https://mywikibiz.com/api.php?action=feedcontributions&user=Drlesmgolden&feedformat=atomMyWikiBiz - User contributions [en]2024-03-28T23:41:28ZUser contributionsMediaWiki 1.35.3https://mywikibiz.com/index.php?title=Charles_Allan_%22Lanny%22_Lutz&diff=480700Charles Allan "Lanny" Lutz2023-09-11T19:19:38Z<p>Drlesmgolden: </p>
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<b>Charles Allan "Lanny" Lutz</b>, a man of prodigious intellect and prodigious theatrical talent, passed away on January 5, 2021, in Los Angeles of kidney disease after an extended illness. He was born on January 1, 1942 to Ruth Flarida Lutz and Allan Barr Lutz in Washington, DC, and moved with the family to Birmingham, Michigan, after the war and in 1953 to Darien, Connecticut. In high school in Darien he excelled in competitive sports, being captain of the high school hockey team and a football player. He was an avid sailor and won numerous races on Long Island Sound racing out of the Noroton Yacht Club of Darien.<br />
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==Lineage==<br />
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His father, Allan Barr Lutz, a graduate of Yale College and Yale Law School, was a maritime lawyer. In the war years, he was a lawyer with Judge Advocate’s in Washington, DC. In Michigan, his work was involved with the St. Lawrence Seaway and large ship loss litigation. After the move to Connecticut, he became a partner in a Canal Street law firm where he worked on international major sea disasters and losses.<br />
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His mother, Ruth, had various jobs, including an assistant editor at the local Darien Review newspaper, at the national headquarters for the Episcopalian Church main office in New York City, as a volunteer at two Episcopal churches in Darien for years writing art and poetry reviews in their quarterlies, later at St. Paul’s Episcopal Church in New Canaan as Reader, volunteering in both churches for years. Lanny got his love of France and French from his mother, who had lived in France as a high society young woman.<br />
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His maternal grandfather was a stock broker in Ohio. In 1929 his maternal grandmother took Ruth with her to France, planning to be there in Paris for a year, where Ruth studied at The Sorbonne, a study terminated prematurely by the 1929 stock market crash from which the family suffered significant losses.<br />
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==Education==<br />
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Lanny’s first acting gig was playing Santa in the Birmingham, Michigan, Cub Scouts, and his next was as Pontius Pilate, at a church in Darien, Connecticut. But the acting bug first really bit when he tore up the scenery at Yale University as Jimmy in The Rainmaker, getting a laugh on every line. <br />
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A 1964 graduate of Yale University, Lanny majored in English while his love for theatre flourished in Yale dramatic productions. Also a student of French, which he spoke fluently, he took a year off from Yale to explore France where in Paris he met and married Katia Brillie. He was an accomplished pianist.<br />
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==Study at RADA==<br />
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After returning to finish his B.A. at Yale, Lanny taught English at Milford Academy while Katia taught French at several schools, including Yale. In 1967, they moved to New York City where their daughter Natalie Cybèle was born and where Lanny devoted himself to acting full-time. In 1969 Lanny and his wife moved to London where he had been accepted, after their months-long rigorous international audition process, and attended the prestigious Royal Academy of Dramatic Art (RADA), from 1969 to 1971, seven three-month terms. Of the thousands who apply, only 28 are accepted. In his mid-late twenties, Charles was the oldest of the students accepted by several years. It was a 2 1/2 year course of study in movement, dance, voice, speech, fencing and other stage fighting arts, theatre history, and more. Charles, as his RADA friends refer to him, was graduated with the Honours Diploma, or “Hons. Dip. RADA” which is vaguely equivalent to an Arts B.A. It was not then a degree program, and graduates exited with a RADA Diploma, “RADA Dip.” for short. There he won the highest and most prestigious honor the institute conferred, The Bancroft Gold Medal, for his entire career at RADA, including a memorable performance in the title role in Tartuffe. While in London, his wife worked for the BBC and their daughter Natalie learned English with a thick cockney accent from her nanny, only French being spoken in the home. <br />
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A classmate, Canadian writer Alexandra Sellers wrote, “He was a brilliant, intense actor, and the pity was that as an American he wasn’t allowed to work in the UK. Other people in that position could marry a Brit, but Charles was already married and he couldn't take that route. So he had to go back to the US. So all the connection with West End directors and casting agents was sadly wasted.”<br />
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==New York and Oak Park residence==<br />
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In 1971, after being graduated from RADA, the family relocated back to New York City, where Lanny continued to study acting, with Uta Hagen and Bill Hickey. He moved to Los Angeles and, after a divorce, he relocated to the Chicago area, where he lived in Oak Park for more than twenty years. <br />
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He was involved in numerous pursuits in Oak Park, as an actor, founder in about 1996 with Dr. Gerald Clay of the Black-White Dialogue, an awareness movement including monthly dialgoues on the black-white experience, host of a radio program on which Dr. Clay was a frequent guest, passionate spokesman for sugar maples, and a distributor of Lūtz Wine, for which Lanny sponsored numerous wine-tasting parties in homes and river boat cruises as well as supporting Oak Park Festival Theatre by purchasing display ads in their programs. He was also a member of the Board of Directors of Oak Park Festival Theatre for several years. He founded a contractor’s reference service, Lanny’s List, and was proud of having passed the stringent requirements to become a licensed 18-wheeler truck driver. He loved fine wine and good meals with friends and a good debate. Possessing a booming laugh, Lanny was to some a Zorba the Greek.<br />
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In 2005, he performed to acclaim the lead role in All My Sons at Oak Park Festival Theatre and in 2006 he reprised his RADA performance in the title role of Tartuffe in another acclaimed role at Oak Park Festival Theatre, both performed with his lofty professional skills. He played a small, but significant role in the film Batman, the Dark Knight, the Chicago scenes being shot in 2007. He was a member of the Actors’ Equity Association and Screen Actors Guild/American Federation of Television and Radio Artists.<br />
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==Relocation to Los Angeles==<br />
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In 2016 he left the full life he had lived in Oak Park and returned to Los Angeles to pursue his dream. He left behind his baby grand piano, many friends, and those who admired the work he had done raising awareness against racism. He enjoyed life in Los Angeles, with walks on the beach, visits to the library, compulsively following the news (on five different news channels including Aljazira,sp??Aljazeera?? France 24, Chinese, and Russian news channels, according to his daughter?? You told me, right Natalie??), and playing piano in the lobby of his residence building, where fellow residents referred to him as Beethoven. <br />
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==Celebration of Lanny's Life==<br />
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Organized by his daughter Natalie remotely from France, a celebration of Lanny's life was held September 1, 2023, in Austin Gardens park in Oak Park, Illinois. In attendance were Natalie and her friend from France, Daniel, and Oak Park residents Joyce Porter, Mila Tellez and her husband Nile Wendorf, who housed Natalie and Daniel during their stay, Les Golden, Ralph Lee and his friend Carolyn Skipper, Sandra Sokol and her husband David, Teresa Powell, and Dan Silberberg. Natalie brought along Lanny's RADA Gold medal to show everyone. Stories of Lanny were told and then the group had lunch at a nearby restaurant.<br />
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==Legacy==<br />
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Lanny had a full and adventuresome life which he dedicated to his passion, acting. He dreamed of becoming the publicly recognized great actor that his theatre friends claimed was his due and continued to pursue that dream throughout his life, without achieving stardom, which saddened him and his many friends, but without compromise, regret, or self-pity. He was happy to be free, referring to himself as a gypsy, and chose and enjoyed the life he wanted, always living according to his values. Lanny Lutz was content with the life he led. <br />
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A Zoom celebration of Lanny’s life on January 30 organized by his daughter Natalie was attended by dozens of family and friends from France, England, Canada, and the U.S. with beloved tales of Lanny’s well-lived life from his youth to his studies at RADA to his years in Oak Park. Lanny was predeceased by his parents Ruth and Allan Lutz. Lanny is survived by his daughter Natalie Lutz (Toulouse, France), his ex-wife Katia Lutz (Irvington, New York), his sister Carolyn Gibson (born 1944) (Vero Beach, Florida), his dear friend from Oak Park, Janet Bohler (Reno, Nevada), and two grandchildren, Loic Tatischeff, 27 (wife Summer) (Paris, France), and Magalie Tatischeff, 25 (Vancouver, Canada), nephew Ian Gibson (Atlanta), and niece Elizabeth (Liz) Gibson (Vancouver Island, Canada).<br />
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As Lanny would say: “Tally Ho, Daddio!” <br />
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==Categories==<br />
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[[Category: American actors]]<br />
[[Category: 1942 births]]<br />
[[Category: 2021 deaths]]<br />
[[Category: Actors from Oak Park, Illinois]]<br />
[[Category: RADA Gold Medal winners]]<br />
[[Category: Residents of Oak Park, Illinois]]<br />
[[Category: Actors from Oak Park, Illinois]]</div>Drlesmgoldenhttps://mywikibiz.com/index.php?title=Basic_Composer_music_processing_software&diff=480658Basic Composer music processing software2023-05-22T02:39:58Z<p>Drlesmgolden: </p>
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<div><b>BASIC COMPOSER</b> is a music processing software program to compose, print out, transpose, and play back music. It allows the hobbyist, composer, and music teacher to write lyrics, generate guitar fret diagrams, and compose in any key, clef, and time signature. It is the product of musician and astronomer [[Les Golden]] of [[Oak Park, Illinois]]. It received many excellent reviews.<ref>https://www.atarimagazines.com/compute///issue126/90_Basic_Composer.php</ref><br />
[[File: BasicComposer.jpg|thumb|left|350px|<small> Review by Joey Latimer in COMPUTER! magazine</small>]]</div>Drlesmgoldenhttps://mywikibiz.com/index.php?title=Basic_Composer_music_processing_software&diff=480657Basic Composer music processing software2023-05-22T02:37:05Z<p>Drlesmgolden: </p>
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<div><b>BASIC COMPOSER</b> is a music processing software program to compose, print out, transpose, and play back music. It allows the hobbyist, composer, and music teacher to write lyrics, generate guitar fret diagrams, and compose in any key, clef, and time signature. It is the product of musician and astronomer [[Les Golden]] of [[Oak Park, Illinois]].<br />
[[File: BasicComposer.jpg|thumb|right|350px|<small> Review by Joey Latimer in COMPUTER! magazine</small>]]</div>Drlesmgoldenhttps://mywikibiz.com/index.php?title=Basic_Composer_music_processing_software&diff=480656Basic Composer music processing software2023-05-22T02:34:34Z<p>Drlesmgolden: Created page with "<b>BASIC COMPOSER</b> is a music processing software program to compose, print out, transpose, and play back music. It allows the hobbyist, composer, and music teacher to wri..."</p>
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<div><b>BASIC COMPOSER</b> is a music processing software program to compose, print out, transpose, and play back music. It allows the hobbyist, composer, and music teacher to write lyrics, generate guitar fret diagrams, and compose in any key, clef, and time signature. It is the product of musician and astronomer [[Les Golden]] of [[Oak Park, Illinois]].</div>Drlesmgoldenhttps://mywikibiz.com/index.php?title=Category:American_scientists&diff=480613Category:American scientists2022-10-24T23:13:27Z<p>Drlesmgolden: Created blank page</p>
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<div></div>Drlesmgoldenhttps://mywikibiz.com/index.php?title=Category:Notable_residents_of_Oak_Park,_Illinois&diff=480580Category:Notable residents of Oak Park, Illinois2022-10-03T17:10:30Z<p>Drlesmgolden: Created blank page</p>
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<div></div>Drlesmgoldenhttps://mywikibiz.com/index.php?title=Les_Golden&diff=480579Les Golden2022-10-03T17:10:17Z<p>Drlesmgolden: /* Categories */</p>
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<div>{{Infobox_Person <br />
| name = <font color="blue">Les Golden</font><font color="black"><br />
| other_names = <small>AKA Cut the Taxes (political candidate)</br>Leonard Running Bear (political candidate spoof)</br> Scooter (boyhood athlete)</br>Chief ("Cornell Engineer" magazine editor-in-chief)</br>Leslie Detroit (college fraternity nickname)</br>Richard Kullman (Oak Park park district inner sanctum infiltrator)</br>Clete (college baseball player)</br>Moe Silver (character in cartoon strip and stage play "Shrubtown")</br>Les Morris (bandleader)</br>Subrahmanyan Berkowitz (stand-up comic)</br>Jeffrey Clayton Maxwell (stand-up comic)</br>Flash Golden (play-by-play announcer and jazz radio disc jockey)</br>Mark Morris (business name, airline coupons)</small><br />
| residence = Oak Park, [[State_Name::Illinois]], and [[City::Reno]], [[State_Name::Nevada]]<br />
| image = Gamblejpg.jpg<br />
| imagesize = 190px<br />
| caption = <small><b>Les Golden</b> counting cards at the Kellogg Graduate School of Business (Northwestern University) Casino Night</small><br />
| birth_date = <br />
| birth_place = Yes<br />
| birth_name =<br />
| death_date = <br />
| death_place = <br />
| death_cause = <br />
| occupation = Writer, astronomer, professor, musician, stand-up comedian, cartoonist<br />
| known = Developer of [[Golden Diagram]] <ref name="lexica">http://www.omnilexica.com/?q=Leslie%20M.%20Golden</ref> for blackjack and the Magic Circle Strategy for roulette</br>Influences -- Nina Grace Smith, L. Knowles Cooke, [[Frank Drake]], W.J. "Jack" Welch, [[David W. Tucker]], Edward O. Thorp, [[Del Close]]<br />
| influences = Nina Grace Smith, L. Knowles Cooke, [[Frank Drake]], W.J. "Jack" Welch, [[David W. Tucker]], Edward O. Thorp, [[Del Close]]<br />
| contact = drlesgo@aol.com; lesgoldencardcounting@yahoo.com; <br>literary agent - elagencywest@aol.com<br />
| reference = <small>http://www.geocities.ws/les_golden</br> http://www.oocities.org/goldenforstaterepresentative</br>; cell 773-837-3146</small><br />
}}<br />
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'''Les Golden''' is an astronomer as well as an internationally-known gambling writer, actor, and political, environmental, and animal welfare activist. He lives in Oak Park, [[Illinois]].<ref> http://www.illinoisauthors.org/authors/Leslie_Morris_Golden</ref><ref>http://www.librarything.com/profile/Les_Golden</ref><ref> http://www.librarything.com/author/goldenlesliem</ref><ref>http://www.authorsden.com/lesgolden</ref> He has written for "gambling.com", "iGamingBusiness", "gamblingonline", and [[Bluff Magazine|"Bluff Europe"]] print magazines. He became aware of card counting systems and became a card counter at the popular casino game of blackjack while a graduate student at the University of California, Berkeley, by reading the 1966 revised edition of Beat the Dealer,<ref>Thorp, E. O. (1966) ''Beat the Dealer: A Winning Strategy for the Game of Twenty-One'', Random House, New York</ref> the seminal work of mathematician Edward O. Thorp, who was aided in his computer simulations by programmers Julian Braun and Harvey Dubner.<ref>Thorp, E. O. (1966),''Beat the Dealer: A Winning Strategy for the Game of Twenty-One'', Random House, New York, pp. 93-94</ref> As a graduate student in astronomy at the University of California, Berkeley, Golden made monthly trips to [[Reno]], [[Nevada]] and played blackjack using Thorp’s systems. He is the developer of the [[Golden Diagram]] <ref name="lexica"/> technique for countering casino countermeasures at blackjack and the Magic Circle system for winning at biased roulette wheels. Dr. Golden was named an [[International Gaming Institute Scholar]] (IGI) (University of Nevada, Las Vegas) for 2016. He currently resides in Oak Park, [[Illinois]], and [[Reno]], [[Nevada]]. He currently resides in Oak Park, [[Illinois]], and [[Reno]], [[Nevada]].<br />
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==Background==<br />
===Education and Research===<br />
[[File: LesGoldenCollectedWritings.jpg|thumb|right|125px|<small> The noted author and biographer Jordan Naoum has published collected writings of Golden in his 2011 book, <i>Les Golden</i></small>]] Leslie Morris Golden (''Eliezer Moshe ben Reuven Motl y Chanah Kaileh'', ''Lazar Masche'') was born in Chicago, an identical twin,<ref>His parents are Irving R. (b. 1907) and Anne K. Golden (b. 1909; maiden name, Eisenberg). Anne had twin brothers, Irving and Sam (b. 1905), and twin uncles on her mother’s side, Michel and Kivah Gerstein (b.1876), making the Golden twins the third successive generation of male twins on the maternal side. The birth of the Golden twins was one of a record number of twin births at Wesley Memorial Hospital, a part of Northwestern Hospital in Chicago, in early December.</ref><ref>(1943), “Twins Tend Record Twin Crop,” ''Chicago Herald-American'', December 4, p. II-3</ref><ref>Petlicki, Myrna (1997), “Golden memories,” ''Oak Leaves'' (Oak Park, Illinois), July 2, p. B3-6</ref> the son of Anne K. (née Eisenberg; March 7, 1909 – November 19, 1999), a legal stenographer and homemaker, and Irving R. Golden (March 15, 1907 – June 22, 2005), an attorney and co-owner with his father Max Goldstein, an immigrant finish carpenter from Belarus, Russia, of a store fixture and bar manufacturing firm,<ref>Kogan, Rick (2005), “Lawyer also designed, built bars,” ''Chicago Tribune'', July 24, p. IV-7</ref> and raised in Oak Park, Illinois, where he attended Horace Mann grammar school and Oak Park-River Forest High School. <br />
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[[File: LesGoldenSemesteratSea.jpg|thumb|left|175px|<small> Professor Golden was the first University of Illinois professor chosen to be a professor on Semester at Sea. He taught courses on astronomer and the possibility of extraterrestrial life.</small>]]He holds the B.A. (with Distinction) and Masters of Engineering Physics from Cornell University,<ref name="Cornell">http://www.cornell65.com/interest/golden.html</ref> where he was both a Cornell McMullen Scholar and a Fellow of the Interfoundation Committee of the American Institute for Economic Research (Great Barrington, Mass.). The Cornell website notes him as one of its distinguished alumni writers.<ref>www.collegegrid.com/grid/index.php/Cornell_University</ref> He received the M.A. and Ph.D in astronomy from the University of California, Berkeley,<ref> http://badgrads.berkeley.edu/doku.php?id=alumni:old</ref><ref>http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/2006ASPC..356...87F, page 90</ref> under Professor William J. “Jack” Welch,<ref>http://www.eecs.berkeley.edu/Faculty/Homepages/welch.html</ref> the Watson and Marilyn Alberts Chair emeritus in Extraterrestrial Intelligence. His dissertation was “A Microwave Interferometric Study of the Subsurface of the Planet Mercury.”<ref>http://books.google.com/books/about/A_Microwave_Interferometric_Study_of_the.html?id=vJK_HgAACAAJ</ref><ref>http://www.amazon.com/s?ie=UTF8&field-keywords=Microwave%20Interferometric%20Study%20Subsurface%20Planet%20Mercury&index=books</ref><ref>(2012) Rivers, Eric, The Solar System, April 25; http://www.amazon.com/The-Solar-System-Eric-Rivers/dp/1475228791/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1338396178&sr=1-1</ref> <br />
At Cornell, he was the award-winning feature editor and then editor-in-chief of the [[Cornell Engineer magazine|<i>Cornell Engineer</i> magazine]]<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=b6TAAAAYAAJ </ref><ref>https://books?id=zqUkAQAAMAAJ</ref><ref>https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924058075700;view=1up;seq=11</ref> and a member of the Engineering Student Council. Some of his early research in astronomy appeared in a book by Stephen Hawking.<ref> (1979) Hawking, S. W. & Israel, W. General relativity: an Einstein centenary survey. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-22285-0. “A much cited centennial survey”; <br />
books.google.com/books?isbn=0521222850 </ref> He performed research at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California, as a National Research Council Resident Research Associate<ref>http://nrc58.nas.edu/aodir/gen_page.asp?mode=detail&sql=idnumber='760817'</ref> and the Aerospace Corporation in El Segundo, California. He is the director of the [[Directory:Near Earth Asteroid Reconnaissance Project|Near Earth Asteroid Reconnaissance Project]] (N.E.A.R.),<ref>http://www.astronomy.com/sitecore/content/Magazine%20Issues/1994/April%201994.aspx , page 22</ref> which he founded as a University of Illinois at Chicago professor in 1994. He has been elected to both [[Phi Beta Kappa]] (arts and sciences) and [[Tau Beta Pi]] (engineering)<ref>https://www.tbp.org/memb/MemberLookup.cfm<br />
</ref> as well as [[Pi Delta Epsilon]] (journalism). He is listed in [[Marquis Who's Who]] in Science and Technology and [[Marquis Who's Who]] in the World.<br />
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In addition to the many citations to his scholarly research in astronomy and the history of science, Golden’s writings and work has been cited in numerous books.<ref>see, for example, <i>The Complete Guide to the Illinois Software Industry</i>, Chicago Software Association; [[Cornell Engineer magazine|<i>Cornell Engineer</i>]], [[Cornell University College of Engineering]]; <i>Mix Hypermedia</i>, Mix Publications; <i>The Griffith Observer</i>, Griffith Observatory; http://books.google.com/books?id=99oqAQAAMAAJ&q=%22Leslie+M.+Golden%22&dq=%22Leslie+M.+Golden%22&hl=en</ref><br />
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The noted author and biographer Jordan Naoum has published collected writings of Golden in his 2011 book, <i>Les Golden</i> (Duc Publishing, ISBN 978-6-1368-4994-2)<ref>www.renotransmission.com/installation.html</ref><ref>www.oakparkjournal.com/2012/2012-Book-announced-Golden-bio.html </ref><ref>www.topix.com/forum/games/blackjack/TM5R2SK854B8812DS</ref><ref>www.publishingheadlines.com/biography-of-les-golden-published-by-duc-publishing/</ref><ref>http://www.topix.com/city/oak-park-il/2013/08/oak-park-renaissance-man-les-golden-has-been-written-by-biographer?fromrss=1</ref> which is available worldwide.<ref>See, for example, www.barnesandnoble.com/w/les-golden-jordan-naoum/1104425304; http://www.amazon.com/Golden-Jordan-Naoum/dp/6136849941/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1327941857&sr=1-1; http://www.whsmith.co.uk/CatalogAndSearch/ProductDetails.aspx?ProductID=9786136849942; http://www.betterworldbooks.com/les-golden-id-6136849941.aspx </ref><br />
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===Performing===<br />
[[File: LesGoldenNotEasyBeingGreen.jpg|thumb|left|175px|<small> One of the leading environmentalist spokesmen and activists in Illinois, Les Golden as President of the CARE party in Oak Park, Illinois, secured the election of a majority on the Park Board which on their first day in office banned pesticides in the parks and recreation centers.</small>]]Golden is a nationally-referenced animal welfare advocate and environmental activist,<ref>http://www.elephantinformation.com/CEMENT%20FLOORING%20or%20HARD%20DIRT%20GROUND.htm </ref><ref>http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2004-11-24/news/0411240206_1_new-trees-oak-park-district-mulberry-trees</ref><ref>Dwyer, Bill (2007), “Tree Fury at Field,” ''Wednesday Journal of Oak Park and River Forest'', July 10, p. 1; http://www.oakpark.com/News/Articles/07-10-2007/Tree_fury_at_Field</ref><ref>Noel, Josh (2007), “Oak Park tree-removal plan heads for debate,” ''Chicago Tribune'', July 12, p. 7; http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2007-07-19/news/0707181717_1_trees-park-renovation-plan</ref><ref>Golden, Leslie M. (2005), “Elephant deaths are a matter of physics,” ''Chicago Sun-Times'', January 28, p. 24</ref><ref>(2000) “Trailside needs a champion,” ''Wednesday Journal of Oak Park and River Forest'' (editorial), November 1, p. 32</ref><ref>Vincent, Ed (2002), “The Lost Chukar,” http://www.suburbanjournals.com/Stories2002/Lost-Chukar-Returned-Home-2002.html, August 10</ref><ref>see, in addition, for example, Golden, Les (2002), “All it would take is a fence to keep critters alive,” ''Wednesday Journal of Oak Park and River Forest'', June 12, p. 41; Golden, Les (2000), “Les ‘Cut the Roadkill’ Golden says, Slow Down!”, ''Wednesday Journal of Oak Park and River Forest'', April 19, p. 25; Golden, Les (2000), “Hey, Sylvestri, save our furry and feathered friends,” ''Wednesday Journal of Oak Park and River Forest'', October 25, p. 34; Little, Rebecca and Trainor, Ken (2000) “Silvestri responds to Golden, Trailside,” ''Wednesday Journal of Oak Park and River Forest'', November 1, p. 2; Golden, Les “Let’s Save the Dogs” Golden (2002), “Ask politicians to make dog fighting a felony,” May 22, p. 32; (2008), “Inside Report: Les ‘Cut the coyotes a break’ Golden,” ''Wednesday Journal of Oak Park and River Forest'', January 23, p. 5; Linden, Eric (1991), “’Dandelion Dig’ idea blooming,” ''Wednesday Journal of Oak Park and River Forest'', May 29, p. 7; (2001) Golden, Les, “It’s not easy being green, but here are some ideas”, ''Wednesday Journal of Oak Park and River Forest'', April 11, p. 40</ref><ref>(2004) http://www.oakparkjournal.com/2007/2007-Field-Park-ralley-July-8th-2pm.html</ref><ref>“Oak Park Environmentalist Persuades School to Save Taxpayer Dollars, Intergovernmental Cooperation the Key to Recycling Dutch Elm Mulch,” www.oakparkjournal.com/stories2004/2005-les-golden-mulch-nov.html</ref><ref>http://oakpark.suntimes.com/people/voices/ltr_golden-OAK-08012013:article; (2013) Golden, Les, “Inoculation can save ash trees,” <i>Oak Leaves</i>, July 29.</ref> a professional trumpet player, jazz vocalist, and band leader,<ref>http://villageofoakpark.com/Stories2002/2003-Les-Golden-comments-July4th-music.html</ref> and a professional actor with more than 100 stage, film, radio, television, and commercial credits,<ref> (1994), “A film career far (but not removed) from Tinseltown,” <br />
Compuserve magazine, August, p. 55 </ref><ref>(1982) “Improvising Your Way to Success,” ''Spring'',1, 6, p. 34 </ref><ref> (1984) “The boss is never wrong,” ''Screen magazine'', October 1, p. 19</ref><ref>www.imdb.com/title/tt0097170/</ref><ref>www.locatetv.com/person/les-golden/118760</ref><ref>http://www.reelz.com/person/146084/les-golden/movie-friends/</ref><ref>Petrulis, Len (1982), “Golden TV ‘Spoof’ on Reality,” ''Berwyn Life'', May 19, p. 14</ref> including multiple principle Shakespearean roles with [[Oak Park Festival Theatre]], an Equity-contract theatre.[[File:WhoisLesGolden.jpg|thumb|200px|<small>Les Golden Renaissance Man feature article</small>]] As a model, he has appeared on the covers of numerous magazines including ''Burpee Seeds'', ''Heathkit'', ''Amway Magazine'', and ''Money Magazine.''<br />
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In 1966 Golden provided the stimulus for the formation of the [[University of California Jazz Ensembles]] by placing an ad calling for student jazz musicians in the [[Daily Californian]]. With the arrival of Dr. [[David W. Tucker]] to the Cal campus in 1969, the organization became the most prominent musical organization on the Berkeley campus. Golden was a trumpet player, soloist, and vocalist with the elite Wednesday Night big band. For seven years he was the emcee for the program, appearing at dozens of performances annually at concerts and jazz festivals throughout California.<ref>http://ucjazz.berkeley.edu/ </ref>[[File:DailyCalArticlebyLesGoldenUCJazz1968.jpg|thumb|left|175px|<small>Article by Les Golden in the Daily Californian announcing the first concert of the University of California Jazz Ensembles</small>]]<br />
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Golden's love for [[big band music]] was nurtured by playing in [[The Deuces]] nine-piece dance band in high school, a group founded by his twin brother [[Bruce P. Golden]] and saxophonist [[Ron Svoboda]]. They had known each other by playing in the orchestra at [[Oak Park and River Forest High School]].<br />
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Golden is an award-winning developer of sophisticated music notation software.<ref>Nolan, Herb (1989), “An Astronomer Tackles the Music Software Marketplace,” ''Upbeat'', November, p. 45-46</ref><ref>(1989), “100 Great Products for Under $100,” ''Electronic Musician'', December, '''5''', 12, p. 46</ref><ref>Mahin, Bruce P. (1989), “Choosing Music Notation Software,” ''The Instrumentalist'', '''43''', 11, p. 26-31</ref><ref>(1989), “Basic Composer,” ''Music Educators Journal'', April, p. 20</ref><ref>Kuzmich, John (1990), “Scoring With Computers,” ''Jazz Educators Journal'', '''23''', 3, p. 52</ref><ref>King, Patricia (1990),” “Basic Composer,” ''The Music and Computer Educator'', '''1''', 10, p. 26</ref><ref>(1991), “Basic Composer 4.3,” ''Compute'', '''13''', 2, p.90</ref><ref>Lynch, Dennis, (1990), “Unlock your creativity via computers,” <i>Chicago Tribune</i>, February 23, Section 3, p. 3, http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1990-02-23/entertainment/9001160136_1_computers-apple-iigs-steve-jobs</ref><br />
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He is a published jazz critic.<ref>Golden, Les (1994), “Ravinia places Chicago on map for jazz fans,” ''Northwest Leader'', August 3, p. 6</ref><br />
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He has appeared numerous times as an actor<ref> http://people.theiapolis.com/actor-B9C1/les-golden/sites/les-golden-actor-1000547.html</ref> on the live-broadcast productions of "[[Unshackled]]!" He was a featured regular on the [[Eddie Hubbard]] Show radio program as the character Jeffrey Clayton Maxwell from Bhutan. He was one of the stable of gifted Chicago character actors cast in numerous national and regional television commercials by renowned director [[Josef Sedelmaier]] of “Where’s the Beef?” fame. He is a member of both the Screen Actors Guild (SAG) and the American Federation of Television and Radio Artists (AFTRA). He was a charter member of Chicago's Porchlight Theatre Ensemble. He has appeared in featured roles with Broderick Crawford, Tippi Hedren, Troy Donahue, Charlotte Ross, Susan Hart, Robert Petkoff, David Darlow, Bruce Jarchow, Paula Scrofano, and others.[[File:LesGoldenKreyHotDogsActor.jpg|thumb|175px|<small>Les Golden possesses a "great character face." Shown here as model for Krey Hot Dogs.</small>]] His [[Bacon number]] (the number of motion picture role links between a given actor and prolific actor [[Kevin Bacon]] - Les Golden, Deadly Spygames with [[Tippi Hedren]], who was in [[Jayne Mansfield|Jayne Mansfield’s]] Car with Kevin Bacon) is 2<ref>http://oracleofbacon.org/</ref> (closer value than 82% of all actors).<br />
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He has authored stage and screen plays, including “The Skull Caper,” based on the bequeathal of the skull of his mentor [[Del Close]] to the [[Goodman Theatre]] in [[Chicago]], a full-length murder mystery comedy, [[Murder by Mistletoe]], and a screenplay, [[Never Split Tens]], based on the life of the mathematician who developed the card counting system for the casino game of blackjack.<br />
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As "Flash Golden," he was the play-by-play announcer for the California Golden Bears basketball radio broadcasts and hosted Flash's Jazz Patio on [[KALX]]-FM. As a stand-up comedian, he has performed at San Francisco's Holy City Zoo and Mustard Seed, the Comedy Store and other clubs in Los Angeles, the Comedy Cottage in Chicago, as well as on the college circuit, Playboy Club, and other clubs from Puerta Vallarta to Boston. He appears both as himself, [[Les Golden]], and as [[Subrahmanyan Berkowitz]] from Bhutan. He is a published editorial cartoonist.[[File:FlashGoldenatOaklandColiseum.jpg|thumb|250px|<small>Flash Golden at halftime at Oakland Coliseum for Cal-UCLA showdown. He wears his signature gold jacket and blue and gold tie. To his right is color man George Skofis. To his left, standing, is Larry Heavey, baritone sax player with the UC Jazz Ensembles.</small>]]<br />
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As an editorial and comic cartoonist, Les Golden has been widely published. He is listed in [[Comiclopedia]]<ref>http://lambiek.com/artists/g/golden_les.htm</ref>. His subjects are taken from his interest in politics and other careers as a stand-up comedian, actor, writer, musician, environmentalist, animal welfare advocate, astronomer, and professor. He may be best known for his strip "Captain Industry" from the 1980's. His content ranges from politically controversial to school-boy silliness, with a clean line-art artistic style. His textbook, <i>Laboratory Exercises in Physics for Modern Astronomy</i> (Springer-Verlag, 2012), includes numerous of his comic illustrations, including those of possible extraterrestrials. He credits Betty Edwards, author of <i>Drawing On the Right Side of the Brain</i>, as his major artistic influence. [[File:LesGoldenCartoona.jpg|thumb|left|225px|<small>As a cartoonist, Les Golden is widely published. Among other venues, he contributes cartoons to various gambling magazines. Copyright 2012 Les Golden. All rights reserved.</small>]]<br />
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===Organized Athletics===<br />
In athletics he was a two-sport letterman at Oak Park and River Forest High School and was the manager and third baseman of the "Goldenrods" at Cornell and manager and third baseman of the "Foul Balls" in the fast-pitch summer league at U.C. Berkeley. At JPL, he was the third baseman on the champion JPL fast-pitch team in the Glendale City League.<br />
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===Astronomy Publications and Presentations===<br />
[[File: LesGoldenNEAR.jpg|thumb|right|150px|<small> Les Golden, astronomer, founded the [[Near Earth Asteroid Reconnaissance Project]] while a professor at the University of Illinois at Chicago.</small>]]Golden has published several peer-reviewed refereed articles on applications of probability and statistics to astronomy,<ref>Golden, Leslie M. (1971). “Evolution of Quasar Optical and Radio Luminosity,” ''Nature'', '''234''', 103; http://www.nature.com/nature-physci/journal/v234/n49/abs/physci234103a0.html</ref><ref>Golden, Leslie M. (1974). “Isotropy of Radio Source Populations from Comparison of Number - Flux Density Curves,” ''Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society'', '''166''', 383; http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1974MNRAS.166..383G </ref><ref>Golden, Leslie M. (1974). “Observational Selection in the Identification of Quasars and Claims for Anisotropy,” ''Observatory'', '''94''', 122; http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1974Obs....94..122G </ref><ref>Golden, Leslie M. (1979). “The Effect of Surface Roughness on the Transmission of Microwave Radiation Through a Planetary Surface,” ''Icarus'', '''38''', 451; http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0019103579901994 </ref> and has taught probability and statistics as an Adjunct Professor of Management Science in the Heller Graduate School of Business at Roosevelt University in Chicago in addition to being an astronomy professor in the physics department and the Honors College of the University of Illinois at Chicago.<ref> http://www.springer.com/astronomy/astronomy,+observations+and+techniques/book/978-1-4614-3310-1?detailsPage=authorsAndEditors</ref> <br />
