the public soon learned that Guiteau was mentally unstable and unconnected with the Vice President.<ref name=r238>[[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 238–241; [[#doenecke|Doenecke]], pp. 53–54</ref> More troubling was the lack of legal guidance on [[United States presidential line of succession|presidential succession]]: as Garfield lingered near death, no one was sure who, if anyone, could exercise presidential authority.<ref name=r241>[[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 241–243; [[#howe|Howe]], pp. 152–154</ref> Moreover, after Conkling's resignation, the Senate had adjourned without electing a ''[[President pro tempore of the United States Senate|president pro tempore]],'' who would normally follow Arthur in the succession.<ref name=r241/> Arthur was reluctant to be seen to act as President while Garfield lived, and the next two months saw a vacuum in the executive office, with Garfield too weak to carry out any of his duties and Arthur refusing to assume them.<ref name=r244>[[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 244–248; [[#kara|Karabell]], pp. 61–63</ref> Through the summer, Arthur refused to travel to Washington and was at his [[Lexington Avenue (Manhattan)|Lexington Avenue]] home when, on the night of September 19, he learned that Garfield had died.<ref name=r244/> Judge [[John R. Brady]] of the [[New York Supreme Court]] administered the [[Oath of office of the President of the United States|oath of office]] in Arthur's home at 2:15 a.m. the following day, and Arthur boarded a train for the nation's capital two days later.<ref name=r244/>

==Presidency 1881–1885==
[[File:Arthur-cabinet.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Drawing of a group of men looking at another man|''On the threshold of office, what have we to expect of him?'' In an 1881 ''[[Puck (magazine)|Puck]]'' cartoon, Arthur faces the [[James Garfield#Administration and Cabinet|presidential cabinet]] after President [[James A. Garfield]] was assassinated. ]]

===Taking office===
Arriving in Washington on September 22, Arthur repeated the oath of office, this time administered by Chief Justice [[Morrison R. Waite]], because of concerns that a state judge may have lacked the authority to administer the presidential oath.<ref>[[#doenecke|Doenecke]], pp. 53–54; [[#reeves|Reeves]], p. 248</ref> He first resided at the home of Senator [[John P. Jones]] in anticipation of significant remodeling he had ordered for the White House, including the addition of an elaborate fifty-foot glass screen made by [[Louis Comfort Tiffany]].<ref name=r252>[[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 252–253, 268–269</ref> Since Arthur was a widower, his sister, [[Mary Arthur McElroy]], served as White House hostess.<ref name=r252/> Arthur rapidly became Washington's most eligible bachelor and his social life became the subject of many rumors, but he remained devoted only to the memory of his late wife.<ref name=r275>[[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 275–276</ref> His son, Chester Jr., was then a freshman at [[Princeton University]] and his daughter, Nell, stayed in New York with a [[governess]] until 1882; when she arrived, Arthur attempted to shield her from the intrusions of the press as much as he could.<ref name=r275/>

Arthur quickly came into conflict with Garfield's cabinet, most of whose members represented Republican factions that opposed him. He asked the cabinet members to remain until December, when Congress would reconvene, but Treasury Secretary [[William Windom]] submitted his resignation in October to enter a Senate race in his home state of [[Minnesota]].<ref name=windom>[[#howe|Howe]], p. 160; [[#reeves|Reeves]], p. 254</ref> Arthur replaced him with [[Charles J. Folger]], his friend and fellow New York Stalwart.<ref name=windom/> Attorney General [[Wayne MacVeagh]] was next to resign, believing that, as a reformer, he had no place in an Arthur cabinet.<ref name=macveigh>[[#howe|Howe]], p. 161; [[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 254–255</ref> Despite Arthur's personal appeal to remain, MacVeigh resigned in December 1881 and Arthur replaced him with [[Benjamin H. Brewster]], a [[Philadelphia]] lawyer and machine politician who was thought to have some reformist leanings.<ref name=macveigh/> Blaine, arch-nemesis of the Stalwart faction, agreed to remain Secretary of State until Congress reconvened, and when it did so he departed immediately.<ref name=blaine>[[#howe|Howe]], pp. 160–161; [[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 255–257</ref> Conkling expected Arthur to appoint him in Blaine's place, but the President instead chose [[Frederick Theodore Frelinghuysen|Frederick T. Frelinghuysen]] of New Jersey, a Stalwart recommended by ex-President Grant.<ref name=blaine/> Frelinghuysen advised Arthur not to fill any future vacancies with Stalwarts, but when Postmaster General James resigned in January 1882, Arthur selected [[Timothy O. Howe]], a [[Wisconsin]] Stalwart, to replace him.<ref name=r257>[[#howe|Howe]], pp. 162–163; [[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 257–258</ref> Navy Secretary [[William H. Hunt]] was next to resign, in April 1882, and Arthur attempted a more balanced approach by appointing [[William E. Chandler]] to the post, on Blaine's recommendation.<ref name=r257/> Finally, when Interior Secretary [[Samuel J. Kirkwood]] resigned that same month, Arthur appointed [[Henry M. Teller]], a [[Colorado]] Stalwart to the office.<ref name=r257/> Of the Cabinet members Arthur had inherited from Garfield, only Secretary of War [[Robert Todd Lincoln]] remained for the entirety of Arthur's term.<ref name=r257/>

===Civil service reform===
[[File:Chester A. Arthur by Ole Peter Hansen Balling.JPG|alt=Portrait of a man with a tremendous mustache|thumb|[[Ole Peter Hansen Balling]]'s 1881 portrait of Chester A. Arthur]]
In the 1870s, the public became aware of a [[star route scandal|scandal]] in which contractors for [[Star routes|star postal routes]] were greatly overpaid for their services with the connivance of government officials (including Second Assistant Postal Secretary [[Thomas J. Brady]] and former Senator [[Stephen Wallace Dorsey]]).<ref name=star>[[#doenecke|Doenecke]], pp. 93–95; [[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 297–298</ref> This was an example of the kind of corruption that reformers feared Arthur would permit, and reformers grew concerned that the former supporter of the spoils system would not devote his administration's energy to continuing the investigation into the scandal.<ref name=star/> Nevertheless, the new Attorney General, Brewster, continued the investigations begun by MacVeigh and hired notable Democratic lawyers William W. Ker and [[Richard T. Merrick]] in an attempt both to improve the prosecution team and avoid the appearance of political partisanship.<ref name=star2>[[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 299–300; [[#howe|Howe]], p. 182</ref> Although Arthur had worked closely with Dorsey before taking office, once in office he supported the investigation and forced the resignation of officials suspected in the scandal.<ref name=star2/> An 1882 trial of the ringleaders resulted in convictions for two minor conspirators and a [[hung jury]] for the rest.<ref name=star3>[[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 301–302; [[#howe|Howe]], pp. 185–189</ref> After a juror came forward with allegations that the defendants attempted to bribe him, the judge set aside the guilty verdicts and granted a new trial.<ref name=star3/> Before the second trial began, Arthur removed five federal office holders who were sympathetic with the defense, including a former Senator.<ref name=star4>[[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 303–305; [[#howe|Howe]], pp. 189–193</ref> The second trial began in December 1882 and lasted until July 1883 and, again, did not result in a guilty verdict.<ref name=star4/> Failure to obtain a conviction tarnished the administration's image, but Arthur did succeed in putting a stop to the fraud.<ref name=star4/>

Garfield's assassination by a deranged office seeker amplified the growing public demand for civil service reform.<ref name=r320>[[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 320–324; [[#doenecke|Doenecke]], pp. 96–97; [[#theriault|Theriault]], pp. 52–53, 56</ref> Democratic and Republican leaders both realized that they could attract the votes of reformers by turning against the spoils system and, by 1882, the tide turned in favor of reform.<ref name=r320/> As early as 1880, Democratic Senator [[George H. Pendleton]] of Ohio had introduced legislation that would allow for selection of civil servants based on merit as determined by an [[Civil service examination|examination]].<ref name=r320/> In his first [[State of the Union address|annual Presidential address to Congress]] in 1881, Arthur requested civil service reform legislation and Pendleton again introduced his bill, but Congress did not pass it.<ref name=r320/> Republicans lost seats in the 1882 congressional elections, in which Democrats campaigned on the reform issue.<ref>[[#doenecke|Doenecke]], pp. 99–100; [[#theriault|Theriault]], pp. 57–63</ref> As a result, the [[lame duck session]] of Congress was more amenable to civil service reform; the Senate approved Pendleton's bill 38–5 and the House soon concurred by a vote of 155–47.<ref name=r324>[[#reeves|Reeves]], p. 324; [[#doenecke|Doenecke]], pp. 101–102</ref> Arthur signed the [[Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act]] into law on January 16, 1883.<ref name=r324/> In just two years' time, an unrepentant Stalwart had become the president who ushered in long-awaited civil service reform.<ref name=r324/>

At first, the act applied only to 10% of federal jobs and, without proper implementation by the president, it could have gone no further.<ref name=r325>[[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 325–327; [[#doenecke|Doenecke]], pp. 102–104</ref> Even after he signed the act into law, its proponents doubted Arthur's commitment to reform.<ref name=r325/> To their surprise, he acted quickly to appoint the members of the [[United States Civil Service Commission|Civil Service Commission]] that the law created, naming reformers [[Dorman Bridgeman Eaton]], [[John Milton Gregory]], and [[Leroy D. Thoman]] as commissioners.<ref name=r325/> The chief examiner, [[Silas W. Burt]], was a long-time reformer who had been Arthur's opponent when the two men worked at the New York Customs House.<ref name=h209>[[#howe|Howe]], pp. 209–210</ref> The commission issued its first rules in May 1883; by 1884, half of all postal officials and three-quarters of the [[United States Customs Service|Customs Service]] jobs were to be awarded by merit.<ref name=h209/> That year, Arthur expressed satisfaction in the new system, praising its effectiveness "in securing competent and faithful public servants and in protecting the appointing officers of the Government from the pressure of personal importunity and from the labor of examining the claims and pretensions of rival candidates for public employment."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur%27s_Fourth_State_of_the_Union_Address |title=Fourth State of the Union Address |author=Chester A. Arthur |year=1884 |publisher=Wikisource, The Free Library |accessdate=July 15, 2011}}</ref>

===Surplus and the tariff===
With high income held over from [[American Civil War|wartime]] taxes, coupled with debt management problems and the inability to pass a program for early debt retirement, the federal government had collected more revenue than it had spent since 1866 and, by 1882, the surplus had reached $145 million,<ref name=r328>[[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 328–329; [[#doenecke|Doenecke]], p. 168</ref> Opinions varied on how to [[Balanced budget|balance the budget]], but nonetheless these surpluses created a tendency to overspend.<ref name="Kim-Dwor">Lewis A. Kimmel, ''Federal-Budget and Fiscal Policy 1789-1958'', (Washington, D. C.: The Brooking Institute, 1959). Cited in Dworsky: "The temptation to squander money was overwhelming; the Rivers and Harbors Act passed over (President) Arthur's veto in 1882 demonstrated how strongly it lay upon the Congress."</ref> Most Democrats wished to lower tariffs, in order to reduce revenues and lower the cost of imported goods. Republicans largely disagreed, believing that high tariffs ensured high wages for men employed in manufacturing and [[natural resource extraction]]. They preferred that the government spend more on [[internal improvements]] and reduce [[excise]] taxes.<ref name=r328/> Arthur mostly agreed with his party, and in 1882 called for the abolition of excise taxes on everything except liquor, as well as a simplification of the complex tariff structure.<ref name=r330>[[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 330–333; [[#doenecke|Doenecke]], pp. 169–171</ref> In May of that year, Representative [[William D. Kelley]] of Pennsylvania introduced a bill to establish a tariff commission.<ref name=r330/> The bill passed and Arthur signed it into law but appointed mostly [[Protectionism|protectionists]] to the committee. Republicans were pleased with the committee's make-up but were surprised when, in December 1882, they submitted a report to Congress calling for tariff cuts averaging between 20 and 25%. The commission's recommendations were ignored, however, as the [[United States House Committee on Ways and Means|House Ways and Means Committee]], dominated by protectionists, wrote the law to yield reductions of 10%.<ref name=r330/> After conference with the Senate, the bill that emerged only reduced tariffs by an average of 1.47%. The bill passed both houses narrowly on March 3, 1883, the last full day of the [[47th United States Congress|47th Congress]]. Arthur signed the measure into law, but it did little to reduce the surplus.<ref name=r334>[[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 334–335</ref>

At the same time and closely tied to the tariff and budget debate, Congress attempted to balance the budget from the other side of the ledger by spending on the 1882 [[Rivers and Harbors Act]] that contained the then-unprecedented expenditure of $19 million for internal improvements.<ref name=r280>[[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 280–282; [[#doenecke|Doenecke]], p. 81</ref> While Arthur was not opposed to internal improvements, the scale of the bill disturbed him, as did its focus on "particular localities," rather than on projects that benefited a large part of the nation.<ref name=r280/> On August 1, 1882, Arthur vetoed the bill to widespread popular acclaim.<ref name=r280/> In his veto message, he wrote that his principal objection to the bill was that it appropriated funds for purposes "not for the common defense or general welfare, and which do not promote commerce among the States."<ref>[[#reeves|Reeves]], p. 281</ref> Congress [[Veto override|overrode]] his veto,<ref name=r280/> and the new law reduced the surplus by $19 million. Many Republicans considered the law a success at the time, but later believed the unpopular law contributed to their loss of seats in the elections of 1882.<ref>[[#howe|Howe]], pp. 196–197; [[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 281–282; [[#kara|Karabell]], p. 90</ref>

===Foreign affairs and immigration===
[[File:The only one barred out cph.3b48680.jpg|thumb|alt=A Chinese man sitting outside a locked gate|A political cartoon from 1882, criticizing [[Chinese exclusion]]]]
During the [[Presidency of James Garfield|Garfield administration]], Secretary of State [[James G. Blaine]] took the United States' diplomacy in [[Latin America]] in a new direction, urging reciprocal trade agreements and offering to mediate disputes among the Latin American nations.<ref name=d55>[[#doenecke|Doenecke]], pp. 55–57; [[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 284–289</ref> Blaine proposed holding a Pan-American conference in 1882 to discuss trade and an end to the [[War of the Pacific]] being fought by [[Bolivia]], [[Chile]], and [[Peru]].<ref name=d55/> This represented a greater involvement in affairs south of the [[Rio Grande]] than the United States had previously attempted, and marked a significant shift in foreign policy.<ref name=d55/> Blaine did not remain in office long enough to see the effort through, and when [[Frederick Theodore Frelinghuysen|Frederick T. Frelinghuysen]] replaced him at the end of 1881, the conference efforts lapsed.<ref name=d129>[[#doenecke|Doenecke]], pp. 129–132; [[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 289–293; [[#bastert|Bastert]], pp. 653–671</ref> Frelinghuysen also discontinued Blaine's peace efforts in the War of the Pacific, fearing that the United States might be drawn into the conflict.<ref name=d129/> Arthur and Frelinghuysen continued Blaine's efforts to encourage trade among the nations of the Western Hemisphere, and a treaty with [[Mexico]] providing for reciprocal tariff reductions was signed in 1882 and approved by the Senate in 1884.<ref name=d173>[[#doenecke|Doenecke]], pp. 173–175; [[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 398–399, 409</ref> The House declined to approve the legislation required to bring the treaty into force, however, rendering it a [[wikt:dead letter|dead letter]].<ref name=d173/> Similar efforts at reciprocal trade treaties with [[Santo Domingo]] and [[Spanish West Indies|Spain's American colonies]] were defeated by February 1885, and an existing reciprocity treaty with the [[Kingdom of Hawaii]] was allowed to lapse.<ref name=d175>[[#doenecke|Doenecke]], pp. 175–178; [[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 398–399, 407–410</ref>

The 47th Congress spent a great deal of its time on the regulation of immigration, at times in accord with Arthur's wishes and at times against them.<ref name=h168>[[#howe|Howe]], pp. 168–169; [[#doenecke|Doenecke]], p. 81</ref> In July 1882, without significant opposition, Congress passed a bill regulating steamships that carried immigrants to the United States.<ref name=h168/> To their surprise, Arthur vetoed it, citing problems in the bill's wording; Congress agreed to reword it, and he signed the revised measure.<ref name=h168/> He also signed in August of that year the [[Immigration Act of 1882]], which levied a fifty-cent tax on immigrants to the United States, as well as excluding from entry the [[mentally ill]], the [[mentally retarded]], [[criminals]], or any person "unable to take care of himself or herself without becoming a public charge."<ref>[[#hutchinson|Hutchinson]], p. 162; [[#howe|Howe]], p. 169</ref> A larger debate concerned the status of one particular group of immigrants: the Chinese. In 1868, the Senate had ratified the [[Burlingame Treaty]] with China, allowing an unrestricted flow of [[Chinese American history|Chinese immigrants]] into the country. As the economy soured after the [[Panic of 1873]], Chinese immigrants were blamed for depressing workmen's wages.<ref name=r277>[[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 277–278; [[#hoog|Hoogenboom]], pp. 387–389</ref> In response, Congress passed a Chinese Exclusion Act in 1879, abrogating the 1868 treaty, which President Hayes vetoed.<ref name=r277/> Three years later, after China had agreed to treaty revisions, Congress tried again to exclude Chinese immigrants. Senator [[John Franklin Miller (senator)|John F. Miller]] of [[California]] introduced a [[Chinese Exclusion Act]] that would have denied Chinese immigrants United States citizenship and completely banned their immigration for the next twenty years.<ref name=r278/> The bill passed the Senate and House by overwhelming margins, arriving at Arthur's desk in April 1882.<ref name=r278>[[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 278–279; [[#doenecke|Doenecke]], pp. 81–84</ref> Arthur vetoed the bill, seeing the twenty-year ban as a breach of the renegotiated treaty of 1880, which allowed only a "reasonable" suspension of immigration. Eastern newspapers praised the veto, but he was widely condemned in the Western states. Congress was unable to override the veto, instead passing a new bill that reduced the ban on Chinese immigration to ten years. Although he still objected to the denial of citizenship to Chinese immigrants, Arthur signed the compromise measure into law on May 6, 1882.<ref name=r278/>{{#tag:ref|The portion of the law denying citizenship to Chinese-Americans would be found unconstitutional in ''[[United States v. Wong Kim Ark]]'' in 1898.|group=note}}

===Naval reform===
[[File:Squadron of Evolution (Hart).jpg|left|thumb|alt=Photograph of four warships|The "Squadron of Evolution" at anchor in 1889, after ''Yorktown'' had been added: ''Chicago'', ''Yorktown'', ''Boston'', ''Atlanta'']]
In the years following the Civil War, [[United States Navy|American naval power]] declined precipitously, shrinking from nearly 700 vessels to just 52, most of which were obsolete.<ref>[[#reeves|Reeves]], p. 337; [[#doenecke|Doenecke]], p. 145</ref> The nation's military focus over the fifteen years before Garfield and Arthur's election had been on the [[American Indian wars|Indian wars]] in the West, rather than the high seas, but as the region was increasingly pacified, many in Congress grew concerned at the poor state of the Navy.<ref name=r338>[[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 338–341; [[#doenecke|Doenecke]], pp. 145–147</ref> Garfield's Secretary of the Navy, [[William H. Hunt]], advocated reform of the Navy and his successor, [[William E. Chandler]], appointed an advisory board to prepare a report on modernization.<ref>[[#doenecke|Doenecke]], pp. 147–149</ref> Based on the suggestions in the report, Congress appropriated funds for the construction of three steel [[protected cruiser]]s (''[[USS Atlanta (1884)|Atlanta]]'', ''[[USS Boston (1884)|Boston]]'', and ''[[USS Chicago (1885)|Chicago]]'') and an armed dispatch-steamer (''[[USS Dolphin (PG-24)|Dolphin]]''), collectively known as the "ABCD Ships" or the "[[Squadron of Evolution]]".<ref name=navy>[[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 342–343; [[#abbot|Abbot]], pp. 346–347</ref> Congress also approved funds to rebuild four [[monitor (warship)|monitors]] (''[[USS Puritan (BM-1)|Puritan]]'', ''[[USS Amphitrite (BM-2)|Amphitrite]]'', ''[[USS Monadnock (BM-3)|Monadnock]]'', and ''[[USS Terror (BM-4)|Terror]],'') which had lain uncompleted since 1877.<ref name=navy/> The contracts to build the ABCD ships were all awarded to the low bidder, [[John Roach & Sons]] of [[Chester, Pennsylvania|Chester]], Pennsylvania,<ref name=r343>[[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 343–345; [[#doenecke|Doenecke]], pp. 149–151</ref> even though Roach once employed Secretary Chandler as a lobbyist.<ref name=r343/> Democrats turned against the "New Navy" projects and, when they won control of the [[48th United States Congress|48th Congress]], refused to appropriate funds for seven more steel warships.<ref name=r343/> Even without the additional ships, the state of the Navy improved when, after several construction delays, the last of the new ships entered service in 1889.<ref name=r349>[[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 349–350; [[#doenecke|Doenecke]], pp. 152–153</ref>
{{-}}

===Civil rights===
[[File:William Mahone.jpg|thumb|Arthur thought the Readjuster Party, led by [[William Mahone]], could succeed in advancing civil rights in Virginia where Republicans had failed.]]
Like his Republican predecessors, Arthur struggled with the question of how his party was to challenge the Democrats in [[Southern United States|the South]] and how, if at all, to protect the civil rights of black southerners.<ref name=r306>[[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 306–308; [[#doenecke|Doenecke]], pp. 105–108</ref> Since the end of [[Reconstruction Era of the United States|Reconstruction]], conservative white Democrats (or "[[Bourbon Democrat]]s") had regained power in the South, and the Republican party dwindled rapidly as their primary supporters in the region, blacks, [[Disfranchisement after Reconstruction era|were disenfranchised]].<ref name=r306/> One crack in the [[Solid South|solidly Democratic South]] emerged with the growth of a new party, the [[Readjuster Party|Readjusters]], in Virginia.<ref name=r307>[[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 307–309; [[#ayers|Ayers]], pp. 46–47</ref> Having won an election in that state on a platform of more education funding (for black and white schools alike) and abolition of the [[poll tax]] and the [[pillory|whipping post]], many northern Republicans saw the Readjusters as a more viable ally in the South than the moribund southern Republican party.<ref name=r307/> Arthur agreed, and directed the federal patronage in Virginia through the Readjusters rather than the Republicans.<ref name=r307/> He followed the same pattern in other Southern states, forging coalitions with independents and [[Greenback Party]] members.<ref name=r307/> Some black Republicans felt betrayed by the pragmatic gambit, but others (including [[Frederick Douglass]] and ex-Senator [[Blanche K. Bruce]]) endorsed the administration's actions, as the Southern independents had more liberal racial policies than the Democrats.<ref name=r310>[[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 310–313</ref> Arthur's coalition policy was only successful in Virginia, however, and by 1885 the Readjuster movement began to collapse with the election of a Democratic president.<ref>[[#ayers|Ayers]], pp. 47–48</ref> Other federal action on behalf of blacks was equally ineffective: when the Supreme Court struck down the [[Civil Rights Act of 1875]] in [[United States v. Harris|an 1883 decision]], Arthur expressed his disagreement with the decision in a message to Congress, but was unable to persuade Congress to pass any new legislation in its place.<ref>[[#doenecke|Doenecke]], pp. 112–114</ref> Arthur did, however, effectively intervene to overturn a [[court-martial]] ruling against a black [[United States Military Academy|West Point]] cadet, [[Johnson Chesnut Whittaker|Johnson Whittaker]], after the [[Judge Advocate General of the United States Army|Judge Advocate General of the Army]], [[David G. Swaim]], found the prosecution's case against Whittaker legally invalid and based on racial animus.<ref>[[#marszalek|Marszalek]], ''[[passim]].''</ref> The administration faced a different challenge in the West, where [[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints|the Mormon Church]] was under government pressure to stop the practice of [[polygamy]] in [[Utah Territory]].<ref name=d84>[[#doenecke|Doenecke]], pp. 84–85</ref> Garfield had believed polygamy was criminal behavior and was morally detrimental to family values, and Arthur's views were, for once, in line with his predecessor's.<ref name=d84/> In 1882, he signed the [[Edmunds Act]] into law, making polygamy a federal crime and barring polygamists from public office.<ref name=d84/>