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[[File:TsunamiLecture.jpg|thumb|left|250px|<small> Professor Leslie M. Golden lectures in 2005 on how the East Indian Ocean [[tsunami]]-generating earthquake led to a shortening of the length of the day.</small>]]He lectures to adult and student audiences on the possibility of extraterrestrial life and the hypothetical shapes of their bodies. A frequent cruise ship lecturer, he was selected by Royal Cruise Lines to be their shipboard lecturer on the high seas during the 1986 apparition of Halley's Comet, and was the first University of Illinois professor selected to be a professor on the Institute of Shipboard Education's (ISE) Semester at Sea program,<ref>(1997), “Physics sails the world,” ''UIC News'' (University of Illinois at Chicago), April 30, p. 2; http://www.uic.edu/htbin/cgiwrap/bin/uicnews/articledetail.cgi?id=4005</ref> teaching courses on astronomy and the possibility of extraterrestrial life in the fall semester of 1996. [[File: PhysicsEducationReview.gif|thumb|left|150px|<small>The review of Les Golden’s "Laboratory Experiments in Physics for Modern Astronomy" by Michael Vollmer, published in Physics Education Journal, July 2013, volume 48, number 4, pages 534-535.</small>]]Among his popular writings on astronomy<ref>http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2004-01-20/news/0401200115_1_communication-satellites-mars-initiative-astronomy</ref><ref>http://www.ummah.com/forum/showthread.php?30437-Benefits-Of-A-Mission-To-Mars</ref><ref> articles.chicagotribune.com/keyword/astronomy/recent/4</ref> and public presentations,<ref>(2005) Anderson, Holly, “Day shortened by quake, astronomer calculates,” http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1N1-110D9F0B0030ACF0.html, January 5</ref><ref>http://blog.chicagoweathercenter.com/2004/12/27/aftermath_of_the_earthquake_sh/</ref><ref>(2013), Jobs in the sky, <i>Chicago Tribune</i>, February 16, p. 13; http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/opinion/ct-vp-0216voicelettersbriefs-20130216,0,5802913.story</ref> he presented a series of lectures to the renowned Field Museum of Natural History on the possibility of extraterrestrial intelligent life, has been the featured speaker at the meeting of the Great Lakes Planetarium Association, and was the keynote speaker for Chicago's Adler Planetarium on the occasion of the dedication of their new wing.<br />
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Professor Golden was referenced internationally, including the <i>[[Chicago Tribune]]</i><ref>(2004) Aftermath of the earthquake: Shorter days, <i>Chicago Tribune<i>, December 28, p. 8; https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/234418944/</ref> and the <i>[[Toronto Globe and Mall]]</i>, for his analysis of the shortening of the length of the day following the December 26, 2004, [[Sumatran earthquake]].[[File: TomWhy.jpg|thumb|right|800px|<small> Les Golden, astronomer, was quoted internationally for his analysis of the shortening of the length of the day following the December 26, 2004, Sumatran earthquake]]<br />
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His textbook, <i>Laboratory Exercises in Physics for Modern Astronomy</i> (Springer-Verlag, 2012)<ref>http://www.springer.com/astronomy/astronomy,+observations+and+techniques/book/978-1-4614-3310-1</ref> has been enthusiastically reviewed.<ref>http://www.amazon.com/Laboratory-Experiments-Physics-Modern-Astronomy/dp/146143310X</ref><ref>(2013) Vollmer, Michael, “Physics and astronomy meet in book of experiments,” <i>Physics Education</i>, v. 48, no. 4, p. 534-535; http://iopscience.iop.org/0031-9120/48/4/M03;jsessionid=6530B374440A8BBC9B63245D60D284DF.c1; http://iopscience.iop.org/0031-9120/48/4/M03/pdf/0031-9120_48_4_M03.pdf</ref><br />
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==Biosphere 2 Candidate==<br />
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Prof. [[Les Golden]] was a finalist for the second crew of [[Biosphere 2]]. From Biosphere, Golden hoped to direct the [[Near Earth Asteroid Reconnaissance Project]], created by Golden in 1994 when he was a professor in the physics department at the [[University of Illinois at Chicago]].<ref>(1997), “Physics sails the world,” ''UIC News'' (University of Illinois at Chicago), April 30, p. 2</ref><ref>(1994), “Near Earth Asteroid Project,” ''Astronomy'', April, p. 22</ref> N.E.A.R. is a world-wide network of amateur astronomers and space scientists involved in the discovery and determination of the orbits of near-earth asteroids or more generally near-earth objects with possible earth-crossing orbits.<br />
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==Renaissance Man Description==<br />
Les Golden is a Renaissance Man, a true polymath. [[File: LesGoldenAlkaSeltzer.jpg |thumb|250px|<small> Principal actor for Alka Seltzer national campaign. This photo appeared in every National Basketball Association program for every team during its season.</small>]]He has been so described in numerous newspapers and magazine. "Let's say there was a local character who has a B.S. and M.S. in engineering physics from Cornell University; earned an M.A. and Ph.D. in astronomy from the University of California in Berkeley; is a professional actor; a former stand-up comedian in San Francisco and L.A. and an improv performer with Chicago's Second City, is a freelance jazz and theater critic and playwright; is president of his own software development company; gives lectures on UFOs and the possibility of extraterrestrial life; was listed in the Marquis "Who's Who in Science and Engineering;" and every July 4 either he or his twin brother lead the band that precedes the fireworks at the local high school. You'd accuse us of making him up, right? Wait, it gets better. Let's say all of that is not enough. Let's say this guy wants to make his mark in politics . . . only he insists on filing under a nickname which usually gets him tossed off the ballot . . . " <ref>(1997) Trainor, Ken, "Who is Les Golden?", ''Wednesday Journal of Oak Park and River Forest'', April 2, p. 29-37</ref>[[File: LesGoldenJazzOaklandMuseum.jpg |thumb|left|250px|<small>Members of the University of California Jazz Ensembles in a publicity photo prior to a performance at the Oakland Museum. From top, Gary Maas, drummer, now an optometrist, Les Golden, trumpet, vocalist, and announcer, and Larry Heavey, baritone sax, now a radiologist.</small>]]<br />
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"Where to start in introducing the complete one-off individual that is Les Golden? Actor, stand-up comedian, humorist UFO lecturer, singer, astronomer, cartoonist, playwright, trumpet player, voiceover artist, political activist . . . we could go on. You can probably tell that Les is a bit of a character. Luckily for readers, he's also a great blackjack player,"<ref>(2009) Lines, Chris, "A Word From the Editor," ''Gambling Online'', August, p. 8.</ref> <br />
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"It would be an unusual man who really went by the name 'Cut the Taxes,' but Golden, of Oak Park, is an unusual man. He is an actor and educational software developer with a Ph.D. in astronomy; he is a trumpet player, writer and physics professor who devotes much of his free time to taxpayers rights issues."<ref>(1995) Zorn, Eric, "This Candidate Is A `Cut The Taxes' Above The Rest," ''Chicago Tribune'', October 3; http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1995-10-03/news/9510030038_1_wallace-gator-bradley-candidates-taxes. See also, (1994), "A film career far (but not removed) from Tinseltown," ''Compuserve magazine'', August, p. 55; Krapf, Paula (1995) "Silence not Golden: aspiring local politico a man of many names, Faces," ''Wednesday Journal of Oak Park and River Forest'', September 20, p. 4</ref><br />
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“His interests form a list so long as to stagger the imagination. He is a stand-up comic who has performed all over the United States and Mexico, a professional actor in more than 100 plays, films and commercials; and he is the author of Basic Composer, PC-compatible software that is used to compose, play back, and print music and lyrics. (As an astronomer), in 1986 he went on a Halley’s Comet cruise, following the comet from Acapulco to Greece and transmitting reports to the Syndicated Writers’ Group.”<ref>(1991) “CB as a Channel for Discovery,” ''Compuserve Magazine'', December, p. 18</ref><br />
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[[File:LesGoldenNameGame.jpg|thumb|right|175px|<small> Les Golden is a true polymath, a Renaissance Man. His numerous activities have provided him with many names. Play the Les Golden Name Game! </small>]]Unlike many in society who were influenced and aided by family members in achieving success in given fields, Golden is entirely a self-made man. No one in either his maternal or paternal extended families have matriculated at an Ivy League college, earned a Ph.D, nor have had professional careers as an actor, stand-up comedian, playwright, political cartoonist, magazine editor, non-fiction writer, software developer, scientist, or professor. His identical twin brother and he are the only professional musicians in the extended families.<ref>Petlicki, Myrna (1997), “Golden memories,” ''Oak Leaves'' (Oak Park, Illinois), July 2, p. B3-6</ref><ref>http://villageofoakpark.com/Stories2002/2003-Les-Golden-comments-July4th-music.html</ref><ref>Lynch, Dennis, (1990), “Unlock your creativity via computers,” <i>Chicago Tribune</i>, February 23, Section 3, p. 3, http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1990-02-23/entertainment/9001160136_1_computers-apple-iigs-steve-jobs</ref><br />
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Les Golden has featured listings at the non-vanity websites Library Thing,<ref>http://www.librarything.com/profile/Les_Golden</ref> Illinois Authors, <ref>http://www.illinoisauthors.org/authors/Leslie_Morris_Golden</ref> Authors Den,<ref>http://www.authorsden.com/lesgolden</ref> Comiclopedia,<ref>http://lambiek.com/artists/g/golden_les.htm</ref> and Theiapolis.<ref>http://people.theiapolis.com/actor-B9C1/les-golden/sites/les-golden-actor-1000547.html</ref><br />
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In addition to these, he is listed at a remarkable multiplicity of amazon.com websites marking notability:<BR><br />
https://www.evi.com/q/actors_from_oak_park,_illinois<BR> <br />
https://www.evi.com/q/comedians_from_oak_park,_illinois <BR> <br />
https://www.evi.com/q/musicians_from_oak_park,_illinois <BR> <br />
https://www.evi.com/q/writers_from_oak_park,_illinois<BR><br />
https://www.evi.com/q/activists_from_oak_park,_illinois<BR><br />
https://www.evi.com/q/astronomers_from_oak_park,_illinois<BR><br />
https://www.evi.com/q/playwrights_from_oak_park,_illinois<BR><br />
https://www.evi.com/q/scientists_from_oak_park,_illinois<BR><br />
https://www.evi.com/q/professors_from_oak_park,_illinois.<br />
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==Writings==<br />
Les Golden has had books published by reputable publishers in fiction and non-fiction. His biographical novel based on the life of gambling theorist [[Edward O. Thorp]] received stellar endorsements.<br />
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“I found the story tremendously entertaining, with a pantheon of compelling characters such as gambler Ed Thorp and bookie Manny Kimmel taking us from the casinos of Nevada to those of San Juan, Puerto Rico. Les Golden’s novel is a triumph begging for adaptation to the screen.” <br />
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<b>LANA WOOD</b><br />
Television and film producer<br />
Actress (“Diamonds Are Forever”)<br />
Best-selling author, Natalie, a Memoir<br />
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“Les Golden has an ever-increasing influence and burgeoning popularity. A significant name in the industry, the ‘go to’ man for strategy and anecdotal literary dexterity. I cannot acclaim his star highly enough.”<br />
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<b>JAMES MCKEOWN</b><br />
Editor, iGaming Business Magazine<br />
Editor, Gambling.com Magazine<br />
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“Les Golden is a comedy genius. It really is as simple as that. An expert in the field, he makes getting educated not only painless but actually funny.”<br />
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<b>DAVE BLAND</b><br />
Editor, Flush Magazine <br />
British television pundit<br />
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“I learn more about strategy through Les’ writings than I do through many failed trips to Vegas. Always concise, easy-to-read, and intelligent.” <br />
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<b>JON YOUNG</b><br />
Editor WPT (World Poker Tour) Magazine<br />
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“Les Golden makes numbers hilarious. He's simply the funniest gaming strategy writer there is. His writing is ‘rakish’ and ‘bond-esque.’ ”<br />
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<b>PHILIP CONNELLER</b><br />
Editor, Bluff Europe Magazine<br />
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“The dialog crackles and the fictional elements brilliantly illuminate how cool Ed Thorp is. And there’s just the right amount of blackjack and math. I love it.”<br />
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<b>AARON BROWN</b><br />
Professional gambler, Wall Street risk manager <br />
Author, The Poker Face of Wall Street<br />
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==Gambling Writings==<br />
===Introduction to Card Counting===<br />
[[File: LesGoldenUnitedAirlines.jpg|thumb|left|125px|<small> International poster-boy for United Airlines. These brochures were available at every UAL ticket office and airport terminal in the world. An accompanying poster was on the wall in every UAL ticket office and airport terminal in the world as well as being printed in every major American newspaper (and perhaps foreign as well).</small>]]In the months before the premier Wednesday Night Band of the [[University of California Jazz Ensembles]], under the direction of Dr. [[David W. Tucker]], went in 1972 to Reno, Nevada, to compete in its first [[Reno]] Jazz Festival,<ref>www.unr.edu/rjf/</ref> Golden, a trumpet player and vocalist with the band and its announcer, purchased Beat the Dealer at the legendary Moe’s Bookstore in Berkeley, California, and studied Thorp’s complete point count system. In the next five years at Berkeley, Golden made monthly trips to Reno, with additional trips to Lake Tahoe and Virginia City, Nevada. In 1977 he moved to Los Angeles to perform research at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory as a National Research Council Resident Research Associate post-doctoral fellow in astronomy,<ref>http://nrc58.nas.edu/aodir/gen_page.asp?mode=detail&sql=idnumber='760817'</ref> and his gambling excursions were to [[Las Vegas]], [[Nevada]]. He continued to perform stand-up comedy at various venues including The Comedy Store and The Improv.<br />
[[File:CountonLesLogojpg.jpg|thumb|240px|<small>Logo for Les Golden's popular "Count on Les" columns for gambling.com print magazine</small>]]<br />
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===Writings===<br />
He has written for ''Gambling.com'',<ref>http://web.archive.org/web/20111003095727/http://www.professional-poker.com/news/2006/nov/764-gamblingcom-poker-content.htm.</ref><ref>http://www.gambling.com/Blackjack/tips-strategies/194/the-blackjack-breakdown</ref> ''Gambling Online'',<ref>www.gamblingonlinemagazine.com/casinos.php</ref> ''iGaming Business'',<ref> http://www.igamingbusiness.com/content/shannon-elizabeth-heats-gamblingcom-magazine</ref> and ''Bluff Europe''<ref>http://www.sbg-globalblackjack.com/p/blackjack-news-headlines-for-september-02-2011</ref><ref>en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluff_Magazine</ref><ref>www.bluffeurope.com/</ref> magazines, and as a newspaper columnist as a casino advocate.<ref>Golden, Les (1992). “Pleasant Home: Here's a Worthwhile Gamble,” ''Oak Leaves'' (Oak Park, Illinois), July 31, p. 21</ref> His writing reflects his Renaissance man<ref name=''tinsel''>(1994), “A film career far (but not removed) from Tinseltown,” ''Compuserve magazine'',<br />
August, p. 55</ref><ref>(1995) Krapf, Paula, “Silence not Golden: aspiring local politico a man of many names, Faces,” ''Wednesday Journal of Oak Park and River Forest'', September 20, p. 4</ref><ref>Trainor, Ken (1997), “Who is Les Golden?”, ''Wednesday Journal of Oak Park and River Forest'', April 2, p. 29-37</ref><ref>(1998) Silver, Moe (name adopted by writer Ken Trainor for purpose of article), “The Clone Ranger divides again”, ''Wednesday Journal of Oak Park and River Forest'', April 1, p. 52</ref><ref name="Shrewish">Trainor, Ken (2001) “Funny, he doesn’t look shrewish,” ''Wednesday Journal of Oak Park and River Forest'', August 1, p. 2</ref><ref name="Cornell"/><ref>http://www.trueknowledge.com/q/facts_about__les_golden_28</ref> multiple knowledge bases. With a technical background, many of his articles deal with probability issues in casino games, focusing on roulette, craps, and blackjack, and discussing such topics as the central limit theorem, the [[normal curve]], and Gambler's ruin, and often employing [[Monte Carlo]] simulations and references to the search for extraterrestrial intelligence, an area to which he had been introduced at Cornell University by his mentor Frank Drake and which is one of his research and public lecture areas as an astronomer.<ref>(1983). “People Focuses on Fellow Who Makes ETs His Specialty,” ''Wednesday Journal of Oak Park and River Forest'', November 16</ref><ref>(1983), “Rosary prof makes stars come to life for ‘ET’ class,” ''Suburban Sun-Times'' (West), July 1, p. 14</ref><ref>(1984). ”Halley's Comet, Alien Life Highlight Astronomer's Talk,” ''Harlem-Irving Times'', March 2, p 3</ref> [[File:LesGoldenasDrArmstrong.jpg|thumb|150px|<small>Les Golden had the part of Dr. Armstrong in Agatha Christie’s "Ten Little Indians." Golden is a member of the Screen Actors Guild and the American Federation of Television and Radio Artists</small>]]With his stand-up comedian background, his style has been described by one of his editors, “You can probably tell that Les is a bit of a character. Luckily for readers, he’s also a great blackjack player,”<ref>Lines, Chris (2009), “A Word From the Editor,” ''Gambling Online'', August, p. 8.</ref> and by Dave Bland, the editor of ''Flush Magazine'', "Les Golden is a comedy genius. I could write more but it really is as simple as that.”<ref>http://triblocal.com/oak-park-river-forest/community/stories/2010/06/cut-the-taxes-golden-is-now-cut-the-cards/</ref><ref>http://triblocal.com/members/dianenichols/mentions/</ref> A professional actor with a Kevin Bacon number of 3 who has studied with Ann Woodworth of [[Northwestern University]] and [[Del Close]] of Chicago’s [[The Second City]] improvisational nightclub, Golden periodically writes about applying acting techniques to camouflage both being a card counter and also being a member of roulette and blackjack teams.<ref>Golden, Les (2010), “So, Do You Feel Lucky, Punk. Well, Do ‘Ya? ,” ''Bluff Europe'', October, p. 88-89</ref><ref>Golden, Les (2010), “Yonder Lies the Castle of my Fodder,” ''Bluff Europe'', November, p. 90-91</ref><ref>Golden, Les (2010), “The Rain in Spain Falls Mainly on the Plain”: Camouflage by Status,” ''Bluff Europe'', December, p. 90-91</ref><br />
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[[File: LesGoldenAsteroidDiscovery.jpg|thumb|left|175px|<small>The beginnings of the [[Near Earth Asteroid Reconnaissance Project]] was the subject of an article in <i>Compuserve Magazine</i>, which also discussed his being a writer for the Syndicated Writers’ Group reporting as a Halley’s Comet lecturer on the high seas.</small>]]Golden has won multiple awards for his writing, including the prestigious Eric Hoffer and Lili Fabilli Laconic Essay Prize,<ref>http://financialaid.berkeley.edu/prizes-and-honors-lili-fabilli-and-eric-hoffer-essay-prize</ref><ref> http://students.berkeley.edu/finaid/undergraduates/hofferprize.htm</ref>, the Griffith Observatory Science Writing Competition,<ref> (1974), <i>Griffith Observer</i>, number 6 </ref>, the International <i>Compuserve Magazine</i> Essay Contest,<ref>(1991) “CB as a Channel for Discovery,” ''Compuserve Magazine'', December, p. 18</ref> and the First Prize in the [[Nicolaus Copernicus]] International Essay Competition (American Council of Polish Cultural Clubs). Gambling.com's website refers to Golden as “gambling.com magazine’s resident blackjack genius.”<ref>http://www.gambling.com/blackjack/tips-strategies/194/the-blackjack-breakdown</ref> His research into the gambling game of 21 has been published in a peer-reviewed scholarly journal.<ref> http://www.appliedprobability.org/content.aspx?Group=tms&Page=tmsabstracts36_1#eight </ref><br />
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===Golden Diagram===[[File: NeverSplitTensCover.JPG|thumb|right|250px|<small>The cover of the book "Never Split Tens," a biographical novel by Les Golden of Oak Park, Illinois, based on the incredible true story of blackjack scholar Edward O. Thorp. The book contains a comparison of blackjack systems, an acting primer into camouflaging being a card counter, and an extensive biography of Hi-Lo developer Harvey Dubner. </small>]]<br />
After the publication of Beat the Dealer, gambling casinos reacted to the advantage that a card counter gains over the house by adopting counter strategies. These included employing multiple decks rather than the single hand-held deck. Two-deck games and games employing four and six decks dealt from a so-called shoe became commonplace.<br />
<br />
[[File: LesGoldenBiologyET.jpg|thumb|left|175px|<small> Dr. Les Golden, a popular UIC professor of physics and director of the Near Earth Asteroid Reconnaissance Project, delivers a colloquium on the subject of Extraterrestrial Life to the University of Illinois at Chicago Biology Colloquium. </small>]]Players soon realized intuitively that both these changes in the game reduced their probabilities of winning. In games with a multiple deck, compared to single-deck or double-deck games, players experience frequency, magnitude, and depth (the fraction of the deck which has been dealt in playing previous hands) effects: 1) The deck becomes favorable less frequently at all depths, 2) when the deck does becomes favorable, the magnitude of the advantage is not as great, 3) all decks are favorable infrequently until a significant portion of the deck has been dealt and this occurs at greater depths into the deck in games using multiple decks.<br />
<br />
[[File: DrLeslieMGoldenBlackjackArticle.jpg|thumb|right|125px|<small> The June, 2011, paper in <i>The Mathematical Scientist</i>, a peer-reviewed British scholarly journal, established Prof. Les Golden as a recognized expert in the probability and statistics as well as strategy of the casino game of blackjack. </small>]]Golden, based on a Monte Carlo simulation and theoretical arguments, calculated the magnitude of these effects. The results of his analysis are displayed as [[Golden Diagram|Golden diagrams]]. <ref name="lexica"/><ref>Golden, Les (2010). “Countering the Casino Countering of Counters: The Golden Diagram to the Rescue,” ''Bluff Europe'', June, p. 84-85</ref><ref>Golden, Les (2011). “Trust Me: An Undetectable Winning System For Blackjack! ,” ''Bluff Europe'', March, p. 94-95</ref> He also suggested a stepwise betting strategy to reduce the effects.<ref>Golden, Leslie M. (2011). “An Analysis of the Disadvantage to Players of Multiple Decks in the Game of 21.” ''The Mathematical Scientist'', '''32''', 2, p. 57-69</ref><ref>http://www.appliedprobability.org/content.aspx?Group=tms&Page=tmsabstracts</ref><ref>Golden, Les (2011). “Stepping Out With My Baby: The Stepwise Betting Strategy,” ''Bluff Europe'', April, p. 92-93</ref> His paper on the subject<ref>digitalscholarship.unlv.edu/gaming_institute/2016/June9/</ref> was accepted for presentation at the 2016 triennial Gambling and Risk Taking Conference at the Mirage Hotel/Casino in Las Vegas.<ref>https://www.unlv.edu/sites/default/files/page_files/27/IGI-DraftConferenceSchedule.pdf</ref><br />
<br />
===Magic Circle strategy===<br />
[[File: DrLeslieMGoldenBook.jpg|thumb|right|200px|<small> The bookseller flyer for <i>Laboratory Experiments in Physics for Modern Astronomy</i>.</small>]]The game of roulette, being a game of Simple random sample|statistics without replacement, is not amenable to systems such as card counting, which rely on the non-randomness of the particular game. If, however, the roulette wheel is not perfectly level, laboratory studies, most notably at the British National Weights and Measures Laboratory, and theoretical studies have shown that a skillful croupier can by virtue of muscle memory release the roulette ball with a speed and at a location on the table to bias the bin in which it comes to rest.<ref>Dixon, P. (2005). “Roulette Wheel Testing,” ''Report on Stage 3.1 of NWML/GBGB Project Proposal''</ref><ref>http://large.stanford.edu/courses/2007/ph210/hall1/</ref><br />
<br />
The Magic Circle strategy takes advantage of this potential bias and the non-random location of the various bets on the roulette wheel.<ref>Golden, Les (2009). “Vodka Can Make You Tilt: How You Can Win At Roulette,” ''Bluff Europe'', November, p. 90-92</ref><ref>Golden, Les (2009). “With The Tips In This Article You’ll Become Wealthy Beyond Your Wildest Dreams!,” ''Bluff Europe'', December, p. 90-92</ref><ref>Golden, Les (2010). “Beginners in the Casino: Camouflaging Team Roulette,” ''Bluff Europe'', January, p. 90-91.</ref> Golden showed that, after influencing the croupier to direct the ball into certain sectors of the roulette wheel, a team of players can lay bets in strategic locations on the wheel to secure profitable play. His paper on the subject<ref>digitalscholarship.unlv.edu/gaming_institute/2016/June9/</ref> was accepted for presentation at the 2016 triennial Gambling and Risk Taking Conference at the Mirage Hotel/Casino in Las Vegas.<ref>https://www.unlv.edu/sites/default/files/page_files/27/IGI-DraftConferenceSchedule.pdf</ref><br />
<br />
==Political Activity==<br />
<br />
===National Animal Welfare Activity===<br />
===Onion the dog===<br />
Les Golden began the internationally-noted movement to save [[Onion the dog]] of Henderson, Nevada, from euthanasia. The dog was saved after Golden's attorney fought for his life at the Nevada Supreme Court. Animal welfare and animal control laws are being rewritten as a result.<ref>https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/05/07/les-golden-oak-park-dog-a_n_1497423.html</ref><ref> http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2545414/Dog-mauled-death-1-year-old-boy-life-spared-Nevada-judge-finds-new-home-nearly-two-years-fatal-attack.html</ref>[[File:WGNInterview.JPG|thumb|350px|<small> Les Golden being interviewed in front of his Oak Park, Illinois, home on nationwide television feed from WGN-TV in Chicago in May, 2012. Golden began the campaign to save Onion the dog from euthanasia after a tragic family event in Henderson, Nevada. The eventually successful campaign to save Onion’s life, using pro bono attorneys with legal fees paid by Golden and his animal welfare group, reached the Nevada Supreme Court, took nearly two years, and gained international attention.</small>]]<br />
<br />
===Local===<br />
====CARE Party====<br />
[[File:EricZornLes.jpg|thumb|125px|<small>Featured column on Les Golden in Chicago Tribune.</small>]]<br />
Golden began his political career with the non-partisan [[CARE Party of Oak Park|CARE Party]]. (Citizens Active for Respect for the Environment/Citizens Active for a Responsible Electorate) in Oak Park, [[Illinois]]. He later formed the [[TURF Party]] (Taxpayers United of River Forest) in the adjacent community. He was the president of UTOP (United Taxpayers of Oak Park) from 1991 through 2005.<ref>http://www.oakparkjournal.com/Stories2002/2003-national-taxpayers-protest-op-sept-25.html</ref> As CARE party president he has been responsible for slating more than 70 candidates for local political office, achieving the election of eight on tax-accountability and environmental issues.<ref>see, for example, (1989) CARE joins school board fray, <i>Wednesday Journal of Oak Park and River Forest</i> , July 31, page 1; (1989) CARE tries to seek new identity, <i>Oak Leaves</i>, October 11, page 7; (1990) CARE endorsements have defeat the "incumbent" goal, <i>Wednesday Journal of Oak Park and River Forest</i> , October 31, page 21; (1991) CARE challenges shake up village races, <i>Wednesday Journal of Oak Park and River Forest</i>, February 6, page 1; <br />
(1991) CARE: a party in search of an image, <i>Oak Leaves</i>, August 14, page 8; Thomas, Sherry (1995) “Is Runningbear really ‘Cut the Taxes’?”, ''Oak Leaves'' (Oak Park, Illinois), August 23, p. 13; Linden, Eric (1995) “New OPRF ‘slate’ reads like a hoax,” ''Wednesday Journal of Oak Park and River Forest'', August 9, p. 7</ref> He has sponsored and moderated numerous taxpayer information forums.<ref>see, for example,(2006) “Oak Park tax gripes to be discussed”, September 26, http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2006-09-26/news/0609260292_1_property-tax-property-owners-steep-hike; (1987) 200 turn out at CARE tax forum, ''Wednesday Journal of Oak Park and River Forest'', October 7; CARE tax forum adds speakers, ''Wednesday Journal of Oak Park and River Forest'', September 9, 9; http://www.oakparkjournal.com/Stories2002/2003-national-taxpayers-protest-op-sept-25.html</ref> His advocacy of tax-relief has led him to seek local elected office as “Cut the Taxes.”<ref>(2003) Golden, Les “Cut the Taxes” Golden, How to turn the Barrie negative into a positive,” ''Wednesday Journal of Oak Park and River Forest'', February 26</ref><br />
<br />
====Animal Welfare and Environmentalism====<br />
A major influence on animal welfare and environmental protection efforts locally and in the State of Illinois, Golden has been a leader in water and materials conservation, recycling, tree protection, wildlife protection, pesticide bans, efforts to retard global warming, and numerous other initiatives, as well as childhood education in these efforts. He has achieved numerous reforms in this regard as president of the [[CARE Party of Oak Park|CARE Party]]. [[File: LesGoldenOakParkPesticideBan.jpg|thumb|left|175px|<small>In 1991, Les Golden, as president of Citizens Active for Respect for the Environment, achieved a ban on pesticides in the parks and recreation centers of Oak Park, Illinois.</small>]] <br />
<br />
In 2012, Golden learned of the plan by the village of Oak Park to destroy all the pigeons who found shelter among the steel support beams under the train trestle at Marion Street. Some residents complained about the unsightly droppings. Golden discovered that a gel substance placed on the surfaces adjacent to roosting areas was unappealing to all birds who would walk through it, in particular pigeons, starlings, and sparrows. The village trustees opted for that solution, although destruction of the birds had been imminent, and the birds were saved.<ref>(2012) Golden, Les, “An alternative pigeon solution for Oak Park,” <i>Wednesday Journal</i>, June 5</ref><br />
<br />
At the last hour, in 2013, the Oak Park Park District announced that the expansive Ridgeland Common park area in the center of the village was going to be converted into an artificial turf soccer field. This required the bulldozing of the popular sledding hill, an attraction since 1965, the destruction of dozens of mature trees and bushes, and the termination of the modest dog park and the chip/mulch pile for use by residents. The sledding hill had been a popular year-round attraction for a multitude of exercise, picnicking, fireworks viewing, and nature-oriented activities, and the residence of mature shade-providing hackelberry trees. This occurred despite a sham public planning process that had been in place for several years <ref>http://www.oakpark.com/News/Articles/8-7-2012/Park-District-of-Oak-Park-tells-<br />
architects-to-move-forward-with-Ridgeland-Common-plans/</ref> and which had focused on the renovation of the ice rink/swimming pool complex. In February, 2013, Golden, posing as “Richard Kullman” in order to gain access to the inner sanctum of the local park district while ensuring that the story being about the park and not himself, created what became known as the “Kullman Kaper” and began a media frenzy. He organized and held a rally, generated numerous letters to the local press and emergency government meetings, and stimulated the creation of an online petition.<ref>Manchir, Michelle (2013), “Oak Park residents oppose plan to remove sled hill and dog run”, <i>Chicago Tribune</i>, March 6, p. 5</ref> <ref>Manchir, Michelle (2013), “Plans to close dog park angers some pet owners,” <i>Chicago Tribune</i>, March 12, p. 7</ref> The feckless “Green Committee” had one such emergency meeting, to which it invited an artificial turf contractor make a predictable presentation. The new executive director caved in to the desires of the paid soccer officials sitting on the park board and the destruction of the park began in April.<br />
<br />
====Lobbying for Intergovernmental Cooperation====<br />
<br />
Despite the self-serving claims by local elected officials of trying to work together,<ref>http://www.oakpark.com/News/Articles/12-10-2013/Intergovernmental-cooperation-is-a-reality-with-IGOV/</ref> intergovernmental cooperation to save the environment and to save taxpayer dollars has been an abysmal failure in Golden’s hometown of [[Oak Park]], Illinois. Golden has suggested numerous means of attaining such, with limited success against the entrenched bureaucracies rampant in [[Oak Park]].<br />
<br />
For several decades, Golden has been trying to convince the local Oak Park governments to save costs and display environmentalism by using wood chips from the stumps of trees that were cut down as mulch for the parks. Despite one victory<ref>http://www.oakparkjournal.com/stories2004/2005-les-golden-mulch-nov.html</ref>, the park district continues to pay thousands of dollars annually for mulch that is free for the taking. Indeed, officials in nearby neighborhoods of Chicago routinely obtain the wood chips from Oak Park trees and tree stumps.<br />
<br />
Dating back to the 1990’s, Golden has lobbied local officials, without any support from the local Green Party, Democratic Party, local political party, any government official, or any private resident, to bundle their newsletters to save paper and mailing costs. In all, about 30 newsletters are mailed to each home annually. These include quarterly self-congratulatory mailings from the township, monthly mailings from the village, quarterly mailings from the park district and two school districts, water quality reports from the village, periodic mailings from the Oak Park library, monthly senior citizen mailings from the township, and other mailings. In the late 1990’s, Golden’s solo effort began to have results, when the library began to bundle its mailing with the village monthly newsletter. In the 2010’s, the two school district started to bundle their mailings with that of the village and library. The township and park district continue to flaunt such efforts at cost savings and environmentalism.<br />
<br />
Golden continually exhorts the park district to find alternate means of distributing its near-100 page activities brochure to 20,000 households quarterly at a cost of tens of thousands of dollars in postage. In fact, 90% of households simply discard the hefty brochure, an environmental disaster. Golden has suggested intergovernmental cooperation as a means to resolve both problems. Simply by distributing the brochure at each of the nine public schools, the three firehouses, the three libraries, the dozen parks, and the nearly dozen administration buildings of the local governments, no resident would be more than one or two blocks from a brochure drop-off location. Those residents who actually have enrolled in an activity in the previous two years would continue to receive the brochure. The brochure would, in addition, be available online.<br />
<br />
Despite the logic of this suggestion, the park district continues to waste trees and taxpayer dollars. The self-congratulatory propaganda published in the brochure leads the park district to ensure that every household received the document.<br />
<br />
In 2013, the authoritative peer-reviewed journal <i>The Mathematical Scientist</i> published Prof. Golden’s analysis of the role of intergovernmental cooperation in optimizing the use of limited resources such as tax revenues in governing.<ref>Golden, Leslie M. (2013), “The Optimal Allocation of Resources <br />
Among Competing Units of Government” <br />