===Indian policy===
The Arthur administration also dealt with changing relations with western [[Native Americans in the United States|American Indian]] tribes.<ref name=d85>[[#doenecke|Doenecke]], pp. 85–89</ref> The Indian Wars were winding down, and public sentiment was shifting toward more favorable treatment of Native Americans. Arthur urged Congress to increase funding for Indian education, which it did in 1884, although not to the extent he wished.<ref name=d89>[[#doenecke|Doenecke]], pp. 89–92; [[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 362–363</ref> He also favored a move to the [[Allotment Era|allotment system]], under which individual Native Americans, rather than tribes, would own land. Arthur was unable to convince Congress to adopt the idea during his administration but, in 1887, the [[Dawes Act]] changed the law to favor such a system.<ref name=d89/> The allotment system was favored by liberal reformers at the time, but eventually proved detrimental to Native Americans as most of their land was resold at low prices to white [[Speculation|speculators]].<ref>[[#doenecke|Doenecke]], p. 91; [[#stuart|Stuart]], pp. 452–454</ref> During Arthur's presidency, settlers and cattle ranchers continued to encroach on Indian territory.<ref name=d89-90>[[#doenecke|Doenecke]], pp. 89-90; [[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 362–363</ref> Arthur initially resisted their efforts, but after Secretary of the Interior [[Henry M. Teller]], an opponent of allotment, assured him that the lands were not protected, Arthur opened up the [[Crow Creek Reservation]] in the [[Dakota Territory]] to settlers by executive order in 1885.<ref name=d89-90/> Arthur's successor, [[Grover Cleveland]], finding that title belonged to the Indians, revoked Arthur's order a few months later.<ref name=d89-90/>

===Health, travel, and renomination===
[[File:President Chester A. Arthur Yellowstone National Park Expedition 1883.jpg|alt=A group of men seated in a forest|thumb|left|Arthur on an expedition in [[Yellowstone National Park]] along with [[Philip Sheridan]] and [[Robert Todd Lincoln]].]]
Shortly after becoming President, Arthur was diagnosed with [[Bright's disease]], a [[kidney]] ailment now referred to as [[nephritis]].<ref name=r317>[[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 317–318; [[#howe|Howe]], pp. 243–244</ref> He attempted to keep his condition private, but by 1883 rumors of his illness began to circulate.<ref name=r317/> By that time he had become thinner and more aged in appearance, as well as less energetic in keeping up with the demands of the presidency.<ref name=r317/> Hoping to rejuvenate his health by getting out of Washington, Arthur and some political friends traveled to [[Florida]] in April 1883.<ref name=r355>[[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 355–359; [[#howe|Howe]], pp. 244–246</ref> The vacation had the opposite effect, and Arthur suffered from intense pain before returning to Washington.<ref name=r355/> Later that year, on the advice of [[Missouri]] Senator [[George Graham Vest]], he visited [[Yellowstone National Park]].<ref name=r364>[[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 364–367; [[#howe|Howe]], pp. 247–248</ref> Reporters accompanied the presidential party, helping to publicize the new [[History of the National Park Service|National Park system]].<ref name=r364/> The Yellowstone trip was more beneficial to Arthur's health than his Florida excursion, and he returned to Washington refreshed after two months of travel.<ref>[[#kara|Karabell]], pp. 124–125; [[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 366–367</ref>

As the [[United States presidential election, 1884|1884 presidential election]] approached, [[James G. Blaine]] was thought to be the favorite for the Republican nomination, but Arthur, too, contemplated a run for a full term as President.<ref name=r368>[[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 368–371; [[#howe|Howe]], pp. 254–257</ref> In the months leading up to the [[1884 Republican National Convention]], however, Arthur began to realize that neither faction of the Republican party was prepared to give him their full support: the Half-Breeds were again solidly behind Blaine, while Stalwarts were undecided; some backed Arthur, with others considering Senator [[John A. Logan]] of Illinois.<ref name=r368/> Reform-minded Republicans, friendlier to Arthur after he endorsed civil service reform, were still not certain enough of his reform credentials to back him over Senator [[George F. Edmunds]] of Vermont, who had long favored their cause.<ref name=r368/> Business leaders supported him, as did Southern Republicans who owed their jobs to his control of the patronage, but by the time they began to rally around him, Arthur had decided against a serious campaign for the nomination.<ref name=r373>[[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 373–375; [[#doenecke|Doenecke]], pp. 181–182</ref> He kept up a token effort, believing that to drop out would cast doubt on his actions in office and raise questions about his health, but by the time the convention began in June, his defeat was almost assured.<ref name=r373/> Blaine led on the first ballot, and by the fourth ballot he had a majority.<ref name=r380>[[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 380–381; [[#howe|Howe]], pp. 264–265</ref> Arthur [[telegraph]]ed his congratulations to Blaine and accepted his defeat with equanimity.<ref name=r380/> He played no role in the 1884 campaign, which Blaine would later say contributed to his loss that November to the Democratic nominee, [[Grover Cleveland]].<ref name=r387>[[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 387–389; [[#howe|Howe]], pp. 265–266</ref>

===Administration and cabinet===
[[File:Chester_A_Arthur_by_Daniel_Huntington.jpeg|alt=Portrait of a man in a fur coat|thumb|right| Official White House portrait of Chester A. Arthur by [[Daniel Huntington]]]]
{{Infobox U.S. Cabinet
|align=left
|clear=yes
|Name=Arthur
|President=Chester A. Arthur
|President start=1881
|President end=1885
|Vice President= ''None''
|Vice President start=1881
|Vice President end=1885
|State=[[James G. Blaine]]
|State date=1881
|State 2=[[Frederick Theodore Frelinghuysen|Frederick T. Frelinghuysen]]
|State start 2=1881
|State end 2=1885
|War=[[Robert Todd Lincoln|Robert T. Lincoln]]
|War start=1881
|War end=1885
|Treasury=[[William Windom]]
|Treasury date=1881
|Treasury 2=[[Charles J. Folger]]
|Treasury start 2=1881
|Treasury end 2=1884
|Treasury 3=[[Walter Q. Gresham]]
|Treasury date 3=1884
|Treasury 4=[[Hugh McCulloch]]
|Treasury start 4=1884
|Treasury end 4=1885
|Justice=[[Wayne MacVeagh]]
|Justice date=1881
|Justice 2=[[Benjamin H. Brewster]]
|Justice start 2=1881
|Justice end 2=1885
|Post=[[Thomas Lemuel James|Thomas L. James]]
|Post date=1881
|Post 2=[[Timothy O. Howe]]
|Post start 2=1881
|Post end 2=1883
|Post 3=[[Walter Q. Gresham]]
|Post start 3=1883
|Post end 3=1884
|Post 4=[[Frank Hatton (U.S. politician)|Frank Hatton]]
|Post start 4=1884
|Post end 4=1885
|Navy=[[William H. Hunt]]
|Navy start=1881
|Navy end=1882
|Navy 2=[[William E. Chandler]]
|Navy start 2=1882
|Navy end 2=1885
|Interior=[[Samuel J. Kirkwood]]
|Interior start=1881
|Interior end=1882
|Interior 2=[[Henry Moore Teller|Henry M. Teller]]
|Interior start 2=1882
|Interior end 2=1885
}}

===Judicial appointments===
{{Main|List of federal judges appointed by Chester A. Arthur|l1=Chester A. Arthur judicial appointments}}
Arthur made appointments to fill two vacancies on the [[United States Supreme Court]]. The first vacancy arose in July 1881 with the death of [[Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States|Associate Justice]] [[Nathan Clifford]], a Democrat who had been a member of the Court since before the Civil War.<ref name=r260>[[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 260–261; [[#howe|Howe]], p. 195</ref> Arthur nominated [[Horace Gray]], a distinguished jurist from the [[Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court]] to replace him, and the nomination was easily confirmed.<ref name=r260/> Gray would serve until 1902 and was the author of the court's [[majority opinion]] in ''[[United States v. Wong Kim Ark]],'' which overturned the section of the Chinese Exclusion Act that denied Chinese-Americans citizenship. The second vacancy occurred when Associate Justice [[Ward Hunt]] retired in January 1882. Arthur first nominated his old political boss, [[Roscoe Conkling]]; he doubted that Conkling would accept, but felt obligated to offer a high office to his former patron.<ref name=r260/> The Senate confirmed the nomination but, as expected, Conkling declined it,<ref name=r260/> the last time a confirmed nominee declined his appointment.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.senate.gov/pagelayout/reference/nominations/Nominations.htm |title=Supreme Court Nominations, present-1789 |publisher=U.S. Senate |accessdate=February 11, 2012}}</ref> Senator George Edmunds was Arthur's next choice, but he declined to be considered.<ref>[[#doenecke|Doenecke]], p. 76</ref> Instead, Arthur nominated [[Samuel Blatchford]], a judge on the [[United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit|Second Circuit Court of Appeals]] for the last fifteen years.<ref name=r260/> Blatchford accepted, and his nomination was approved within two weeks.<ref name=r260/> Blatchford served on the Court until his death in 1893.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fjc.gov/servlet/nGetInfo?jid=192&cid=999&ctype=na&instate=na |title=Blatchford, Samuel M. |work=Biographical Directory of Federal Judges |publisher=Federal Judicial Center |accessdate=July 27, 2011}}</ref>

==Retirement and death==
[[File:Chet Arthur Mad Sq jeh.JPG|alt=Bronze statue of a man in a city park|thumb|upright|Chester A. Arthur statue at [[Madison Square]] in [[New York City]]]]
Arthur left office in 1885 and returned to his New York City home. Two months before the end of his term, several New York Stalwarts approached him to request that he run for United States Senate, but he declined, preferring to return to his old law practice at Arthur, Knevals & Ransom.<ref name=r412>[[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 412–414</ref> His health limited his activity with the firm, and Arthur served only [[of counsel]]. He took on few assignments with the firm and was often too ill to leave his house.<ref name=r416>[[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 416–418</ref> He managed a few public appearances, up until the end of 1885.<ref name=r416/>

After summering in [[New London, Connecticut]], in 1886, he returned quite ill and, on November 16, ordered nearly all of his papers, both personal and official, burned.<ref name=r416/>{{#tag:ref|A small number of Arthur's papers survived and passed to his grandson, [[Gavin Arthur]], who allowed Arthur's biographer, Thomas C. Reeves, to examine them the 1970s.<ref>[[#reeves72|Reeves 1972]], ''passim''.</ref>|group=note}} The next morning, Arthur suffered a [[cerebral hemorrhage]] and never regained consciousness; he died the following day at the age of 57.<ref name=r416/> On November 22, a private funeral was held at the [[Church of the Heavenly Rest]] in New York City, attended by President Cleveland and ex-President Hayes, among other notables.<ref name=r418>[[#reeves|Reeves]], pp. 418–419</ref> Arthur was buried next to the graves of many of his family members and ancestors in the [[Albany Rural Cemetery]] in [[Menands, New York]]. He was laid beside his wife in a [[sarcophagus]] on a large corner of the plot.<ref name=r416/>

==See also==
* [[Arthur Cottage]], ancestral home, [[Cullybackey]], [[County Antrim]], [[Northern Ireland]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist|group=note}}
{{-}}

==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=20em}}

==Sources==
{{refbegin}}
'''Books'''
* {{cite book |title=The Naval History of the United States |volume=2 |last=Abbot |first=Willis J. |authorlink=Willis J. Abbot |publisher=Peter Fenelon Collier |year=1896 |oclc=3453791 |url=http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/26416 |ref=abbot}}
*{{cite book |title=The Promise of the New South: Life After Reconstruction |last=Ayers |first=Edward L. |authorlink=Edward L. Ayers |year=2007 |origyear=1992 |publisher=Oxford University Press, USA |location=New York |isbn=0195326881 |ref=ayers}}
*{{cite book |title=The Presidencies of James A. Garfield and Chester A. Arthur |last=Doenecke |first=Justus D. |year=1981 |publisher=University Press of Kansas |location=Lawrence, Kansas |isbn=0700602089 |ref=doenecke}}
* {{cite book |author=Hoogenboom, Ari |title=Rutherford Hayes: Warrior and President|year=1995 |publisher=University Press of Kansas| location=Lawrence, Kansas |isbn=9780700606412 |ref=hoog}}
*{{cite book |title=Chester A. Arthur, A Quarter-Century of Machine Politics |last=Howe |first=George F. |year=1966 |origyear=1935 |publisher=F. Ungar Pub. Co |location=New York |asin=B00089DVIG |ref=howe}}
*{{cite book |title=Winfield Scott Hancock: A Soldier's Life |last=Jordan |first=David M. |year=1988 |publisher=Indiana University Press |location=Bloomfield, Indiana |isbn=0253365805 |ref=jordan}}
*{{cite book |title=Chester Alan Arthur |last=Karabell |first=Zachary |authorlink=Zachary Karabell |year=2004 |publisher=Henry Holt & Co |location=New York |isbn=0805069518 |ref=kara}}
*{{cite book |title=Gentleman Boss: The Life of Chester A. Arthur |last=Reeves |first=Thomas C. |authorlink=Thomas C. Reeves |year=1975 |publisher=Alfred A. Knopf |location=New York |isbn=0394460952 |ref=reeves}}

'''Articles'''
*{{cite journal |title=Diplomatic Reversal: Frelinghuysen's Opposition to Blaine's Pan-American Policy in 1882 |journal=The Mississippi Valley Historical Review |first=Russell H. |last=Bastert |volume=42 |issue=4 |month=March |year=1956 |page=653 |jstor=1889232 |ref=bastert |pages=653–671 |doi=10.2307/1889232}}
*{{cite journal |title=The Present Status of Our Immigration Laws and Policies |journal=The Milbank Memorial Fund Quarterly |first=C.P. |last=Hutchinson |volume=25 |issue=2 |month=April |year=1947 |page=161 |jstor=3348178 |ref=hutchinson |pages=161–173 |doi=10.2307/3348178}}
*{{cite journal |title=A Black Cadet At West Point |journal=American Heritage |first=John F. |last=Marszalek, Jr. |authorlink=John F. Marszalek |volume=22 |issue=5 |month=August |year=1971 |url=http://www.americanheritage.com/content/black-cadet-west-point?page=show |ref=marszalek}}
*{{cite journal |title=Who Were the Stalwarts? Who Were Their Rivals? Republican Factions in the Gilded Age |journal=Political Science Quarterly |first=Allan |last=Peskin |volume=99 |issue=4 |month=Winter |year=1984 |page=703 |jstor=2150708 |ref=peskin |pages=703–716 |doi=10.2307/2150708}}
*{{cite journal |title=The Search for the Chester Alan Arthur Papers |journal=The Wisconsin Magazine of History |first=Thomas C. |last=Reeves |volume=55 |issue=4 |month=Summer |year=1972 |jstor=4634741 |ref=reeves72 |pages=310–319}}
*{{cite journal |title=In Defense of Chester Arthur |journal=The Wilson Quarterly |first=Sybil |last=Schwartz |volume=2 |issue=4 |month=Autumn |year=1978 |page=180 |jstor=40255548 |ref=schwartz |pages=180–184}}
*{{cite journal |title=United States Indian Policy: From the Dawes Act to the American Indian Policy Review Commission |journal=Social Service Review |first=Paul |last=Stuart |volume=51 |issue=3 |month=September |year=1977 |page=451 |jstor=30015511 |ref=stuart |pages=451–463 |doi=10.1086/643524}}
*{{cite journal |title=Patronage, the Pendleton Act, and the Power of the People |journal=The Journal of Politics |first=Sean M. |last=Theriault |volume=65 |issue=1 |month=February |year=2003 |page=50 |jstor=3449855 |ref=theriault |pages=50–68}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Sisterlinks|wikt=no|commons=Chester A. Arthur|q=Chester A. Arthur|v=no|n=no|s=Author:Chester Alan Arthur|b=no}}
* [http://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/presidents/arthur/index.html Chester Arthur: A Resource Guide] from the Library of Congress
* {{CongBio|A000303}} Retrieved on 2008-09-28
* [http://www.whitehouse.gov/history/presidents/ca21.html White House Biography]
* {{gutenberg author |id=Chester_Alan_Arthur | name=Chester Alan Arthur}}
*[http://americanpresidents.org/presidents/president.asp?PresidentNumber=21 Chester A. Arthur] at [[C-SPAN]]'s ''[[American Presidents: Life Portraits]]''

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{{Navboxes
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|state=collapsed
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{{US Presidents}}
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{{Portal bar|American Civil War|Biography|Government of the United States|New York City|Politics|United States Army|Vermont}}

{{Persondata
|NAME = Arthur, Chester Alan
|ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
|SHORT DESCRIPTION = American politician, lawyer, [[Union (American Civil War)|Union]] [[Union Army|Army]] [[General officer|general]]
|DATE OF BIRTH = October 5, 1829
|PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Fairfield, Vermont]]
|DATE OF DEATH = November 18, 1886
|PLACE OF DEATH = [[New York City]], [[New York]]
}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Arthur, Chester Allen}}
[[Category:1829 births]]
[[Category:1886 deaths]]
[[Category:19th-century American Episcopalians]]
[[Category:American people of English descent]]
[[Category:American people of Scotch-Irish descent]]
[[Category:American people of Welsh descent]]
[[Category:Burials at Albany Rural Cemetery]]
[[Category:Chester A. Arthur| ]]
[[Category:Collectors of the Port of New York]]
[[Category:Deaths from cerebral hemorrhage]]
[[Category:New York Republicans]]
[[Category:People from Fairfield, Vermont]]
[[Category:People of Vermont in the American Civil War]]
[[Category:Presidents of the United States]]
[[Category:Republican Party Presidents of the United States]]
[[Category:Republican Party (United States) vice presidential nominees]]
[[Category:Republican Party Vice Presidents of the United States]]
[[Category:State and National Law School alumni]]
[[Category:Union Army generals]]
[[Category:Union College (New York) alumni]]
[[Category:United States presidential candidates, 1884]]
[[Category:United States vice-presidential candidates, 1880]]

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Directory:Australian Paralympic Committee

2012-02-10T16:13:25Z

Jackson: /* Hall of Fame and History Projects */ expand

{{Infobox Nonprofit
| nonprofit_name = [[Nonprofit_Name::Australian Paralympic Committee]]
| nonprofit_logo =
| nonprofit_slogan =
| company_type = [[Company_Type::NPO|Non-Profit Organization]]
| foundation = [[1990]]
| founder =
| location =
| key_people = [[Key_Person1::Jason Hellwig]], [[Key_Person1_Title::CEO]] [[Key_Person2::Greg Hartung]], [[Key_Person2_Title::President]] [[Key_Person3::Laura Hale]], [[Key_Person3_Title::Publicist]] 
| industry =
| products =
| revenue = {{profit}}[[Australian dollar|A$]][[Surplus::109000|109 thousand]] (2009) A$ [[Revenues::23015000|23 million]] (2010)
| net_assets = {{profit}}A$[[Net Assets::10561000|10,561,000]] (2010) net
| num_employees = {{steady}}[[Employees:=49]] (2010) total
| parent =
| subsid = 
| owner =
| contact =
| reference = [http://www.paralympic.org.au/sites/default/files/2010-2011%20APC%20Annual%20Report.pdf 2010-2011 Annual Report]
| footnotes =
}}

The '''Australian Paralympic Committee''' (APC) is the [[Australia]]n affiliate of the [[International Paralympic Committee]]. (Paralympic sports are athletic competitions designed for persons with disabilities.) The APC works with federations that promote particular paralympic sports in Australia.

The APC promotes paralymic sports within Australia. It also selects and trains paralympic athletes to compete in the "Paralympic Games" that are held in conjunction with the [[Olympic Games]]. The next Paralympic Games will be held in London, England in 2012.

The APC has annual revenue of $23 million, of which $12.8 million comes from government grants.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.paralympic.org.au/sites/default/files/2010-2011%20APC%20Annual%20Report.pdf|title=2010-2011 Annual Report|accessdate=2012-02-10}} page 8</ref>

{{GKAdBrite}}

{{GKAnt}}

 
In 2011, the APC started construction of a new headquarters building at Essendon Football Club’s new high performance centre at Melbourne Airport.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.paralympic.org.au/news/construction-underway-new-apc-and-essendon-hq|title=Construction underway at new APC and Essendon HQ|date=01/02/2012|accessdate=2012-02-10}}</ref>

 

==Hall of Fame and History Projects==
The APC seeks to promote paralympic sports and to preserve their heritage through a Hall of Fame. The Hall of Fame inducted its first three members in 2011.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.paralympic.org.au/apc-programs/australian-paralympic-hall-fame/australian-paralympic-hall-fame|title=Australian Paralympic Hall of Fame|accessdate=2012-02-10}}</ref>

The APC's history project seeks to record the past of paralympic sports in Australia through scholarly research and oral histories. The APC conducted a competitive tender in early 2011 for authors to write a formal history book at the expense of APC. One applicant submitted an innovative proposal that would crowd-source the research using wiki software as more cost-effective than just scholars conducting traditional research on a paid basis.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/The_History_of_the_Paralympic_Movement_in_Australia/Tender|title=The History of the Paralympic Movement in Australia/Tender|date=4 March 2011|accessdate=2012-02-10}}</ref> At first, the project was to produce a book that would be printed on-demand by Pediapress, with content developed on wikiversity.org. The project team included John Vandenberg, President of Wikimedia Australia and a member of the prestigious Wikipedia Arbitration Committee. Although Wikipedia normally prohibits paid editing on its encyclopedia, the APC history project was reclassified as a "GLAM" (Galleries, Libraries, Archives and Museums)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://outreach.wikimedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Paralympic_Movement_in_Australia|title=History of the Paralympic Movement in Australia|accessdate=2012-02-10}}</ref> allowing it to pay people to add content to the main encyclopedia as a hagiography.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hagiography|title=hagiography|accessdate=2012-02-10}}</ref> Currently, Laura Hale (Vice President of Wikimedia Australia) is the paid Wikipedian in residence at APC.