''The Mathematical Scientist'', 38, 2, December</ref> Golden sent the paper to every elected official in Oak Park as well as the executive directors of every board in Oak Park, as well as the editors of the Chicago and Oak Park newspapers. <br />
<br />
====Tax Relief, Commercial Development, and Candidate Sponsor====<br />
Golden’s interest in tax relief has led to a leadership role in large-scale commercial development as principal of Holley Court Partners.<ref>http://www.oak-park.us/public/pdfs/Planning/Harlem_South/2006%20RFP%20Responses/09.26.06_Holley%20Court%20Partners.pdf</ref><br />
<br />
[[File: LesGoldenParksCandidacy.jpg|thumb|left|175px|<small> As a candidate for the Oak Park Park District, Les “Cut the Taxes” Golden suggested an imaginative use for a local park among tax-saving measures.</small>]]His notoriety as a sponsor of political candidates led to his namesake, "Moe Silver," Chairman of the "LOVE Party," being a lead character in the locally-drawn "Shrubtown" comic strip and theatrical play by the same name by artist and writer Marc Stopeck.<ref>see, for example, Stopeck, Marc (1991), “Shrubtown,” ''Wednesday Journal of Oak Park and River Forest'', July 24, p. 17; Stopeck, Marc (1991), “Shrubtown,” ''Wednesday Journal of Oak Park and River Forest'', August 14, p. 22; Stopeck, Marc (1991), “Shrubtown,” ''Wednesday Journal of Oak Park and River Forest'', August 21, p. 23; Stopeck, Marc (1991), “Shrubtown,” ''Wednesday Journal of Oak Park and River Forest'', August 28, p. 21; Stopeck, Marc (1992), “Shrubtown,” ''Wednesday Journal of Oak Park and River Forest'', August 12, p. 24; Stopeck, Marc (1993), “Shrubtown,” ''Wednesday Journal of Oak Park and River Forest'', August 11, p. 22</ref><br />
<br />
===Statewide and National===<br />
====Nickname and Ballot Access====<br />
[[File: LesGoldenTreeRally.jpg|thumb|right|150px|<small>In 2007, Leslie M. Golden discovered the plan by the Oak Park Park District to destroy all the old growth trees in a local park. Within 48 hours, on the July 4th weekend, he organized a committee to hold a Sunday rally, wrote a flyer, had the flyer distributed throughout the community, obtained speakers, and notified the press. Over 200 people attended on the hottest day of the year.</small>]]His political candidacies for U.S. Congress<ref>(1996) Kass, John, “Nothing dull about 7th race – U.S. House contest full of controversy,” ''Chicago Tribune'', March 8, Section 2, p. 1</ref> and State Representative<ref>(1992) Zorn, Eric, “But Yakov seems so, so . . . judicial,” ''Chicago Tribune'', March 10, Section 2, p. 1</ref><ref>(1996) Montgomery, Susan, “GOP slates Golden to run for state rep,” ''Oak Leaves'', July 3, p. 10</ref><ref>http://www.ourcampaigns.com/CandidateDetail.html?CandidateID=16936&WhenStart=2011-08-06+12%3A51%3A32</ref><ref> (1996) “Cut taxing districts,” ''Berwyn Life'' October 9, p. 22 </ref> using the nickname "Cut the Taxes" have led to court actions,<ref>http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/f-news/773242/posts</ref><ref>(2002), Mission: Fool voters (editorial), ''Chicago Tribune'', January 18, p. 18 </ref><ref> http://anti-state.com/forum/index.php?board=2;action=display;threadid=1446</ref><ref>http://ddd-hph.dlconsulting.com/cgi-bin/newshph?a=d&d=HPH19980107.2.3&cl=&srpos=0&st=1&e=00-00-0000-99-99-9999--20--1----Sen.+Obama-all</ref><ref>http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2002-09-18/news/0209180186_1_ballots-fractional-jagielski </ref><ref> http://www.oakpark.com/News/Articles/10-30-2002/Golden_wins_Cut-The-Taxes_suit,_sues_again_</ref><ref>http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2002-10-16/news/0210160202_1_blagojevich-spokesman-doug-scofield-illinois-state-board </ref><ref>Zorn, Eric. (1995) This candidate is a Cut the Taxes above the rest, ''Chicago Tribune'' (Metrowest), October 3, p. 1; http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1995-10-03/news/9510030038_1_wallace-gator-bradley-candidates-taxes </ref><ref>http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2002-10-23/news/0210230072_1_golden-ballot-orr </ref><ref>http://www.actuarialoutpost.com/actuarial_discussion_forum/showthread.php?p=136091</ref><ref>www.highbeam.com/doc/1N1-1110F700ED5B9A50.html</ref><ref>http://blogs.chicagotribune.com/news_columnists_ezorn/2009/09/should-we-use-cheryle-robinson-jackson-or-stick-with-cheryle-jackson-.html</ref><ref> (1996) Hevrkejs, Judy and Conklin, Mike, “Cutting Les,” ''Chicago Tribune'', March 12, p. 2</ref><ref> (1996) “ ‘Cut the Taxes’ cut from GOP ballot,” ''West Suburban Post'', March 8, p. 5</ref><ref>http://forums.gunbroker.com/pop_printer_friendly.asp?TOPIC_ID=34426</ref> a re-writing of Illinois election law concerning allowable names on the ballot<ref>http://www.ilga.gov/legislation/ilcs/ilcs4.asp?DocName=001000050HArt%2E+16&ActID=170&ChapterID=3&SeqStart=56200000&SeqEnd=57400000; see 10 ILCS 5/16-3 (e); </ref><ref>10 ILCS 5/16-3 (e)</ref><ref>http://www.upi.com/Suit-filed-to-keep-sloganeering-off-ballot/95431034782244/</ref><ref>http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2003-06-03/news/0306030127_1_orr-slogans-78th-district; (2003) Groark, Virginia, “Legislature cuts the slogans from names on ballot,” <i>Chicago Tribune</i>, June 3</ref><ref> Trainor, Ken (1997), “Who is Les Golden?”, ''Wednesday Journal of Oak Park and River Forest'', April 2, p. 29-37 </ref> propagated throughout the state of Illinois in election guides for candidates,<ref>www.champaigncountyclerk.com/elections/docs/2012/2012CanGuide.pdf</ref><ref>www.elections.il.gov/downloads/electioninformationcourth/pdf/2011canguide.pdf </ref> lengthy discussions in the Illinois Institute of Continuing Legal Education (IICLE) handbook on election law<ref> www.iicle.com </ref> which is on display in courthouses in the state of Illinois, scholarly studies on election law and ballot access, <ref>http://www.umsl.edu/~kimballd/illinois.pdf</ref> and rewriting of election law in other states. <ref>law.onecle.com/texas/election/52.031.00.html</ref> In addition, in another part of the revised election law, the Golden Rule, for the first time in Illinois history, allows any election official whatsoever, state as well as local, to extend their previous ministerial powers beyond mere printing of the ballot to actually removing slogans from ballot names.<ref>10 ILCS 5/16-3 (f)</ref> These cases in election law and the revised Illinois election law statutes have been cited repeatedly in jurisdictions throughout the country.<br />
<br />
====Taxation, Constitutional Convention, and Drug Legalization====<br />
[[File: LesGoldenCutTaxingDistricts.jpg|thumb|left|175px|<small> As the GOP candidate for the office of State Representative from the 8th Illinois district, Golden suggested means for funding education.</small>]]In 2008, he was the statewide spokesman and one of three state-wide coordinators for the group seeking to convene an Illinois Constitutional Convention.<ref>(2008) Sweeney, Chuck, Constitutional convention? Here's a pro-con, <i>Rockford Register Star</i>, June 18; http://www.rrstar.com/opinions/x1713643550/Constitutional-convention-Heres-a-pro-con;https://cambridge.wickedlocal.com/x415942049/Chuck-Sweeny-Pros-and-cons-of-Constitutional-convention</ref><ref>(2008) Wilson, Doug, Business group says constitutional convention would be too costly, risky, <i>Quincy Herald-Whig</i>, July 15</ref><ref>www.chicagogop.com/home/blogger/drlesmgolden/</ref><ref>http://www.chicagogop.com/component/comprofiler/userprofile/drlesmgolden</ref> He wrote the field guide for campaign workers which was used in other states also seeking to convene constitutional conventions. He has consistently fought legislation removing property tax caps in Illinois.<ref> (1995) Schory, Brenda, “Loud protest trails quiet passage of tax cap bill,” <i>Kane County Chronicle</i>, July 7, p. 1</ref> He was selected to be a charter member of the board of the Illinois Taxpayer Education Foundation (ITEF) in 1994.<br />
<br />
He has been recognized by the Media Awareness Project<ref>http://www.mapinc.org/</ref> as a key spokesman in the national movement to legalize drugs to combat an epidemic of crime and to generate government revenues.<ref>http://www.mapinc.org/drugnews/v13/n523/a06.html</ref><ref>(2013) Legalize drugs, <i>Chicago Tribune</i>, October 28, p. 19; http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2013-10-28/opinion/ct-vp-1028-voice-letters-20131028_1_drug-business-drug-trafficking-drug-crimes</ref><br />
<br />
===Recognition and Honors===<br />
He is President of Citizens Active for Respect for the Environment/Citizens Active for a Responsible Electorate (CARE) in Oak Park, Suburban Coordinator of the Alliance of (Cook) County Taxpayers (ACT), and heads the National Taxpayers United of Oak Park. <br />
<br />
Golden received the Distinguished Leadership Award from the National Taxpayers United of Illinois umbrella group in 1991 for his taxpayer advocacy efforts. <br />
<br />
In 2013, the authoritative peer-reviewed journal <i>The Mathematical Scientist</i> published Prof. Golden’s analysis of the role of intergovernmental cooperation in optimizing the use of limited resources such as tax revenues in governing.<ref>Golden, Leslie M. (2013), “The Optimal Allocation of Resources <br />
Among Competing Units of Government” <br />
''The Mathematical Scientist'', 38, 2, December</ref><br />
<br />
==Quotes==<br />
"The only famous (card) counters are the ex-counters."</BR><br />
“Human beings are the only species that derive joy from the misfortunes of others. The greater the misfortune, the greater the joy.”</br><br />
“If you set mediocre goals, the most you will ever achieve is mediocrity.”</br><br />
“We don’t own the Earth; we simply share it.”<br />
<br />
==Published Books==<br />
*''Basic Composer: An Analysis of Music Notation Software'', Music Education Incentives Publishers (1988)<br />
*''Astronomy 101'', UIC Press (1994)<br />
*''A Field Guide for Political Activists: How to Generate Support and Turn Out Your Voters'', Lee Brooke (2008)<br />
*''Laboratory Experiments in Physics for Modern Astronomy: With Comprehensive Development of the Physical Principles'', Springer Science+Business (2012)<ref> http://www.springer.com/astronomy/astronomy,+observations+and+techniques/book/978-1-4614-3310-1</ref><br />
<br />
==Discography==<br />
*''Deuces Wild'', The Deuces<br />
<br />
==Selected Theatrical, Film, Radio, Television, and Commercial Credits==<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|- style="text-align:center;"<br />
!style="background:#B0C4DE"|Title<br />
!style="background:#B0C4DE"|Director<br />
!style="background:#B0C4DE"|Role<br />
!style="background:#B0C4DE"|Co-stars<br />
|-<br />
|Kronenbourgh Beer<br />
|Josef Sedelmaier<br />
|Murray<br />
|Bruce Jarchow<br />
|-<br />
|Tony’s Pizza<br />
|Josef Sedelmaier<br />
|Vito<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Chicago Tribune<br />
|Jim Wotring<br />
|Jo-jo<br />
|Marji Bank, Ernest Perry<br />
|-<br />
|K-Mart<br />
|Jim Wotring<br />
|Lester<br />
|Tim Gamble<br />
|-<br />
|Eagle Foods<br />
|Gerald Hagner<br />
|Les<br />
|Ken Anderson (athlete)<br />
|-<br />
|Motorola Cellular<br />
|Ed Italo<br />
|Miller<br />
|Lee Trevino (athlete)<br />
|-<br />
|Buick<br />
|Jim Parish<br />
|Cal<br />
|Don Majowski (athlete)<br />
|-<br />
|True Value Hardware<br />
|Jim Lynch<br />
|Professor Astroray<br />
|(one-person show)<br />
|-<br />
|Cognex<br />
|Stewart Talent<br />
|Timothy McCoy<br />
|Paula Scrofano<br />
|-<br />
|Illinois State Lottery<br />
|Jeff Jones<br />
|Big Brother<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Heinz Ketchup<br />
|Bob Shallcross<br />
|Les Golden (stand-up comedian as himself)<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Bubble Up<br />
|Stan Cottle<br />
|Murray<br />
|Charlotte Ross<br />
|-<br />
|The Len Petrulis Show<br />
|Len Petrulis<br />
|Phillipe Maurice, Parisian fashion designer<br />
|Kajon Mueller<br />
|-<br />
|Freeman Shoes<br />
|Loren Ostir<br />
|Wally Tucker<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Thrift Drugs<br />
|Clay Covert<br />
|Mr. Eisen<br />
|(one-person show)<br />
|-<br />
|Madison Gas and Electric<br />
|Bob Wendt<br />
|Bob<br />
|(one-person show)<br />
|-<br />
|Ohio Edison<br />
|Ken Ancell<br />
|Mr. Heater<br />
|(one-person show)<br />
|-<br />
|American Family Insurance<br />
|John Alexson<br />
|Mark<br />
|Rick Plastina<br />
|-<br />
|Outtakes<br />
|Jack Sell<br />
|Harvey Knox<br />
|Broderick Crawford<br />
|-<br />
|The Nightmare Trial of Billy Barnes<br />
|Gerald Rogers<br />
|Edward Keppel<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|The Roommate<br />
|Nell Cox<br />
|Mr. Chipbeef<br />
|Barry Miller, Lance Guest<br />
|-<br />
|Welcome Home, Bobby<br />
|Herbert Wise<br />
|Coach Lazare<br />
|Adam Baldwin<br />
|-<br />
|How I Became A Holy Mother<br />
|Arnold Aprill<br />
|Master<br />
|Patti Shaughnessy<br />
|-<br />
|Taming of the Shrew<br />
|Dale Calandra<br />
|Gremio<br />
|Ned Mochel, Susan Hart, and others<br />
|-<br />
|YMCA<br />
|Jerold Haislmaier<br />
|Michael Marks<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Ten Little Indians<br />
|Faith Dukor-Chaplick<br />
|Dr. Armstrong<br />
|June Atkinson, Russ Cady<br />
|-<br />
|Stage Struck<br />
|James Carter<br />
|Herman<br />
|Jim Mullen<br />
|-<br />
|The Odd Couple<br />
|Faith Baime<br />
|Vinnie<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|What the Wine Sellers Buy<br />
|Wanda Getsug<br />
|George<br />
|Lucy Evans<br />
|-<br />
|The Little Sister<br />
|Ray Andrecheck<br />
|Toad<br />
|B.F. Helman<br />
|-<br />
|Taming of the Shrew<br />
|David Darlow<br />
|Vincentio<br />
|Robert Petkoff, David Darlow, Kristine Thatcher, Greg Vinkler, Michael Halberstam, and others<br />
|-<br />
|The Inspector General<br />
|Knowles Cooke<br />
|Bobchinsky<br />
|Stephen Straight, Barbara Tucker<br />
|-<br />
|Eddie Hubbard Show Live from Arnie’s<br />
|Eddie Hubbard<br />
|Jeffrey Clayton Maxwell<br />
|Robert Goulet, and others<br />
|-<br />
|Unshackled!<br />
|Jack O’Dell<br />
|Richard Goldstein (and others)<br />
|Judith Easton, David Mink, and others<br />
|-<br />
|Deadly Spygames<br />
|Jack Sell<br />
|General Vladimir Korchenko<br />
|Tippi Hedren, Troy Donahue<br />
|-<br />
|Lady Blue<br />
|Gary Nelson<br />
|Davey Carlton<br />
|Danny Aiello, Jamie Rose, Ron Dean<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Writing Awards==<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|- style="text-align:center;"<br />
!style="background:#B0C4DE"|Competition<br />
!style="background:#B0C4DE"|Sponsor<br />
!style="background:#B0C4DE"|Award<br />
|-<br />
|Eric Hoffer and Lili Fabilli Laconic Essay Prize<br />
|Eric Hoffer<br />
|First Place Winner<br />
|-<br />
|Cornell Engineer Feature Article Competition<br />
|Cornell University College of Engineering<br />
|First Place Winner<br />
|-<br />
|Engineering College Magazines Association Awards<br />
|Engineering College Magazines Association<br />
|Best Editorial, Second Place Winner<br />
|-<br />
|Engineering College Magazines Association Awards<br />
|Engineering College Magazines Association<br />
|Best Editorial, All Issues, Second Place Winner<br />
|-<br />
|Griffith Observatory Science Writing Competition<br />
|Griffith Observatory<br />
|Honorable Mention Winner<br />
|-<br />
|International <i>Compuserve Magazine</i> Essay Competition<br />
|<i>Compuserve Magazine</i><br />
|First Place Winner<br />
|-<br />
|Nicolaus Copernicus International Essay Competition<br />
|American Council of Polish Cultural Clubs<br />
|First Place Winner, Senior Division<br />
|-<br />
|Tau Beta Pi Essay Competition<br />
|Tau Beta Pi Association<br />
|Honorable Mention Winner<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:1; column-count:1;"><br />
<references /><br />
</div><br />
<br />
==Technical Publications==<br />
<br />
===Probability and Statistics in Astronomy===<br />
1. Golden, Leslie M. (1971). “Evolution of Quasar Optical and Radio Luminosity,” ''Nature'', '''234''', 103.<br />
<br />
2. Golden, Leslie M. (1974). “Isotropy of Radio Source Populations from Comparison of Number - Flux Density Curves,” ''Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society'', '''166''', 383.<br />
<br />
3. Golden, Leslie M. (1974). “Observational Selection in the Identification of Quasars and Claims for Anisotropy,” ''Observatory'', '''94''', 122.<br />
<br />
4. Golden, Leslie M. (1979). “The Effect of Surface Roughness on the Transmission of Microwave Radiation Through a Planetary Surface,” ''Icarus'', '''38''', 451.<br />
<br />
===Technical Articles on Gambling===<br />
<br />
1. Golden, Les; Thompson-Hill, Jeremy; and Theobold, Rick (2008). “Has Online Gaming Reached Saturation Point?,” '' iGaming Business'', March/April, p.&nbsp;16-17.<br />
<br />
2 Golden, Les; Turner, Noah; and von Bar, Jens (2009). “The Death of the RNG,” '' iGaming Business'', July/August, p.&nbsp;56-59.<br />
<br />
3. Golden, Leslie M. (2011). “An Analysis of the Disadvantage to Players of Multiple Decks in the Game of 21.” ''The Mathematical Scientist'', ''' 32''', 2, p.&nbsp;57-69.<br />
<br />
===Peer-Reviewed Articles on Intergovernmental Cooperation===<br />
<br />
1. Golden, Leslie M. (2013), “The Optimal Allocation of Resources Among Competing Units of Government,” ''The Mathematical Scientist'', 38, 2, December <br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[http://www.geocities.ws/les_golden] Home Page<br />
*[http://www.mywikibiz.com/Les_Golden_(Interview)] An Interview With Les Golden<br />
*[http://www.mywikibiz.com/Near_Earth_Asteroid_Reconnaissance_Project] N.E.A.R.<br />
*[http://www.mywikibiz.com/University_of_California_Jazz_Ensembles] U.C. Jazz<br />
*[http://www.mywikibiz.com/KALX] KALX Radio 90.7 FM<br />
*[http://www.illinoisauthors.org/authors/Leslie_Morris_Golden] Illinois Authors Listing<br />
*[http://www.worldcat.org/title/laboratory-exercises-in-physics-for-modern-astronomy/oclc/773666079] World Catalog Listing<br />
*[http://www.betterworldbooks.com/les-golden-id-6136849941.aspx] Collected Writings<br />
*[http://www.librarything.com/profile/Les_Golden] Library Thing Listing<br />
*[http://www.authorsden.com/lesgolden] Authors Den Listing <br />
*[http://people.theiapolis.com/actor-B9C1/les-golden/sites/les-golden-actor-1000547.html] Theiapolis listing as actor<br />
*[http://lambiek.com/artists/g/golden_les.htm] Cartoonist listing at Comiclopedia<br />
*[http://www.creativehotlist.com/Individuals/details/198826] CreativeHotList<br />
*[https://www.evi.com/q/actors_from_oak_park,_illinois] Amazon.com EVI listing as Actor<br />
*[https://www.evi.com/q/comedians_from_oak_park,_illinois] Amazon.com EVI listing as Comedian<br />
*[https://www.evi.com/q/musicians_from_oak_park,_illinois] Amazon.com EVI listing as Musician<br />
*[https://www.evi.com/q/writers_from_oak_park,_illinois] Amazon.com EVI listing as Writer<br />
*[https://www.evi.com/q/activists_from_oak_park,_illinois] Amazon.com EVI listing as Animal Welfare and Environmental Activist<br />
*[https://www.evi.com/q/astronomers_from_oak_park,_illinois] Amazon.com EVI listing as Astronomer<br />
*[https://www.evi.com/q/playwrights_from_oak_park,_illinois] Amazon.com EVI listing as Playwright<br />
*[https://www.evi.com/q/scientists_from_oak_park,_illinois] Amazon.com EVI listing as Scientist<br />
*[https://www.evi.com/q/professors_from_oak_park,_illinois] Amazon.com EVI listing as Academic<br />
<br />
==Categories==<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Golden,Les}}<br />
[[Category:Academia]]<br />
[[Category:Actors]]<br />
[[Category:Theatre]]<br />
[[Category:American academics]]<br />
[[Category:American actor-politicians]]<br />
[[Category:American environmentalists]]<br />
[[Category:American essayists]]<br />
[[Category:Comics characters]]<br />
[[Category:Betting systems]]<br />
[[Category:Research]]<br />
[[Category:Film theorists]]<br />
[[Category:American film actors]]<br />
[[Category:American stand-up comedians]]<br />
[[Category:American male singers]]<br />
[[Category:Gambling]] <br />
[[Category:Gambling games]] <br />
[[Category:Gambling terminology]]<br />
[[Category:American comedians]]<br />
[[Category:American musicians]]<br />
[[Category:American non-fiction writers]]<br />
[[Category:American sports announcers]]<br />
[[Category:College basketball announcers]]<br />
[[Category:American writers]]<br />
[[Category:Politics]]<br />
[[Category:Political slogans]]<br />
[[Category:Probability theory]]<br />
[[Category:Jewish actors]]<br />
[[Category:Jewish comedians]]<br />
[[Category:Jewish writers]]<br />
[[Category:Jewish environmentalists]]<br />
[[Category:Jewish writers]]<br />
[[Category:Jewish animal welfare advocates]]<br />
[[Category:Jewish academics]]<br />
[[Category:Jewish cartoonists]]<br />
[[Category:Jewish politicians]]<br />
[[Category:Jewish musicians]]<br />
[[Category:Jewish gambling writers]]<br />
[[Category:Jewish playwrights]]<br />
[[Category:Jewish bandleaders]]<br />
[[Category:Jewish astronomers]]<br />
[[Category:Notable residents of Oak Park, Illinois]]<br />
[[Category:Residents of Oak Park, Illinois]]<br />
[[Category:Notable residents of Illinois]]<br />
[[Category:Gambling writers]]<br />
[[Category:Acting]]<br />
[[Category:Activism]]<br />
[[Category:American astronomers]]<br />
[[Category:American columnists]]<br />
[[Category:American computer programmers]]<br />
[[Category:American entertainers]]<br />
[[Category:American film actors]]<br />
[[Category:American jazz trumpeters]]<br />
[[Category:American people of Jewish descent]]<br />
[[Category:American people of Polish-Jewish descent]]<br />
[[Category:American political writers]]<br />
[[Category:American scientists]]<br />
[[Category:American screenwriters]]<br />
[[Category:American stage actors]]<br />
[[Category:American voice actors]]<br />
[[Category:Animal Welfare]]<br />
[[Category:Astronomy]]<br />
[[Category:Authors]]<br />
[[Category:Blackjack]]<br />
[[Category:Celebrities]]<br />
[[Category:Celebrity Interviews]]<br />
[[Category:Jewish American writers]]<br />
[[Category:Jewish scientists]]<br />
[[Category:Illinois Republicans]]<br />
[[Category:Illinois politicians]]<br />
[[Category:Scientists from Illinois]]<br />
[[Category:Cornell University alumni]]<br />
[[Category:Astrophysicists]]<br />
[[Category:University of California Berkeley alumni]]</div>Drlesmgoldenhttps://mywikibiz.com/index.php?title=Les_Golden&diff=480578Les Golden2022-10-03T17:09:41Z<p>Drlesmgolden: /* Categories */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox_Person <br />
| name = <font color="blue">Les Golden</font><font color="black"><br />
| other_names = <small>AKA Cut the Taxes (political candidate)</br>Leonard Running Bear (political candidate spoof)</br> Scooter (boyhood athlete)</br>Chief ("Cornell Engineer" magazine editor-in-chief)</br>Leslie Detroit (college fraternity nickname)</br>Richard Kullman (Oak Park park district inner sanctum infiltrator)</br>Clete (college baseball player)</br>Moe Silver (character in cartoon strip and stage play "Shrubtown")</br>Les Morris (bandleader)</br>Subrahmanyan Berkowitz (stand-up comic)</br>Jeffrey Clayton Maxwell (stand-up comic)</br>Flash Golden (play-by-play announcer and jazz radio disc jockey)</br>Mark Morris (business name, airline coupons)</small><br />
| residence = Oak Park, [[State_Name::Illinois]], and [[City::Reno]], [[State_Name::Nevada]]<br />
| image = Gamblejpg.jpg<br />
| imagesize = 190px<br />
| caption = <small><b>Les Golden</b> counting cards at the Kellogg Graduate School of Business (Northwestern University) Casino Night</small><br />
| birth_date = <br />
| birth_place = Yes<br />
| birth_name =<br />
| death_date = <br />
| death_place = <br />
| death_cause = <br />
| occupation = Writer, astronomer, professor, musician, stand-up comedian, cartoonist<br />
| known = Developer of [[Golden Diagram]] <ref name="lexica">http://www.omnilexica.com/?q=Leslie%20M.%20Golden</ref> for blackjack and the Magic Circle Strategy for roulette</br>Influences -- Nina Grace Smith, L. Knowles Cooke, [[Frank Drake]], W.J. "Jack" Welch, [[David W. Tucker]], Edward O. Thorp, [[Del Close]]<br />
| influences = Nina Grace Smith, L. Knowles Cooke, [[Frank Drake]], W.J. "Jack" Welch, [[David W. Tucker]], Edward O. Thorp, [[Del Close]]<br />
| contact = drlesgo@aol.com; lesgoldencardcounting@yahoo.com; <br>literary agent - elagencywest@aol.com<br />
| reference = <small>http://www.geocities.ws/les_golden</br> http://www.oocities.org/goldenforstaterepresentative</br>; cell 773-837-3146</small><br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Les Golden''' is an astronomer as well as an internationally-known gambling writer, actor, and political, environmental, and animal welfare activist. He lives in Oak Park, [[Illinois]].<ref> http://www.illinoisauthors.org/authors/Leslie_Morris_Golden</ref><ref>http://www.librarything.com/profile/Les_Golden</ref><ref> http://www.librarything.com/author/goldenlesliem</ref><ref>http://www.authorsden.com/lesgolden</ref> He has written for "gambling.com", "iGamingBusiness", "gamblingonline", and [[Bluff Magazine|"Bluff Europe"]] print magazines. He became aware of card counting systems and became a card counter at the popular casino game of blackjack while a graduate student at the University of California, Berkeley, by reading the 1966 revised edition of Beat the Dealer,<ref>Thorp, E. O. (1966) ''Beat the Dealer: A Winning Strategy for the Game of Twenty-One'', Random House, New York</ref> the seminal work of mathematician Edward O. Thorp, who was aided in his computer simulations by programmers Julian Braun and Harvey Dubner.<ref>Thorp, E. O. (1966),''Beat the Dealer: A Winning Strategy for the Game of Twenty-One'', Random House, New York, pp. 93-94</ref> As a graduate student in astronomy at the University of California, Berkeley, Golden made monthly trips to [[Reno]], [[Nevada]] and played blackjack using Thorp’s systems. He is the developer of the [[Golden Diagram]] <ref name="lexica"/> technique for countering casino countermeasures at blackjack and the Magic Circle system for winning at biased roulette wheels. Dr. Golden was named an [[International Gaming Institute Scholar]] (IGI) (University of Nevada, Las Vegas) for 2016. He currently resides in Oak Park, [[Illinois]], and [[Reno]], [[Nevada]]. He currently resides in Oak Park, [[Illinois]], and [[Reno]], [[Nevada]].<br />
<br />
<br />
==Background==<br />
===Education and Research===<br />
[[File: LesGoldenCollectedWritings.jpg|thumb|right|125px|<small> The noted author and biographer Jordan Naoum has published collected writings of Golden in his 2011 book, <i>Les Golden</i></small>]] Leslie Morris Golden (''Eliezer Moshe ben Reuven Motl y Chanah Kaileh'', ''Lazar Masche'') was born in Chicago, an identical twin,<ref>His parents are Irving R. (b. 1907) and Anne K. Golden (b. 1909; maiden name, Eisenberg). Anne had twin brothers, Irving and Sam (b. 1905), and twin uncles on her mother’s side, Michel and Kivah Gerstein (b.1876), making the Golden twins the third successive generation of male twins on the maternal side. The birth of the Golden twins was one of a record number of twin births at Wesley Memorial Hospital, a part of Northwestern Hospital in Chicago, in early December.</ref><ref>(1943), “Twins Tend Record Twin Crop,” ''Chicago Herald-American'', December 4, p. II-3</ref><ref>Petlicki, Myrna (1997), “Golden memories,” ''Oak Leaves'' (Oak Park, Illinois), July 2, p. B3-6</ref> the son of Anne K. (née Eisenberg; March 7, 1909 – November 19, 1999), a legal stenographer and homemaker, and Irving R. Golden (March 15, 1907 – June 22, 2005), an attorney and co-owner with his father Max Goldstein, an immigrant finish carpenter from Belarus, Russia, of a store fixture and bar manufacturing firm,<ref>Kogan, Rick (2005), “Lawyer also designed, built bars,” ''Chicago Tribune'', July 24, p. IV-7</ref> and raised in Oak Park, Illinois, where he attended Horace Mann grammar school and Oak Park-River Forest High School. <br />
<br />
[[File: LesGoldenSemesteratSea.jpg|thumb|left|175px|<small> Professor Golden was the first University of Illinois professor chosen to be a professor on Semester at Sea. He taught courses on astronomer and the possibility of extraterrestrial life.</small>]]He holds the B.A. (with Distinction) and Masters of Engineering Physics from Cornell University,<ref name="Cornell">http://www.cornell65.com/interest/golden.html</ref> where he was both a Cornell McMullen Scholar and a Fellow of the Interfoundation Committee of the American Institute for Economic Research (Great Barrington, Mass.). The Cornell website notes him as one of its distinguished alumni writers.<ref>www.collegegrid.com/grid/index.php/Cornell_University</ref> He received the M.A. and Ph.D in astronomy from the University of California, Berkeley,<ref> http://badgrads.berkeley.edu/doku.php?id=alumni:old</ref><ref>http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/2006ASPC..356...87F, page 90</ref> under Professor William J. “Jack” Welch,<ref>http://www.eecs.berkeley.edu/Faculty/Homepages/welch.html</ref> the Watson and Marilyn Alberts Chair emeritus in Extraterrestrial Intelligence. His dissertation was “A Microwave Interferometric Study of the Subsurface of the Planet Mercury.”<ref>http://books.google.com/books/about/A_Microwave_Interferometric_Study_of_the.html?id=vJK_HgAACAAJ</ref><ref>http://www.amazon.com/s?ie=UTF8&field-keywords=Microwave%20Interferometric%20Study%20Subsurface%20Planet%20Mercury&index=books</ref><ref>(2012) Rivers, Eric, The Solar System, April 25; http://www.amazon.com/The-Solar-System-Eric-Rivers/dp/1475228791/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1338396178&sr=1-1</ref> <br />
At Cornell, he was the award-winning feature editor and then editor-in-chief of the [[Cornell Engineer magazine|<i>Cornell Engineer</i> magazine]]<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=b6TAAAAYAAJ </ref><ref>https://books?id=zqUkAQAAMAAJ</ref><ref>https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924058075700;view=1up;seq=11</ref> and a member of the Engineering Student Council. Some of his early research in astronomy appeared in a book by Stephen Hawking.<ref> (1979) Hawking, S. W. & Israel, W. General relativity: an Einstein centenary survey. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-22285-0. “A much cited centennial survey”; <br />
books.google.com/books?isbn=0521222850 </ref> He performed research at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California, as a National Research Council Resident Research Associate<ref>http://nrc58.nas.edu/aodir/gen_page.asp?mode=detail&sql=idnumber='760817'</ref> and the Aerospace Corporation in El Segundo, California. He is the director of the [[Directory:Near Earth Asteroid Reconnaissance Project|Near Earth Asteroid Reconnaissance Project]] (N.E.A.R.),<ref>http://www.astronomy.com/sitecore/content/Magazine%20Issues/1994/April%201994.aspx , page 22</ref> which he founded as a University of Illinois at Chicago professor in 1994. He has been elected to both [[Phi Beta Kappa]] (arts and sciences) and [[Tau Beta Pi]] (engineering)<ref>https://www.tbp.org/memb/MemberLookup.cfm<br />
</ref> as well as [[Pi Delta Epsilon]] (journalism). He is listed in [[Marquis Who's Who]] in Science and Technology and [[Marquis Who's Who]] in the World.<br />
<br />
In addition to the many citations to his scholarly research in astronomy and the history of science, Golden’s writings and work has been cited in numerous books.<ref>see, for example, <i>The Complete Guide to the Illinois Software Industry</i>, Chicago Software Association; [[Cornell Engineer magazine|<i>Cornell Engineer</i>]], [[Cornell University College of Engineering]]; <i>Mix Hypermedia</i>, Mix Publications; <i>The Griffith Observer</i>, Griffith Observatory; http://books.google.com/books?id=99oqAQAAMAAJ&q=%22Leslie+M.+Golden%22&dq=%22Leslie+M.+Golden%22&hl=en</ref><br />
<br />
The noted author and biographer Jordan Naoum has published collected writings of Golden in his 2011 book, <i>Les Golden</i> (Duc Publishing, ISBN 978-6-1368-4994-2)<ref>www.renotransmission.com/installation.html</ref><ref>www.oakparkjournal.com/2012/2012-Book-announced-Golden-bio.html </ref><ref>www.topix.com/forum/games/blackjack/TM5R2SK854B8812DS</ref><ref>www.publishingheadlines.com/biography-of-les-golden-published-by-duc-publishing/</ref><ref>http://www.topix.com/city/oak-park-il/2013/08/oak-park-renaissance-man-les-golden-has-been-written-by-biographer?fromrss=1</ref> which is available worldwide.<ref>See, for example, www.barnesandnoble.com/w/les-golden-jordan-naoum/1104425304; http://www.amazon.com/Golden-Jordan-Naoum/dp/6136849941/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1327941857&sr=1-1; http://www.whsmith.co.uk/CatalogAndSearch/ProductDetails.aspx?ProductID=9786136849942; http://www.betterworldbooks.com/les-golden-id-6136849941.aspx </ref><br />
<br />
===Performing===<br />
[[File: LesGoldenNotEasyBeingGreen.jpg|thumb|left|175px|<small> One of the leading environmentalist spokesmen and activists in Illinois, Les Golden as President of the CARE party in Oak Park, Illinois, secured the election of a majority on the Park Board which on their first day in office banned pesticides in the parks and recreation centers.</small>]]Golden is a nationally-referenced animal welfare advocate and environmental activist,<ref>http://www.elephantinformation.com/CEMENT%20FLOORING%20or%20HARD%20DIRT%20GROUND.htm </ref><ref>http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2004-11-24/news/0411240206_1_new-trees-oak-park-district-mulberry-trees</ref><ref>Dwyer, Bill (2007), “Tree Fury at Field,” ''Wednesday Journal of Oak Park and River Forest'', July 10, p. 1; http://www.oakpark.com/News/Articles/07-10-2007/Tree_fury_at_Field</ref><ref>Noel, Josh (2007), “Oak Park tree-removal plan heads for debate,” ''Chicago Tribune'', July 12, p. 7; http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2007-07-19/news/0707181717_1_trees-park-renovation-plan</ref><ref>Golden, Leslie M. (2005), “Elephant deaths are a matter of physics,” ''Chicago Sun-Times'', January 28, p. 24</ref><ref>(2000) “Trailside needs a champion,” ''Wednesday Journal of Oak Park and River Forest'' (editorial), November 1, p. 32</ref><ref>Vincent, Ed (2002), “The Lost Chukar,” http://www.suburbanjournals.com/Stories2002/Lost-Chukar-Returned-Home-2002.html, August 10</ref><ref>see, in addition, for example, Golden, Les (2002), “All it would take is a fence to keep critters alive,” ''Wednesday Journal of Oak Park and River Forest'', June 12, p. 41; Golden, Les (2000), “Les ‘Cut the Roadkill’ Golden says, Slow Down!”, ''Wednesday Journal of Oak Park and River Forest'', April 19, p. 25; Golden, Les (2000), “Hey, Sylvestri, save our furry and feathered friends,” ''Wednesday Journal of Oak Park and River Forest'', October 25, p. 34; Little, Rebecca and Trainor, Ken (2000) “Silvestri responds to Golden, Trailside,” ''Wednesday Journal of Oak Park and River Forest'', November 1, p. 2; Golden, Les “Let’s Save the Dogs” Golden (2002), “Ask politicians to make dog fighting a felony,” May 22, p. 32; (2008), “Inside Report: Les ‘Cut the coyotes a break’ Golden,” ''Wednesday Journal of Oak Park and River Forest'', January 23, p. 5; Linden, Eric (1991), “’Dandelion Dig’ idea blooming,” ''Wednesday Journal of Oak Park and River Forest'', May 29, p. 7; (2001) Golden, Les, “It’s not easy being green, but here are some ideas”, ''Wednesday Journal of Oak Park and River Forest'', April 11, p. 40</ref><ref>(2004) http://www.oakparkjournal.com/2007/2007-Field-Park-ralley-July-8th-2pm.html</ref><ref>“Oak Park Environmentalist Persuades School to Save Taxpayer Dollars, Intergovernmental Cooperation the Key to Recycling Dutch Elm Mulch,” www.oakparkjournal.com/stories2004/2005-les-golden-mulch-nov.html</ref><ref>http://oakpark.suntimes.com/people/voices/ltr_golden-OAK-08012013:article; (2013) Golden, Les, “Inoculation can save ash trees,” <i>Oak Leaves</i>, July 29.</ref> a professional trumpet player, jazz vocalist, and band leader,<ref>http://villageofoakpark.com/Stories2002/2003-Les-Golden-comments-July4th-music.html</ref> and a professional actor with more than 100 stage, film, radio, television, and commercial credits,<ref> (1994), “A film career far (but not removed) from Tinseltown,” <br />
Compuserve magazine, August, p. 55 </ref><ref>(1982) “Improvising Your Way to Success,” ''Spring'',1, 6, p. 34 </ref><ref> (1984) “The boss is never wrong,” ''Screen magazine'', October 1, p. 19</ref><ref>www.imdb.com/title/tt0097170/</ref><ref>www.locatetv.com/person/les-golden/118760</ref><ref>http://www.reelz.com/person/146084/les-golden/movie-friends/</ref><ref>Petrulis, Len (1982), “Golden TV ‘Spoof’ on Reality,” ''Berwyn Life'', May 19, p. 14</ref> including multiple principle Shakespearean roles with [[Oak Park Festival Theatre]], an Equity-contract theatre.[[File:WhoisLesGolden.jpg|thumb|200px|<small>Les Golden Renaissance Man feature article</small>]] As a model, he has appeared on the covers of numerous magazines including ''Burpee Seeds'', ''Heathkit'', ''Amway Magazine'', and ''Money Magazine.''<br />
<br />
<br />