The history project is particularly noteworthy because of its writing contest. Instead of paying authors to add relevant content to Wikipedia, the project is sponsoring a competition with the two authors who add the most content winning an all-expense paid trip to the 2012 Paralympic Games in London. This represents the largest prize purse ever awarded in a Wikipedia competition.<ref>{{cite web|ur=http://outreach.wikimedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Paralympic_Movement_in_Australia/Wikimedians_to_the_Games|title=Wikimedians to the Games|accessdate=2012-02-10}}</ref> As of February 10, five people have signed up for the contest.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://outreach.wikimedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Paralympic_Movement_in_Australia/Wikimedians_to_the_Games/Participant|title=Participants|accessdate=2012-02-10}}</ref>

If this contest proves successful, Hale hopes to use APC as a model and advise other sports regarding the crowd-sourcing of their heritage.

The Hall of Fame and History projects are coordinated by Tony Naar, General Manager Knowledge Services at APC. Naar spoke at the [[University of Canberra]] to tell students about his projects.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ucniss.net/2011/10/australian-paralympic-committee-comes.html|title=Australian Paralympic Committee Comes To Speak with UCNISS Students|accessdate=2012-02-10}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.paralympic.org.au/ www.paralympic.org.au] home page

===Share this page===
<sharethis />

User talk:MyWikiBiz

2012-02-10T13:00:58Z

Jackson: /* Wikademia and Self Indulgence */

'''Past discussions are archived here''':

*[[User talk:MyWikiBiz/Archive 1|Archive 1]] ''(Oct 2006 - Mar 2007)''
*[[User talk:MyWikiBiz/Archive 2|Archive 2]] ''(Mar 2007 - May 2007)''
*[[User talk:MyWikiBiz/Archive 3|Archive 3]] ''(June 2007 - June 2008)''
*[[User talk:MyWikiBiz/Archive 4|Archive 4]] ''(July 2008 - January 2009)''
*[[User talk:MyWikiBiz/Archive 5|Archive 5]] ''(January 2009 - December 2009)''

==Aricle not doing well in google==

this article [[Sarey Savy]] is number 15 on google i need to make it number one! Help! please?! ([[User:Michael Chen|Michael Chen]] 21:06, 11 February 2010 (PST))
: You just created it. It may take some time to get to #1. Also, it will help if you go to other websites (Facebook, MySpace, Wikia, etc.) and try to get an external link placed FROM there TO this article here. I will look at the [[Sarey Savy]] page and see if I can help matters with the semantic tagging in the article. -- [[User:MyWikiBiz|MyWikiBiz]] 06:00, 12 February 2010 (PST)

Thanks man this is WAY better than Wikipedia =] If i could give away awards for best wikis i would give you millions and you'd win all the time =] ([[User:Michael Chen|Michael Chen]] 08:42, 12 February 2010 (PST))

Oh it's decreasing it's rank on google. ([[User:Michael Chen|Michael Chen]] 09:08, 12 February 2010 (PST))

Why is it decreasing? ([[User:Michael Chen|Michael Chen]] 09:47, 12 February 2010 (PST))

:It probably senses your panic. Seriously, calm down -- these things take time. And there's no saying that this page is going to go to #1 -- there's already a page on MySpace and on Facebook. They tend to perform stronger than MyWikiBiz. Have you set up any inbound, "dofollow" links on other sites? -- [[User:MyWikiBiz|MyWikiBiz]] 12:52, 12 February 2010 (PST)

Yes it is linked on myspace facebook etc. ([[User:Michael Chen|Michael Chen]] 14:03, 12 February 2010 (PST))

What can i do to improve the google ranking? ([[User:Michael Chen|Michael Chen]] 21:40, 12 February 2010 (PST))

:Mr. Chen, may I ask how old are you? Please [http://www.slideshare.net/bencrothers/10-tips-to-boost-your-google-ranking read this] and follow what you learn there. These are basic tips for boosting the Google ranking of a site or page you wish to optimize. Good luck! -- [[User:MyWikiBiz|MyWikiBiz]] 06:51, 13 February 2010 (PST)

Thanks! It's number 3 on google ranking! Can't you take the Directory talk out? ([[User:Michael Chen|Michael Chen]] 10:37, 13 February 2010 (PST))

Okay it fell down it's not even on google!!! I just deleted my history and everything then the next thing you know Sarey Savy-Mywikibiz is GONE! ([[User:Michael Chen|Michael Chen]] 16:01, 14 February 2010 (PST))

The directory doesn't show up but, yet when i take the directory out it does at number 3. ([[User:Michael Chen|Michael Chen]] 09:39, 15 February 2010 (PST))

== Problems With SVG Images ==

Hi, Greg, there's some kind of problem with SVG images. Maybe we're a couple of MediaWiki updates behind?

* Here's my test page: http://mywikibiz.com/User:Jon_Awbrey/SVG

* Here's what it should look like: http://oeis.org/wiki/User:Jon_Awbrey/SVG

[[User:Jon Awbrey|Jon Awbrey]] 10:50, 16 February 2010 (PST)

:We will look into it and [http://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Manual:Image_Administration#SVG seek a repair]. -- [[User:MyWikiBiz|MyWikiBiz]] 13:42, 16 February 2010 (PST)

==Can you please explain to me what your site is for?==
I don't want to break any rules here. I really don't want to be banned from here. They banned me at wikipedia review and it just hurt my feelings even more. I would like to help out here, but I don't want any more bans because it makes me feel bad. I guess I have a very big problem with following or understanding site rules, so if you could please help me out with what you expect here and what this is for - before I do anything wrong and get banned I would appreciate it.[[User:Wiki Greek Basketball|Wiki Greek Basketball]] 12:45, 19 February 2010 (PST)
:[http://www.mywikibiz.com/Help:Introduction This page] should answer most of your questions. I'm happy that you're here. Not looking to ban you. In fact, three of the four top contributors to MyWikiBiz.com are blocked on Wikipedia. You basically have a lot of options here, but the first thing you need to square away is whether you are going to try to make a little bit of money here (more effort and slightly more rules to obey), or whether money is not of interest to you (easier, and fewer rules to stay on top of). -- [[User:MyWikiBiz|MyWikiBiz]] 17:10, 19 February 2010 (PST)

== Wikia ==

Do you suppose Wikia would be profitable by now, or ever if Wikipedia did not tag Wikia links with the "nofollow" tag for however long? Do you know for how long they were not tagged with "nofollow"?

I saw that you posted this link, I think on WR:

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:LinkSearch&limit=5000&offset=20000&target=http://*.wikia.com

So there are like 22,000 Wikia links? Wow. [[User:Wikademia|Wikademia]]

:Considering that Wikia is only barely profitable at this time (and with $14 million sunk into it, and likely very little of that recuperated), I would honestly suggest that Wikia would not be profitable by now if they hadn't had the early and ongoing boost(s) from Wikipedia-based link relevance and traffic. If you add to this how often Jimmy Wales has traveled on purportedly a Wikimedia Foundation "mission", but manages to talk about Wikia even briefly to large audiences, then I am absolutely certain Wikia would be well underwater without that self-promotional boost. -- [[User:MyWikiBiz|MyWikiBiz]] 09:18, 18 March 2010 (PDT)

:: But it is probably legal to do things like that I suppose? I am not a lawyer. I have no idea. [[User:Wikademia|Wikademia]]

::: Oh, I'm sure it's legal... up until the point the IRS decides to conduct an audit of either your personal or your corporation's taxes. But, regardless; the real point is when you consider how Wales speaks so glowingly of his free (and freewill) contributions to the Wikimedia Foundation mission (with no mention of how he's appropriated that mission to almost entirely drive his personal fortunes), his character is revealed to be that of a hypocrite when he speaks with revulsion about those who would "exploit" Wikipedia for profit. You're smart enough to see through that phony baloney, right? -- [[User:MyWikiBiz|MyWikiBiz]] 14:15, 18 March 2010 (PDT)
:::: Self deception maybe? Or maybe just the way capitalism has to work? [[User:Wikademia|Wikademia]]

== Wikademia and Wikieducator ==

I'm sure you'd be welcome to edit on both of those. [[User:Wikademia|Wikademia]]

:Have you seen the Alexa ratings of WikiEducator? They are a bit lower than MyWikiBiz. I'd reach more people working here. As for Wikademia, let me know when it reaches the top million on Alexa. -- [[User:MyWikiBiz|MyWikiBiz]] 21:50, 21 March 2010 (PDT)

== Hi MyWikiBiz ==

I would like to edit the article 'Greg James Sculpture Studio Gallery' but it appears to be locked. The article was created by Peter Z. who doesn't seem to have any problems in editing it. My menu bar displays on the article 'View Source'. Can you please help? [[User:Greg James Sculpture|Greg James Sculpture]] 21:11, 31 March 2010 (PDT)
:It is open now to your being able to edit it. However, be advised, once you make an edit, you will become the "owner" of the article (because it's in Directory space), and others (including Peter) will not have access to edit. That's how our Directory space is set up at MyWikiBiz -- it's intended to be one-editor-only. If the two of you are both equally interested in editing it, I would suggest creating a joint account between you and share the password. -- [[User:MyWikiBiz|MyWikiBiz]] 21:30, 31 March 2010 (PDT)
:: Thank you [[User:Greg James Sculpture|Greg James Sculpture]] 21:47, 31 March 2010 (PDT)

== Title Help ==
Hi MyWikiBiz! Could you please help me. I've created a new article & left a dot at the end of the title: [[Directory:Robert Dawkins-The Silver Gallery.]] Is their a way of removing the dot, because I can't figure out how to do it? Regards:) [[User:Peter Z.|Peter Z.]] 19:34, 7 April 2010 (PDT)
: I have moved it to [[Directory:Robert_Dawkins-The_Silver_Gallery|a new location]], sans period. -- [[User:MyWikiBiz|MyWikiBiz]] 04:55, 8 April 2010 (PDT)
:: Thanks. [[User:Peter Z.|Peter Z.]] 05:38, 8 April 2010 (PDT)

== Help:SMW ==

There is a note on one of my pages which says that ASK is no longer supported but to use 'SMW'. Is there any documentation on this pls? (Couldn't find any). [[User:Ockham|Ockham]] 19:50, 5 May 2010 (UTC)

[edit] Does [http://semantic-mediawiki.org/wiki/Help:Inline_queries this] have anything to do with it? If I can figure this out I will add some help files. [[User:Ockham|Ockham]] 19:52, 5 May 2010 (UTC)

:Yes, that is exactly the page I was going to point you to, Ockham. This was one of the most frustrating aspects of our transfer to a new server host and a complete upgrade/update to both the most current Mediawiki core software, but also the most current Semantic Mediawiki extension that used to run all of our Attributes and Relations. Now, both Attributes and Relations are lumped into a new field called "Properties". And instead of using a := for Attributes, all Properties now need a :: instruction. I'm going to be hiring a coder to try to make some of these universal, global changes to try to make things a bit more polished around here. -- [[User:MyWikiBiz|MyWikiBiz]] 02:21, 6 May 2010 (UTC)
:: Hi thanks. I [http://www.mywikibiz.com/index.php?title=List_of_medieval_philosophers&oldid=116947 tested] the medieval philosophers query with the SMW syntax but still doesn't work. I think it needs a professional to set us on the right road and then we can take it from there. [[User:Ockham|Ockham]] 07:07, 6 May 2010 (UTC)

[edit] ah my mistake. It does work (see [http://www.mywikibiz.com/index.php?title=List_of_medieval_philosophers this version] of the page). [[User:Ockham|Ockham]] 07:23, 6 May 2010 (UTC)
{edit] The key is to remember that it doesn't support the '=<' sign. '<' in SMW means 'less or equal to'. Otherwise you get the bug. [[User:Ockham|Ockham]] 07:40, 6 May 2010 (UTC)

===How about this===

I think SMW is going to be more powerful than ASK. I have created a new version of [[List_of_Scholastic_Texts]], which as you can see now supports links to the authors, which the old version never did.