In 1966 Golden provided the stimulus for the formation of the [[University of California Jazz Ensembles]] by placing an ad calling for student jazz musicians in the [[Daily Californian]]. With the arrival of Dr. [[David W. Tucker]] to the Cal campus in 1969, the organization became the most prominent musical organization on the Berkeley campus. Golden was a trumpet player, soloist, and vocalist with the elite Wednesday Night big band. For seven years he was the emcee for the program, appearing at dozens of performances annually at concerts and jazz festivals throughout California.<ref>http://ucjazz.berkeley.edu/ </ref>[[File:DailyCalArticlebyLesGoldenUCJazz1968.jpg|thumb|left|175px|<small>Article by Les Golden in the Daily Californian announcing the first concert of the University of California Jazz Ensembles</small>]]<br />
<br />
Golden's love for [[big band music]] was nurtured by playing in [[The Deuces]] nine-piece dance band in high school, a group founded by his twin brother [[Bruce P. Golden]] and saxophonist [[Ron Svoboda]]. They had known each other by playing in the orchestra at [[Oak Park and River Forest High School]].<br />
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Golden is an award-winning developer of sophisticated music notation software.<ref>Nolan, Herb (1989), “An Astronomer Tackles the Music Software Marketplace,” ''Upbeat'', November, p. 45-46</ref><ref>(1989), “100 Great Products for Under $100,” ''Electronic Musician'', December, '''5''', 12, p. 46</ref><ref>Mahin, Bruce P. (1989), “Choosing Music Notation Software,” ''The Instrumentalist'', '''43''', 11, p. 26-31</ref><ref>(1989), “Basic Composer,” ''Music Educators Journal'', April, p. 20</ref><ref>Kuzmich, John (1990), “Scoring With Computers,” ''Jazz Educators Journal'', '''23''', 3, p. 52</ref><ref>King, Patricia (1990),” “Basic Composer,” ''The Music and Computer Educator'', '''1''', 10, p. 26</ref><ref>(1991), “Basic Composer 4.3,” ''Compute'', '''13''', 2, p.90</ref><ref>Lynch, Dennis, (1990), “Unlock your creativity via computers,” <i>Chicago Tribune</i>, February 23, Section 3, p. 3, http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1990-02-23/entertainment/9001160136_1_computers-apple-iigs-steve-jobs</ref><br />
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He is a published jazz critic.<ref>Golden, Les (1994), “Ravinia places Chicago on map for jazz fans,” ''Northwest Leader'', August 3, p. 6</ref><br />
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He has appeared numerous times as an actor<ref> http://people.theiapolis.com/actor-B9C1/les-golden/sites/les-golden-actor-1000547.html</ref> on the live-broadcast productions of "[[Unshackled]]!" He was a featured regular on the [[Eddie Hubbard]] Show radio program as the character Jeffrey Clayton Maxwell from Bhutan. He was one of the stable of gifted Chicago character actors cast in numerous national and regional television commercials by renowned director [[Josef Sedelmaier]] of “Where’s the Beef?” fame. He is a member of both the Screen Actors Guild (SAG) and the American Federation of Television and Radio Artists (AFTRA). He was a charter member of Chicago's Porchlight Theatre Ensemble. He has appeared in featured roles with Broderick Crawford, Tippi Hedren, Troy Donahue, Charlotte Ross, Susan Hart, Robert Petkoff, David Darlow, Bruce Jarchow, Paula Scrofano, and others.[[File:LesGoldenKreyHotDogsActor.jpg|thumb|175px|<small>Les Golden possesses a "great character face." Shown here as model for Krey Hot Dogs.</small>]] His [[Bacon number]] (the number of motion picture role links between a given actor and prolific actor [[Kevin Bacon]] - Les Golden, Deadly Spygames with [[Tippi Hedren]], who was in [[Jayne Mansfield|Jayne Mansfield’s]] Car with Kevin Bacon) is 2<ref>http://oracleofbacon.org/</ref> (closer value than 82% of all actors).<br />
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He has authored stage and screen plays, including “The Skull Caper,” based on the bequeathal of the skull of his mentor [[Del Close]] to the [[Goodman Theatre]] in [[Chicago]], a full-length murder mystery comedy, [[Murder by Mistletoe]], and a screenplay, [[Never Split Tens]], based on the life of the mathematician who developed the card counting system for the casino game of blackjack.<br />
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As "Flash Golden," he was the play-by-play announcer for the California Golden Bears basketball radio broadcasts and hosted Flash's Jazz Patio on [[KALX]]-FM. As a stand-up comedian, he has performed at San Francisco's Holy City Zoo and Mustard Seed, the Comedy Store and other clubs in Los Angeles, the Comedy Cottage in Chicago, as well as on the college circuit, Playboy Club, and other clubs from Puerta Vallarta to Boston. He appears both as himself, [[Les Golden]], and as [[Subrahmanyan Berkowitz]] from Bhutan. He is a published editorial cartoonist.[[File:FlashGoldenatOaklandColiseum.jpg|thumb|250px|<small>Flash Golden at halftime at Oakland Coliseum for Cal-UCLA showdown. He wears his signature gold jacket and blue and gold tie. To his right is color man George Skofis. To his left, standing, is Larry Heavey, baritone sax player with the UC Jazz Ensembles.</small>]]<br />
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As an editorial and comic cartoonist, Les Golden has been widely published. He is listed in [[Comiclopedia]]<ref>http://lambiek.com/artists/g/golden_les.htm</ref>. His subjects are taken from his interest in politics and other careers as a stand-up comedian, actor, writer, musician, environmentalist, animal welfare advocate, astronomer, and professor. He may be best known for his strip "Captain Industry" from the 1980's. His content ranges from politically controversial to school-boy silliness, with a clean line-art artistic style. His textbook, <i>Laboratory Exercises in Physics for Modern Astronomy</i> (Springer-Verlag, 2012), includes numerous of his comic illustrations, including those of possible extraterrestrials. He credits Betty Edwards, author of <i>Drawing On the Right Side of the Brain</i>, as his major artistic influence. [[File:LesGoldenCartoona.jpg|thumb|left|225px|<small>As a cartoonist, Les Golden is widely published. Among other venues, he contributes cartoons to various gambling magazines. Copyright 2012 Les Golden. All rights reserved.</small>]]<br />
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===Organized Athletics===<br />
In athletics he was a two-sport letterman at Oak Park and River Forest High School and was the manager and third baseman of the "Goldenrods" at Cornell and manager and third baseman of the "Foul Balls" in the fast-pitch summer league at U.C. Berkeley. At JPL, he was the third baseman on the champion JPL fast-pitch team in the Glendale City League.<br />
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===Astronomy Publications and Presentations===<br />
[[File: LesGoldenNEAR.jpg|thumb|right|150px|<small> Les Golden, astronomer, founded the [[Near Earth Asteroid Reconnaissance Project]] while a professor at the University of Illinois at Chicago.</small>]]Golden has published several peer-reviewed refereed articles on applications of probability and statistics to astronomy,<ref>Golden, Leslie M. (1971). “Evolution of Quasar Optical and Radio Luminosity,” ''Nature'', '''234''', 103; http://www.nature.com/nature-physci/journal/v234/n49/abs/physci234103a0.html</ref><ref>Golden, Leslie M. (1974). “Isotropy of Radio Source Populations from Comparison of Number - Flux Density Curves,” ''Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society'', '''166''', 383; http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1974MNRAS.166..383G </ref><ref>Golden, Leslie M. (1974). “Observational Selection in the Identification of Quasars and Claims for Anisotropy,” ''Observatory'', '''94''', 122; http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1974Obs....94..122G </ref><ref>Golden, Leslie M. (1979). “The Effect of Surface Roughness on the Transmission of Microwave Radiation Through a Planetary Surface,” ''Icarus'', '''38''', 451; http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0019103579901994 </ref> and has taught probability and statistics as an Adjunct Professor of Management Science in the Heller Graduate School of Business at Roosevelt University in Chicago in addition to being an astronomy professor in the physics department and the Honors College of the University of Illinois at Chicago.<ref> http://www.springer.com/astronomy/astronomy,+observations+and+techniques/book/978-1-4614-3310-1?detailsPage=authorsAndEditors</ref> <br />
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[[File:TsunamiLecture.jpg|thumb|left|250px|<small> Professor Leslie M. Golden lectures in 2005 on how the East Indian Ocean [[tsunami]]-generating earthquake led to a shortening of the length of the day.</small>]]He lectures to adult and student audiences on the possibility of extraterrestrial life and the hypothetical shapes of their bodies. A frequent cruise ship lecturer, he was selected by Royal Cruise Lines to be their shipboard lecturer on the high seas during the 1986 apparition of Halley's Comet, and was the first University of Illinois professor selected to be a professor on the Institute of Shipboard Education's (ISE) Semester at Sea program,<ref>(1997), “Physics sails the world,” ''UIC News'' (University of Illinois at Chicago), April 30, p. 2; http://www.uic.edu/htbin/cgiwrap/bin/uicnews/articledetail.cgi?id=4005</ref> teaching courses on astronomy and the possibility of extraterrestrial life in the fall semester of 1996. [[File: PhysicsEducationReview.gif|thumb|left|150px|<small>The review of Les Golden’s "Laboratory Experiments in Physics for Modern Astronomy" by Michael Vollmer, published in Physics Education Journal, July 2013, volume 48, number 4, pages 534-535.</small>]]Among his popular writings on astronomy<ref>http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2004-01-20/news/0401200115_1_communication-satellites-mars-initiative-astronomy</ref><ref>http://www.ummah.com/forum/showthread.php?30437-Benefits-Of-A-Mission-To-Mars</ref><ref> articles.chicagotribune.com/keyword/astronomy/recent/4</ref> and public presentations,<ref>(2005) Anderson, Holly, “Day shortened by quake, astronomer calculates,” http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1N1-110D9F0B0030ACF0.html, January 5</ref><ref>http://blog.chicagoweathercenter.com/2004/12/27/aftermath_of_the_earthquake_sh/</ref><ref>(2013), Jobs in the sky, <i>Chicago Tribune</i>, February 16, p. 13; http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/opinion/ct-vp-0216voicelettersbriefs-20130216,0,5802913.story</ref> he presented a series of lectures to the renowned Field Museum of Natural History on the possibility of extraterrestrial intelligent life, has been the featured speaker at the meeting of the Great Lakes Planetarium Association, and was the keynote speaker for Chicago's Adler Planetarium on the occasion of the dedication of their new wing.<br />
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Professor Golden was referenced internationally, including the <i>[[Chicago Tribune]]</i><ref>(2004) Aftermath of the earthquake: Shorter days, <i>Chicago Tribune<i>, December 28, p. 8; https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/234418944/</ref> and the <i>[[Toronto Globe and Mall]]</i>, for his analysis of the shortening of the length of the day following the December 26, 2004, [[Sumatran earthquake]].[[File: TomWhy.jpg|thumb|right|800px|<small> Les Golden, astronomer, was quoted internationally for his analysis of the shortening of the length of the day following the December 26, 2004, Sumatran earthquake]]<br />
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His textbook, <i>Laboratory Exercises in Physics for Modern Astronomy</i> (Springer-Verlag, 2012)<ref>http://www.springer.com/astronomy/astronomy,+observations+and+techniques/book/978-1-4614-3310-1</ref> has been enthusiastically reviewed.<ref>http://www.amazon.com/Laboratory-Experiments-Physics-Modern-Astronomy/dp/146143310X</ref><ref>(2013) Vollmer, Michael, “Physics and astronomy meet in book of experiments,” <i>Physics Education</i>, v. 48, no. 4, p. 534-535; http://iopscience.iop.org/0031-9120/48/4/M03;jsessionid=6530B374440A8BBC9B63245D60D284DF.c1; http://iopscience.iop.org/0031-9120/48/4/M03/pdf/0031-9120_48_4_M03.pdf</ref><br />
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==Biosphere 2 Candidate==<br />
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Prof. [[Les Golden]] was a finalist for the second crew of [[Biosphere 2]]. From Biosphere, Golden hoped to direct the [[Near Earth Asteroid Reconnaissance Project]], created by Golden in 1994 when he was a professor in the physics department at the [[University of Illinois at Chicago]].<ref>(1997), “Physics sails the world,” ''UIC News'' (University of Illinois at Chicago), April 30, p. 2</ref><ref>(1994), “Near Earth Asteroid Project,” ''Astronomy'', April, p. 22</ref> N.E.A.R. is a world-wide network of amateur astronomers and space scientists involved in the discovery and determination of the orbits of near-earth asteroids or more generally near-earth objects with possible earth-crossing orbits.<br />
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==Renaissance Man Description==<br />
Les Golden is a Renaissance Man, a true polymath. [[File: LesGoldenAlkaSeltzer.jpg |thumb|250px|<small> Principal actor for Alka Seltzer national campaign. This photo appeared in every National Basketball Association program for every team during its season.</small>]]He has been so described in numerous newspapers and magazine. "Let's say there was a local character who has a B.S. and M.S. in engineering physics from Cornell University; earned an M.A. and Ph.D. in astronomy from the University of California in Berkeley; is a professional actor; a former stand-up comedian in San Francisco and L.A. and an improv performer with Chicago's Second City, is a freelance jazz and theater critic and playwright; is president of his own software development company; gives lectures on UFOs and the possibility of extraterrestrial life; was listed in the Marquis "Who's Who in Science and Engineering;" and every July 4 either he or his twin brother lead the band that precedes the fireworks at the local high school. You'd accuse us of making him up, right? Wait, it gets better. Let's say all of that is not enough. Let's say this guy wants to make his mark in politics . . . only he insists on filing under a nickname which usually gets him tossed off the ballot . . . " <ref>(1997) Trainor, Ken, "Who is Les Golden?", ''Wednesday Journal of Oak Park and River Forest'', April 2, p. 29-37</ref>[[File: LesGoldenJazzOaklandMuseum.jpg |thumb|left|250px|<small>Members of the University of California Jazz Ensembles in a publicity photo prior to a performance at the Oakland Museum. From top, Gary Maas, drummer, now an optometrist, Les Golden, trumpet, vocalist, and announcer, and Larry Heavey, baritone sax, now a radiologist.</small>]]<br />
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"Where to start in introducing the complete one-off individual that is Les Golden? Actor, stand-up comedian, humorist UFO lecturer, singer, astronomer, cartoonist, playwright, trumpet player, voiceover artist, political activist . . . we could go on. You can probably tell that Les is a bit of a character. Luckily for readers, he's also a great blackjack player,"<ref>(2009) Lines, Chris, "A Word From the Editor," ''Gambling Online'', August, p. 8.</ref> <br />
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"It would be an unusual man who really went by the name 'Cut the Taxes,' but Golden, of Oak Park, is an unusual man. He is an actor and educational software developer with a Ph.D. in astronomy; he is a trumpet player, writer and physics professor who devotes much of his free time to taxpayers rights issues."<ref>(1995) Zorn, Eric, "This Candidate Is A `Cut The Taxes' Above The Rest," ''Chicago Tribune'', October 3; http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1995-10-03/news/9510030038_1_wallace-gator-bradley-candidates-taxes. See also, (1994), "A film career far (but not removed) from Tinseltown," ''Compuserve magazine'', August, p. 55; Krapf, Paula (1995) "Silence not Golden: aspiring local politico a man of many names, Faces," ''Wednesday Journal of Oak Park and River Forest'', September 20, p. 4</ref><br />
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“His interests form a list so long as to stagger the imagination. He is a stand-up comic who has performed all over the United States and Mexico, a professional actor in more than 100 plays, films and commercials; and he is the author of Basic Composer, PC-compatible software that is used to compose, play back, and print music and lyrics. (As an astronomer), in 1986 he went on a Halley’s Comet cruise, following the comet from Acapulco to Greece and transmitting reports to the Syndicated Writers’ Group.”<ref>(1991) “CB as a Channel for Discovery,” ''Compuserve Magazine'', December, p. 18</ref><br />
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[[File:LesGoldenNameGame.jpg|thumb|right|175px|<small> Les Golden is a true polymath, a Renaissance Man. His numerous activities have provided him with many names. Play the Les Golden Name Game! </small>]]Unlike many in society who were influenced and aided by family members in achieving success in given fields, Golden is entirely a self-made man. No one in either his maternal or paternal extended families have matriculated at an Ivy League college, earned a Ph.D, nor have had professional careers as an actor, stand-up comedian, playwright, political cartoonist, magazine editor, non-fiction writer, software developer, scientist, or professor. His identical twin brother and he are the only professional musicians in the extended families.<ref>Petlicki, Myrna (1997), “Golden memories,” ''Oak Leaves'' (Oak Park, Illinois), July 2, p. B3-6</ref><ref>http://villageofoakpark.com/Stories2002/2003-Les-Golden-comments-July4th-music.html</ref><ref>Lynch, Dennis, (1990), “Unlock your creativity via computers,” <i>Chicago Tribune</i>, February 23, Section 3, p. 3, http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1990-02-23/entertainment/9001160136_1_computers-apple-iigs-steve-jobs</ref><br />
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Les Golden has featured listings at the non-vanity websites Library Thing,<ref>http://www.librarything.com/profile/Les_Golden</ref> Illinois Authors, <ref>http://www.illinoisauthors.org/authors/Leslie_Morris_Golden</ref> Authors Den,<ref>http://www.authorsden.com/lesgolden</ref> Comiclopedia,<ref>http://lambiek.com/artists/g/golden_les.htm</ref> and Theiapolis.<ref>http://people.theiapolis.com/actor-B9C1/les-golden/sites/les-golden-actor-1000547.html</ref><br />
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In addition to these, he is listed at a remarkable multiplicity of amazon.com websites marking notability:<BR><br />
https://www.evi.com/q/actors_from_oak_park,_illinois<BR> <br />
https://www.evi.com/q/comedians_from_oak_park,_illinois <BR> <br />
https://www.evi.com/q/musicians_from_oak_park,_illinois <BR> <br />
https://www.evi.com/q/writers_from_oak_park,_illinois<BR><br />
https://www.evi.com/q/activists_from_oak_park,_illinois<BR><br />
https://www.evi.com/q/astronomers_from_oak_park,_illinois<BR><br />
https://www.evi.com/q/playwrights_from_oak_park,_illinois<BR><br />
https://www.evi.com/q/scientists_from_oak_park,_illinois<BR><br />
https://www.evi.com/q/professors_from_oak_park,_illinois.<br />
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==Writings==<br />
Les Golden has had books published by reputable publishers in fiction and non-fiction. His biographical novel based on the life of gambling theorist [[Edward O. Thorp]] received stellar endorsements.<br />
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“I found the story tremendously entertaining, with a pantheon of compelling characters such as gambler Ed Thorp and bookie Manny Kimmel taking us from the casinos of Nevada to those of San Juan, Puerto Rico. Les Golden’s novel is a triumph begging for adaptation to the screen.” <br />
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<b>LANA WOOD</b><br />
Television and film producer<br />
Actress (“Diamonds Are Forever”)<br />
Best-selling author, Natalie, a Memoir<br />
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“Les Golden has an ever-increasing influence and burgeoning popularity. A significant name in the industry, the ‘go to’ man for strategy and anecdotal literary dexterity. I cannot acclaim his star highly enough.”<br />
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<b>JAMES MCKEOWN</b><br />
Editor, iGaming Business Magazine<br />
Editor, Gambling.com Magazine<br />
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“Les Golden is a comedy genius. It really is as simple as that. An expert in the field, he makes getting educated not only painless but actually funny.”<br />
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<b>DAVE BLAND</b><br />
Editor, Flush Magazine <br />
British television pundit<br />
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“I learn more about strategy through Les’ writings than I do through many failed trips to Vegas. Always concise, easy-to-read, and intelligent.” <br />
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<b>JON YOUNG</b><br />
Editor WPT (World Poker Tour) Magazine<br />
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“Les Golden makes numbers hilarious. He's simply the funniest gaming strategy writer there is. His writing is ‘rakish’ and ‘bond-esque.’ ”<br />
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<b>PHILIP CONNELLER</b><br />
Editor, Bluff Europe Magazine<br />
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“The dialog crackles and the fictional elements brilliantly illuminate how cool Ed Thorp is. And there’s just the right amount of blackjack and math. I love it.”<br />
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<b>AARON BROWN</b><br />
Professional gambler, Wall Street risk manager <br />
Author, The Poker Face of Wall Street<br />
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==Gambling Writings==<br />
===Introduction to Card Counting===<br />
[[File: LesGoldenUnitedAirlines.jpg|thumb|left|125px|<small> International poster-boy for United Airlines. These brochures were available at every UAL ticket office and airport terminal in the world. An accompanying poster was on the wall in every UAL ticket office and airport terminal in the world as well as being printed in every major American newspaper (and perhaps foreign as well).</small>]]In the months before the premier Wednesday Night Band of the [[University of California Jazz Ensembles]], under the direction of Dr. [[David W. Tucker]], went in 1972 to Reno, Nevada, to compete in its first [[Reno]] Jazz Festival,<ref>www.unr.edu/rjf/</ref> Golden, a trumpet player and vocalist with the band and its announcer, purchased Beat the Dealer at the legendary Moe’s Bookstore in Berkeley, California, and studied Thorp’s complete point count system. In the next five years at Berkeley, Golden made monthly trips to Reno, with additional trips to Lake Tahoe and Virginia City, Nevada. In 1977 he moved to Los Angeles to perform research at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory as a National Research Council Resident Research Associate post-doctoral fellow in astronomy,<ref>http://nrc58.nas.edu/aodir/gen_page.asp?mode=detail&sql=idnumber='760817'</ref> and his gambling excursions were to [[Las Vegas]], [[Nevada]]. He continued to perform stand-up comedy at various venues including The Comedy Store and The Improv.<br />
[[File:CountonLesLogojpg.jpg|thumb|240px|<small>Logo for Les Golden's popular "Count on Les" columns for gambling.com print magazine</small>]]<br />
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===Writings===<br />
He has written for ''Gambling.com'',<ref>http://web.archive.org/web/20111003095727/http://www.professional-poker.com/news/2006/nov/764-gamblingcom-poker-content.htm.</ref><ref>http://www.gambling.com/Blackjack/tips-strategies/194/the-blackjack-breakdown</ref> ''Gambling Online'',<ref>www.gamblingonlinemagazine.com/casinos.php</ref> ''iGaming Business'',<ref> http://www.igamingbusiness.com/content/shannon-elizabeth-heats-gamblingcom-magazine</ref> and ''Bluff Europe''<ref>http://www.sbg-globalblackjack.com/p/blackjack-news-headlines-for-september-02-2011</ref><ref>en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluff_Magazine</ref><ref>www.bluffeurope.com/</ref> magazines, and as a newspaper columnist as a casino advocate.<ref>Golden, Les (1992). “Pleasant Home: Here's a Worthwhile Gamble,” ''Oak Leaves'' (Oak Park, Illinois), July 31, p. 21</ref> His writing reflects his Renaissance man<ref name=''tinsel''>(1994), “A film career far (but not removed) from Tinseltown,” ''Compuserve magazine'',<br />
August, p. 55</ref><ref>(1995) Krapf, Paula, “Silence not Golden: aspiring local politico a man of many names, Faces,” ''Wednesday Journal of Oak Park and River Forest'', September 20, p. 4</ref><ref>Trainor, Ken (1997), “Who is Les Golden?”, ''Wednesday Journal of Oak Park and River Forest'', April 2, p. 29-37</ref><ref>(1998) Silver, Moe (name adopted by writer Ken Trainor for purpose of article), “The Clone Ranger divides again”, ''Wednesday Journal of Oak Park and River Forest'', April 1, p. 52</ref><ref name="Shrewish">Trainor, Ken (2001) “Funny, he doesn’t look shrewish,” ''Wednesday Journal of Oak Park and River Forest'', August 1, p. 2</ref><ref name="Cornell"/><ref>http://www.trueknowledge.com/q/facts_about__les_golden_28</ref> multiple knowledge bases. With a technical background, many of his articles deal with probability issues in casino games, focusing on roulette, craps, and blackjack, and discussing such topics as the central limit theorem, the [[normal curve]], and Gambler's ruin, and often employing [[Monte Carlo]] simulations and references to the search for extraterrestrial intelligence, an area to which he had been introduced at Cornell University by his mentor Frank Drake and which is one of his research and public lecture areas as an astronomer.<ref>(1983). “People Focuses on Fellow Who Makes ETs His Specialty,” ''Wednesday Journal of Oak Park and River Forest'', November 16</ref><ref>(1983), “Rosary prof makes stars come to life for ‘ET’ class,” ''Suburban Sun-Times'' (West), July 1, p. 14</ref><ref>(1984). ”Halley's Comet, Alien Life Highlight Astronomer's Talk,” ''Harlem-Irving Times'', March 2, p 3</ref> [[File:LesGoldenasDrArmstrong.jpg|thumb|150px|<small>Les Golden had the part of Dr. Armstrong in Agatha Christie’s "Ten Little Indians." Golden is a member of the Screen Actors Guild and the American Federation of Television and Radio Artists</small>]]With his stand-up comedian background, his style has been described by one of his editors, “You can probably tell that Les is a bit of a character. Luckily for readers, he’s also a great blackjack player,”<ref>Lines, Chris (2009), “A Word From the Editor,” ''Gambling Online'', August, p. 8.</ref> and by Dave Bland, the editor of ''Flush Magazine'', "Les Golden is a comedy genius. I could write more but it really is as simple as that.”<ref>http://triblocal.com/oak-park-river-forest/community/stories/2010/06/cut-the-taxes-golden-is-now-cut-the-cards/</ref><ref>http://triblocal.com/members/dianenichols/mentions/</ref> A professional actor with a Kevin Bacon number of 3 who has studied with Ann Woodworth of [[Northwestern University]] and [[Del Close]] of Chicago’s [[The Second City]] improvisational nightclub, Golden periodically writes about applying acting techniques to camouflage both being a card counter and also being a member of roulette and blackjack teams.<ref>Golden, Les (2010), “So, Do You Feel Lucky, Punk. Well, Do ‘Ya? ,” ''Bluff Europe'', October, p. 88-89</ref><ref>Golden, Les (2010), “Yonder Lies the Castle of my Fodder,” ''Bluff Europe'', November, p. 90-91</ref><ref>Golden, Les (2010), “The Rain in Spain Falls Mainly on the Plain”: Camouflage by Status,” ''Bluff Europe'', December, p. 90-91</ref><br />
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[[File: LesGoldenAsteroidDiscovery.jpg|thumb|left|175px|<small>The beginnings of the [[Near Earth Asteroid Reconnaissance Project]] was the subject of an article in <i>Compuserve Magazine</i>, which also discussed his being a writer for the Syndicated Writers’ Group reporting as a Halley’s Comet lecturer on the high seas.</small>]]Golden has won multiple awards for his writing, including the prestigious Eric Hoffer and Lili Fabilli Laconic Essay Prize,<ref>http://financialaid.berkeley.edu/prizes-and-honors-lili-fabilli-and-eric-hoffer-essay-prize</ref><ref> http://students.berkeley.edu/finaid/undergraduates/hofferprize.htm</ref>, the Griffith Observatory Science Writing Competition,<ref> (1974), <i>Griffith Observer</i>, number 6 </ref>, the International <i>Compuserve Magazine</i> Essay Contest,<ref>(1991) “CB as a Channel for Discovery,” ''Compuserve Magazine'', December, p. 18</ref> and the First Prize in the [[Nicolaus Copernicus]] International Essay Competition (American Council of Polish Cultural Clubs). Gambling.com's website refers to Golden as “gambling.com magazine’s resident blackjack genius.”<ref>http://www.gambling.com/blackjack/tips-strategies/194/the-blackjack-breakdown</ref> His research into the gambling game of 21 has been published in a peer-reviewed scholarly journal.<ref> http://www.appliedprobability.org/content.aspx?Group=tms&Page=tmsabstracts36_1#eight </ref><br />
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===Golden Diagram===[[File: NeverSplitTensCover.JPG|thumb|right|250px|<small>The cover of the book "Never Split Tens," a biographical novel by Les Golden of Oak Park, Illinois, based on the incredible true story of blackjack scholar Edward O. Thorp. The book contains a comparison of blackjack systems, an acting primer into camouflaging being a card counter, and an extensive biography of Hi-Lo developer Harvey Dubner. </small>]]<br />
After the publication of Beat the Dealer, gambling casinos reacted to the advantage that a card counter gains over the house by adopting counter strategies. These included employing multiple decks rather than the single hand-held deck. Two-deck games and games employing four and six decks dealt from a so-called shoe became commonplace.<br />
<br />
[[File: LesGoldenBiologyET.jpg|thumb|left|175px|<small> Dr. Les Golden, a popular UIC professor of physics and director of the Near Earth Asteroid Reconnaissance Project, delivers a colloquium on the subject of Extraterrestrial Life to the University of Illinois at Chicago Biology Colloquium. </small>]]Players soon realized intuitively that both these changes in the game reduced their probabilities of winning. In games with a multiple deck, compared to single-deck or double-deck games, players experience frequency, magnitude, and depth (the fraction of the deck which has been dealt in playing previous hands) effects: 1) The deck becomes favorable less frequently at all depths, 2) when the deck does becomes favorable, the magnitude of the advantage is not as great, 3) all decks are favorable infrequently until a significant portion of the deck has been dealt and this occurs at greater depths into the deck in games using multiple decks.<br />
<br />
[[File: DrLeslieMGoldenBlackjackArticle.jpg|thumb|right|125px|<small> The June, 2011, paper in <i>The Mathematical Scientist</i>, a peer-reviewed British scholarly journal, established Prof. Les Golden as a recognized expert in the probability and statistics as well as strategy of the casino game of blackjack. </small>]]Golden, based on a Monte Carlo simulation and theoretical arguments, calculated the magnitude of these effects. The results of his analysis are displayed as [[Golden Diagram|Golden diagrams]]. <ref name="lexica"/><ref>Golden, Les (2010). “Countering the Casino Countering of Counters: The Golden Diagram to the Rescue,” ''Bluff Europe'', June, p. 84-85</ref><ref>Golden, Les (2011). “Trust Me: An Undetectable Winning System For Blackjack! ,” ''Bluff Europe'', March, p. 94-95</ref> He also suggested a stepwise betting strategy to reduce the effects.<ref>Golden, Leslie M. (2011). “An Analysis of the Disadvantage to Players of Multiple Decks in the Game of 21.” ''The Mathematical Scientist'', '''32''', 2, p. 57-69</ref><ref>http://www.appliedprobability.org/content.aspx?Group=tms&Page=tmsabstracts</ref><ref>Golden, Les (2011). “Stepping Out With My Baby: The Stepwise Betting Strategy,” ''Bluff Europe'', April, p. 92-93</ref> His paper on the subject<ref>digitalscholarship.unlv.edu/gaming_institute/2016/June9/</ref> was accepted for presentation at the 2016 triennial Gambling and Risk Taking Conference at the Mirage Hotel/Casino in Las Vegas.<ref>https://www.unlv.edu/sites/default/files/page_files/27/IGI-DraftConferenceSchedule.pdf</ref><br />
<br />
===Magic Circle strategy===<br />
[[File: DrLeslieMGoldenBook.jpg|thumb|right|200px|<small> The bookseller flyer for <i>Laboratory Experiments in Physics for Modern Astronomy</i>.</small>]]The game of roulette, being a game of Simple random sample|statistics without replacement, is not amenable to systems such as card counting, which rely on the non-randomness of the particular game. If, however, the roulette wheel is not perfectly level, laboratory studies, most notably at the British National Weights and Measures Laboratory, and theoretical studies have shown that a skillful croupier can by virtue of muscle memory release the roulette ball with a speed and at a location on the table to bias the bin in which it comes to rest.<ref>Dixon, P. (2005). “Roulette Wheel Testing,” ''Report on Stage 3.1 of NWML/GBGB Project Proposal''</ref><ref>http://large.stanford.edu/courses/2007/ph210/hall1/</ref><br />
<br />
The Magic Circle strategy takes advantage of this potential bias and the non-random location of the various bets on the roulette wheel.<ref>Golden, Les (2009). “Vodka Can Make You Tilt: How You Can Win At Roulette,” ''Bluff Europe'', November, p. 90-92</ref><ref>Golden, Les (2009). “With The Tips In This Article You’ll Become Wealthy Beyond Your Wildest Dreams!,” ''Bluff Europe'', December, p. 90-92</ref><ref>Golden, Les (2010). “Beginners in the Casino: Camouflaging Team Roulette,” ''Bluff Europe'', January, p. 90-91.</ref> Golden showed that, after influencing the croupier to direct the ball into certain sectors of the roulette wheel, a team of players can lay bets in strategic locations on the wheel to secure profitable play. His paper on the subject<ref>digitalscholarship.unlv.edu/gaming_institute/2016/June9/</ref> was accepted for presentation at the 2016 triennial Gambling and Risk Taking Conference at the Mirage Hotel/Casino in Las Vegas.<ref>https://www.unlv.edu/sites/default/files/page_files/27/IGI-DraftConferenceSchedule.pdf</ref><br />
<br />
==Political Activity==<br />
<br />
===National Animal Welfare Activity===<br />
===Onion the dog===<br />
Les Golden began the internationally-noted movement to save [[Onion the dog]] of Henderson, Nevada, from euthanasia. The dog was saved after Golden's attorney fought for his life at the Nevada Supreme Court. Animal welfare and animal control laws are being rewritten as a result.<ref>https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/05/07/les-golden-oak-park-dog-a_n_1497423.html</ref><ref> http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2545414/Dog-mauled-death-1-year-old-boy-life-spared-Nevada-judge-finds-new-home-nearly-two-years-fatal-attack.html</ref>[[File:WGNInterview.JPG|thumb|350px|<small> Les Golden being interviewed in front of his Oak Park, Illinois, home on nationwide television feed from WGN-TV in Chicago in May, 2012. Golden began the campaign to save Onion the dog from euthanasia after a tragic family event in Henderson, Nevada. The eventually successful campaign to save Onion’s life, using pro bono attorneys with legal fees paid by Golden and his animal welfare group, reached the Nevada Supreme Court, took nearly two years, and gained international attention.</small>]]<br />
<br />
===Local===<br />
====CARE Party====<br />
[[File:EricZornLes.jpg|thumb|125px|<small>Featured column on Les Golden in Chicago Tribune.</small>]]<br />
Golden began his political career with the non-partisan [[CARE Party of Oak Park|CARE Party]]. (Citizens Active for Respect for the Environment/Citizens Active for a Responsible Electorate) in Oak Park, [[Illinois]]. He later formed the [[TURF Party]] (Taxpayers United of River Forest) in the adjacent community. He was the president of UTOP (United Taxpayers of Oak Park) from 1991 through 2005.<ref>http://www.oakparkjournal.com/Stories2002/2003-national-taxpayers-protest-op-sept-25.html</ref> As CARE party president he has been responsible for slating more than 70 candidates for local political office, achieving the election of eight on tax-accountability and environmental issues.<ref>see, for example, (1989) CARE joins school board fray, <i>Wednesday Journal of Oak Park and River Forest</i> , July 31, page 1; (1989) CARE tries to seek new identity, <i>Oak Leaves</i>, October 11, page 7; (1990) CARE endorsements have defeat the "incumbent" goal, <i>Wednesday Journal of Oak Park and River Forest</i> , October 31, page 21; (1991) CARE challenges shake up village races, <i>Wednesday Journal of Oak Park and River Forest</i>, February 6, page 1; <br />