I am going to experiment with catalogues of medieval manuscripts. I have a digitised version of M.R.James catologue of manuscripts held in Gonville and Caius' library. This has details of condition, production date or century, lists of Authors and so on. There are currently projects to take catalogues like these and use professional software developers in the old-fahshioned and expensive way, to build large and difficult-to-maintain databases that only professional developers (rather than users) can understand. Using environments like this, you hardly need developers. A team of users and experts working together can quickly build a database that is far easier to use and far more transparent than any expensive database developed in the traditional IT-led way.

The problem is to get the users (i.e. medievalists or whoever) to understand how powerful this can be, and how easy to use. I will make some experiments with the James catalogue and if this works I will publish something in 'Digital Medievalist'. [[User:Ockham|Ockham]] 08:27, 6 May 2010 (UTC)

:I agree that while this was a painful upgrade, the opportunities for even better uses of the Semantic architecture are worth it. I am very, very pleased (you don't know how much) that a "regular user" figured this out and will be setting an example for others. I'm going to be hiring the coder later today or tomorrow, and I hope that he'll do quite a lot to help "clean up" the old messes left behind by the upgrade. -- [[User:MyWikiBiz|MyWikiBiz]] 16:35, 6 May 2010 (UTC)
::Thanks, it's no problem. I also succeeded in setting up [[List_of_medieval_manuscripts]] as mentioned above. This points to pages like [[Directory:Logic_Museum/Caius_344/540]] which are a much better way of structuring information than in the old [[Directory:Logic_Museum/Manuscripts]], which is the old Wikipedia-style of hard-coding a list of things that cannot be sorted or filtered or categorised. If I have time I will write a little 1-2-3 tutorial that will take someone used to the old ways and show them the new way. [[User:Ockham|Ockham]] 17:09, 6 May 2010 (UTC)

== Access to The_Wikipedia_Point_of_View ==

Hi Greg I have lost edit rights to [[Directory:The_Wikipedia_Point_of_View|The_Wikipedia_Point_of_View]]. I can edit subdirectories of it, and other directories I own, but not this. Oddly, Peter Z seems able to edit it. How strange. I was going to start a subdirectory on terrible economics articles. [[User:Ockham|Ockham]] 17:24, 2 June 2010 (UTC)

:Try again. We're working on this issue. -- [[User:MyWikiBiz|MyWikiBiz]] 17:49, 2 June 2010 (UTC)
:: No. Still 'View source' only.[[User:Ockham|Ockham]] 18:01, 2 June 2010 (UTC)
==Problems with my articles==

Hi MyWikiBiz! There are problems with my articles. What do you think is going on? [http://www.mywikibiz.com/Titoism_and_Totalitarianism link] [[User:Peter Z.|Peter Z.]] 00:56, 12 June 2010 (UTC)

This one too. [http://www.mywikibiz.com/Criticism_of_Jimmy_Wales link] [[User:Peter Z.|Peter Z.]] 01:34, 12 June 2010 (UTC)

==Hello Greg==
How are you doing? Would it be ok if i posted some pages here that i made elsewhere? [[User:Raf|Raf]] 19:11, 22 October 2010 (UTC)
:I also noticed your paid wiki-gnome thread, but how do you send money to people online, and is it valid for people who live outside the USA? [[User:Raf|Raf]] 19:13, 22 October 2010 (UTC)
I think it's okay to post pages that you made elsewhere, as long as you have rights to do so, and that the pages don't violate our own [[Help:General_disclaimer|terms of service]]. Payment for wiki-gnoming can be via PayPal.com, or via a mailed commercial check drawn in US dollars on a US bank. If neither of those options work, then I'm not sure how to transact. -- [[User:MyWikiBiz|MyWikiBiz]] 19:25, 22 October 2010 (UTC)
::So in theory, i just have to set up a pre-paid card with PayPal and then it's all good for transferring money, from any country to any country? [[User:Raf|Raf]] 20:27, 22 October 2010 (UTC)
:::I'm sure certain limitations and restrictions apply, so see PayPal.com for details. However, I know that I have transacted payments internationally on PayPal, multiple times. As for this particular wiki-gnoming project, though... I believe I have another taker working on it now. For a $15 ''Om nom nom nom'' payment to the Wikimedia Foundation. Ugh. -- [[User:MyWikiBiz|MyWikiBiz]] 14:41, 23 October 2010 (UTC)
::::''Om nom nom nom''? ... Well for my part give 1 dollar to the WMF with a comment like "Wikipedia keeps being [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underwear_fetishism child] [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urolagnia friendly] with appropriate pictures for an encyclopedia" or something like that. The other 14 dollars could go to [http://scoobysworkshop.com/support.htm this], he puts a lot of time for his non-profit hobby to give advice on how to fight obesity and sedentary lifestiles. Also, if you donate 200 $ or more to him, he will give you a t-shirt. [[User:Raf|Raf]] 19:55, 23 October 2010 (UTC)

:::::Regarding the possible pages i can import here, they're mostly not business related and are quite obscure topics, to which i have no relation at all. Since there are pages like [[Directory:Quasi Brands]], would they be fine here? [[User:Raf|Raf]] 21:26, 23 October 2010 (UTC)

::::::Raf, did you read the [[Help:General_disclaimer|terms of service]]? Here, we seek to fashion this site as a safe, pleasant environment for gentle people of ages 13 and older. The management reserves the right to delete the following sorts of content at any time: pornography, adult or mature content, pedophilia or the advocacy of pedophilia, illegal gambling or wagering, gratuitous violence, hate speech, fraudulent information, and business scams. Editors who self-identify as proponents or behave in a way that strongly suggests they are proponents of any of these topics will be blocked indefinitely. These types of content are also restricted by Google AdSense, and because AdSense currently displays on many editors' content pages on MyWikiBiz, we cannot jeopardize AdSense account(s) with such prohibited content. If your obscure content doesn't seem to ruffle these terms, you should be fine. -- [[User:MyWikiBiz|MyWikiBiz]] 03:13, 24 October 2010 (UTC)

== The Letter ==

Title: '''The Letter''' 
Artist: '''Greg Kohs''' 
Composer: '''Wayne Carson Thompson and Barsoom Tork Associates''' 
YouTube: [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8lIxvIUz4aY '''The Letter'''] — The Box Tops (1967) 
 
Gimme a tax break for a donation, 
My column's more fun than Sony PlayStation. 
Boring days are gone, I'm a-goin' strong, 
'Cause Jimbo just wrote me a letter. 
 
I don't care how much money he's gotta spend, 
Getting back to New York again 
Boring days are gone, my column's going strong, 
'Cause Jimbo just wrote me a letter. 
 
Well, he wrote me a letter 
Said he couldn't fly without some more dough. 
Listen friends, can't you see he's got to get back 
To New York once more --anyway... 
 
Gimme a tax break for a donation, 
My column's more fun than Sony PlayStation. 
Boring days are gone, I'm a-goin' strong, 
'Cause Jimbo just wrote me a letter. 
 
Well, he wrote me a letter 
Said he couldn't fly without some more dough. 
Listen critics, can't you see we got to get back 
To Wikimania once more --anyway... 
 
Gimme a tax break for a donation, 
My column's more fun than Sony PlayStation. 
Boring days are gone, my column's going strong, 
'Cause Jimbo just wrote me a letter. 
Because Jimbo just wrote me a letter. 
 
 
''CopyClef 2010 Wayne Carson Thompson and Barsoom Tork Associates.'' 
''Resurrection Hackware. All songs abused.'' 

== e-mail ==

I sent you an e-mail. Did you receive it? [[User:Jonas Rand|Jonas Rand]] 02:35, 21 January 2011 (UTC)
:I did. -- [[User:MyWikiBiz|MyWikiBiz]] 19:43, 21 January 2011 (UTC)

== Delete "Sarey Savy" ==

Hi may i ask you to delete "Sarey Savy". The article has been created on a wikipedia. Thanks! ([[User:Michael Chen|Michael Chen]] 04:06, 27 January 2011 (UTC))
:Are you [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Articles_for_deletion/Sarey_Savy sure about that]? Let me know. -- [[User:MyWikiBiz|MyWikiBiz]] 20:40, 27 January 2011 (UTC)

Oops i mean on Wikinfo he is featured. [http://www.wikinfo.org/ Sarey featured]
:Michael, I'll be happy to delete any page that you created, but I'm really confused why you'd want to delete something here, just because it now also appears on another web site (and one that gets less than one-third of our traffic reach). -- [[User:MyWikiBiz|MyWikiBiz]] 05:00, 28 January 2011 (UTC)

Ok well at least til' the article stays may we just take the semantic rankings tag for now than add it again later? ([[User:Michael Chen|Michael Chen]] 08:49, 28 January 2011 (UTC))

== Recent Edited ==
Thanks for the recent [http://www.mywikibiz.com/index.php?title=Titoism_and_Totalitarianism&diff=0&oldid=133346 edited] [[User:Peter Z.|Peter Z.]] 02:32, 26 February 2011 (UTC)

== Do You Know Of Other Sites Like MyWikiBiz? ==

Do You Know Of Other Sites Like MyWikiBiz? That is my question. Thank you. [[User:Geoff White|Geoff White]] 04:59, 7 March 2011 (UTC)

:Yes, the sites I typically point to as possible similar venues are Wikipedia, AboutUs, Wikinfo, MerchantCircle, HotFrog, and NetKnowledge. -- [[User:MyWikiBiz|MyWikiBiz]] 14:45, 7 March 2011 (UTC)

== Problematic Edits ==

Hi, Greg, been away for a while, but noticed a few problematic edits and editors creeping in.
# [http://mywikibiz.com/Blow_Gallery_Job_Mpeg_Tgp]
— [[User:Jon Awbrey|Jon Awbrey]] 11:50, 28 April 2011 (UTC)

: Frustrating how spam bots have apparently found an automated technique to register here, confirm registration, then post one new page, never to return. I'm going to look into how we can limit them, maybe with a captcha. -- [[User:MyWikiBiz|MyWikiBiz]] 15:20, 28 April 2011 (UTC)

:: I know, it's almost enough to make one think that maybe wikis are not such a hot idea, after all … [[User:Jon Awbrey|Jon Awbrey]] 22:07, 28 April 2011 (UTC)

Hi, Greg, more problematic stuff at the top of recent changes. Been real busy with local politics lately, but I tend to notice these sorts of things whenever I recommend a new batch of users to the site. [[User:Jon Awbrey|Jon Awbrey]] 04:56, 15 May 2011 (UTC)

: Thanks, Jon. I've deleted a few of them, but the solution will have to be a captcha for new account registration. I have my developer working on it, but he's been busy. Might have to outsource the task soon. This is really out of hand. -- [[User:MyWikiBiz|MyWikiBiz]] 12:33, 15 May 2011 (UTC)
:: Hello MyWikiBiz! Problematic edits are happening again. Regards [[User:Peter Z.|Peter Z.]] 10:49, 20 May 2011 (UTC)

I didn't realize that I forgot to mention that we've installed a captcha test for all new account registration, just a couple of days ago. But, it clearly has only slowed the problem, but not halted it.