(1991) CARE: a party in search of an image, <i>Oak Leaves</i>, August 14, page 8; Thomas, Sherry (1995) “Is Runningbear really ‘Cut the Taxes’?”, ''Oak Leaves'' (Oak Park, Illinois), August 23, p. 13; Linden, Eric (1995) “New OPRF ‘slate’ reads like a hoax,” ''Wednesday Journal of Oak Park and River Forest'', August 9, p. 7</ref> He has sponsored and moderated numerous taxpayer information forums.<ref>see, for example,(2006) “Oak Park tax gripes to be discussed”, September 26, http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2006-09-26/news/0609260292_1_property-tax-property-owners-steep-hike; (1987) 200 turn out at CARE tax forum, ''Wednesday Journal of Oak Park and River Forest'', October 7; CARE tax forum adds speakers, ''Wednesday Journal of Oak Park and River Forest'', September 9, 9; http://www.oakparkjournal.com/Stories2002/2003-national-taxpayers-protest-op-sept-25.html</ref> His advocacy of tax-relief has led him to seek local elected office as “Cut the Taxes.”<ref>(2003) Golden, Les “Cut the Taxes” Golden, How to turn the Barrie negative into a positive,” ''Wednesday Journal of Oak Park and River Forest'', February 26</ref><br />
<br />
====Animal Welfare and Environmentalism====<br />
A major influence on animal welfare and environmental protection efforts locally and in the State of Illinois, Golden has been a leader in water and materials conservation, recycling, tree protection, wildlife protection, pesticide bans, efforts to retard global warming, and numerous other initiatives, as well as childhood education in these efforts. He has achieved numerous reforms in this regard as president of the [[CARE Party of Oak Park|CARE Party]]. [[File: LesGoldenOakParkPesticideBan.jpg|thumb|left|175px|<small>In 1991, Les Golden, as president of Citizens Active for Respect for the Environment, achieved a ban on pesticides in the parks and recreation centers of Oak Park, Illinois.</small>]] <br />
<br />
In 2012, Golden learned of the plan by the village of Oak Park to destroy all the pigeons who found shelter among the steel support beams under the train trestle at Marion Street. Some residents complained about the unsightly droppings. Golden discovered that a gel substance placed on the surfaces adjacent to roosting areas was unappealing to all birds who would walk through it, in particular pigeons, starlings, and sparrows. The village trustees opted for that solution, although destruction of the birds had been imminent, and the birds were saved.<ref>(2012) Golden, Les, “An alternative pigeon solution for Oak Park,” <i>Wednesday Journal</i>, June 5</ref><br />
<br />
At the last hour, in 2013, the Oak Park Park District announced that the expansive Ridgeland Common park area in the center of the village was going to be converted into an artificial turf soccer field. This required the bulldozing of the popular sledding hill, an attraction since 1965, the destruction of dozens of mature trees and bushes, and the termination of the modest dog park and the chip/mulch pile for use by residents. The sledding hill had been a popular year-round attraction for a multitude of exercise, picnicking, fireworks viewing, and nature-oriented activities, and the residence of mature shade-providing hackelberry trees. This occurred despite a sham public planning process that had been in place for several years <ref>http://www.oakpark.com/News/Articles/8-7-2012/Park-District-of-Oak-Park-tells-<br />
architects-to-move-forward-with-Ridgeland-Common-plans/</ref> and which had focused on the renovation of the ice rink/swimming pool complex. In February, 2013, Golden, posing as “Richard Kullman” in order to gain access to the inner sanctum of the local park district while ensuring that the story being about the park and not himself, created what became known as the “Kullman Kaper” and began a media frenzy. He organized and held a rally, generated numerous letters to the local press and emergency government meetings, and stimulated the creation of an online petition.<ref>Manchir, Michelle (2013), “Oak Park residents oppose plan to remove sled hill and dog run”, <i>Chicago Tribune</i>, March 6, p. 5</ref> <ref>Manchir, Michelle (2013), “Plans to close dog park angers some pet owners,” <i>Chicago Tribune</i>, March 12, p. 7</ref> The feckless “Green Committee” had one such emergency meeting, to which it invited an artificial turf contractor make a predictable presentation. The new executive director caved in to the desires of the paid soccer officials sitting on the park board and the destruction of the park began in April.<br />
<br />
====Lobbying for Intergovernmental Cooperation====<br />
<br />
Despite the self-serving claims by local elected officials of trying to work together,<ref>http://www.oakpark.com/News/Articles/12-10-2013/Intergovernmental-cooperation-is-a-reality-with-IGOV/</ref> intergovernmental cooperation to save the environment and to save taxpayer dollars has been an abysmal failure in Golden’s hometown of [[Oak Park]], Illinois. Golden has suggested numerous means of attaining such, with limited success against the entrenched bureaucracies rampant in [[Oak Park]].<br />
<br />
For several decades, Golden has been trying to convince the local Oak Park governments to save costs and display environmentalism by using wood chips from the stumps of trees that were cut down as mulch for the parks. Despite one victory<ref>http://www.oakparkjournal.com/stories2004/2005-les-golden-mulch-nov.html</ref>, the park district continues to pay thousands of dollars annually for mulch that is free for the taking. Indeed, officials in nearby neighborhoods of Chicago routinely obtain the wood chips from Oak Park trees and tree stumps.<br />
<br />
Dating back to the 1990’s, Golden has lobbied local officials, without any support from the local Green Party, Democratic Party, local political party, any government official, or any private resident, to bundle their newsletters to save paper and mailing costs. In all, about 30 newsletters are mailed to each home annually. These include quarterly self-congratulatory mailings from the township, monthly mailings from the village, quarterly mailings from the park district and two school districts, water quality reports from the village, periodic mailings from the Oak Park library, monthly senior citizen mailings from the township, and other mailings. In the late 1990’s, Golden’s solo effort began to have results, when the library began to bundle its mailing with the village monthly newsletter. In the 2010’s, the two school district started to bundle their mailings with that of the village and library. The township and park district continue to flaunt such efforts at cost savings and environmentalism.<br />
<br />
Golden continually exhorts the park district to find alternate means of distributing its near-100 page activities brochure to 20,000 households quarterly at a cost of tens of thousands of dollars in postage. In fact, 90% of households simply discard the hefty brochure, an environmental disaster. Golden has suggested intergovernmental cooperation as a means to resolve both problems. Simply by distributing the brochure at each of the nine public schools, the three firehouses, the three libraries, the dozen parks, and the nearly dozen administration buildings of the local governments, no resident would be more than one or two blocks from a brochure drop-off location. Those residents who actually have enrolled in an activity in the previous two years would continue to receive the brochure. The brochure would, in addition, be available online.<br />
<br />
Despite the logic of this suggestion, the park district continues to waste trees and taxpayer dollars. The self-congratulatory propaganda published in the brochure leads the park district to ensure that every household received the document.<br />
<br />
In 2013, the authoritative peer-reviewed journal <i>The Mathematical Scientist</i> published Prof. Golden’s analysis of the role of intergovernmental cooperation in optimizing the use of limited resources such as tax revenues in governing.<ref>Golden, Leslie M. (2013), “The Optimal Allocation of Resources <br />
Among Competing Units of Government” <br />
''The Mathematical Scientist'', 38, 2, December</ref> Golden sent the paper to every elected official in Oak Park as well as the executive directors of every board in Oak Park, as well as the editors of the Chicago and Oak Park newspapers. <br />
<br />
====Tax Relief, Commercial Development, and Candidate Sponsor====<br />
Golden’s interest in tax relief has led to a leadership role in large-scale commercial development as principal of Holley Court Partners.<ref>http://www.oak-park.us/public/pdfs/Planning/Harlem_South/2006%20RFP%20Responses/09.26.06_Holley%20Court%20Partners.pdf</ref><br />
<br />
[[File: LesGoldenParksCandidacy.jpg|thumb|left|175px|<small> As a candidate for the Oak Park Park District, Les “Cut the Taxes” Golden suggested an imaginative use for a local park among tax-saving measures.</small>]]His notoriety as a sponsor of political candidates led to his namesake, "Moe Silver," Chairman of the "LOVE Party," being a lead character in the locally-drawn "Shrubtown" comic strip and theatrical play by the same name by artist and writer Marc Stopeck.<ref>see, for example, Stopeck, Marc (1991), “Shrubtown,” ''Wednesday Journal of Oak Park and River Forest'', July 24, p. 17; Stopeck, Marc (1991), “Shrubtown,” ''Wednesday Journal of Oak Park and River Forest'', August 14, p. 22; Stopeck, Marc (1991), “Shrubtown,” ''Wednesday Journal of Oak Park and River Forest'', August 21, p. 23; Stopeck, Marc (1991), “Shrubtown,” ''Wednesday Journal of Oak Park and River Forest'', August 28, p. 21; Stopeck, Marc (1992), “Shrubtown,” ''Wednesday Journal of Oak Park and River Forest'', August 12, p. 24; Stopeck, Marc (1993), “Shrubtown,” ''Wednesday Journal of Oak Park and River Forest'', August 11, p. 22</ref><br />
<br />
===Statewide and National===<br />
====Nickname and Ballot Access====<br />
[[File: LesGoldenTreeRally.jpg|thumb|right|150px|<small>In 2007, Leslie M. Golden discovered the plan by the Oak Park Park District to destroy all the old growth trees in a local park. Within 48 hours, on the July 4th weekend, he organized a committee to hold a Sunday rally, wrote a flyer, had the flyer distributed throughout the community, obtained speakers, and notified the press. Over 200 people attended on the hottest day of the year.</small>]]His political candidacies for U.S. Congress<ref>(1996) Kass, John, “Nothing dull about 7th race – U.S. House contest full of controversy,” ''Chicago Tribune'', March 8, Section 2, p. 1</ref> and State Representative<ref>(1992) Zorn, Eric, “But Yakov seems so, so . . . judicial,” ''Chicago Tribune'', March 10, Section 2, p. 1</ref><ref>(1996) Montgomery, Susan, “GOP slates Golden to run for state rep,” ''Oak Leaves'', July 3, p. 10</ref><ref>http://www.ourcampaigns.com/CandidateDetail.html?CandidateID=16936&WhenStart=2011-08-06+12%3A51%3A32</ref><ref> (1996) “Cut taxing districts,” ''Berwyn Life'' October 9, p. 22 </ref> using the nickname "Cut the Taxes" have led to court actions,<ref>http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/f-news/773242/posts</ref><ref>(2002), Mission: Fool voters (editorial), ''Chicago Tribune'', January 18, p. 18 </ref><ref> http://anti-state.com/forum/index.php?board=2;action=display;threadid=1446</ref><ref>http://ddd-hph.dlconsulting.com/cgi-bin/newshph?a=d&d=HPH19980107.2.3&cl=&srpos=0&st=1&e=00-00-0000-99-99-9999--20--1----Sen.+Obama-all</ref><ref>http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2002-09-18/news/0209180186_1_ballots-fractional-jagielski </ref><ref> http://www.oakpark.com/News/Articles/10-30-2002/Golden_wins_Cut-The-Taxes_suit,_sues_again_</ref><ref>http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2002-10-16/news/0210160202_1_blagojevich-spokesman-doug-scofield-illinois-state-board </ref><ref>Zorn, Eric. (1995) This candidate is a Cut the Taxes above the rest, ''Chicago Tribune'' (Metrowest), October 3, p. 1; http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1995-10-03/news/9510030038_1_wallace-gator-bradley-candidates-taxes </ref><ref>http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2002-10-23/news/0210230072_1_golden-ballot-orr </ref><ref>http://www.actuarialoutpost.com/actuarial_discussion_forum/showthread.php?p=136091</ref><ref>www.highbeam.com/doc/1N1-1110F700ED5B9A50.html</ref><ref>http://blogs.chicagotribune.com/news_columnists_ezorn/2009/09/should-we-use-cheryle-robinson-jackson-or-stick-with-cheryle-jackson-.html</ref><ref> (1996) Hevrkejs, Judy and Conklin, Mike, “Cutting Les,” ''Chicago Tribune'', March 12, p. 2</ref><ref> (1996) “ ‘Cut the Taxes’ cut from GOP ballot,” ''West Suburban Post'', March 8, p. 5</ref><ref>http://forums.gunbroker.com/pop_printer_friendly.asp?TOPIC_ID=34426</ref> a re-writing of Illinois election law concerning allowable names on the ballot<ref>http://www.ilga.gov/legislation/ilcs/ilcs4.asp?DocName=001000050HArt%2E+16&ActID=170&ChapterID=3&SeqStart=56200000&SeqEnd=57400000; see 10 ILCS 5/16-3 (e); </ref><ref>10 ILCS 5/16-3 (e)</ref><ref>http://www.upi.com/Suit-filed-to-keep-sloganeering-off-ballot/95431034782244/</ref><ref>http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2003-06-03/news/0306030127_1_orr-slogans-78th-district; (2003) Groark, Virginia, “Legislature cuts the slogans from names on ballot,” <i>Chicago Tribune</i>, June 3</ref><ref> Trainor, Ken (1997), “Who is Les Golden?”, ''Wednesday Journal of Oak Park and River Forest'', April 2, p. 29-37 </ref> propagated throughout the state of Illinois in election guides for candidates,<ref>www.champaigncountyclerk.com/elections/docs/2012/2012CanGuide.pdf</ref><ref>www.elections.il.gov/downloads/electioninformationcourth/pdf/2011canguide.pdf </ref> lengthy discussions in the Illinois Institute of Continuing Legal Education (IICLE) handbook on election law<ref> www.iicle.com </ref> which is on display in courthouses in the state of Illinois, scholarly studies on election law and ballot access, <ref>http://www.umsl.edu/~kimballd/illinois.pdf</ref> and rewriting of election law in other states. <ref>law.onecle.com/texas/election/52.031.00.html</ref> In addition, in another part of the revised election law, the Golden Rule, for the first time in Illinois history, allows any election official whatsoever, state as well as local, to extend their previous ministerial powers beyond mere printing of the ballot to actually removing slogans from ballot names.<ref>10 ILCS 5/16-3 (f)</ref> These cases in election law and the revised Illinois election law statutes have been cited repeatedly in jurisdictions throughout the country.<br />
<br />
====Taxation, Constitutional Convention, and Drug Legalization====<br />
[[File: LesGoldenCutTaxingDistricts.jpg|thumb|left|175px|<small> As the GOP candidate for the office of State Representative from the 8th Illinois district, Golden suggested means for funding education.</small>]]In 2008, he was the statewide spokesman and one of three state-wide coordinators for the group seeking to convene an Illinois Constitutional Convention.<ref>(2008) Sweeney, Chuck, Constitutional convention? Here's a pro-con, <i>Rockford Register Star</i>, June 18; http://www.rrstar.com/opinions/x1713643550/Constitutional-convention-Heres-a-pro-con;https://cambridge.wickedlocal.com/x415942049/Chuck-Sweeny-Pros-and-cons-of-Constitutional-convention</ref><ref>(2008) Wilson, Doug, Business group says constitutional convention would be too costly, risky, <i>Quincy Herald-Whig</i>, July 15</ref><ref>www.chicagogop.com/home/blogger/drlesmgolden/</ref><ref>http://www.chicagogop.com/component/comprofiler/userprofile/drlesmgolden</ref> He wrote the field guide for campaign workers which was used in other states also seeking to convene constitutional conventions. He has consistently fought legislation removing property tax caps in Illinois.<ref> (1995) Schory, Brenda, “Loud protest trails quiet passage of tax cap bill,” <i>Kane County Chronicle</i>, July 7, p. 1</ref> He was selected to be a charter member of the board of the Illinois Taxpayer Education Foundation (ITEF) in 1994.<br />
<br />
He has been recognized by the Media Awareness Project<ref>http://www.mapinc.org/</ref> as a key spokesman in the national movement to legalize drugs to combat an epidemic of crime and to generate government revenues.<ref>http://www.mapinc.org/drugnews/v13/n523/a06.html</ref><ref>(2013) Legalize drugs, <i>Chicago Tribune</i>, October 28, p. 19; http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2013-10-28/opinion/ct-vp-1028-voice-letters-20131028_1_drug-business-drug-trafficking-drug-crimes</ref><br />
<br />
===Recognition and Honors===<br />
He is President of Citizens Active for Respect for the Environment/Citizens Active for a Responsible Electorate (CARE) in Oak Park, Suburban Coordinator of the Alliance of (Cook) County Taxpayers (ACT), and heads the National Taxpayers United of Oak Park. <br />
<br />
Golden received the Distinguished Leadership Award from the National Taxpayers United of Illinois umbrella group in 1991 for his taxpayer advocacy efforts. <br />
<br />
In 2013, the authoritative peer-reviewed journal <i>The Mathematical Scientist</i> published Prof. Golden’s analysis of the role of intergovernmental cooperation in optimizing the use of limited resources such as tax revenues in governing.<ref>Golden, Leslie M. (2013), “The Optimal Allocation of Resources <br />
Among Competing Units of Government” <br />
''The Mathematical Scientist'', 38, 2, December</ref><br />
<br />
==Quotes==<br />
"The only famous (card) counters are the ex-counters."</BR><br />
“Human beings are the only species that derive joy from the misfortunes of others. The greater the misfortune, the greater the joy.”</br><br />
“If you set mediocre goals, the most you will ever achieve is mediocrity.”</br><br />
“We don’t own the Earth; we simply share it.”<br />
<br />
==Published Books==<br />
*''Basic Composer: An Analysis of Music Notation Software'', Music Education Incentives Publishers (1988)<br />
*''Astronomy 101'', UIC Press (1994)<br />
*''A Field Guide for Political Activists: How to Generate Support and Turn Out Your Voters'', Lee Brooke (2008)<br />
*''Laboratory Experiments in Physics for Modern Astronomy: With Comprehensive Development of the Physical Principles'', Springer Science+Business (2012)<ref> http://www.springer.com/astronomy/astronomy,+observations+and+techniques/book/978-1-4614-3310-1</ref><br />
<br />
==Discography==<br />
*''Deuces Wild'', The Deuces<br />
<br />
==Selected Theatrical, Film, Radio, Television, and Commercial Credits==<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|- style="text-align:center;"<br />
!style="background:#B0C4DE"|Title<br />
!style="background:#B0C4DE"|Director<br />
!style="background:#B0C4DE"|Role<br />
!style="background:#B0C4DE"|Co-stars<br />
|-<br />
|Kronenbourgh Beer<br />
|Josef Sedelmaier<br />
|Murray<br />
|Bruce Jarchow<br />
|-<br />
|Tony’s Pizza<br />
|Josef Sedelmaier<br />
|Vito<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Chicago Tribune<br />
|Jim Wotring<br />
|Jo-jo<br />
|Marji Bank, Ernest Perry<br />
|-<br />
|K-Mart<br />
|Jim Wotring<br />
|Lester<br />
|Tim Gamble<br />
|-<br />
|Eagle Foods<br />
|Gerald Hagner<br />
|Les<br />
|Ken Anderson (athlete)<br />
|-<br />
|Motorola Cellular<br />
|Ed Italo<br />
|Miller<br />
|Lee Trevino (athlete)<br />
|-<br />
|Buick<br />
|Jim Parish<br />
|Cal<br />
|Don Majowski (athlete)<br />
|-<br />
|True Value Hardware<br />
|Jim Lynch<br />
|Professor Astroray<br />
|(one-person show)<br />
|-<br />
|Cognex<br />
|Stewart Talent<br />
|Timothy McCoy<br />
|Paula Scrofano<br />
|-<br />
|Illinois State Lottery<br />
|Jeff Jones<br />
|Big Brother<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Heinz Ketchup<br />
|Bob Shallcross<br />
|Les Golden (stand-up comedian as himself)<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Bubble Up<br />
|Stan Cottle<br />
|Murray<br />
|Charlotte Ross<br />
|-<br />
|The Len Petrulis Show<br />
|Len Petrulis<br />
|Phillipe Maurice, Parisian fashion designer<br />
|Kajon Mueller<br />
|-<br />
|Freeman Shoes<br />
|Loren Ostir<br />
|Wally Tucker<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Thrift Drugs<br />
|Clay Covert<br />
|Mr. Eisen<br />
|(one-person show)<br />
|-<br />
|Madison Gas and Electric<br />
|Bob Wendt<br />
|Bob<br />
|(one-person show)<br />
|-<br />
|Ohio Edison<br />
|Ken Ancell<br />
|Mr. Heater<br />
|(one-person show)<br />
|-<br />
|American Family Insurance<br />
|John Alexson<br />
|Mark<br />
|Rick Plastina<br />
|-<br />
|Outtakes<br />
|Jack Sell<br />
|Harvey Knox<br />
|Broderick Crawford<br />
|-<br />
|The Nightmare Trial of Billy Barnes<br />
|Gerald Rogers<br />
|Edward Keppel<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|The Roommate<br />
|Nell Cox<br />
|Mr. Chipbeef<br />
|Barry Miller, Lance Guest<br />
|-<br />
|Welcome Home, Bobby<br />
|Herbert Wise<br />
|Coach Lazare<br />
|Adam Baldwin<br />
|-<br />
|How I Became A Holy Mother<br />
|Arnold Aprill<br />
|Master<br />
|Patti Shaughnessy<br />
|-<br />
|Taming of the Shrew<br />
|Dale Calandra<br />
|Gremio<br />
|Ned Mochel, Susan Hart, and others<br />
|-<br />
|YMCA<br />
|Jerold Haislmaier<br />
|Michael Marks<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Ten Little Indians<br />
|Faith Dukor-Chaplick<br />
|Dr. Armstrong<br />
|June Atkinson, Russ Cady<br />
|-<br />
|Stage Struck<br />
|James Carter<br />
|Herman<br />
|Jim Mullen<br />
|-<br />
|The Odd Couple<br />
|Faith Baime<br />
|Vinnie<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|What the Wine Sellers Buy<br />
|Wanda Getsug<br />
|George<br />
|Lucy Evans<br />
|-<br />
|The Little Sister<br />
|Ray Andrecheck<br />
|Toad<br />
|B.F. Helman<br />
|-<br />
|Taming of the Shrew<br />
|David Darlow<br />
|Vincentio<br />
|Robert Petkoff, David Darlow, Kristine Thatcher, Greg Vinkler, Michael Halberstam, and others<br />
|-<br />
|The Inspector General<br />
|Knowles Cooke<br />
|Bobchinsky<br />
|Stephen Straight, Barbara Tucker<br />
|-<br />
|Eddie Hubbard Show Live from Arnie’s<br />
|Eddie Hubbard<br />
|Jeffrey Clayton Maxwell<br />
|Robert Goulet, and others<br />
|-<br />
|Unshackled!<br />
|Jack O’Dell<br />
|Richard Goldstein (and others)<br />
|Judith Easton, David Mink, and others<br />
|-<br />
|Deadly Spygames<br />
|Jack Sell<br />
|General Vladimir Korchenko<br />
|Tippi Hedren, Troy Donahue<br />
|-<br />
|Lady Blue<br />
|Gary Nelson<br />
|Davey Carlton<br />
|Danny Aiello, Jamie Rose, Ron Dean<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Writing Awards==<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|- style="text-align:center;"<br />
!style="background:#B0C4DE"|Competition<br />
!style="background:#B0C4DE"|Sponsor<br />
!style="background:#B0C4DE"|Award<br />
|-<br />
|Eric Hoffer and Lili Fabilli Laconic Essay Prize<br />
|Eric Hoffer<br />
|First Place Winner<br />
|-<br />
|Cornell Engineer Feature Article Competition<br />
|Cornell University College of Engineering<br />
|First Place Winner<br />
|-<br />
|Engineering College Magazines Association Awards<br />
|Engineering College Magazines Association<br />
|Best Editorial, Second Place Winner<br />
|-<br />
|Engineering College Magazines Association Awards<br />
|Engineering College Magazines Association<br />
|Best Editorial, All Issues, Second Place Winner<br />
|-<br />
|Griffith Observatory Science Writing Competition<br />
|Griffith Observatory<br />
|Honorable Mention Winner<br />
|-<br />
|International <i>Compuserve Magazine</i> Essay Competition<br />
|<i>Compuserve Magazine</i><br />
|First Place Winner<br />
|-<br />
|Nicolaus Copernicus International Essay Competition<br />
|American Council of Polish Cultural Clubs<br />
|First Place Winner, Senior Division<br />
|-<br />
|Tau Beta Pi Essay Competition<br />
|Tau Beta Pi Association<br />
|Honorable Mention Winner<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:1; column-count:1;"><br />
<references /><br />
</div><br />
<br />
==Technical Publications==<br />
<br />
===Probability and Statistics in Astronomy===<br />
1. Golden, Leslie M. (1971). “Evolution of Quasar Optical and Radio Luminosity,” ''Nature'', '''234''', 103.<br />
<br />
2. Golden, Leslie M. (1974). “Isotropy of Radio Source Populations from Comparison of Number - Flux Density Curves,” ''Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society'', '''166''', 383.<br />
<br />
3. Golden, Leslie M. (1974). “Observational Selection in the Identification of Quasars and Claims for Anisotropy,” ''Observatory'', '''94''', 122.<br />
<br />
4. Golden, Leslie M. (1979). “The Effect of Surface Roughness on the Transmission of Microwave Radiation Through a Planetary Surface,” ''Icarus'', '''38''', 451.<br />
<br />
===Technical Articles on Gambling===<br />
<br />
1. Golden, Les; Thompson-Hill, Jeremy; and Theobold, Rick (2008). “Has Online Gaming Reached Saturation Point?,” '' iGaming Business'', March/April, p.&nbsp;16-17.<br />
<br />
2 Golden, Les; Turner, Noah; and von Bar, Jens (2009). “The Death of the RNG,” '' iGaming Business'', July/August, p.&nbsp;56-59.<br />
<br />
3. Golden, Leslie M. (2011). “An Analysis of the Disadvantage to Players of Multiple Decks in the Game of 21.” ''The Mathematical Scientist'', ''' 32''', 2, p.&nbsp;57-69.<br />
<br />
===Peer-Reviewed Articles on Intergovernmental Cooperation===<br />
<br />
1. Golden, Leslie M. (2013), “The Optimal Allocation of Resources Among Competing Units of Government,” ''The Mathematical Scientist'', 38, 2, December <br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[http://www.geocities.ws/les_golden] Home Page<br />
*[http://www.mywikibiz.com/Les_Golden_(Interview)] An Interview With Les Golden<br />
*[http://www.mywikibiz.com/Near_Earth_Asteroid_Reconnaissance_Project] N.E.A.R.<br />
*[http://www.mywikibiz.com/University_of_California_Jazz_Ensembles] U.C. Jazz<br />
*[http://www.mywikibiz.com/KALX] KALX Radio 90.7 FM<br />
*[http://www.illinoisauthors.org/authors/Leslie_Morris_Golden] Illinois Authors Listing<br />
*[http://www.worldcat.org/title/laboratory-exercises-in-physics-for-modern-astronomy/oclc/773666079] World Catalog Listing<br />
*[http://www.betterworldbooks.com/les-golden-id-6136849941.aspx] Collected Writings<br />
*[http://www.librarything.com/profile/Les_Golden] Library Thing Listing<br />
*[http://www.authorsden.com/lesgolden] Authors Den Listing <br />
*[http://people.theiapolis.com/actor-B9C1/les-golden/sites/les-golden-actor-1000547.html] Theiapolis listing as actor<br />
*[http://lambiek.com/artists/g/golden_les.htm] Cartoonist listing at Comiclopedia<br />
*[http://www.creativehotlist.com/Individuals/details/198826] CreativeHotList<br />
*[https://www.evi.com/q/actors_from_oak_park,_illinois] Amazon.com EVI listing as Actor<br />
*[https://www.evi.com/q/comedians_from_oak_park,_illinois] Amazon.com EVI listing as Comedian<br />
*[https://www.evi.com/q/musicians_from_oak_park,_illinois] Amazon.com EVI listing as Musician<br />
*[https://www.evi.com/q/writers_from_oak_park,_illinois] Amazon.com EVI listing as Writer<br />
*[https://www.evi.com/q/activists_from_oak_park,_illinois] Amazon.com EVI listing as Animal Welfare and Environmental Activist<br />
*[https://www.evi.com/q/astronomers_from_oak_park,_illinois] Amazon.com EVI listing as Astronomer<br />
*[https://www.evi.com/q/playwrights_from_oak_park,_illinois] Amazon.com EVI listing as Playwright<br />
*[https://www.evi.com/q/scientists_from_oak_park,_illinois] Amazon.com EVI listing as Scientist<br />
*[https://www.evi.com/q/professors_from_oak_park,_illinois] Amazon.com EVI listing as Academic<br />
<br />
==Categories==<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Golden,Les}}<br />
[[Category:Academia]]<br />
[[Category:Actors]]<br />
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[[Category:American academics]]<br />
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[[Category:Jewish gambling writers]]<br />
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[[Category:Jewish astronomers]]<br />
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[[Category:Jewish American writers]]<br />
[[Category:Jewish scientists]]<br />
[[Category:Illinois Republicans]]<br />
[[Category:Illinois politicians]]<br />
[[Category:Scientists from Illinois]]<br />
[[Category:Cornell University alumni]]<br />
[[Category:Astrophysicists]]<br />
[[Category:University of California Berkeley alumni]]</div>Drlesmgoldenhttps://mywikibiz.com/index.php?title=Category:Residents_of_Oak_Park,_Illinois&diff=480577Category:Residents of Oak Park, Illinois2022-10-03T17:08:24Z<p>Drlesmgolden: Created blank page</p>
<hr />
<div></div>Drlesmgoldenhttps://mywikibiz.com/index.php?title=Bruce_P._Golden&diff=480576Bruce P. Golden2022-10-03T17:07:55Z<p>Drlesmgolden: /* Jazz and Symphonic Career */</p>
<hr />
<div><b>Bruce P. Golden</b> is an [[M.I.T.]] and [[Harvard Law School]]-educated attorney and jazz trumpet and fluegelhorn player. Upon graduation from Oak Park and River Forest High School with highest honors, he received scholarship offers from both [[Brown University]] and M.I.T. and matriculated at the latter. During his first year he was asked to join the Honors Electrical Engineering program known as Electrical Engineering and Science, a curriculum created for as M.I.T. describes it, the most brilliant and promising students. He graduated with High Honors and continued at M.I.T. with a grant from the [[National Institute of Mental Health]] for his Master’s Degree to develop reading machines for the challenged with Professor Samuel Mason and Professor Beddoes of the University of Vancouver. His thesis, “Auditory Displays for Direct Translation Reading Machines,” was cutting edge and the precursor of today’s more sophisticated devices. <br />
<br />
Despite having fellowships offers for doctoral and post-doctoral work, he left M.I.T.’s [[Cognitive Information Processing Group]], to go to Harvard Law School. His seminal paper, “Materiality under Rule 10b-5 of The Securities Exchange Act of 1934,” was written under the tutelage of [[Professor Louis Loss]]. He spent a year working with a top secret clearance with Northrop Corporation working on Electronic Countermeasure systems for the B-1A bomber and then went to work at the prestigious law firm of McDermott, Will and Emery, Chicago, Illinois, where he became a junior and then senior partner.<br />
<br />
== Law career ==<br />
<br />
He specialized in corporate and securities law and developed two multl-billion dollar industries. The first was the [[“consumer bank]],” a term he coined as The Contributing Editor of the [[Banking Law Journal]], in New York City. This work on on behalf of Household Finance Corporation and soon became the acknowledged method to allow finance companies to export interest rates of the domicile state nationwide. His second industry was the “wrap-around mortgage loan limited partnership” concept. He developed this for [[The Balcor Company]], the real estate company founded by [[Jerry Resindorf]], the owner of the [[Chicago White Sox]] and the [[Chicago Bulls]], and million-dollar round table insurance agent [[Donald Fortunato]]. This revolutionary concept took two years to clear the [[Securities and Exchange Commission]] and led to his representing other real estate firms throughout the United States including [[Jacques-Miller Limited Partnership]], [[Nichols, Thornton and Sturgeon Partnership]], [[The Lock-Up]], [[Rodger Clifton & Associates]] and [[Public Storage Limited Partnership]] as well as numerous other companies and securities brokerage firms in Alaska, Arizona, Florida, Indiana, Kentucky, New York, Tennessee, Utah and Washington. He and two other M.I.T. alumni then formed the [[M.I.T. Enterprise Forum of Chicago]], for which he was Chairman for over ten years. After he left MWE he represented numerous venture capital and investment banking firms and specialized in taking companies public through the technique he developed called the reverse triangular merger, including oil and gas companies and several high tech corporations located in Texas and Utah. He is an expert in various areas of banking law, corporate law, and later litigation, obtaining a $125,000,000 judgment against a Florida-based company in the [[United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois]] and successfully defending a company sued for copyright infringement in Federal court, the 7th Circuit Court of Appeals and then the United States Supreme Court. Ultimately he sought and obtained payment of his legal fees by the plaintiff in that lawsuit. He also represented [[Ford Consumer Finance]] and various bank mergers. He is acknowledged as the primary national expert in various areas of corporate law including banking, venture capital, securities law, and limited partnership syndications.<br />
<br />
==Jazz and Symphonic Career==<br />
<br />
At Oak Park and River Forest High School, Oak Park, Illinois, Golden was first chair trumpet in the orchestra, and multiple time soloist. He studied under famed [[Chicago Symphony Orchestra]] lead trumpet [[Adolph Herseth]]. He founded the [[Deuces]] dance band which performed at numerous high school and other engagements throughout Chicagoland. At [[M.I.T.]] he was the lead trumpet player for five years in the [[Techtonians Jazz Band]] and then the [[M.I.T. Concert Jazz Band]], under the direction of renowned jazz trumpet player [[Herb Pomeroy]]. He performed at numerous jazz festivals including those at Villanova University, Notre Dame University and Quinnipiac University. He played lead trumpet in the M.I.T. Alumni Jazz Band at the 50th Anniversary of M.I.T. Jazz, which featured an original composition for the M.I.T. event by [[Chick Corea]]. He was also one of six trumpet players in the highly acclaimed traveling [[M.I.T. Concert Band]] under the leadership of [[John Corley]]. After his education, he was offered a position with [[The Buddy Rich Orchestra]], and founded [[The Sounds of Now]] and [[Bruce Golden and His Orchestra]], highly successful casuals bands, which, among hundreds of engagements, recorded the feed music for the [[Jerry Lewis Telethon]], backed [[Ann Jillian]] and [[The Staples Sisters]] on live television and performed with numerous other celebrities. He also, along with the [[Duke Ellington Orchestra]] led by [[Mercer Ellington]], provided the musical entertainment for the grand opening weekend of [[The Hyatt Regency O’Hare Hotel]], Rosemont, Illinois.<ref>Petlicki, Myrna (1997), “Golden memories,” Oak Leaves (Oak Park, Illinois), July 2, p. B3-6</ref> <br />
<br />
Golden's love for [[big band music]] was nurtured by playing in [[The Deuces]] nine-piece dance band in high school, a group founded by himself and saxophonist [[Ron Svoboda]]. They had known each other by playing in the orchestra at [[Oak Park and River Forest High School]].<br />
<br />
He has played lead trumpet and fluegelhorn with numerous ensembles and bands in the Midwest area They include [[The Bobby Christian Orchestra]], [[The Triton College Jazz Band]], [[Concordia University Chicago Jazz Ensemble]], [[John Robertson Jazz Emporium]], [[Loyola University Chicago Jazz Band]], [[Déjà vu Big Band]], [[Horner Park Jazz Band]] and [[The Don Sadofsky Orchestra]] as well as several symphonic groups. He is frequently a feature soloist.<br />
<br />
Golden plays a French made Selmer K Modified trumpet using Bach C and E mouthpieces and a Selmer Professional mouthpiece. He plays a Yahama fluegelhorn. His twin brother is astronomer, actor, musician, comic, and writer [[Les Golden]].<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:1; column-count:1;"><br />
<references /><br />
</div><br />
<br />
==Categories==<br />
<br />
[[Category:Actors]]<br />
[[Category:Notable residents of Oak Park, Illinois]]<br />
[[Category:Residents of Oak Park, Illinois]]<br />
[[Category:Notable residents of Illinois]]<br />
[[Category:American entertainers]]<br />
[[Category:American stage actors]]<br />
[[Category:Celebrities]]<br />
[[Category:Chicago lawyers]]<br />
[[Category:Jazz musicians]]<br />
[[Category:Harvard Law School alumni]]<br />
[[Category:M.I.T. alumni]]</div>Drlesmgoldenhttps://mywikibiz.com/index.php?title=Les_Golden&diff=480575Les Golden2022-10-03T17:04:50Z<p>Drlesmgolden: /* Performing */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox_Person <br />
| name = <font color="blue">Les Golden</font><font color="black"><br />
| other_names = <small>AKA Cut the Taxes (political candidate)</br>Leonard Running Bear (political candidate spoof)</br> Scooter (boyhood athlete)</br>Chief ("Cornell Engineer" magazine editor-in-chief)</br>Leslie Detroit (college fraternity nickname)</br>Richard Kullman (Oak Park park district inner sanctum infiltrator)</br>Clete (college baseball player)</br>Moe Silver (character in cartoon strip and stage play "Shrubtown")</br>Les Morris (bandleader)</br>Subrahmanyan Berkowitz (stand-up comic)</br>Jeffrey Clayton Maxwell (stand-up comic)</br>Flash Golden (play-by-play announcer and jazz radio disc jockey)</br>Mark Morris (business name, airline coupons)</small><br />