Wow, they are persistent little devils, aren't they? I'll bet they're using some form of Amazon Mechanical Turk to pay Pakistanis about 3 cents for every captcha they crack. Next step, I believe, will be adding some "test of intelligence" like "What is the fifth word in this sentence?" for every new account, and possibly for every new-page creation. If that doesn't slow them down, I'm open for suggestions. I'm going to leave in place the recent ones, so that my developer can analyze their process. I don't know what the fascination is with joyful male chickens, anyway. -- [[User:MyWikiBiz|MyWikiBiz]] 13:40, 20 May 2011 (UTC)

== Spam protection filter ==
Hi MyWikiBiz! I've been encountering the Spam protection filter. I tried to add an AdBrite of my own and the Spam protection ''filter'' was triggered. Also when I tried to use one of the [[Help:Listing#Add a Directory Listing|"Add a Directory Listing"]] for an article template the Spam protection filter was triggered. Am I doing something wrong ? [[User:Peter Z.|Peter Z.]] 05:38, 20 July 2011 (UTC)
:You're not doing anything wrong. We have been victimized in a collateral way by the Mediawiki developers and the Wikimedia "movement", where they have decided that their interpretation of sites that are "spam" will be promulgated to all users of the Mediawiki software. I have a developer looking into how we either remove or modify that "spam blacklist". Even highly useful sites like Examiner.com and TinyURL.com are blocked. It's yet another example of the tyranny of the Mediawiki hive. They will decide for us which links are worthy of publication! - [[User:MyWikiBiz|MyWikiBiz]] 16:13, 20 July 2011 (UTC)
:: That's crap! [[User:Peter Z.|Peter Z.]] 01:15, 21 July 2011 (UTC)

== CheckUser ==

It's high time a CheckUser is introduced. I see that vandals are not being traced to their original name(s).
Without CheckUser, sockpuppet investigations are very hard to carry out. I see so many 'buy X' usernames out there.
Even the Sherrod of OhInternet is clever enough to put a CheckUser on her wiki. The wiki was created 4 months ago.
15 times the span of Sherrod's wiki and no check user? No way.
See [http://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:CheckUser the page on CheckUser] for more details. --[[User:Fiver7|Fiver7]] 10:55, 8 August 2011 (UTC)
:I'm not philosophically interested in spying on my users, as a rule. If many of our users are trying to get Internet consumers to "buy X" product or service, that's okay with me. It's one of the tenets of MyWikiBiz -- you can sell things here. -- [[User:MyWikiBiz|MyWikiBiz]] 12:02, 8 August 2011 (UTC)

But sockpuppetry is the inevitable! [[User:Fiver7|''Fiver'''''7''']] ([[User talk:Fiver7|t]]|[[Special:Contributions/Fiver7|c]]|[[Directory:Muhammad Umar Alvi|b]]) 18:20, 8 August 2011 (UTC)

==Problems with Robots.txt==

Has anyone been messing with Robots.txt? The Web Archive is complaining that it can't find it for this site. [[User:Jon Awbrey|Jon Awbrey]] 06:36, 13 August 2011 (UTC)

: Seems to be working okay now. [[User:Jon Awbrey|Jon Awbrey]] 20:00, 13 August 2011 (UTC)

== Email ==

Hi MyWikiBiz,

I wonder, if you got my ''second'' email.[[User:LyubaPol|LyubaPol]] 04:06, 14 September 2011 (UTC)

:I did receive the e-mail, and I replied. -- [[User:MyWikiBiz|MyWikiBiz]] 19:25, 14 September 2011 (UTC)

== [[Johann Hari and David Rose]] ==

Hi MyWikiBiz. I've started a new article but before I go on with it I'd like to make sure it is OK and my work will not be deleted. Thanks.[[User:Wikikiki|Wikikiki]] 23:48, 18 September 2011 (UTC)

== Wikademia and Self Indulgence ==

These sites may be take down. This is the warning that they may be taken down.

The operator was banned from another forum, so it will not be announced there. Please feel free to announce this just about anywhere you like.

http://selfindulgence.org/

http://en.wikademia.org/

http://wikademia.org/

Also, keep in mind that all of the content is licensed as CC-BY-SA, so please feel free to copy as much of the content from those sites as you want to other compatibly licensed sites.

They may be kept up, but they also may be shut down. This has been the announcement. Another one will not happen.

Good day and life to you.
==My First Article==
Please review carefully [[Directory:Australian Paralympic Committee]], my first article. Please tell me if I am doing things correctly. I respect your comments and value your input. Thanks, [[User:Jackson|Jackson]] 13:00, 10 February 2012 (UTC)

Directory:Australian Paralympic Committee

2012-02-10T12:48:42Z

Jackson: /* Hall of Fame and History Projects */ sp

{{Infobox Nonprofit
| nonprofit_name = [[Nonprofit_Name::Australian Paralympic Committee]]
| nonprofit_logo =
| nonprofit_slogan =
| company_type = [[Company_Type::NPO|Non-Profit Organization]]
| foundation = [[1990]]
| founder =
| location =
| key_people = [[Key_Person1::Jason Hellwig]], [[Key_Person1_Title::CEO]] [[Key_Person2::Greg Hartung]], [[Key_Person2_Title::President]] [[Key_Person3::Laura Hale]], [[Key_Person3_Title::Publicist]] 
| industry =
| products =
| revenue = {{profit}}[[Australian dollar|A$]][[Surplus::109000|109 thousand]] (2009) A$ [[Revenues::23015000|23 million]] (2010)
| net_assets = {{profit}}A$[[Net Assets::10561000|10,561,000]] (2010) net
| num_employees = {{steady}}[[Employees:=49]] (2010) total
| parent =
| subsid = 
| owner =
| contact =
| reference = [http://www.paralympic.org.au/sites/default/files/2010-2011%20APC%20Annual%20Report.pdf 2010-2011 Annual Report]
| footnotes =
}}

The '''Australian Paralympic Committee''' (APC) is the [[Australia]]n affiliate of the [[International Paralympic Committee]]. (Paralympic sports are athletic competitions designed for persons with disabilities.) The APC works with federations that promote particular paralympic sports in Australia.

The APC promotes paralymic sports within Australia. It also selects and trains paralympic athletes to compete in the "Paralympic Games" that are held in conjunction with the [[Olympic Games]]. The next Paralympic Games will be held in London, England in 2012.

The APC has annual revenue of $23 million, of which $12.8 million comes from government grants.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.paralympic.org.au/sites/default/files/2010-2011%20APC%20Annual%20Report.pdf|title=2010-2011 Annual Report|accessdate=2012-02-10}} page 8</ref>

{{GKAdBrite}}

{{GKAnt}}

 
In 2011, the APC started construction of a new headquarters building at Essendon Football Club’s new high performance centre at Melbourne Airport.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.paralympic.org.au/news/construction-underway-new-apc-and-essendon-hq|title=Construction underway at new APC and Essendon HQ|date=01/02/2012|accessdate=2012-02-10}}</ref>

 

==Hall of Fame and History Projects==
The APC seeks to promote paralympic sports and to preserve their heritage through a Hall of Fame. The Hall of Fame inducted its first three members in 2011.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.paralympic.org.au/apc-programs/australian-paralympic-hall-fame/australian-paralympic-hall-fame|title=Australian Paralympic Hall of Fame|accessdate=2012-02-10}}</ref>

The APC's history project seeks to record the past of paralympic sports in Australia through scholarly research and oral histories. The APC conducted a competitive tender in early 2011 for authors to write a formal history book at the expense of APC. One applicant submitted an innovative proposal that would crowd-source the research using wiki software as more cost-effective than just scholars conducting traditional research on a paid basis.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/The_History_of_the_Paralympic_Movement_in_Australia/Tender|title=The History of the Paralympic Movement in Australia/Tender|date=4 March 2011|accessdate=2012-02-10}}</ref> At first, the project was to produce a book that would be printed on-demand by Pediapress, with content developed on wikiversity.org. The project team included John Vandenberg, President of Wikimedia Australia and a member of the prestigious Wikipedia Arbitration Committee. Although Wikipedia normally prohibits paid editing on its encyclopedia, the APC history project was reclassified as a "GLAM" (Galleries, Libraries, Archives and Museums)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://outreach.wikimedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Paralympic_Movement_in_Australia|title=History of the Paralympic Movement in Australia|accessdate=2012-02-10}}</ref> allowing it to pay people to add content to the main encyclopedia as a hagiography.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hagiography|title=hagiography|accessdate=2012-02-10}}</ref> Currently, Laura Hale (Vice President of Wikimedia Australia) is the paid Wikipedian in residence at APC.

The history project is particularly noteworthy because of its writing contest. Instead of paying authors to add relevant content to Wikipedia, the project is sponsoring a competition with the two authors who add the most content winning an all-expense paid trip to the 2012 Paralympic Games in London. This represents the largest prize purse ever awarded in a Wikipedia competition.<ref>{{cite web|ur=http://outreach.wikimedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Paralympic_Movement_in_Australia/Wikimedians_to_the_Games|title=Wikimedians to the Games|accessdate=2012-02-10}}</ref> As of February 10, five people have signed up for the contest.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://outreach.wikimedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Paralympic_Movement_in_Australia/Wikimedians_to_the_Games/Participant|title=Participants|accessdate=2012-02-10}}</ref>

If this contest proves successful, Hale hopes to use APC as a model and advise other sports regarding the crowd-sourcing of their heritage.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.paralympic.org.au/ www.paralympic.org.au] home page

===Share this page===
<sharethis />

Directory:Australian Paralympic Committee

2012-02-10T12:47:26Z

Jackson: /* Hall of Fame and History Projects */ reword

{{Infobox Nonprofit
| nonprofit_name = [[Nonprofit_Name::Australian Paralympic Committee]]
| nonprofit_logo =
| nonprofit_slogan =
| company_type = [[Company_Type::NPO|Non-Profit Organization]]
| foundation = [[1990]]
| founder =
| location =
| key_people = [[Key_Person1::Jason Hellwig]], [[Key_Person1_Title::CEO]] [[Key_Person2::Greg Hartung]], [[Key_Person2_Title::President]] [[Key_Person3::Laura Hale]], [[Key_Person3_Title::Publicist]] 
| industry =
| products =
| revenue = {{profit}}[[Australian dollar|A$]][[Surplus::109000|109 thousand]] (2009) A$ [[Revenues::23015000|23 million]] (2010)
| net_assets = {{profit}}A$[[Net Assets::10561000|10,561,000]] (2010) net
| num_employees = {{steady}}[[Employees:=49]] (2010) total
| parent =
| subsid = 
| owner =
| contact =
| reference = [http://www.paralympic.org.au/sites/default/files/2010-2011%20APC%20Annual%20Report.pdf 2010-2011 Annual Report]
| footnotes =
}}

The '''Australian Paralympic Committee''' (APC) is the [[Australia]]n affiliate of the [[International Paralympic Committee]]. (Paralympic sports are athletic competitions designed for persons with disabilities.) The APC works with federations that promote particular paralympic sports in Australia.

The APC promotes paralymic sports within Australia. It also selects and trains paralympic athletes to compete in the "Paralympic Games" that are held in conjunction with the [[Olympic Games]]. The next Paralympic Games will be held in London, England in 2012.