| residence = Oak Park, [[State_Name::Illinois]], and [[City::Reno]], [[State_Name::Nevada]]<br />
| image = Gamblejpg.jpg<br />
| imagesize = 190px<br />
| caption = <small><b>Les Golden</b> counting cards at the Kellogg Graduate School of Business (Northwestern University) Casino Night</small><br />
| birth_date = <br />
| birth_place = Yes<br />
| birth_name =<br />
| death_date = <br />
| death_place = <br />
| death_cause = <br />
| occupation = Writer, astronomer, professor, musician, stand-up comedian, cartoonist<br />
| known = Developer of [[Golden Diagram]] <ref name="lexica">http://www.omnilexica.com/?q=Leslie%20M.%20Golden</ref> for blackjack and the Magic Circle Strategy for roulette</br>Influences -- Nina Grace Smith, L. Knowles Cooke, [[Frank Drake]], W.J. "Jack" Welch, [[David W. Tucker]], Edward O. Thorp, [[Del Close]]<br />
| influences = Nina Grace Smith, L. Knowles Cooke, [[Frank Drake]], W.J. "Jack" Welch, [[David W. Tucker]], Edward O. Thorp, [[Del Close]]<br />
| contact = drlesgo@aol.com; lesgoldencardcounting@yahoo.com; <br>literary agent - elagencywest@aol.com<br />
| reference = <small>http://www.geocities.ws/les_golden</br> http://www.oocities.org/goldenforstaterepresentative</br>; cell 773-837-3146</small><br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Les Golden''' is an astronomer as well as an internationally-known gambling writer, actor, and political, environmental, and animal welfare activist. He lives in Oak Park, [[Illinois]].<ref> http://www.illinoisauthors.org/authors/Leslie_Morris_Golden</ref><ref>http://www.librarything.com/profile/Les_Golden</ref><ref> http://www.librarything.com/author/goldenlesliem</ref><ref>http://www.authorsden.com/lesgolden</ref> He has written for "gambling.com", "iGamingBusiness", "gamblingonline", and [[Bluff Magazine|"Bluff Europe"]] print magazines. He became aware of card counting systems and became a card counter at the popular casino game of blackjack while a graduate student at the University of California, Berkeley, by reading the 1966 revised edition of Beat the Dealer,<ref>Thorp, E. O. (1966) ''Beat the Dealer: A Winning Strategy for the Game of Twenty-One'', Random House, New York</ref> the seminal work of mathematician Edward O. Thorp, who was aided in his computer simulations by programmers Julian Braun and Harvey Dubner.<ref>Thorp, E. O. (1966),''Beat the Dealer: A Winning Strategy for the Game of Twenty-One'', Random House, New York, pp. 93-94</ref> As a graduate student in astronomy at the University of California, Berkeley, Golden made monthly trips to [[Reno]], [[Nevada]] and played blackjack using Thorp’s systems. He is the developer of the [[Golden Diagram]] <ref name="lexica"/> technique for countering casino countermeasures at blackjack and the Magic Circle system for winning at biased roulette wheels. Dr. Golden was named an [[International Gaming Institute Scholar]] (IGI) (University of Nevada, Las Vegas) for 2016. He currently resides in Oak Park, [[Illinois]], and [[Reno]], [[Nevada]]. He currently resides in Oak Park, [[Illinois]], and [[Reno]], [[Nevada]].<br />
<br />
<br />
==Background==<br />
===Education and Research===<br />
[[File: LesGoldenCollectedWritings.jpg|thumb|right|125px|<small> The noted author and biographer Jordan Naoum has published collected writings of Golden in his 2011 book, <i>Les Golden</i></small>]] Leslie Morris Golden (''Eliezer Moshe ben Reuven Motl y Chanah Kaileh'', ''Lazar Masche'') was born in Chicago, an identical twin,<ref>His parents are Irving R. (b. 1907) and Anne K. Golden (b. 1909; maiden name, Eisenberg). Anne had twin brothers, Irving and Sam (b. 1905), and twin uncles on her mother’s side, Michel and Kivah Gerstein (b.1876), making the Golden twins the third successive generation of male twins on the maternal side. The birth of the Golden twins was one of a record number of twin births at Wesley Memorial Hospital, a part of Northwestern Hospital in Chicago, in early December.</ref><ref>(1943), “Twins Tend Record Twin Crop,” ''Chicago Herald-American'', December 4, p. II-3</ref><ref>Petlicki, Myrna (1997), “Golden memories,” ''Oak Leaves'' (Oak Park, Illinois), July 2, p. B3-6</ref> the son of Anne K. (née Eisenberg; March 7, 1909 – November 19, 1999), a legal stenographer and homemaker, and Irving R. Golden (March 15, 1907 – June 22, 2005), an attorney and co-owner with his father Max Goldstein, an immigrant finish carpenter from Belarus, Russia, of a store fixture and bar manufacturing firm,<ref>Kogan, Rick (2005), “Lawyer also designed, built bars,” ''Chicago Tribune'', July 24, p. IV-7</ref> and raised in Oak Park, Illinois, where he attended Horace Mann grammar school and Oak Park-River Forest High School. <br />
<br />
[[File: LesGoldenSemesteratSea.jpg|thumb|left|175px|<small> Professor Golden was the first University of Illinois professor chosen to be a professor on Semester at Sea. He taught courses on astronomer and the possibility of extraterrestrial life.</small>]]He holds the B.A. (with Distinction) and Masters of Engineering Physics from Cornell University,<ref name="Cornell">http://www.cornell65.com/interest/golden.html</ref> where he was both a Cornell McMullen Scholar and a Fellow of the Interfoundation Committee of the American Institute for Economic Research (Great Barrington, Mass.). The Cornell website notes him as one of its distinguished alumni writers.<ref>www.collegegrid.com/grid/index.php/Cornell_University</ref> He received the M.A. and Ph.D in astronomy from the University of California, Berkeley,<ref> http://badgrads.berkeley.edu/doku.php?id=alumni:old</ref><ref>http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/2006ASPC..356...87F, page 90</ref> under Professor William J. “Jack” Welch,<ref>http://www.eecs.berkeley.edu/Faculty/Homepages/welch.html</ref> the Watson and Marilyn Alberts Chair emeritus in Extraterrestrial Intelligence. His dissertation was “A Microwave Interferometric Study of the Subsurface of the Planet Mercury.”<ref>http://books.google.com/books/about/A_Microwave_Interferometric_Study_of_the.html?id=vJK_HgAACAAJ</ref><ref>http://www.amazon.com/s?ie=UTF8&field-keywords=Microwave%20Interferometric%20Study%20Subsurface%20Planet%20Mercury&index=books</ref><ref>(2012) Rivers, Eric, The Solar System, April 25; http://www.amazon.com/The-Solar-System-Eric-Rivers/dp/1475228791/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1338396178&sr=1-1</ref> <br />
At Cornell, he was the award-winning feature editor and then editor-in-chief of the [[Cornell Engineer magazine|<i>Cornell Engineer</i> magazine]]<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=b6TAAAAYAAJ </ref><ref>https://books?id=zqUkAQAAMAAJ</ref><ref>https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924058075700;view=1up;seq=11</ref> and a member of the Engineering Student Council. Some of his early research in astronomy appeared in a book by Stephen Hawking.<ref> (1979) Hawking, S. W. & Israel, W. General relativity: an Einstein centenary survey. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-22285-0. “A much cited centennial survey”; <br />
books.google.com/books?isbn=0521222850 </ref> He performed research at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California, as a National Research Council Resident Research Associate<ref>http://nrc58.nas.edu/aodir/gen_page.asp?mode=detail&sql=idnumber='760817'</ref> and the Aerospace Corporation in El Segundo, California. He is the director of the [[Directory:Near Earth Asteroid Reconnaissance Project|Near Earth Asteroid Reconnaissance Project]] (N.E.A.R.),<ref>http://www.astronomy.com/sitecore/content/Magazine%20Issues/1994/April%201994.aspx , page 22</ref> which he founded as a University of Illinois at Chicago professor in 1994. He has been elected to both [[Phi Beta Kappa]] (arts and sciences) and [[Tau Beta Pi]] (engineering)<ref>https://www.tbp.org/memb/MemberLookup.cfm<br />
</ref> as well as [[Pi Delta Epsilon]] (journalism). He is listed in [[Marquis Who's Who]] in Science and Technology and [[Marquis Who's Who]] in the World.<br />
<br />
In addition to the many citations to his scholarly research in astronomy and the history of science, Golden’s writings and work has been cited in numerous books.<ref>see, for example, <i>The Complete Guide to the Illinois Software Industry</i>, Chicago Software Association; [[Cornell Engineer magazine|<i>Cornell Engineer</i>]], [[Cornell University College of Engineering]]; <i>Mix Hypermedia</i>, Mix Publications; <i>The Griffith Observer</i>, Griffith Observatory; http://books.google.com/books?id=99oqAQAAMAAJ&q=%22Leslie+M.+Golden%22&dq=%22Leslie+M.+Golden%22&hl=en</ref><br />
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The noted author and biographer Jordan Naoum has published collected writings of Golden in his 2011 book, <i>Les Golden</i> (Duc Publishing, ISBN 978-6-1368-4994-2)<ref>www.renotransmission.com/installation.html</ref><ref>www.oakparkjournal.com/2012/2012-Book-announced-Golden-bio.html </ref><ref>www.topix.com/forum/games/blackjack/TM5R2SK854B8812DS</ref><ref>www.publishingheadlines.com/biography-of-les-golden-published-by-duc-publishing/</ref><ref>http://www.topix.com/city/oak-park-il/2013/08/oak-park-renaissance-man-les-golden-has-been-written-by-biographer?fromrss=1</ref> which is available worldwide.<ref>See, for example, www.barnesandnoble.com/w/les-golden-jordan-naoum/1104425304; http://www.amazon.com/Golden-Jordan-Naoum/dp/6136849941/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1327941857&sr=1-1; http://www.whsmith.co.uk/CatalogAndSearch/ProductDetails.aspx?ProductID=9786136849942; http://www.betterworldbooks.com/les-golden-id-6136849941.aspx </ref><br />
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===Performing===<br />
[[File: LesGoldenNotEasyBeingGreen.jpg|thumb|left|175px|<small> One of the leading environmentalist spokesmen and activists in Illinois, Les Golden as President of the CARE party in Oak Park, Illinois, secured the election of a majority on the Park Board which on their first day in office banned pesticides in the parks and recreation centers.</small>]]Golden is a nationally-referenced animal welfare advocate and environmental activist,<ref>http://www.elephantinformation.com/CEMENT%20FLOORING%20or%20HARD%20DIRT%20GROUND.htm </ref><ref>http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2004-11-24/news/0411240206_1_new-trees-oak-park-district-mulberry-trees</ref><ref>Dwyer, Bill (2007), “Tree Fury at Field,” ''Wednesday Journal of Oak Park and River Forest'', July 10, p. 1; http://www.oakpark.com/News/Articles/07-10-2007/Tree_fury_at_Field</ref><ref>Noel, Josh (2007), “Oak Park tree-removal plan heads for debate,” ''Chicago Tribune'', July 12, p. 7; http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2007-07-19/news/0707181717_1_trees-park-renovation-plan</ref><ref>Golden, Leslie M. (2005), “Elephant deaths are a matter of physics,” ''Chicago Sun-Times'', January 28, p. 24</ref><ref>(2000) “Trailside needs a champion,” ''Wednesday Journal of Oak Park and River Forest'' (editorial), November 1, p. 32</ref><ref>Vincent, Ed (2002), “The Lost Chukar,” http://www.suburbanjournals.com/Stories2002/Lost-Chukar-Returned-Home-2002.html, August 10</ref><ref>see, in addition, for example, Golden, Les (2002), “All it would take is a fence to keep critters alive,” ''Wednesday Journal of Oak Park and River Forest'', June 12, p. 41; Golden, Les (2000), “Les ‘Cut the Roadkill’ Golden says, Slow Down!”, ''Wednesday Journal of Oak Park and River Forest'', April 19, p. 25; Golden, Les (2000), “Hey, Sylvestri, save our furry and feathered friends,” ''Wednesday Journal of Oak Park and River Forest'', October 25, p. 34; Little, Rebecca and Trainor, Ken (2000) “Silvestri responds to Golden, Trailside,” ''Wednesday Journal of Oak Park and River Forest'', November 1, p. 2; Golden, Les “Let’s Save the Dogs” Golden (2002), “Ask politicians to make dog fighting a felony,” May 22, p. 32; (2008), “Inside Report: Les ‘Cut the coyotes a break’ Golden,” ''Wednesday Journal of Oak Park and River Forest'', January 23, p. 5; Linden, Eric (1991), “’Dandelion Dig’ idea blooming,” ''Wednesday Journal of Oak Park and River Forest'', May 29, p. 7; (2001) Golden, Les, “It’s not easy being green, but here are some ideas”, ''Wednesday Journal of Oak Park and River Forest'', April 11, p. 40</ref><ref>(2004) http://www.oakparkjournal.com/2007/2007-Field-Park-ralley-July-8th-2pm.html</ref><ref>“Oak Park Environmentalist Persuades School to Save Taxpayer Dollars, Intergovernmental Cooperation the Key to Recycling Dutch Elm Mulch,” www.oakparkjournal.com/stories2004/2005-les-golden-mulch-nov.html</ref><ref>http://oakpark.suntimes.com/people/voices/ltr_golden-OAK-08012013:article; (2013) Golden, Les, “Inoculation can save ash trees,” <i>Oak Leaves</i>, July 29.</ref> a professional trumpet player, jazz vocalist, and band leader,<ref>http://villageofoakpark.com/Stories2002/2003-Les-Golden-comments-July4th-music.html</ref> and a professional actor with more than 100 stage, film, radio, television, and commercial credits,<ref> (1994), “A film career far (but not removed) from Tinseltown,” <br />
Compuserve magazine, August, p. 55 </ref><ref>(1982) “Improvising Your Way to Success,” ''Spring'',1, 6, p. 34 </ref><ref> (1984) “The boss is never wrong,” ''Screen magazine'', October 1, p. 19</ref><ref>www.imdb.com/title/tt0097170/</ref><ref>www.locatetv.com/person/les-golden/118760</ref><ref>http://www.reelz.com/person/146084/les-golden/movie-friends/</ref><ref>Petrulis, Len (1982), “Golden TV ‘Spoof’ on Reality,” ''Berwyn Life'', May 19, p. 14</ref> including multiple principle Shakespearean roles with [[Oak Park Festival Theatre]], an Equity-contract theatre.[[File:WhoisLesGolden.jpg|thumb|200px|<small>Les Golden Renaissance Man feature article</small>]] As a model, he has appeared on the covers of numerous magazines including ''Burpee Seeds'', ''Heathkit'', ''Amway Magazine'', and ''Money Magazine.''<br />
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In 1966 Golden provided the stimulus for the formation of the [[University of California Jazz Ensembles]] by placing an ad calling for student jazz musicians in the [[Daily Californian]]. With the arrival of Dr. [[David W. Tucker]] to the Cal campus in 1969, the organization became the most prominent musical organization on the Berkeley campus. Golden was a trumpet player, soloist, and vocalist with the elite Wednesday Night big band. For seven years he was the emcee for the program, appearing at dozens of performances annually at concerts and jazz festivals throughout California.<ref>http://ucjazz.berkeley.edu/ </ref>[[File:DailyCalArticlebyLesGoldenUCJazz1968.jpg|thumb|left|175px|<small>Article by Les Golden in the Daily Californian announcing the first concert of the University of California Jazz Ensembles</small>]]<br />
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Golden's love for [[big band music]] was nurtured by playing in [[The Deuces]] nine-piece dance band in high school, a group founded by his twin brother [[Bruce P. Golden]] and saxophonist [[Ron Svoboda]]. They had known each other by playing in the orchestra at [[Oak Park and River Forest High School]].<br />
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Golden is an award-winning developer of sophisticated music notation software.<ref>Nolan, Herb (1989), “An Astronomer Tackles the Music Software Marketplace,” ''Upbeat'', November, p. 45-46</ref><ref>(1989), “100 Great Products for Under $100,” ''Electronic Musician'', December, '''5''', 12, p. 46</ref><ref>Mahin, Bruce P. (1989), “Choosing Music Notation Software,” ''The Instrumentalist'', '''43''', 11, p. 26-31</ref><ref>(1989), “Basic Composer,” ''Music Educators Journal'', April, p. 20</ref><ref>Kuzmich, John (1990), “Scoring With Computers,” ''Jazz Educators Journal'', '''23''', 3, p. 52</ref><ref>King, Patricia (1990),” “Basic Composer,” ''The Music and Computer Educator'', '''1''', 10, p. 26</ref><ref>(1991), “Basic Composer 4.3,” ''Compute'', '''13''', 2, p.90</ref><ref>Lynch, Dennis, (1990), “Unlock your creativity via computers,” <i>Chicago Tribune</i>, February 23, Section 3, p. 3, http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1990-02-23/entertainment/9001160136_1_computers-apple-iigs-steve-jobs</ref><br />
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He is a published jazz critic.<ref>Golden, Les (1994), “Ravinia places Chicago on map for jazz fans,” ''Northwest Leader'', August 3, p. 6</ref><br />
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He has appeared numerous times as an actor<ref> http://people.theiapolis.com/actor-B9C1/les-golden/sites/les-golden-actor-1000547.html</ref> on the live-broadcast productions of "[[Unshackled]]!" He was a featured regular on the [[Eddie Hubbard]] Show radio program as the character Jeffrey Clayton Maxwell from Bhutan. He was one of the stable of gifted Chicago character actors cast in numerous national and regional television commercials by renowned director [[Josef Sedelmaier]] of “Where’s the Beef?” fame. He is a member of both the Screen Actors Guild (SAG) and the American Federation of Television and Radio Artists (AFTRA). He was a charter member of Chicago's Porchlight Theatre Ensemble. He has appeared in featured roles with Broderick Crawford, Tippi Hedren, Troy Donahue, Charlotte Ross, Susan Hart, Robert Petkoff, David Darlow, Bruce Jarchow, Paula Scrofano, and others.[[File:LesGoldenKreyHotDogsActor.jpg|thumb|175px|<small>Les Golden possesses a "great character face." Shown here as model for Krey Hot Dogs.</small>]] His [[Bacon number]] (the number of motion picture role links between a given actor and prolific actor [[Kevin Bacon]] - Les Golden, Deadly Spygames with [[Tippi Hedren]], who was in [[Jayne Mansfield|Jayne Mansfield’s]] Car with Kevin Bacon) is 2<ref>http://oracleofbacon.org/</ref> (closer value than 82% of all actors).<br />
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He has authored stage and screen plays, including “The Skull Caper,” based on the bequeathal of the skull of his mentor [[Del Close]] to the [[Goodman Theatre]] in [[Chicago]], a full-length murder mystery comedy, [[Murder by Mistletoe]], and a screenplay, [[Never Split Tens]], based on the life of the mathematician who developed the card counting system for the casino game of blackjack.<br />
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As "Flash Golden," he was the play-by-play announcer for the California Golden Bears basketball radio broadcasts and hosted Flash's Jazz Patio on [[KALX]]-FM. As a stand-up comedian, he has performed at San Francisco's Holy City Zoo and Mustard Seed, the Comedy Store and other clubs in Los Angeles, the Comedy Cottage in Chicago, as well as on the college circuit, Playboy Club, and other clubs from Puerta Vallarta to Boston. He appears both as himself, [[Les Golden]], and as [[Subrahmanyan Berkowitz]] from Bhutan. He is a published editorial cartoonist.[[File:FlashGoldenatOaklandColiseum.jpg|thumb|250px|<small>Flash Golden at halftime at Oakland Coliseum for Cal-UCLA showdown. He wears his signature gold jacket and blue and gold tie. To his right is color man George Skofis. To his left, standing, is Larry Heavey, baritone sax player with the UC Jazz Ensembles.</small>]]<br />
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As an editorial and comic cartoonist, Les Golden has been widely published. He is listed in [[Comiclopedia]]<ref>http://lambiek.com/artists/g/golden_les.htm</ref>. His subjects are taken from his interest in politics and other careers as a stand-up comedian, actor, writer, musician, environmentalist, animal welfare advocate, astronomer, and professor. He may be best known for his strip "Captain Industry" from the 1980's. His content ranges from politically controversial to school-boy silliness, with a clean line-art artistic style. His textbook, <i>Laboratory Exercises in Physics for Modern Astronomy</i> (Springer-Verlag, 2012), includes numerous of his comic illustrations, including those of possible extraterrestrials. He credits Betty Edwards, author of <i>Drawing On the Right Side of the Brain</i>, as his major artistic influence. [[File:LesGoldenCartoona.jpg|thumb|left|225px|<small>As a cartoonist, Les Golden is widely published. Among other venues, he contributes cartoons to various gambling magazines. Copyright 2012 Les Golden. All rights reserved.</small>]]<br />
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===Organized Athletics===<br />
In athletics he was a two-sport letterman at Oak Park and River Forest High School and was the manager and third baseman of the "Goldenrods" at Cornell and manager and third baseman of the "Foul Balls" in the fast-pitch summer league at U.C. Berkeley. At JPL, he was the third baseman on the champion JPL fast-pitch team in the Glendale City League.<br />
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===Astronomy Publications and Presentations===<br />
[[File: LesGoldenNEAR.jpg|thumb|right|150px|<small> Les Golden, astronomer, founded the [[Near Earth Asteroid Reconnaissance Project]] while a professor at the University of Illinois at Chicago.</small>]]Golden has published several peer-reviewed refereed articles on applications of probability and statistics to astronomy,<ref>Golden, Leslie M. (1971). “Evolution of Quasar Optical and Radio Luminosity,” ''Nature'', '''234''', 103; http://www.nature.com/nature-physci/journal/v234/n49/abs/physci234103a0.html</ref><ref>Golden, Leslie M. (1974). “Isotropy of Radio Source Populations from Comparison of Number - Flux Density Curves,” ''Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society'', '''166''', 383; http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1974MNRAS.166..383G </ref><ref>Golden, Leslie M. (1974). “Observational Selection in the Identification of Quasars and Claims for Anisotropy,” ''Observatory'', '''94''', 122; http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1974Obs....94..122G </ref><ref>Golden, Leslie M. (1979). “The Effect of Surface Roughness on the Transmission of Microwave Radiation Through a Planetary Surface,” ''Icarus'', '''38''', 451; http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0019103579901994 </ref> and has taught probability and statistics as an Adjunct Professor of Management Science in the Heller Graduate School of Business at Roosevelt University in Chicago in addition to being an astronomy professor in the physics department and the Honors College of the University of Illinois at Chicago.<ref> http://www.springer.com/astronomy/astronomy,+observations+and+techniques/book/978-1-4614-3310-1?detailsPage=authorsAndEditors</ref> <br />
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[[File:TsunamiLecture.jpg|thumb|left|250px|<small> Professor Leslie M. Golden lectures in 2005 on how the East Indian Ocean [[tsunami]]-generating earthquake led to a shortening of the length of the day.</small>]]He lectures to adult and student audiences on the possibility of extraterrestrial life and the hypothetical shapes of their bodies. A frequent cruise ship lecturer, he was selected by Royal Cruise Lines to be their shipboard lecturer on the high seas during the 1986 apparition of Halley's Comet, and was the first University of Illinois professor selected to be a professor on the Institute of Shipboard Education's (ISE) Semester at Sea program,<ref>(1997), “Physics sails the world,” ''UIC News'' (University of Illinois at Chicago), April 30, p. 2; http://www.uic.edu/htbin/cgiwrap/bin/uicnews/articledetail.cgi?id=4005</ref> teaching courses on astronomy and the possibility of extraterrestrial life in the fall semester of 1996. [[File: PhysicsEducationReview.gif|thumb|left|150px|<small>The review of Les Golden’s "Laboratory Experiments in Physics for Modern Astronomy" by Michael Vollmer, published in Physics Education Journal, July 2013, volume 48, number 4, pages 534-535.</small>]]Among his popular writings on astronomy<ref>http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2004-01-20/news/0401200115_1_communication-satellites-mars-initiative-astronomy</ref><ref>http://www.ummah.com/forum/showthread.php?30437-Benefits-Of-A-Mission-To-Mars</ref><ref> articles.chicagotribune.com/keyword/astronomy/recent/4</ref> and public presentations,<ref>(2005) Anderson, Holly, “Day shortened by quake, astronomer calculates,” http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1N1-110D9F0B0030ACF0.html, January 5</ref><ref>http://blog.chicagoweathercenter.com/2004/12/27/aftermath_of_the_earthquake_sh/</ref><ref>(2013), Jobs in the sky, <i>Chicago Tribune</i>, February 16, p. 13; http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/opinion/ct-vp-0216voicelettersbriefs-20130216,0,5802913.story</ref> he presented a series of lectures to the renowned Field Museum of Natural History on the possibility of extraterrestrial intelligent life, has been the featured speaker at the meeting of the Great Lakes Planetarium Association, and was the keynote speaker for Chicago's Adler Planetarium on the occasion of the dedication of their new wing.<br />
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Professor Golden was referenced internationally, including the <i>[[Chicago Tribune]]</i><ref>(2004) Aftermath of the earthquake: Shorter days, <i>Chicago Tribune<i>, December 28, p. 8; https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/234418944/</ref> and the <i>[[Toronto Globe and Mall]]</i>, for his analysis of the shortening of the length of the day following the December 26, 2004, [[Sumatran earthquake]].[[File: TomWhy.jpg|thumb|right|800px|<small> Les Golden, astronomer, was quoted internationally for his analysis of the shortening of the length of the day following the December 26, 2004, Sumatran earthquake]]<br />
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His textbook, <i>Laboratory Exercises in Physics for Modern Astronomy</i> (Springer-Verlag, 2012)<ref>http://www.springer.com/astronomy/astronomy,+observations+and+techniques/book/978-1-4614-3310-1</ref> has been enthusiastically reviewed.<ref>http://www.amazon.com/Laboratory-Experiments-Physics-Modern-Astronomy/dp/146143310X</ref><ref>(2013) Vollmer, Michael, “Physics and astronomy meet in book of experiments,” <i>Physics Education</i>, v. 48, no. 4, p. 534-535; http://iopscience.iop.org/0031-9120/48/4/M03;jsessionid=6530B374440A8BBC9B63245D60D284DF.c1; http://iopscience.iop.org/0031-9120/48/4/M03/pdf/0031-9120_48_4_M03.pdf</ref><br />
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==Biosphere 2 Candidate==<br />
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Prof. [[Les Golden]] was a finalist for the second crew of [[Biosphere 2]]. From Biosphere, Golden hoped to direct the [[Near Earth Asteroid Reconnaissance Project]], created by Golden in 1994 when he was a professor in the physics department at the [[University of Illinois at Chicago]].<ref>(1997), “Physics sails the world,” ''UIC News'' (University of Illinois at Chicago), April 30, p. 2</ref><ref>(1994), “Near Earth Asteroid Project,” ''Astronomy'', April, p. 22</ref> N.E.A.R. is a world-wide network of amateur astronomers and space scientists involved in the discovery and determination of the orbits of near-earth asteroids or more generally near-earth objects with possible earth-crossing orbits.<br />
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==Renaissance Man Description==<br />
Les Golden is a Renaissance Man, a true polymath. [[File: LesGoldenAlkaSeltzer.jpg |thumb|250px|<small> Principal actor for Alka Seltzer national campaign. This photo appeared in every National Basketball Association program for every team during its season.</small>]]He has been so described in numerous newspapers and magazine. "Let's say there was a local character who has a B.S. and M.S. in engineering physics from Cornell University; earned an M.A. and Ph.D. in astronomy from the University of California in Berkeley; is a professional actor; a former stand-up comedian in San Francisco and L.A. and an improv performer with Chicago's Second City, is a freelance jazz and theater critic and playwright; is president of his own software development company; gives lectures on UFOs and the possibility of extraterrestrial life; was listed in the Marquis "Who's Who in Science and Engineering;" and every July 4 either he or his twin brother lead the band that precedes the fireworks at the local high school. You'd accuse us of making him up, right? Wait, it gets better. Let's say all of that is not enough. Let's say this guy wants to make his mark in politics . . . only he insists on filing under a nickname which usually gets him tossed off the ballot . . . " <ref>(1997) Trainor, Ken, "Who is Les Golden?", ''Wednesday Journal of Oak Park and River Forest'', April 2, p. 29-37</ref>[[File: LesGoldenJazzOaklandMuseum.jpg |thumb|left|250px|<small>Members of the University of California Jazz Ensembles in a publicity photo prior to a performance at the Oakland Museum. From top, Gary Maas, drummer, now an optometrist, Les Golden, trumpet, vocalist, and announcer, and Larry Heavey, baritone sax, now a radiologist.</small>]]<br />
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"Where to start in introducing the complete one-off individual that is Les Golden? Actor, stand-up comedian, humorist UFO lecturer, singer, astronomer, cartoonist, playwright, trumpet player, voiceover artist, political activist . . . we could go on. You can probably tell that Les is a bit of a character. Luckily for readers, he's also a great blackjack player,"<ref>(2009) Lines, Chris, "A Word From the Editor," ''Gambling Online'', August, p. 8.</ref> <br />
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"It would be an unusual man who really went by the name 'Cut the Taxes,' but Golden, of Oak Park, is an unusual man. He is an actor and educational software developer with a Ph.D. in astronomy; he is a trumpet player, writer and physics professor who devotes much of his free time to taxpayers rights issues."<ref>(1995) Zorn, Eric, "This Candidate Is A `Cut The Taxes' Above The Rest," ''Chicago Tribune'', October 3; http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1995-10-03/news/9510030038_1_wallace-gator-bradley-candidates-taxes. See also, (1994), "A film career far (but not removed) from Tinseltown," ''Compuserve magazine'', August, p. 55; Krapf, Paula (1995) "Silence not Golden: aspiring local politico a man of many names, Faces," ''Wednesday Journal of Oak Park and River Forest'', September 20, p. 4</ref><br />
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“His interests form a list so long as to stagger the imagination. He is a stand-up comic who has performed all over the United States and Mexico, a professional actor in more than 100 plays, films and commercials; and he is the author of Basic Composer, PC-compatible software that is used to compose, play back, and print music and lyrics. (As an astronomer), in 1986 he went on a Halley’s Comet cruise, following the comet from Acapulco to Greece and transmitting reports to the Syndicated Writers’ Group.”<ref>(1991) “CB as a Channel for Discovery,” ''Compuserve Magazine'', December, p. 18</ref><br />
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[[File:LesGoldenNameGame.jpg|thumb|right|175px|<small> Les Golden is a true polymath, a Renaissance Man. His numerous activities have provided him with many names. Play the Les Golden Name Game! </small>]]Unlike many in society who were influenced and aided by family members in achieving success in given fields, Golden is entirely a self-made man. No one in either his maternal or paternal extended families have matriculated at an Ivy League college, earned a Ph.D, nor have had professional careers as an actor, stand-up comedian, playwright, political cartoonist, magazine editor, non-fiction writer, software developer, scientist, or professor. His identical twin brother and he are the only professional musicians in the extended families.<ref>Petlicki, Myrna (1997), “Golden memories,” ''Oak Leaves'' (Oak Park, Illinois), July 2, p. B3-6</ref><ref>http://villageofoakpark.com/Stories2002/2003-Les-Golden-comments-July4th-music.html</ref><ref>Lynch, Dennis, (1990), “Unlock your creativity via computers,” <i>Chicago Tribune</i>, February 23, Section 3, p. 3, http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1990-02-23/entertainment/9001160136_1_computers-apple-iigs-steve-jobs</ref><br />
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Les Golden has featured listings at the non-vanity websites Library Thing,<ref>http://www.librarything.com/profile/Les_Golden</ref> Illinois Authors, <ref>http://www.illinoisauthors.org/authors/Leslie_Morris_Golden</ref> Authors Den,<ref>http://www.authorsden.com/lesgolden</ref> Comiclopedia,<ref>http://lambiek.com/artists/g/golden_les.htm</ref> and Theiapolis.<ref>http://people.theiapolis.com/actor-B9C1/les-golden/sites/les-golden-actor-1000547.html</ref><br />
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In addition to these, he is listed at a remarkable multiplicity of amazon.com websites marking notability:<BR><br />
https://www.evi.com/q/actors_from_oak_park,_illinois<BR> <br />
https://www.evi.com/q/comedians_from_oak_park,_illinois <BR> <br />
https://www.evi.com/q/musicians_from_oak_park,_illinois <BR> <br />
https://www.evi.com/q/writers_from_oak_park,_illinois<BR><br />
https://www.evi.com/q/activists_from_oak_park,_illinois<BR><br />
https://www.evi.com/q/astronomers_from_oak_park,_illinois<BR><br />
https://www.evi.com/q/playwrights_from_oak_park,_illinois<BR><br />
https://www.evi.com/q/scientists_from_oak_park,_illinois<BR><br />
https://www.evi.com/q/professors_from_oak_park,_illinois.<br />
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==Writings==<br />
Les Golden has had books published by reputable publishers in fiction and non-fiction. His biographical novel based on the life of gambling theorist [[Edward O. Thorp]] received stellar endorsements.<br />
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“I found the story tremendously entertaining, with a pantheon of compelling characters such as gambler Ed Thorp and bookie Manny Kimmel taking us from the casinos of Nevada to those of San Juan, Puerto Rico. Les Golden’s novel is a triumph begging for adaptation to the screen.” <br />
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<b>LANA WOOD</b><br />
Television and film producer<br />
Actress (“Diamonds Are Forever”)<br />
Best-selling author, Natalie, a Memoir<br />
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“Les Golden has an ever-increasing influence and burgeoning popularity. A significant name in the industry, the ‘go to’ man for strategy and anecdotal literary dexterity. I cannot acclaim his star highly enough.”<br />
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<b>JAMES MCKEOWN</b><br />
Editor, iGaming Business Magazine<br />
Editor, Gambling.com Magazine<br />
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“Les Golden is a comedy genius. It really is as simple as that. An expert in the field, he makes getting educated not only painless but actually funny.”<br />
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<b>DAVE BLAND</b><br />
Editor, Flush Magazine <br />
British television pundit<br />
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“I learn more about strategy through Les’ writings than I do through many failed trips to Vegas. Always concise, easy-to-read, and intelligent.” <br />
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<b>JON YOUNG</b><br />
Editor WPT (World Poker Tour) Magazine<br />
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“Les Golden makes numbers hilarious. He's simply the funniest gaming strategy writer there is. His writing is ‘rakish’ and ‘bond-esque.’ ”<br />
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<b>PHILIP CONNELLER</b><br />
Editor, Bluff Europe Magazine<br />
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“The dialog crackles and the fictional elements brilliantly illuminate how cool Ed Thorp is. And there’s just the right amount of blackjack and math. I love it.”<br />
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<b>AARON BROWN</b><br />
Professional gambler, Wall Street risk manager <br />
Author, The Poker Face of Wall Street<br />
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==Gambling Writings==<br />
===Introduction to Card Counting===<br />
[[File: LesGoldenUnitedAirlines.jpg|thumb|left|125px|<small> International poster-boy for United Airlines. These brochures were available at every UAL ticket office and airport terminal in the world. An accompanying poster was on the wall in every UAL ticket office and airport terminal in the world as well as being printed in every major American newspaper (and perhaps foreign as well).</small>]]In the months before the premier Wednesday Night Band of the [[University of California Jazz Ensembles]], under the direction of Dr. [[David W. Tucker]], went in 1972 to Reno, Nevada, to compete in its first [[Reno]] Jazz Festival,<ref>www.unr.edu/rjf/</ref> Golden, a trumpet player and vocalist with the band and its announcer, purchased Beat the Dealer at the legendary Moe’s Bookstore in Berkeley, California, and studied Thorp’s complete point count system. In the next five years at Berkeley, Golden made monthly trips to Reno, with additional trips to Lake Tahoe and Virginia City, Nevada. In 1977 he moved to Los Angeles to perform research at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory as a National Research Council Resident Research Associate post-doctoral fellow in astronomy,<ref>http://nrc58.nas.edu/aodir/gen_page.asp?mode=detail&sql=idnumber='760817'</ref> and his gambling excursions were to [[Las Vegas]], [[Nevada]]. He continued to perform stand-up comedy at various venues including The Comedy Store and The Improv.<br />
[[File:CountonLesLogojpg.jpg|thumb|240px|<small>Logo for Les Golden's popular "Count on Les" columns for gambling.com print magazine</small>]]<br />
<br />
===Writings===<br />
He has written for ''Gambling.com'',<ref>http://web.archive.org/web/20111003095727/http://www.professional-poker.com/news/2006/nov/764-gamblingcom-poker-content.htm.</ref><ref>http://www.gambling.com/Blackjack/tips-strategies/194/the-blackjack-breakdown</ref> ''Gambling Online'',<ref>www.gamblingonlinemagazine.com/casinos.php</ref> ''iGaming Business'',<ref> http://www.igamingbusiness.com/content/shannon-elizabeth-heats-gamblingcom-magazine</ref> and ''Bluff Europe''<ref>http://www.sbg-globalblackjack.com/p/blackjack-news-headlines-for-september-02-2011</ref><ref>en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluff_Magazine</ref><ref>www.bluffeurope.com/</ref> magazines, and as a newspaper columnist as a casino advocate.<ref>Golden, Les (1992). “Pleasant Home: Here's a Worthwhile Gamble,” ''Oak Leaves'' (Oak Park, Illinois), July 31, p. 21</ref> His writing reflects his Renaissance man<ref name=''tinsel''>(1994), “A film career far (but not removed) from Tinseltown,” ''Compuserve magazine'',<br />
August, p. 55</ref><ref>(1995) Krapf, Paula, “Silence not Golden: aspiring local politico a man of many names, Faces,” ''Wednesday Journal of Oak Park and River Forest'', September 20, p. 4</ref><ref>Trainor, Ken (1997), “Who is Les Golden?”, ''Wednesday Journal of Oak Park and River Forest'', April 2, p. 29-37</ref><ref>(1998) Silver, Moe (name adopted by writer Ken Trainor for purpose of article), “The Clone Ranger divides again”, ''Wednesday Journal of Oak Park and River Forest'', April 1, p. 52</ref><ref name="Shrewish">Trainor, Ken (2001) “Funny, he doesn’t look shrewish,” ''Wednesday Journal of Oak Park and River Forest'', August 1, p. 2</ref><ref name="Cornell"/><ref>http://www.trueknowledge.com/q/facts_about__les_golden_28</ref> multiple knowledge bases. With a technical background, many of his articles deal with probability issues in casino games, focusing on roulette, craps, and blackjack, and discussing such topics as the central limit theorem, the [[normal curve]], and Gambler's ruin, and often employing [[Monte Carlo]] simulations and references to the search for extraterrestrial intelligence, an area to which he had been introduced at Cornell University by his mentor Frank Drake and which is one of his research and public lecture areas as an astronomer.<ref>(1983). “People Focuses on Fellow Who Makes ETs His Specialty,” ''Wednesday Journal of Oak Park and River Forest'', November 16</ref><ref>(1983), “Rosary prof makes stars come to life for ‘ET’ class,” ''Suburban Sun-Times'' (West), July 1, p. 14</ref><ref>(1984). ”Halley's Comet, Alien Life Highlight Astronomer's Talk,” ''Harlem-Irving Times'', March 2, p 3</ref> [[File:LesGoldenasDrArmstrong.jpg|thumb|150px|<small>Les Golden had the part of Dr. Armstrong in Agatha Christie’s "Ten Little Indians." Golden is a member of the Screen Actors Guild and the American Federation of Television and Radio Artists</small>]]With his stand-up comedian background, his style has been described by one of his editors, “You can probably tell that Les is a bit of a character. Luckily for readers, he’s also a great blackjack player,”<ref>Lines, Chris (2009), “A Word From the Editor,” ''Gambling Online'', August, p. 8.</ref> and by Dave Bland, the editor of ''Flush Magazine'', "Les Golden is a comedy genius. I could write more but it really is as simple as that.”<ref>http://triblocal.com/oak-park-river-forest/community/stories/2010/06/cut-the-taxes-golden-is-now-cut-the-cards/</ref><ref>http://triblocal.com/members/dianenichols/mentions/</ref> A professional actor with a Kevin Bacon number of 3 who has studied with Ann Woodworth of [[Northwestern University]] and [[Del Close]] of Chicago’s [[The Second City]] improvisational nightclub, Golden periodically writes about applying acting techniques to camouflage both being a card counter and also being a member of roulette and blackjack teams.<ref>Golden, Les (2010), “So, Do You Feel Lucky, Punk. Well, Do ‘Ya? ,” ''Bluff Europe'', October, p. 88-89</ref><ref>Golden, Les (2010), “Yonder Lies the Castle of my Fodder,” ''Bluff Europe'', November, p. 90-91</ref><ref>Golden, Les (2010), “The Rain in Spain Falls Mainly on the Plain”: Camouflage by Status,” ''Bluff Europe'', December, p. 90-91</ref><br />
<br />
[[File: LesGoldenAsteroidDiscovery.jpg|thumb|left|175px|<small>The beginnings of the [[Near Earth Asteroid Reconnaissance Project]] was the subject of an article in <i>Compuserve Magazine</i>, which also discussed his being a writer for the Syndicated Writers’ Group reporting as a Halley’s Comet lecturer on the high seas.</small>]]Golden has won multiple awards for his writing, including the prestigious Eric Hoffer and Lili Fabilli Laconic Essay Prize,<ref>http://financialaid.berkeley.edu/prizes-and-honors-lili-fabilli-and-eric-hoffer-essay-prize</ref><ref> http://students.berkeley.edu/finaid/undergraduates/hofferprize.htm</ref>, the Griffith Observatory Science Writing Competition,<ref> (1974), <i>Griffith Observer</i>, number 6 </ref>, the International <i>Compuserve Magazine</i> Essay Contest,<ref>(1991) “CB as a Channel for Discovery,” ''Compuserve Magazine'', December, p. 18</ref> and the First Prize in the [[Nicolaus Copernicus]] International Essay Competition (American Council of Polish Cultural Clubs). Gambling.com's website refers to Golden as “gambling.com magazine’s resident blackjack genius.”<ref>http://www.gambling.com/blackjack/tips-strategies/194/the-blackjack-breakdown</ref> His research into the gambling game of 21 has been published in a peer-reviewed scholarly journal.<ref> http://www.appliedprobability.org/content.aspx?Group=tms&Page=tmsabstracts36_1#eight </ref><br />
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===Golden Diagram===[[File: NeverSplitTensCover.JPG|thumb|right|250px|<small>The cover of the book "Never Split Tens," a biographical novel by Les Golden of Oak Park, Illinois, based on the incredible true story of blackjack scholar Edward O. Thorp. The book contains a comparison of blackjack systems, an acting primer into camouflaging being a card counter, and an extensive biography of Hi-Lo developer Harvey Dubner. </small>]]<br />
After the publication of Beat the Dealer, gambling casinos reacted to the advantage that a card counter gains over the house by adopting counter strategies. These included employing multiple decks rather than the single hand-held deck. Two-deck games and games employing four and six decks dealt from a so-called shoe became commonplace.<br />
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[[File: LesGoldenBiologyET.jpg|thumb|left|175px|<small> Dr. Les Golden, a popular UIC professor of physics and director of the Near Earth Asteroid Reconnaissance Project, delivers a colloquium on the subject of Extraterrestrial Life to the University of Illinois at Chicago Biology Colloquium. </small>]]Players soon realized intuitively that both these changes in the game reduced their probabilities of winning. In games with a multiple deck, compared to single-deck or double-deck games, players experience frequency, magnitude, and depth (the fraction of the deck which has been dealt in playing previous hands) effects: 1) The deck becomes favorable less frequently at all depths, 2) when the deck does becomes favorable, the magnitude of the advantage is not as great, 3) all decks are favorable infrequently until a significant portion of the deck has been dealt and this occurs at greater depths into the deck in games using multiple decks.<br />
<br />
[[File: DrLeslieMGoldenBlackjackArticle.jpg|thumb|right|125px|<small> The June, 2011, paper in <i>The Mathematical Scientist</i>, a peer-reviewed British scholarly journal, established Prof. Les Golden as a recognized expert in the probability and statistics as well as strategy of the casino game of blackjack. </small>]]Golden, based on a Monte Carlo simulation and theoretical arguments, calculated the magnitude of these effects. The results of his analysis are displayed as [[Golden Diagram|Golden diagrams]]. <ref name="lexica"/><ref>Golden, Les (2010). “Countering the Casino Countering of Counters: The Golden Diagram to the Rescue,” ''Bluff Europe'', June, p. 84-85</ref><ref>Golden, Les (2011). “Trust Me: An Undetectable Winning System For Blackjack! ,” ''Bluff Europe'', March, p. 94-95</ref> He also suggested a stepwise betting strategy to reduce the effects.<ref>Golden, Leslie M. (2011). “An Analysis of the Disadvantage to Players of Multiple Decks in the Game of 21.” ''The Mathematical Scientist'', '''32''', 2, p. 57-69</ref><ref>http://www.appliedprobability.org/content.aspx?Group=tms&Page=tmsabstracts</ref><ref>Golden, Les (2011). “Stepping Out With My Baby: The Stepwise Betting Strategy,” ''Bluff Europe'', April, p. 92-93</ref> His paper on the subject<ref>digitalscholarship.unlv.edu/gaming_institute/2016/June9/</ref> was accepted for presentation at the 2016 triennial Gambling and Risk Taking Conference at the Mirage Hotel/Casino in Las Vegas.<ref>https://www.unlv.edu/sites/default/files/page_files/27/IGI-DraftConferenceSchedule.pdf</ref><br />
<br />
===Magic Circle strategy===<br />
[[File: DrLeslieMGoldenBook.jpg|thumb|right|200px|<small> The bookseller flyer for <i>Laboratory Experiments in Physics for Modern Astronomy</i>.</small>]]The game of roulette, being a game of Simple random sample|statistics without replacement, is not amenable to systems such as card counting, which rely on the non-randomness of the particular game. If, however, the roulette wheel is not perfectly level, laboratory studies, most notably at the British National Weights and Measures Laboratory, and theoretical studies have shown that a skillful croupier can by virtue of muscle memory release the roulette ball with a speed and at a location on the table to bias the bin in which it comes to rest.<ref>Dixon, P. (2005). “Roulette Wheel Testing,” ''Report on Stage 3.1 of NWML/GBGB Project Proposal''</ref><ref>http://large.stanford.edu/courses/2007/ph210/hall1/</ref><br />
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The Magic Circle strategy takes advantage of this potential bias and the non-random location of the various bets on the roulette wheel.<ref>Golden, Les (2009). “Vodka Can Make You Tilt: How You Can Win At Roulette,” ''Bluff Europe'', November, p. 90-92</ref><ref>Golden, Les (2009). “With The Tips In This Article You’ll Become Wealthy Beyond Your Wildest Dreams!,” ''Bluff Europe'', December, p. 90-92</ref><ref>Golden, Les (2010). “Beginners in the Casino: Camouflaging Team Roulette,” ''Bluff Europe'', January, p. 90-91.</ref> Golden showed that, after influencing the croupier to direct the ball into certain sectors of the roulette wheel, a team of players can lay bets in strategic locations on the wheel to secure profitable play. His paper on the subject<ref>digitalscholarship.unlv.edu/gaming_institute/2016/June9/</ref> was accepted for presentation at the 2016 triennial Gambling and Risk Taking Conference at the Mirage Hotel/Casino in Las Vegas.<ref>https://www.unlv.edu/sites/default/files/page_files/27/IGI-DraftConferenceSchedule.pdf</ref><br />
<br />
==Political Activity==<br />
<br />
===National Animal Welfare Activity===<br />
===Onion the dog===<br />
Les Golden began the internationally-noted movement to save [[Onion the dog]] of Henderson, Nevada, from euthanasia. The dog was saved after Golden's attorney fought for his life at the Nevada Supreme Court. Animal welfare and animal control laws are being rewritten as a result.<ref>https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/05/07/les-golden-oak-park-dog-a_n_1497423.html</ref><ref> http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2545414/Dog-mauled-death-1-year-old-boy-life-spared-Nevada-judge-finds-new-home-nearly-two-years-fatal-attack.html</ref>[[File:WGNInterview.JPG|thumb|350px|<small> Les Golden being interviewed in front of his Oak Park, Illinois, home on nationwide television feed from WGN-TV in Chicago in May, 2012. Golden began the campaign to save Onion the dog from euthanasia after a tragic family event in Henderson, Nevada. The eventually successful campaign to save Onion’s life, using pro bono attorneys with legal fees paid by Golden and his animal welfare group, reached the Nevada Supreme Court, took nearly two years, and gained international attention.</small>]]<br />
<br />
===Local===<br />
====CARE Party====<br />
[[File:EricZornLes.jpg|thumb|125px|<small>Featured column on Les Golden in Chicago Tribune.</small>]]<br />
Golden began his political career with the non-partisan [[CARE Party of Oak Park|CARE Party]]. (Citizens Active for Respect for the Environment/Citizens Active for a Responsible Electorate) in Oak Park, [[Illinois]]. He later formed the [[TURF Party]] (Taxpayers United of River Forest) in the adjacent community. He was the president of UTOP (United Taxpayers of Oak Park) from 1991 through 2005.<ref>http://www.oakparkjournal.com/Stories2002/2003-national-taxpayers-protest-op-sept-25.html</ref> As CARE party president he has been responsible for slating more than 70 candidates for local political office, achieving the election of eight on tax-accountability and environmental issues.<ref>see, for example, (1989) CARE joins school board fray, <i>Wednesday Journal of Oak Park and River Forest</i> , July 31, page 1; (1989) CARE tries to seek new identity, <i>Oak Leaves</i>, October 11, page 7; (1990) CARE endorsements have defeat the "incumbent" goal, <i>Wednesday Journal of Oak Park and River Forest</i> , October 31, page 21; (1991) CARE challenges shake up village races, <i>Wednesday Journal of Oak Park and River Forest</i>, February 6, page 1; <br />
(1991) CARE: a party in search of an image, <i>Oak Leaves</i>, August 14, page 8; Thomas, Sherry (1995) “Is Runningbear really ‘Cut the Taxes’?”, ''Oak Leaves'' (Oak Park, Illinois), August 23, p. 13; Linden, Eric (1995) “New OPRF ‘slate’ reads like a hoax,” ''Wednesday Journal of Oak Park and River Forest'', August 9, p. 7</ref> He has sponsored and moderated numerous taxpayer information forums.<ref>see, for example,(2006) “Oak Park tax gripes to be discussed”, September 26, http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2006-09-26/news/0609260292_1_property-tax-property-owners-steep-hike; (1987) 200 turn out at CARE tax forum, ''Wednesday Journal of Oak Park and River Forest'', October 7; CARE tax forum adds speakers, ''Wednesday Journal of Oak Park and River Forest'', September 9, 9; http://www.oakparkjournal.com/Stories2002/2003-national-taxpayers-protest-op-sept-25.html</ref> His advocacy of tax-relief has led him to seek local elected office as “Cut the Taxes.”<ref>(2003) Golden, Les “Cut the Taxes” Golden, How to turn the Barrie negative into a positive,” ''Wednesday Journal of Oak Park and River Forest'', February 26</ref><br />
<br />
====Animal Welfare and Environmentalism====<br />
A major influence on animal welfare and environmental protection efforts locally and in the State of Illinois, Golden has been a leader in water and materials conservation, recycling, tree protection, wildlife protection, pesticide bans, efforts to retard global warming, and numerous other initiatives, as well as childhood education in these efforts. He has achieved numerous reforms in this regard as president of the [[CARE Party of Oak Park|CARE Party]]. [[File: LesGoldenOakParkPesticideBan.jpg|thumb|left|175px|<small>In 1991, Les Golden, as president of Citizens Active for Respect for the Environment, achieved a ban on pesticides in the parks and recreation centers of Oak Park, Illinois.</small>]] <br />
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In 2012, Golden learned of the plan by the village of Oak Park to destroy all the pigeons who found shelter among the steel support beams under the train trestle at Marion Street. Some residents complained about the unsightly droppings. Golden discovered that a gel substance placed on the surfaces adjacent to roosting areas was unappealing to all birds who would walk through it, in particular pigeons, starlings, and sparrows. The village trustees opted for that solution, although destruction of the birds had been imminent, and the birds were saved.<ref>(2012) Golden, Les, “An alternative pigeon solution for Oak Park,” <i>Wednesday Journal</i>, June 5</ref><br />
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At the last hour, in 2013, the Oak Park Park District announced that the expansive Ridgeland Common park area in the center of the village was going to be converted into an artificial turf soccer field. This required the bulldozing of the popular sledding hill, an attraction since 1965, the destruction of dozens of mature trees and bushes, and the termination of the modest dog park and the chip/mulch pile for use by residents. The sledding hill had been a popular year-round attraction for a multitude of exercise, picnicking, fireworks viewing, and nature-oriented activities, and the residence of mature shade-providing hackelberry trees. This occurred despite a sham public planning process that had been in place for several years <ref>http://www.oakpark.com/News/Articles/8-7-2012/Park-District-of-Oak-Park-tells-<br />
architects-to-move-forward-with-Ridgeland-Common-plans/</ref> and which had focused on the renovation of the ice rink/swimming pool complex. In February, 2013, Golden, posing as “Richard Kullman” in order to gain access to the inner sanctum of the local park district while ensuring that the story being about the park and not himself, created what became known as the “Kullman Kaper” and began a media frenzy. He organized and held a rally, generated numerous letters to the local press and emergency government meetings, and stimulated the creation of an online petition.<ref>Manchir, Michelle (2013), “Oak Park residents oppose plan to remove sled hill and dog run”, <i>Chicago Tribune</i>, March 6, p. 5</ref> <ref>Manchir, Michelle (2013), “Plans to close dog park angers some pet owners,” <i>Chicago Tribune</i>, March 12, p. 7</ref> The feckless “Green Committee” had one such emergency meeting, to which it invited an artificial turf contractor make a predictable presentation. The new executive director caved in to the desires of the paid soccer officials sitting on the park board and the destruction of the park began in April.<br />
<br />
====Lobbying for Intergovernmental Cooperation====<br />
<br />
Despite the self-serving claims by local elected officials of trying to work together,<ref>http://www.oakpark.com/News/Articles/12-10-2013/Intergovernmental-cooperation-is-a-reality-with-IGOV/</ref> intergovernmental cooperation to save the environment and to save taxpayer dollars has been an abysmal failure in Golden’s hometown of [[Oak Park]], Illinois. Golden has suggested numerous means of attaining such, with limited success against the entrenched bureaucracies rampant in [[Oak Park]].<br />
<br />
For several decades, Golden has been trying to convince the local Oak Park governments to save costs and display environmentalism by using wood chips from the stumps of trees that were cut down as mulch for the parks. Despite one victory<ref>http://www.oakparkjournal.com/stories2004/2005-les-golden-mulch-nov.html</ref>, the park district continues to pay thousands of dollars annually for mulch that is free for the taking. Indeed, officials in nearby neighborhoods of Chicago routinely obtain the wood chips from Oak Park trees and tree stumps.<br />
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Dating back to the 1990’s, Golden has lobbied local officials, without any support from the local Green Party, Democratic Party, local political party, any government official, or any private resident, to bundle their newsletters to save paper and mailing costs. In all, about 30 newsletters are mailed to each home annually. These include quarterly self-congratulatory mailings from the township, monthly mailings from the village, quarterly mailings from the park district and two school districts, water quality reports from the village, periodic mailings from the Oak Park library, monthly senior citizen mailings from the township, and other mailings. In the late 1990’s, Golden’s solo effort began to have results, when the library began to bundle its mailing with the village monthly newsletter. In the 2010’s, the two school district started to bundle their mailings with that of the village and library. The township and park district continue to flaunt such efforts at cost savings and environmentalism.<br />
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Golden continually exhorts the park district to find alternate means of distributing its near-100 page activities brochure to 20,000 households quarterly at a cost of tens of thousands of dollars in postage. In fact, 90% of households simply discard the hefty brochure, an environmental disaster. Golden has suggested intergovernmental cooperation as a means to resolve both problems. Simply by distributing the brochure at each of the nine public schools, the three firehouses, the three libraries, the dozen parks, and the nearly dozen administration buildings of the local governments, no resident would be more than one or two blocks from a brochure drop-off location. Those residents who actually have enrolled in an activity in the previous two years would continue to receive the brochure. The brochure would, in addition, be available online.<br />
<br />
Despite the logic of this suggestion, the park district continues to waste trees and taxpayer dollars. The self-congratulatory propaganda published in the brochure leads the park district to ensure that every household received the document.<br />
<br />
In 2013, the authoritative peer-reviewed journal <i>The Mathematical Scientist</i> published Prof. Golden’s analysis of the role of intergovernmental cooperation in optimizing the use of limited resources such as tax revenues in governing.<ref>Golden, Leslie M. (2013), “The Optimal Allocation of Resources <br />
Among Competing Units of Government” <br />
''The Mathematical Scientist'', 38, 2, December</ref> Golden sent the paper to every elected official in Oak Park as well as the executive directors of every board in Oak Park, as well as the editors of the Chicago and Oak Park newspapers. <br />
<br />
====Tax Relief, Commercial Development, and Candidate Sponsor====<br />
Golden’s interest in tax relief has led to a leadership role in large-scale commercial development as principal of Holley Court Partners.<ref>http://www.oak-park.us/public/pdfs/Planning/Harlem_South/2006%20RFP%20Responses/09.26.06_Holley%20Court%20Partners.pdf</ref><br />
<br />
[[File: LesGoldenParksCandidacy.jpg|thumb|left|175px|<small> As a candidate for the Oak Park Park District, Les “Cut the Taxes” Golden suggested an imaginative use for a local park among tax-saving measures.</small>]]His notoriety as a sponsor of political candidates led to his namesake, "Moe Silver," Chairman of the "LOVE Party," being a lead character in the locally-drawn "Shrubtown" comic strip and theatrical play by the same name by artist and writer Marc Stopeck.<ref>see, for example, Stopeck, Marc (1991), “Shrubtown,” ''Wednesday Journal of Oak Park and River Forest'', July 24, p. 17; Stopeck, Marc (1991), “Shrubtown,” ''Wednesday Journal of Oak Park and River Forest'', August 14, p. 22; Stopeck, Marc (1991), “Shrubtown,” ''Wednesday Journal of Oak Park and River Forest'', August 21, p. 23; Stopeck, Marc (1991), “Shrubtown,” ''Wednesday Journal of Oak Park and River Forest'', August 28, p. 21; Stopeck, Marc (1992), “Shrubtown,” ''Wednesday Journal of Oak Park and River Forest'', August 12, p. 24; Stopeck, Marc (1993), “Shrubtown,” ''Wednesday Journal of Oak Park and River Forest'', August 11, p. 22</ref><br />
<br />
===Statewide and National===<br />
====Nickname and Ballot Access====<br />
[[File: LesGoldenTreeRally.jpg|thumb|right|150px|<small>In 2007, Leslie M. Golden discovered the plan by the Oak Park Park District to destroy all the old growth trees in a local park. Within 48 hours, on the July 4th weekend, he organized a committee to hold a Sunday rally, wrote a flyer, had the flyer distributed throughout the community, obtained speakers, and notified the press. Over 200 people attended on the hottest day of the year.</small>]]His political candidacies for U.S. Congress<ref>(1996) Kass, John, “Nothing dull about 7th race – U.S. House contest full of controversy,” ''Chicago Tribune'', March 8, Section 2, p. 1</ref> and State Representative<ref>(1992) Zorn, Eric, “But Yakov seems so, so . . . judicial,” ''Chicago Tribune'', March 10, Section 2, p. 1</ref><ref>(1996) Montgomery, Susan, “GOP slates Golden to run for state rep,” ''Oak Leaves'', July 3, p. 10</ref><ref>http://www.ourcampaigns.com/CandidateDetail.html?CandidateID=16936&WhenStart=2011-08-06+12%3A51%3A32</ref><ref> (1996) “Cut taxing districts,” ''Berwyn Life'' October 9, p. 22 </ref> using the nickname "Cut the Taxes" have led to court actions,<ref>http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/f-news/773242/posts</ref><ref>(2002), Mission: Fool voters (editorial), ''Chicago Tribune'', January 18, p. 18 </ref><ref> http://anti-state.com/forum/index.php?board=2;action=display;threadid=1446</ref><ref>http://ddd-hph.dlconsulting.com/cgi-bin/newshph?a=d&d=HPH19980107.2.3&cl=&srpos=0&st=1&e=00-00-0000-99-99-9999--20--1----Sen.+Obama-all</ref><ref>http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2002-09-18/news/0209180186_1_ballots-fractional-jagielski </ref><ref> http://www.oakpark.com/News/Articles/10-30-2002/Golden_wins_Cut-The-Taxes_suit,_sues_again_</ref><ref>http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2002-10-16/news/0210160202_1_blagojevich-spokesman-doug-scofield-illinois-state-board </ref><ref>Zorn, Eric. (1995) This candidate is a Cut the Taxes above the rest, ''Chicago Tribune'' (Metrowest), October 3, p. 1; http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1995-10-03/news/9510030038_1_wallace-gator-bradley-candidates-taxes </ref><ref>http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2002-10-23/news/0210230072_1_golden-ballot-orr </ref><ref>http://www.actuarialoutpost.com/actuarial_discussion_forum/showthread.php?p=136091</ref><ref>www.highbeam.com/doc/1N1-1110F700ED5B9A50.html</ref><ref>http://blogs.chicagotribune.com/news_columnists_ezorn/2009/09/should-we-use-cheryle-robinson-jackson-or-stick-with-cheryle-jackson-.html</ref><ref> (1996) Hevrkejs, Judy and Conklin, Mike, “Cutting Les,” ''Chicago Tribune'', March 12, p. 2</ref><ref> (1996) “ ‘Cut the Taxes’ cut from GOP ballot,” ''West Suburban Post'', March 8, p. 5</ref><ref>http://forums.gunbroker.com/pop_printer_friendly.asp?TOPIC_ID=34426</ref> a re-writing of Illinois election law concerning allowable names on the ballot<ref>http://www.ilga.gov/legislation/ilcs/ilcs4.asp?DocName=001000050HArt%2E+16&ActID=170&ChapterID=3&SeqStart=56200000&SeqEnd=57400000; see 10 ILCS 5/16-3 (e); </ref><ref>10 ILCS 5/16-3 (e)</ref><ref>http://www.upi.com/Suit-filed-to-keep-sloganeering-off-ballot/95431034782244/</ref><ref>http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2003-06-03/news/0306030127_1_orr-slogans-78th-district; (2003) Groark, Virginia, “Legislature cuts the slogans from names on ballot,” <i>Chicago Tribune</i>, June 3</ref><ref> Trainor, Ken (1997), “Who is Les Golden?”, ''Wednesday Journal of Oak Park and River Forest'', April 2, p. 29-37 </ref> propagated throughout the state of Illinois in election guides for candidates,<ref>www.champaigncountyclerk.com/elections/docs/2012/2012CanGuide.pdf</ref><ref>www.elections.il.gov/downloads/electioninformationcourth/pdf/2011canguide.pdf </ref> lengthy discussions in the Illinois Institute of Continuing Legal Education (IICLE) handbook on election law<ref> www.iicle.com </ref> which is on display in courthouses in the state of Illinois, scholarly studies on election law and ballot access, <ref>http://www.umsl.edu/~kimballd/illinois.pdf</ref> and rewriting of election law in other states. <ref>law.onecle.com/texas/election/52.031.00.html</ref> In addition, in another part of the revised election law, the Golden Rule, for the first time in Illinois history, allows any election official whatsoever, state as well as local, to extend their previous ministerial powers beyond mere printing of the ballot to actually removing slogans from ballot names.<ref>10 ILCS 5/16-3 (f)</ref> These cases in election law and the revised Illinois election law statutes have been cited repeatedly in jurisdictions throughout the country.<br />
<br />
====Taxation, Constitutional Convention, and Drug Legalization====<br />
[[File: LesGoldenCutTaxingDistricts.jpg|thumb|left|175px|<small> As the GOP candidate for the office of State Representative from the 8th Illinois district, Golden suggested means for funding education.</small>]]In 2008, he was the statewide spokesman and one of three state-wide coordinators for the group seeking to convene an Illinois Constitutional Convention.<ref>(2008) Sweeney, Chuck, Constitutional convention? Here's a pro-con, <i>Rockford Register Star</i>, June 18; http://www.rrstar.com/opinions/x1713643550/Constitutional-convention-Heres-a-pro-con;https://cambridge.wickedlocal.com/x415942049/Chuck-Sweeny-Pros-and-cons-of-Constitutional-convention</ref><ref>(2008) Wilson, Doug, Business group says constitutional convention would be too costly, risky, <i>Quincy Herald-Whig</i>, July 15</ref><ref>www.chicagogop.com/home/blogger/drlesmgolden/</ref><ref>http://www.chicagogop.com/component/comprofiler/userprofile/drlesmgolden</ref> He wrote the field guide for campaign workers which was used in other states also seeking to convene constitutional conventions. He has consistently fought legislation removing property tax caps in Illinois.<ref> (1995) Schory, Brenda, “Loud protest trails quiet passage of tax cap bill,” <i>Kane County Chronicle</i>, July 7, p. 1</ref> He was selected to be a charter member of the board of the Illinois Taxpayer Education Foundation (ITEF) in 1994.<br />
<br />
He has been recognized by the Media Awareness Project<ref>http://www.mapinc.org/</ref> as a key spokesman in the national movement to legalize drugs to combat an epidemic of crime and to generate government revenues.<ref>http://www.mapinc.org/drugnews/v13/n523/a06.html</ref><ref>(2013) Legalize drugs, <i>Chicago Tribune</i>, October 28, p. 19; http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2013-10-28/opinion/ct-vp-1028-voice-letters-20131028_1_drug-business-drug-trafficking-drug-crimes</ref><br />
<br />
===Recognition and Honors===<br />
He is President of Citizens Active for Respect for the Environment/Citizens Active for a Responsible Electorate (CARE) in Oak Park, Suburban Coordinator of the Alliance of (Cook) County Taxpayers (ACT), and heads the National Taxpayers United of Oak Park. <br />
<br />
Golden received the Distinguished Leadership Award from the National Taxpayers United of Illinois umbrella group in 1991 for his taxpayer advocacy efforts. <br />
<br />
In 2013, the authoritative peer-reviewed journal <i>The Mathematical Scientist</i> published Prof. Golden’s analysis of the role of intergovernmental cooperation in optimizing the use of limited resources such as tax revenues in governing.<ref>Golden, Leslie M. (2013), “The Optimal Allocation of Resources <br />
Among Competing Units of Government” <br />
''The Mathematical Scientist'', 38, 2, December</ref><br />
<br />
==Quotes==<br />
"The only famous (card) counters are the ex-counters."</BR><br />
“Human beings are the only species that derive joy from the misfortunes of others. The greater the misfortune, the greater the joy.”</br><br />
“If you set mediocre goals, the most you will ever achieve is mediocrity.”</br><br />
“We don’t own the Earth; we simply share it.”<br />
<br />
==Published Books==<br />
*''Basic Composer: An Analysis of Music Notation Software'', Music Education Incentives Publishers (1988)<br />
*''Astronomy 101'', UIC Press (1994)<br />
*''A Field Guide for Political Activists: How to Generate Support and Turn Out Your Voters'', Lee Brooke (2008)<br />
*''Laboratory Experiments in Physics for Modern Astronomy: With Comprehensive Development of the Physical Principles'', Springer Science+Business (2012)<ref> http://www.springer.com/astronomy/astronomy,+observations+and+techniques/book/978-1-4614-3310-1</ref><br />
<br />
==Discography==<br />
*''Deuces Wild'', The Deuces<br />
<br />
==Selected Theatrical, Film, Radio, Television, and Commercial Credits==<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|- style="text-align:center;"<br />
!style="background:#B0C4DE"|Title<br />
!style="background:#B0C4DE"|Director<br />
!style="background:#B0C4DE"|Role<br />
!style="background:#B0C4DE"|Co-stars<br />
|-<br />
|Kronenbourgh Beer<br />
|Josef Sedelmaier<br />
|Murray<br />
|Bruce Jarchow<br />
|-<br />
|Tony’s Pizza<br />
|Josef Sedelmaier<br />
|Vito<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Chicago Tribune<br />
|Jim Wotring<br />
|Jo-jo<br />
|Marji Bank, Ernest Perry<br />
|-<br />
|K-Mart<br />
|Jim Wotring<br />
|Lester<br />
|Tim Gamble<br />
|-<br />
|Eagle Foods<br />
|Gerald Hagner<br />
|Les<br />
|Ken Anderson (athlete)<br />
|-<br />
|Motorola Cellular<br />
|Ed Italo<br />
|Miller<br />
|Lee Trevino (athlete)<br />
|-<br />
|Buick<br />
|Jim Parish<br />
|Cal<br />
|Don Majowski (athlete)<br />
|-<br />
|True Value Hardware<br />
|Jim Lynch<br />
|Professor Astroray<br />
|(one-person show)<br />
|-<br />
|Cognex<br />
|Stewart Talent<br />
|Timothy McCoy<br />
|Paula Scrofano<br />
|-<br />
|Illinois State Lottery<br />
|Jeff Jones<br />
|Big Brother<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Heinz Ketchup<br />
|Bob Shallcross<br />
|Les Golden (stand-up comedian as himself)<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Bubble Up<br />
|Stan Cottle<br />
|Murray<br />
|Charlotte Ross<br />
|-<br />
|The Len Petrulis Show<br />
|Len Petrulis<br />
|Phillipe Maurice, Parisian fashion designer<br />
|Kajon Mueller<br />
|-<br />
|Freeman Shoes<br />
|Loren Ostir<br />
|Wally Tucker<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Thrift Drugs<br />
|Clay Covert<br />
|Mr. Eisen<br />
|(one-person show)<br />
|-<br />
|Madison Gas and Electric<br />
|Bob Wendt<br />
|Bob<br />
|(one-person show)<br />
|-<br />
|Ohio Edison<br />
|Ken Ancell<br />
|Mr. Heater<br />
|(one-person show)<br />
|-<br />
|American Family Insurance<br />
|John Alexson<br />
|Mark<br />
|Rick Plastina<br />
|-<br />
|Outtakes<br />
|Jack Sell<br />
|Harvey Knox<br />
|Broderick Crawford<br />
|-<br />
|The Nightmare Trial of Billy Barnes<br />
|Gerald Rogers<br />
|Edward Keppel<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|The Roommate<br />
|Nell Cox<br />
|Mr. Chipbeef<br />
|Barry Miller, Lance Guest<br />
|-<br />
|Welcome Home, Bobby<br />
|Herbert Wise<br />
|Coach Lazare<br />
|Adam Baldwin<br />
|-<br />
|How I Became A Holy Mother<br />
|Arnold Aprill<br />
|Master<br />
|Patti Shaughnessy<br />
|-<br />
|Taming of the Shrew<br />
|Dale Calandra<br />
|Gremio<br />
|Ned Mochel, Susan Hart, and others<br />
|-<br />
|YMCA<br />
|Jerold Haislmaier<br />
|Michael Marks<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Ten Little Indians<br />
|Faith Dukor-Chaplick<br />
|Dr. Armstrong<br />
|June Atkinson, Russ Cady<br />
|-<br />
|Stage Struck<br />
|James Carter<br />
|Herman<br />
|Jim Mullen<br />
|-<br />
|The Odd Couple<br />
|Faith Baime<br />
|Vinnie<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|What the Wine Sellers Buy<br />
|Wanda Getsug<br />
|George<br />
|Lucy Evans<br />
|-<br />
|The Little Sister<br />
|Ray Andrecheck<br />
|Toad<br />
|B.F. Helman<br />
|-<br />
|Taming of the Shrew<br />
|David Darlow<br />
|Vincentio<br />
|Robert Petkoff, David Darlow, Kristine Thatcher, Greg Vinkler, Michael Halberstam, and others<br />
|-<br />
|The Inspector General<br />
|Knowles Cooke<br />
|Bobchinsky<br />
|Stephen Straight, Barbara Tucker<br />
|-<br />
|Eddie Hubbard Show Live from Arnie’s<br />
|Eddie Hubbard<br />
|Jeffrey Clayton Maxwell<br />
|Robert Goulet, and others<br />
|-<br />
|Unshackled!<br />
|Jack O’Dell<br />
|Richard Goldstein (and others)<br />
|Judith Easton, David Mink, and others<br />
|-<br />
|Deadly Spygames<br />
|Jack Sell<br />
|General Vladimir Korchenko<br />
|Tippi Hedren, Troy Donahue<br />
|-<br />
|Lady Blue<br />
|Gary Nelson<br />
|Davey Carlton<br />