The APC has annual revenue of $23 million, of which $12.8 million comes from government grants.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.paralympic.org.au/sites/default/files/2010-2011%20APC%20Annual%20Report.pdf|title=2010-2011 Annual Report|accessdate=2012-02-10}} page 8</ref>

{{GKAdBrite}}

{{GKAnt}}

 
In 2011, the APC started construction of a new headquarters building at Essendon Football Club’s new high performance centre at Melbourne Airport.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.paralympic.org.au/news/construction-underway-new-apc-and-essendon-hq|title=Construction underway at new APC and Essendon HQ|date=01/02/2012|accessdate=2012-02-10}}</ref>

 

==Hall of Fame and History Projects==
The APC seeks to promote paralympic sports and to preserve their heritage through a Hall of Fame. The Hall of Fame inducted its first three members in 2011.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.paralympic.org.au/apc-programs/australian-paralympic-hall-fame/australian-paralympic-hall-fame|title=Australian Paralympic Hall of Fame|accessdate=2012-02-10}}</ref>

The APC's history project seeks to record the past of paralympic sports in Australia through scholarly research and oral histories. The APC conducted a competitive tender in early 2011 for authors to write a formal history book at the expense of APC. One applicant submitted an innovative proposal that would crowd-source the research using wiki software as more cost-effective than just scholars conducting traditional research on a paid basis.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/The_History_of_the_Paralympic_Movement_in_Australia/Tender|title=The History of the Paralympic Movement in Australia/Tender|date=4 March 2011|accessdate=2012-02-10}}</ref> At first, the project was to produce a book that would be printed on-demand by Pediapress, with content developed on wikiversity.org. The project team included John Vandenberg, President of Wikimedia Australia and a member of the prestigious Wikipedia Arbitration Committee. Although Wikipedia normally prohibits paid editing on its encyclopedia, the APC history project was reclassified as a "GLAM" (Galleries, Libraries, Archieves and Museums)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://outreach.wikimedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Paralympic_Movement_in_Australia|title=History of the Paralympic Movement in Australia|accessdate=2012-02-10}}</ref> allowing it to pay people to add content to the main encyclopedia as a hagiography.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hagiography|title=hagiography|accessdate=2012-02-10}}</ref> Currently, Laura Hale (Vice President of Wikimedia Australia) is the paid Wikipedian in residence at APC.

The history project is particularly noteworthy because of its writing contest. Instead of paying authors to add relevant content to Wikipedia, the project is sponsoring a competition with the two authors who add the most content winning an all-expense paid trip to the 2012 Paralympic Games in London. This represents the largest prize purse ever awarded in a Wikipedia competition.<ref>{{cite web|ur=http://outreach.wikimedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Paralympic_Movement_in_Australia/Wikimedians_to_the_Games|title=Wikimedians to the Games|accessdate=2012-02-10}}</ref> As of February 10, five people have signed up for the contest.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://outreach.wikimedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Paralympic_Movement_in_Australia/Wikimedians_to_the_Games/Participant|title=Participants|accessdate=2012-02-10}}</ref>

If this contest proves successful, Hale hopes to use APC as a model and advise other sports regarding the crowd-sourcing of their heritage.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.paralympic.org.au/ www.paralympic.org.au] home page

===Share this page===
<sharethis />

Directory:Australian Paralympic Committee

2012-02-10T12:37:33Z

Jackson: expand

{{Infobox Nonprofit
| nonprofit_name = [[Nonprofit_Name::Australian Paralympic Committee]]
| nonprofit_logo =
| nonprofit_slogan =
| company_type = [[Company_Type::NPO|Non-Profit Organization]]
| foundation = [[1990]]
| founder =
| location =
| key_people = [[Key_Person1::Jason Hellwig]], [[Key_Person1_Title::CEO]] [[Key_Person2::Greg Hartung]], [[Key_Person2_Title::President]] [[Key_Person3::Laura Hale]], [[Key_Person3_Title::Publicist]] 
| industry =
| products =
| revenue = {{profit}}[[Australian dollar|A$]][[Surplus::109000|109 thousand]] (2009) A$ [[Revenues::23015000|23 million]] (2010)
| net_assets = {{profit}}A$[[Net Assets::10561000|10,561,000]] (2010) net
| num_employees = {{steady}}[[Employees:=49]] (2010) total
| parent =
| subsid = 
| owner =
| contact =
| reference = [http://www.paralympic.org.au/sites/default/files/2010-2011%20APC%20Annual%20Report.pdf 2010-2011 Annual Report]
| footnotes =
}}

The '''Australian Paralympic Committee''' (APC) is the [[Australia]]n affiliate of the [[International Paralympic Committee]]. (Paralympic sports are athletic competitions designed for persons with disabilities.) The APC works with federations that promote particular paralympic sports in Australia.

The APC promotes paralymic sports within Australia. It also selects and trains paralympic athletes to compete in the "Paralympic Games" that are held in conjunction with the [[Olympic Games]]. The next Paralympic Games will be held in London, England in 2012.

The APC has annual revenue of $23 million, of which $12.8 million comes from government grants.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.paralympic.org.au/sites/default/files/2010-2011%20APC%20Annual%20Report.pdf|title=2010-2011 Annual Report|accessdate=2012-02-10}} page 8</ref>

{{GKAdBrite}}

{{GKAnt}}

 
In 2011, the APC started construction of a new headquarters building at Essendon Football Club’s new high performance centre at Melbourne Airport.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.paralympic.org.au/news/construction-underway-new-apc-and-essendon-hq|title=Construction underway at new APC and Essendon HQ|date=01/02/2012|accessdate=2012-02-10}}</ref>

 

==Hall of Fame and History Projects==
The APC seeks to promote paralympic sports and to preserve their heritage through a Hall of Fame. The Hall of Fame inducted its first three members in 2011.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.paralympic.org.au/apc-programs/australian-paralympic-hall-fame/australian-paralympic-hall-fame|title=Australian Paralympic Hall of Fame|accessdate=2012-02-10}}</ref>

The APC's history project seeks to record the past of paralympic sports in Australia through scholarly research and oral histories. The APC conducted a competitive tender in early 2011 for authors to write a formal history book at the expense of APC. One applicant submitted an innovative proposal that would crowd-source the research using wiki software instead of scholars conducting traditional research on a paid basis.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/The_History_of_the_Paralympic_Movement_in_Australia/Tender|title=The History of the Paralympic Movement in Australia/Tender|date=4 March 2011|accessdate=2012-02-10}}</ref> At first, the project was to produce a book that would be printed on-demand by Pediapress, with content developed on wikiversity.org. The project team included John Vandenberg, President of Wikimedia Australia and a member of the prestigious Wikipedia Arbitration Committee. Although Wikipedia normally prohibits paid editing on its encyclopedia, the APC history project was reclassified as a "GLAM" (Galleries, Libraries, Archieves and Museums)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://outreach.wikimedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Paralympic_Movement_in_Australia|title=History of the Paralympic Movement in Australia|accessdate=2012-02-10}}</ref> allowing it to pay people to add content to the main encyclopedia as a hagiography.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hagiography|title=hagiography|accessdate=2012-02-10}}</ref> Currently, Laura Hale (Vice President of Wikimedia Australia) is the paid Wikipedian in residence at APC.

The history project is particularly noteworthy because of its writing contest. Instead of paying authors to add relevant content to Wikipedia, the project is sponsoring a competition with the two authors who add the most content winning an all-expense paid trip to the 2012 Paralympic Games in London. This represents the largest prize purse ever awarded in a Wikipedia competition.<ref>{{cite web|ur=http://outreach.wikimedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Paralympic_Movement_in_Australia/Wikimedians_to_the_Games|title=Wikimedians to the Games|accessdate=2012-02-10}}</ref> As of February 10, five people have signed up for the contest.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://outreach.wikimedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Paralympic_Movement_in_Australia/Wikimedians_to_the_Games/Participant|title=Participants|accessdate=2012-02-10}}</ref>

If this contest proves successful, Hale hopes to use APC as a model and advise other sports regarding the crowd-sourcing of their heritage.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.paralympic.org.au/ www.paralympic.org.au] home page

===Share this page===
<sharethis />

Directory:Australian Paralympic Committee

2012-02-10T12:30:33Z

Jackson: start article

{{Infobox Nonprofit
| nonprofit_name = [[Nonprofit_Name::Australian Paralympic Committee]]
| nonprofit_logo =
| nonprofit_slogan =
| company_type = [[Company_Type::NPO|Non-Profit Organization]]
| foundation = [[1990]]
| founder =
| location =
| key_people = [[Key_Person1::Jason Hellwig]], [[Key_Person1_Title::CEO]] [[Key_Person2::Greg Hartung]], [[Key_Person2_Title::President]] [[Key_Person3::Laura Hale]], [[Key_Person3_Title::Publicist]] 
| industry =
| products =
| revenue = {{profit}}[[Australian dollar|A$]][[Surplus::109000|109 thousand]] (2009) A$ [[Revenues::23015000|23 million]] (2010)
| net_assets = {{profit}}A$[[Net Assets::10561000|10,561,000]] (2010) net
| num_employees = {{steady}}[[Employees:=49]] (2010) total
| parent =
| subsid = 
| owner =
| contact =
| reference = [http://www.paralympic.org.au/sites/default/files/2010-2011%20APC%20Annual%20Report.pdf 2010-2011 Annual Report]
| footnotes =
}}

The '''Australian Paralympic Committee''' (APC) is the [[Australia]]n affiliate of the [[International Paralympic Committee]]. (Paralympic sports are athletic competitions designed for persons with disabilities.) The APC works with federations that promote particular paralympic sports in Australia.

The APC promotes paralymic sports within Australia. It also selects and trains paralympic athletes to compete in the "Paralympic Games" that are held in conjunction with the [[Olympic Games]]. The next Paralympic Games will be held in London, England in 2012.

{{GKAdBrite}}

{{GKAnt}}

 

 

==Hall of Fame and History Projects==
The APC seeks to promote paralympic sports and to preserve their heritage through a Hall of Fame. The Hall of Fame inducted its first three members in 2011.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.paralympic.org.au/apc-programs/australian-paralympic-hall-fame/australian-paralympic-hall-fame|title=Australian Paralympic Hall of Fame|accessdate=2012-02-10}}</ref>

The APC's history project seeks to record the past of paralympic sports in Australia through scholarly research and oral histories. The APC conducted a competitive tender in early 2011 for authors to write a formal history book at the expense of APC. One applicant submitted an innovative proposal that would crowd-source the research using wiki software instead of scholars conducting traditional research on a paid basis.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/The_History_of_the_Paralympic_Movement_in_Australia/Tender|title=The History of the Paralympic Movement in Australia/Tender|date=4 March 2011|accessdate=2012-02-10}}</ref> At first, the project was to produce a book that would be printed on-demand by Pediapress, with content developed on wikiversity.org. The project team included John Vandenberg, President of Wikimedia Australia and a member of the prestigious Wikipedia Arbitration Committee. Although Wikipedia normally prohibits paid editing on its encyclopedia, the APC history project was reclassified as a "GLAM" (Galleries, Libraries, Archieves and Museums)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://outreach.wikimedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Paralympic_Movement_in_Australia|title=History of the Paralympic Movement in Australia|accessdate=2012-02-10}}</ref> allowing it to pay people to add content to the main encyclopedia as a hagiography.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hagiography|title=hagiography|accessdate=2012-02-10}}</ref> Currently, Laura Hale (Vice President of Wikimedia Australia) is the paid Wikipedian in residence at APC.

The history project is particularly noteworthy because of its writing contest. Instead of paying authors to add relevant content to Wikipedia, the project is sponsoring a competition with the two authors who add the most content winning an all-expense paid trip to the 2012 Paralympic Games in London. This represents the largest prize purse ever awarded in a Wikipedia competition.<ref>{{cite web|ur=http://outreach.wikimedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Paralympic_Movement_in_Australia/Wikimedians_to_the_Games|title=Wikimedians to the Games|accessdate=2012-02-10}}</ref> As of February 10, five people have signed up for the contest.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://outreach.wikimedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Paralympic_Movement_in_Australia/Wikimedians_to_the_Games/Participant|title=Participants|accessdate=2012-02-10}}</ref>

If this contest proves successful, Hale hopes to use APC as a model and advise other sports regarding the crowd-sourcing of their heritage.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.paralympic.org.au/ www.paralympic.org.au] home page

===Share this page===
<sharethis />