|Danny Aiello, Jamie Rose, Ron Dean<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Writing Awards==<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|- style="text-align:center;"<br />
!style="background:#B0C4DE"|Competition<br />
!style="background:#B0C4DE"|Sponsor<br />
!style="background:#B0C4DE"|Award<br />
|-<br />
|Eric Hoffer and Lili Fabilli Laconic Essay Prize<br />
|Eric Hoffer<br />
|First Place Winner<br />
|-<br />
|Cornell Engineer Feature Article Competition<br />
|Cornell University College of Engineering<br />
|First Place Winner<br />
|-<br />
|Engineering College Magazines Association Awards<br />
|Engineering College Magazines Association<br />
|Best Editorial, Second Place Winner<br />
|-<br />
|Engineering College Magazines Association Awards<br />
|Engineering College Magazines Association<br />
|Best Editorial, All Issues, Second Place Winner<br />
|-<br />
|Griffith Observatory Science Writing Competition<br />
|Griffith Observatory<br />
|Honorable Mention Winner<br />
|-<br />
|International <i>Compuserve Magazine</i> Essay Competition<br />
|<i>Compuserve Magazine</i><br />
|First Place Winner<br />
|-<br />
|Nicolaus Copernicus International Essay Competition<br />
|American Council of Polish Cultural Clubs<br />
|First Place Winner, Senior Division<br />
|-<br />
|Tau Beta Pi Essay Competition<br />
|Tau Beta Pi Association<br />
|Honorable Mention Winner<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:1; column-count:1;"><br />
<references /><br />
</div><br />
<br />
==Technical Publications==<br />
<br />
===Probability and Statistics in Astronomy===<br />
1. Golden, Leslie M. (1971). “Evolution of Quasar Optical and Radio Luminosity,” ''Nature'', '''234''', 103.<br />
<br />
2. Golden, Leslie M. (1974). “Isotropy of Radio Source Populations from Comparison of Number - Flux Density Curves,” ''Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society'', '''166''', 383.<br />
<br />
3. Golden, Leslie M. (1974). “Observational Selection in the Identification of Quasars and Claims for Anisotropy,” ''Observatory'', '''94''', 122.<br />
<br />
4. Golden, Leslie M. (1979). “The Effect of Surface Roughness on the Transmission of Microwave Radiation Through a Planetary Surface,” ''Icarus'', '''38''', 451.<br />
<br />
===Technical Articles on Gambling===<br />
<br />
1. Golden, Les; Thompson-Hill, Jeremy; and Theobold, Rick (2008). “Has Online Gaming Reached Saturation Point?,” '' iGaming Business'', March/April, p.&nbsp;16-17.<br />
<br />
2 Golden, Les; Turner, Noah; and von Bar, Jens (2009). “The Death of the RNG,” '' iGaming Business'', July/August, p.&nbsp;56-59.<br />
<br />
3. Golden, Leslie M. (2011). “An Analysis of the Disadvantage to Players of Multiple Decks in the Game of 21.” ''The Mathematical Scientist'', ''' 32''', 2, p.&nbsp;57-69.<br />
<br />
===Peer-Reviewed Articles on Intergovernmental Cooperation===<br />
<br />
1. Golden, Leslie M. (2013), “The Optimal Allocation of Resources Among Competing Units of Government,” ''The Mathematical Scientist'', 38, 2, December <br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[http://www.geocities.ws/les_golden] Home Page<br />
*[http://www.mywikibiz.com/Les_Golden_(Interview)] An Interview With Les Golden<br />
*[http://www.mywikibiz.com/Near_Earth_Asteroid_Reconnaissance_Project] N.E.A.R.<br />
*[http://www.mywikibiz.com/University_of_California_Jazz_Ensembles] U.C. Jazz<br />
*[http://www.mywikibiz.com/KALX] KALX Radio 90.7 FM<br />
*[http://www.illinoisauthors.org/authors/Leslie_Morris_Golden] Illinois Authors Listing<br />
*[http://www.worldcat.org/title/laboratory-exercises-in-physics-for-modern-astronomy/oclc/773666079] World Catalog Listing<br />
*[http://www.betterworldbooks.com/les-golden-id-6136849941.aspx] Collected Writings<br />
*[http://www.librarything.com/profile/Les_Golden] Library Thing Listing<br />
*[http://www.authorsden.com/lesgolden] Authors Den Listing <br />
*[http://people.theiapolis.com/actor-B9C1/les-golden/sites/les-golden-actor-1000547.html] Theiapolis listing as actor<br />
*[http://lambiek.com/artists/g/golden_les.htm] Cartoonist listing at Comiclopedia<br />
*[http://www.creativehotlist.com/Individuals/details/198826] CreativeHotList<br />
*[https://www.evi.com/q/actors_from_oak_park,_illinois] Amazon.com EVI listing as Actor<br />
*[https://www.evi.com/q/comedians_from_oak_park,_illinois] Amazon.com EVI listing as Comedian<br />
*[https://www.evi.com/q/musicians_from_oak_park,_illinois] Amazon.com EVI listing as Musician<br />
*[https://www.evi.com/q/writers_from_oak_park,_illinois] Amazon.com EVI listing as Writer<br />
*[https://www.evi.com/q/activists_from_oak_park,_illinois] Amazon.com EVI listing as Animal Welfare and Environmental Activist<br />
*[https://www.evi.com/q/astronomers_from_oak_park,_illinois] Amazon.com EVI listing as Astronomer<br />
*[https://www.evi.com/q/playwrights_from_oak_park,_illinois] Amazon.com EVI listing as Playwright<br />
*[https://www.evi.com/q/scientists_from_oak_park,_illinois] Amazon.com EVI listing as Scientist<br />
*[https://www.evi.com/q/professors_from_oak_park,_illinois] Amazon.com EVI listing as Academic<br />
<br />
==Categories==<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Golden,Les}}<br />
[[Category:Academia]]<br />
[[Category:Actors]]<br />
[[Category:Theatre]]<br />
[[Category:American academics]]<br />
[[Category:American actor-politicians]]<br />
[[Category:American environmentalists]]<br />
[[Category:American essayists]]<br />
[[Category:Comics characters]]<br />
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[[Category:Research]]<br />
[[Category:Film theorists]]<br />
[[Category:American film actors]]<br />
[[Category:American stand-up comedians]]<br />
[[Category:American male singers]]<br />
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[[Category:Gambling games]] <br />
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[[Category:American writers]]<br />
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[[Category:Probability theory]]<br />
[[Category:Jewish actors]]<br />
[[Category:Jewish comedians]]<br />
[[Category:Jewish writers]]<br />
[[Category:Jewish environmentalists]]<br />
[[Category:Jewish writers]]<br />
[[Category:Jewish animal welfare advocates]]<br />
[[Category:Jewish academics]]<br />
[[Category:Jewish cartoonists]]<br />
[[Category:Jewish politicians]]<br />
[[Category:Jewish musicians]]<br />
[[Category:Jewish gambling writers]]<br />
[[Category:Jewish playwrights]]<br />
[[Category:Jewish bandleaders]]<br />
[[Category:Jewish astronomers]]<br />
[[Category:Notable residents of Oak Park Illinois]]<br />
[[Category:Notable residents of Illinois]]<br />
[[Category:Gambling writers]]<br />
[[Category:Acting]]<br />
[[Category:Activism]]<br />
[[Category:American astronomers]]<br />
[[Category:American columnists]]<br />
[[Category:American computer programmers]]<br />
[[Category:American entertainers]]<br />
[[Category:American film actors]]<br />
[[Category:American jazz trumpeters]]<br />
[[Category:American people of Jewish descent]]<br />
[[Category:American people of Polish-Jewish descent]]<br />
[[Category:American political writers]]<br />
[[Category:American scientists]]<br />
[[Category:American screenwriters]]<br />
[[Category:American stage actors]]<br />
[[Category:American voice actors]]<br />
[[Category:Animal Welfare]]<br />
[[Category:Astronomy]]<br />
[[Category:Authors]]<br />
[[Category:Blackjack]]<br />
[[Category:Celebrities]]<br />
[[Category:Celebrity Interviews]]<br />
[[Category:Jewish American writers]]<br />
[[Category:Jewish scientists]]<br />
[[Category:Illinois Republicans]]<br />
[[Category:Illinois politicians]]<br />
[[Category:Scientists from Illinois]]<br />
[[Category:Cornell University alumni]]<br />
[[Category:Astrophysicists]]<br />
[[Category:University of California Berkeley alumni]]</div>Drlesmgoldenhttps://mywikibiz.com/index.php?title=Category:College_basketball_announcers&diff=480489Category:College basketball announcers2022-04-12T16:32:29Z<p>Drlesmgolden: Created blank page</p>
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<div></div>Drlesmgoldenhttps://mywikibiz.com/index.php?title=Category:American_comedians&diff=480473Category:American comedians2022-03-07T01:32:07Z<p>Drlesmgolden: Created blank page</p>
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<div></div>Drlesmgoldenhttps://mywikibiz.com/index.php?title=Category:American_film_actors&diff=480472Category:American film actors2022-03-07T01:28:45Z<p>Drlesmgolden: Created blank page</p>
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<div></div>Drlesmgoldenhttps://mywikibiz.com/index.php?title=Category:American_stand-up_comedians&diff=480471Category:American stand-up comedians2022-03-07T01:28:06Z<p>Drlesmgolden: Created blank page</p>
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<div></div>Drlesmgoldenhttps://mywikibiz.com/index.php?title=Category:American_sports_announcers&diff=480470Category:American sports announcers2022-03-07T01:27:40Z<p>Drlesmgolden: Created blank page</p>
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<div></div>Drlesmgoldenhttps://mywikibiz.com/index.php?title=Les_Shapiro&diff=480469Les Shapiro2022-03-07T01:27:16Z<p>Drlesmgolden: /* References */</p>
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<div>'''Leslie Mark (“Les”) Shapiro''' (March 4, 1956 – January 29, 2022) was an American sports media figure, an anchor for [[CBS Sports]], and a host of the [[ESPN]] radio talk program, in [[Denver]], Colorado.<ref>Hauser, Jeff (2022), “Les Shapiro, Colorado sports broadcast legend, passes away at 65,” January 30;<br />
https://www.msn.com/en-us/sports/ncaafb/les-shapiro-colorado-sports-broadcast-legend-passes-away-at-65/ar-AATjfhp</ref><br />
<ref>{{cite web|last=Saunders |first=Dusty |url=http://www.denverpost.com/sports/ci_15562708 |title=Les Shapiro gets new sports radio gig |publisher=The Denver Post |date=July 21, 2010 |accessdate=March 8, 2015}}</ref> He was the play-by-play voice of the [[Bradley University]] athletic teams in [[Peoria, Illinois]], before obtaining the post of sports anchor on the Denver [[CBS]] affiliate, CBS4, and later the [[Fox Broadcasting Company|Fox TV]] affiliate, both of which featured him as the voice of the [[Denver Broncos]]. He was a frequent master of ceremonies for charitable events in the Denver area.<ref>{{cite web|title=Recently seen on "Have You Met"|url=https://www.blacktie-colorado.com/have-you-met/archive-detail.cfm?id=249|url-status=dead|accessdate=June 15, 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102172956/https://www.blacktie-colorado.com/have-you-met/archive-detail.cfm?id=249|archivedate=November 2, 2013}}</ref> One of his two sons is a free-lance film producer and song writer in [[Los Angeles]].<br />
<br />
==Early life==<br />
Leslie Mark Shapiro was an observant Jew, named after his maternal grandfather Morris (Eliezer Moshe) Eisenberg. Born in Rogers Park, near the lake front on the north side of [[Chicago, Illinois]], then a Jewish neighborhood, and raised in [[Morton Grove, Illinois]], [[Skokie, Illinois]], and [[Wilmette, Illinois]], he was graduated in mass communications from [[Arizona State University]]. .<ref>{{cite web|last=Saunders |first=Dusty |url=http://www.denverpost.com/sports/ci_15562708 |title=Les Shapiro gets new sports radio gig |publisher=The Denver Post |date=July 21, 2010 |accessdate=March 8, 2015}}</ref> Shapiro grew up in a sports-loving family. His father, Jordan Shapiro, a Navy veteran, and uncle, Sherwin Shapiro, owner of "Sherwins," a high-end women's clothing retailer first on Oakton Street in [[Skokie, Illinois]] and then on Happ Road in [[Northfield, Illinois]], were avid fans of Chicago sports teams. Shapiro excelled in youth sports before playing baseball as a pitcher at [[New Trier High School]]. He married the girl he had courted since high school. They were married for thirty-eight years. The Shapiro family relocated to Scottsdale in 1975 after many years in the northern suburbs of Chicago.<br />
<br />
==Career==<br />
Shapiro started his career as a news writer and producer for KPNX-TV in [[Phoenix, Arizona]]. He then worked as a sports anchor for WEEK-TV in [[Peoria, Illinois]], before moving to Denver in 1983. .<ref>{{cite web|last=Saunders |first=Dusty |url=http://www.denverpost.com/sports/ci_15562708 |title=Les Shapiro gets new sports radio gig |publisher=The Denver Post |date=July 21, 2010 |accessdate=March 8, 2015}}</ref> He was employed as a sports reporter and anchor by [[KCNC-TV]], CBS4, for fifteen years from 1984 to 1999. .<ref>{{cite web|last=Saunders |first=Dusty |url=http://www.denverpost.com/sports/ci_15562708 |title=Les Shapiro gets new sports radio gig |publisher=The Denver Post |date=July 21, 2010 |accessdate=March 8, 2015}}</ref> <br />
<br />
After leaving CBS4, Shapiro worked for FOX-31, ESPN Radio, and Mile High Sports radio. He also served as the master of ceremonies for many charitable functions around Denver, at which he would also display his considerable singing talent.<ref>{{Cite news|date=January 29, 2022|title=Les Shapiro, Former CBS4 Sports Anchor, Passes Away|url=https://denver.cbslocal.com/2022/01/29/les-shapiro-cbs4-sports/|access-date=January 30, 2022|work=[[KCNC-TV]]|language=en-US}}</ref> He covered the Broncos Super Bowl victories in 1998 and 1999, the Avalanche’s first Stanley Cup championship, the inaugural season of the Colorado Rockies and performed the play-by-play for the station’s coverage of the University of Colorado Boulder football.<br />
<br />
Shapiro was noted for mentoring other local reporters and broadcasters, such as [[Adam Schefter]] and Vic Lombardi.<ref name=Saunders/><ref name=Mullen/> He also served as the master of ceremonies for many charitable functions around Denver, at which he would also display his considerable singing talent.<ref name=Christensen/><br />
<br />
Shapiro left Mile High Sports in February 2020 after relocating to Arizona. Two months later, he partnered with Lombardi – a [[prostate cancer]] survivor<ref name=Saunders/> – to create a podcast called "We Are Unstoppable". It was intended to "shar[e] inspirational stories from great athletes, celebrities, and the most brilliant minds in medicine on how to beat adversity to win in life",<ref name=Saunders/> and included guests such as [[Joe Theismann]] and [[Verne Lundquist]]. It was paused in the spring of 2021 when Shapiro's health deteriorated.<ref name=Mullen/><br />
<br />
He was partners in a popular Denver restaurant with former [[Chicago Cubs]] pitcher and [[Cy Young]] Award winner [[Steve Stone]].<br />
<br />
==Personal life==<br />
Shapiro was married for 38 years until his death. They met while in high school. Together, they had two children: Jessie and Cary. He and his wife moved to [[Scottsdale, Arizona]], in February 2020.<ref name=Saunders/><ref>{{cite news|title=Les Shapiro Leaving Mile High Sports in Denver|url=https://barrettsportsmedia.com/2020/02/27/les-shapiro-leaving-mile-high-sports-in-denver/|first=Brandon|last=Contes|date=February 27, 2020|access-date=February 2, 2022|newspaper=The Denver Post}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Illness and death==<br />
<br />
Shapiro died at his home in Scottsdale, Arizona on January 29, 2022, at the age of 65 after a five-year-long battle with lung cancer. He was never a smoker. <ref>{{cite news|date=January 29, 2022|title=Former Denver Sports Anchor Les Shapiro Passes Away|publisher=[[KDVR]]|url=https://kdvr.com/news/local/former-denver-sports-anchor-les-shapiro-passes-away/|access-date=January 30, 2022}}</ref> He was predeceased by his parents Jordan and Fran and his younger brother David Zev. He leaves his two sons, his wife, and his sister Karyn of Phoenix.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:1950s births]]<br />
[[Category:2022 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:People from Morton Grove, Illinois]]<br />
[[Category:American sports announcers]]<br />
[[Category:American people of Jewish descent]]<br />
[[Category:Walter Cronkite School of Journalism and Mass Communication alumni]]<br />
[[Category:ESPN announcers]]<br />
[[Category:Radio personalities from Denver]]<br />
[[Category:People from Chicago]]<br />
[[Category:People from Wilmette, Illinois]]<br />
[[Category:People from Scottsdale, Arizona]]<br />
[[Category:People from Skokie, Illinois]]<br />
[[Category:Deaths from lung cancer]]<br />
[[Category:Deaths from cancer in Arizona]]<br />
[[Category:American entertainers]]</div>Drlesmgoldenhttps://mywikibiz.com/index.php?title=Category:American_entertainers&diff=480468Category:American entertainers2022-03-07T01:26:39Z<p>Drlesmgolden: Created blank page</p>
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<div></div>Drlesmgoldenhttps://mywikibiz.com/index.php?title=The_Contribution_of_Artificial_Turf_to_Global_Warming&diff=480464The Contribution of Artificial Turf to Global Warming2022-03-05T13:39:36Z<p>Drlesmgolden: Created page with "<b>The Contribution of Artificial Turf to Global Warming</b> Published in the December, 2021, issue of <i>Sustainability and Climate Change</i> journal. To cite this paper:..."</p>
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<div><b>The Contribution of Artificial Turf to Global Warming</b><br />
Published in the December, 2021, issue of <i>Sustainability and Climate Change</i> journal.<br />
<br />
To cite this paper:<br />
<br />
Golden, Leslie M. (2021) <i>Sustainability and Climate Change</i>, December, 436-449.<br />
<br />
http://doi.org/10.1089/scc.2021.0038<br />
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<div></div>Drlesmgoldenhttps://mywikibiz.com/index.php?title=Les_Shapiro&diff=480449Les Shapiro2022-02-04T21:40:32Z<p>Drlesmgolden: /* References */</p>
<hr />
<div>'''Leslie Mark (“Les”) Shapiro''' (March 4, 1956 – January 29, 2022) was an American sports media figure, an anchor for [[CBS Sports]], and a host of the [[ESPN]] radio talk program, in [[Denver]], Colorado.<ref>Hauser, Jeff (2022), “Les Shapiro, Colorado sports broadcast legend, passes away at 65,” January 30;<br />
https://www.msn.com/en-us/sports/ncaafb/les-shapiro-colorado-sports-broadcast-legend-passes-away-at-65/ar-AATjfhp</ref><br />
<ref>{{cite web|last=Saunders |first=Dusty |url=http://www.denverpost.com/sports/ci_15562708 |title=Les Shapiro gets new sports radio gig |publisher=The Denver Post |date=July 21, 2010 |accessdate=March 8, 2015}}</ref> He was the play-by-play voice of the [[Bradley University]] athletic teams in [[Peoria, Illinois]], before obtaining the post of sports anchor on the Denver [[CBS]] affiliate, CBS4, and later the [[Fox Broadcasting Company|Fox TV]] affiliate, both of which featured him as the voice of the [[Denver Broncos]]. He was a frequent master of ceremonies for charitable events in the Denver area.<ref>{{cite web|title=Recently seen on "Have You Met"|url=https://www.blacktie-colorado.com/have-you-met/archive-detail.cfm?id=249|url-status=dead|accessdate=June 15, 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102172956/https://www.blacktie-colorado.com/have-you-met/archive-detail.cfm?id=249|archivedate=November 2, 2013}}</ref> One of his two sons is a free-lance film producer and song writer in [[Los Angeles]].<br />
<br />
==Early life==<br />
Leslie Mark Shapiro was an observant Jew, named after his maternal grandfather Morris (Eliezer Moshe) Eisenberg. Born in Rogers Park, near the lake front on the north side of [[Chicago, Illinois]], then a Jewish neighborhood, and raised in [[Morton Grove, Illinois]], [[Skokie, Illinois]], and [[Wilmette, Illinois]], he was graduated in mass communications from [[Arizona State University]]. .<ref>{{cite web|last=Saunders |first=Dusty |url=http://www.denverpost.com/sports/ci_15562708 |title=Les Shapiro gets new sports radio gig |publisher=The Denver Post |date=July 21, 2010 |accessdate=March 8, 2015}}</ref> Shapiro grew up in a sports-loving family. His father, Jordan Shapiro, a Navy veteran, and uncle, Sherwin Shapiro, owner of "Sherwins," a high-end women's clothing retailer first on Oakton Street in [[Skokie, Illinois]] and then on Happ Road in [[Northfield, Illinois]], were avid fans of Chicago sports teams. Shapiro excelled in youth sports before playing baseball as a pitcher at [[New Trier High School]]. He married the girl he had courted since high school. They were married for thirty-eight years. The Shapiro family relocated to Scottsdale in 1975 after many years in the northern suburbs of Chicago.<br />
<br />
==Career==<br />
Shapiro started his career as a news writer and producer for KPNX-TV in [[Phoenix, Arizona]]. He then worked as a sports anchor for WEEK-TV in [[Peoria, Illinois]], before moving to Denver in 1983. .<ref>{{cite web|last=Saunders |first=Dusty |url=http://www.denverpost.com/sports/ci_15562708 |title=Les Shapiro gets new sports radio gig |publisher=The Denver Post |date=July 21, 2010 |accessdate=March 8, 2015}}</ref> He was employed as a sports reporter and anchor by [[KCNC-TV]], CBS4, for fifteen years from 1984 to 1999. .<ref>{{cite web|last=Saunders |first=Dusty |url=http://www.denverpost.com/sports/ci_15562708 |title=Les Shapiro gets new sports radio gig |publisher=The Denver Post |date=July 21, 2010 |accessdate=March 8, 2015}}</ref> <br />
<br />
After leaving CBS4, Shapiro worked for FOX-31, ESPN Radio, and Mile High Sports radio. He also served as the master of ceremonies for many charitable functions around Denver, at which he would also display his considerable singing talent.<ref>{{Cite news|date=January 29, 2022|title=Les Shapiro, Former CBS4 Sports Anchor, Passes Away|url=https://denver.cbslocal.com/2022/01/29/les-shapiro-cbs4-sports/|access-date=January 30, 2022|work=[[KCNC-TV]]|language=en-US}}</ref> He covered the Broncos Super Bowl victories in 1998 and 1999, the Avalanche’s first Stanley Cup championship, the inaugural season of the Colorado Rockies and performed the play-by-play for the station’s coverage of the University of Colorado Boulder football.<br />
<br />
Shapiro was noted for mentoring other local reporters and broadcasters, such as [[Adam Schefter]] and Vic Lombardi.<ref name=Saunders/><ref name=Mullen/> He also served as the master of ceremonies for many charitable functions around Denver, at which he would also display his considerable singing talent.<ref name=Christensen/><br />
<br />
Shapiro left Mile High Sports in February 2020 after relocating to Arizona. Two months later, he partnered with Lombardi – a [[prostate cancer]] survivor<ref name=Saunders/> – to create a podcast called "We Are Unstoppable". It was intended to "shar[e] inspirational stories from great athletes, celebrities, and the most brilliant minds in medicine on how to beat adversity to win in life",<ref name=Saunders/> and included guests such as [[Joe Theismann]] and [[Verne Lundquist]]. It was paused in the spring of 2021 when Shapiro's health deteriorated.<ref name=Mullen/><br />
<br />
He was partners in a popular Denver restaurant with former [[Chicago Cubs]] pitcher and [[Cy Young]] Award winner [[Steve Stone]].<br />
<br />
==Personal life==<br />
Shapiro was married for 38 years until his death. They met while in high school. Together, they had two children: Jessie and Cary. He and his wife moved to [[Scottsdale, Arizona]], in February 2020.<ref name=Saunders/><ref>{{cite news|title=Les Shapiro Leaving Mile High Sports in Denver|url=https://barrettsportsmedia.com/2020/02/27/les-shapiro-leaving-mile-high-sports-in-denver/|first=Brandon|last=Contes|date=February 27, 2020|access-date=February 2, 2022|newspaper=The Denver Post}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Illness and death==<br />
<br />
Shapiro died at his home in Scottsdale, Arizona on January 29, 2022, at the age of 65 after a five-year-long battle with lung cancer. He was never a smoker. <ref>{{cite news|date=January 29, 2022|title=Former Denver Sports Anchor Les Shapiro Passes Away|publisher=[[KDVR]]|url=https://kdvr.com/news/local/former-denver-sports-anchor-les-shapiro-passes-away/|access-date=January 30, 2022}}</ref> He was predeceased by his parents Jordan and Fran and his younger brother David Zev. He leaves his two sons, his wife, and his sister Karyn of Phoenix.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:1950s births]]<br />
[[Category:2022 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:People from Morton Grove, Illinois]]<br />
[[Category:American sports announcers]]<br />
[[Category:American people of Jewish descent]]<br />
[[Category:Walter Cronkite School of Journalism and Mass Communication alumni]]<br />
[[Category:ESPN announcers]]<br />
[[Category:Radio personalities from Denver]]<br />
[[Category:People from Chicago]]<br />
[[Category:People from Wilmette, Illinois]]<br />
[[Category:People from Scottsdale, Arizona]]<br />
[[Category:People from Skokie, Illinois]]<br />
[[Category:Deaths from lung cancer]]<br />
[[Category:Deaths from cancer in Arizona]]</div>Drlesmgoldenhttps://mywikibiz.com/index.php?title=Les_Shapiro&diff=480448Les Shapiro2022-02-04T21:37:32Z<p>Drlesmgolden: /* Early life */</p>
<hr />
<div>'''Leslie Mark (“Les”) Shapiro''' (March 4, 1956 – January 29, 2022) was an American sports media figure, an anchor for [[CBS Sports]], and a host of the [[ESPN]] radio talk program, in [[Denver]], Colorado.<ref>Hauser, Jeff (2022), “Les Shapiro, Colorado sports broadcast legend, passes away at 65,” January 30;<br />
https://www.msn.com/en-us/sports/ncaafb/les-shapiro-colorado-sports-broadcast-legend-passes-away-at-65/ar-AATjfhp</ref><br />
<ref>{{cite web|last=Saunders |first=Dusty |url=http://www.denverpost.com/sports/ci_15562708 |title=Les Shapiro gets new sports radio gig |publisher=The Denver Post |date=July 21, 2010 |accessdate=March 8, 2015}}</ref> He was the play-by-play voice of the [[Bradley University]] athletic teams in [[Peoria, Illinois]], before obtaining the post of sports anchor on the Denver [[CBS]] affiliate, CBS4, and later the [[Fox Broadcasting Company|Fox TV]] affiliate, both of which featured him as the voice of the [[Denver Broncos]]. He was a frequent master of ceremonies for charitable events in the Denver area.<ref>{{cite web|title=Recently seen on "Have You Met"|url=https://www.blacktie-colorado.com/have-you-met/archive-detail.cfm?id=249|url-status=dead|accessdate=June 15, 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102172956/https://www.blacktie-colorado.com/have-you-met/archive-detail.cfm?id=249|archivedate=November 2, 2013}}</ref> One of his two sons is a free-lance film producer and song writer in [[Los Angeles]].<br />
<br />
==Early life==<br />
Leslie Mark Shapiro was an observant Jew, named after his maternal grandfather Morris (Eliezer Moshe) Eisenberg. Born in Rogers Park, near the lake front on the north side of [[Chicago, Illinois]], then a Jewish neighborhood, and raised in [[Morton Grove, Illinois]], [[Skokie, Illinois]], and [[Wilmette, Illinois]], he was graduated in mass communications from [[Arizona State University]]. .<ref>{{cite web|last=Saunders |first=Dusty |url=http://www.denverpost.com/sports/ci_15562708 |title=Les Shapiro gets new sports radio gig |publisher=The Denver Post |date=July 21, 2010 |accessdate=March 8, 2015}}</ref> Shapiro grew up in a sports-loving family. His father, Jordan Shapiro, a Navy veteran, and uncle, Sherwin Shapiro, owner of "Sherwins," a high-end women's clothing retailer first on Oakton Street in [[Skokie, Illinois]] and then on Happ Road in [[Northfield, Illinois]], were avid fans of Chicago sports teams. Shapiro excelled in youth sports before playing baseball as a pitcher at [[New Trier High School]]. He married the girl he had courted since high school. They were married for thirty-eight years. The Shapiro family relocated to Scottsdale in 1975 after many years in the northern suburbs of Chicago.<br />
<br />
==Career==<br />
Shapiro started his career as a news writer and producer for KPNX-TV in [[Phoenix, Arizona]]. He then worked as a sports anchor for WEEK-TV in [[Peoria, Illinois]], before moving to Denver in 1983. .<ref>{{cite web|last=Saunders |first=Dusty |url=http://www.denverpost.com/sports/ci_15562708 |title=Les Shapiro gets new sports radio gig |publisher=The Denver Post |date=July 21, 2010 |accessdate=March 8, 2015}}</ref> He was employed as a sports reporter and anchor by [[KCNC-TV]], CBS4, for fifteen years from 1984 to 1999. .<ref>{{cite web|last=Saunders |first=Dusty |url=http://www.denverpost.com/sports/ci_15562708 |title=Les Shapiro gets new sports radio gig |publisher=The Denver Post |date=July 21, 2010 |accessdate=March 8, 2015}}</ref> <br />
<br />
After leaving CBS4, Shapiro worked for FOX-31, ESPN Radio, and Mile High Sports radio. He also served as the master of ceremonies for many charitable functions around Denver, at which he would also display his considerable singing talent.<ref>{{Cite news|date=January 29, 2022|title=Les Shapiro, Former CBS4 Sports Anchor, Passes Away|url=https://denver.cbslocal.com/2022/01/29/les-shapiro-cbs4-sports/|access-date=January 30, 2022|work=[[KCNC-TV]]|language=en-US}}</ref> He covered the Broncos Super Bowl victories in 1998 and 1999, the Avalanche’s first Stanley Cup championship, the inaugural season of the Colorado Rockies and performed the play-by-play for the station’s coverage of the University of Colorado Boulder football.<br />
<br />
Shapiro was noted for mentoring other local reporters and broadcasters, such as [[Adam Schefter]] and Vic Lombardi.<ref name=Saunders/><ref name=Mullen/> He also served as the master of ceremonies for many charitable functions around Denver, at which he would also display his considerable singing talent.<ref name=Christensen/><br />
<br />
Shapiro left Mile High Sports in February 2020 after relocating to Arizona. Two months later, he partnered with Lombardi – a [[prostate cancer]] survivor<ref name=Saunders/> – to create a podcast called "We Are Unstoppable". It was intended to "shar[e] inspirational stories from great athletes, celebrities, and the most brilliant minds in medicine on how to beat adversity to win in life",<ref name=Saunders/> and included guests such as [[Joe Theismann]] and [[Verne Lundquist]]. It was paused in the spring of 2021 when Shapiro's health deteriorated.<ref name=Mullen/><br />
<br />
He was partners in a popular Denver restaurant with former [[Chicago Cubs]] pitcher and [[Cy Young]] Award winner [[Steve Stone]].<br />
<br />
==Personal life==<br />
Shapiro was married for 38 years until his death. They met while in high school. Together, they had two children: Jessie and Cary. He and his wife moved to [[Scottsdale, Arizona]], in February 2020.<ref name=Saunders/><ref>{{cite news|title=Les Shapiro Leaving Mile High Sports in Denver|url=https://barrettsportsmedia.com/2020/02/27/les-shapiro-leaving-mile-high-sports-in-denver/|first=Brandon|last=Contes|date=February 27, 2020|access-date=February 2, 2022|newspaper=The Denver Post}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Illness and death==<br />
<br />
Shapiro died at his home in Scottsdale, Arizona on January 29, 2022, at the age of 65 after a five-year-long battle with lung cancer. He was never a smoker. <ref>{{cite news|date=January 29, 2022|title=Former Denver Sports Anchor Les Shapiro Passes Away|publisher=[[KDVR]]|url=https://kdvr.com/news/local/former-denver-sports-anchor-les-shapiro-passes-away/|access-date=January 30, 2022}}</ref> He was predeceased by his parents Jordan and Fran and his younger brother David Zev. He leaves his two sons, his wife, and his sister Karyn of Phoenix.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:1950s births]]<br />
[[Category:2022 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:People from Morton Grove, Illinois]]<br />
[[Category:American sports announcers]]<br />
[[Category:American people of Jewish descent]]<br />
[[Category:Walter Cronkite School of Journalism and Mass Communication alumni]]<br />
[[Category:ESPN announcers]]<br />
[[Category:Radio personalities from Denver]]<br />
[[Category:People from Chicago]]<br />
[[Category:People from Wilmette, Illinois]]<br />
[[Category:People from Scottsdale, Arizona]]<br />
[[Category:Deaths from lung cancer]]<br />
[[Category:Deaths from cancer in Arizona]]</div>Drlesmgoldenhttps://mywikibiz.com/index.php?title=Les_Shapiro&diff=480447Les Shapiro2022-02-04T21:34:30Z<p>Drlesmgolden: /* Early life */</p>
<hr />
<div>'''Leslie Mark (“Les”) Shapiro''' (March 4, 1956 – January 29, 2022) was an American sports media figure, an anchor for [[CBS Sports]], and a host of the [[ESPN]] radio talk program, in [[Denver]], Colorado.<ref>Hauser, Jeff (2022), “Les Shapiro, Colorado sports broadcast legend, passes away at 65,” January 30;<br />
https://www.msn.com/en-us/sports/ncaafb/les-shapiro-colorado-sports-broadcast-legend-passes-away-at-65/ar-AATjfhp</ref><br />
<ref>{{cite web|last=Saunders |first=Dusty |url=http://www.denverpost.com/sports/ci_15562708 |title=Les Shapiro gets new sports radio gig |publisher=The Denver Post |date=July 21, 2010 |accessdate=March 8, 2015}}</ref> He was the play-by-play voice of the [[Bradley University]] athletic teams in [[Peoria, Illinois]], before obtaining the post of sports anchor on the Denver [[CBS]] affiliate, CBS4, and later the [[Fox Broadcasting Company|Fox TV]] affiliate, both of which featured him as the voice of the [[Denver Broncos]]. He was a frequent master of ceremonies for charitable events in the Denver area.<ref>{{cite web|title=Recently seen on "Have You Met"|url=https://www.blacktie-colorado.com/have-you-met/archive-detail.cfm?id=249|url-status=dead|accessdate=June 15, 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102172956/https://www.blacktie-colorado.com/have-you-met/archive-detail.cfm?id=249|archivedate=November 2, 2013}}</ref> One of his two sons is a free-lance film producer and song writer in [[Los Angeles]].<br />
<br />
==Early life==<br />
Leslie Mark Shapiro was an observant Jew, named after his maternal grandfather Morris (Eliezer Moshe) Eisenberg. Born in Rogers Park, then a Jewish neighborhood near the lake front on the north side of [[Chicago, Illinois]], and raised in [[Morton Grove, Illinois]], [[Skokie, Illinois]], and [[Wilmette, Illinois]], he was graduated in mass communications from [[Arizona State University]]. .<ref>{{cite web|last=Saunders |first=Dusty |url=http://www.denverpost.com/sports/ci_15562708 |title=Les Shapiro gets new sports radio gig |publisher=The Denver Post |date=July 21, 2010 |accessdate=March 8, 2015}}</ref> Shapiro grew up in a sports-loving family. His father, Jordan Shapiro, a Navy veteran, and uncle, Sherwin Shapiro, owner of "Sherwins," a high-end women's clothing retailer first on Oakton Street in [[Skokie, Illinois]] and then on Happ Road in [[Northfield, Illinois]], were avid fans of Chicago sports teams. Shapiro excelled in youth sports before playing baseball as a pitcher at [[New Trier High School]]. He married the girl he had courted since high school. They were married for thirty-eight years. The Shapiro family relocated to Scottsdale in 1975 after many years in the northern suburbs of Chicago.<br />
<br />
==Career==<br />
Shapiro started his career as a news writer and producer for KPNX-TV in [[Phoenix, Arizona]]. He then worked as a sports anchor for WEEK-TV in [[Peoria, Illinois]], before moving to Denver in 1983. .<ref>{{cite web|last=Saunders |first=Dusty |url=http://www.denverpost.com/sports/ci_15562708 |title=Les Shapiro gets new sports radio gig |publisher=The Denver Post |date=July 21, 2010 |accessdate=March 8, 2015}}</ref> He was employed as a sports reporter and anchor by [[KCNC-TV]], CBS4, for fifteen years from 1984 to 1999. .<ref>{{cite web|last=Saunders |first=Dusty |url=http://www.denverpost.com/sports/ci_15562708 |title=Les Shapiro gets new sports radio gig |publisher=The Denver Post |date=July 21, 2010 |accessdate=March 8, 2015}}</ref> <br />
<br />
After leaving CBS4, Shapiro worked for FOX-31, ESPN Radio, and Mile High Sports radio. He also served as the master of ceremonies for many charitable functions around Denver, at which he would also display his considerable singing talent.<ref>{{Cite news|date=January 29, 2022|title=Les Shapiro, Former CBS4 Sports Anchor, Passes Away|url=https://denver.cbslocal.com/2022/01/29/les-shapiro-cbs4-sports/|access-date=January 30, 2022|work=[[KCNC-TV]]|language=en-US}}</ref> He covered the Broncos Super Bowl victories in 1998 and 1999, the Avalanche’s first Stanley Cup championship, the inaugural season of the Colorado Rockies and performed the play-by-play for the station’s coverage of the University of Colorado Boulder football.<br />
<br />
Shapiro was noted for mentoring other local reporters and broadcasters, such as [[Adam Schefter]] and Vic Lombardi.<ref name=Saunders/><ref name=Mullen/> He also served as the master of ceremonies for many charitable functions around Denver, at which he would also display his considerable singing talent.<ref name=Christensen/><br />
<br />
Shapiro left Mile High Sports in February 2020 after relocating to Arizona. Two months later, he partnered with Lombardi – a [[prostate cancer]] survivor<ref name=Saunders/> – to create a podcast called "We Are Unstoppable". It was intended to "shar[e] inspirational stories from great athletes, celebrities, and the most brilliant minds in medicine on how to beat adversity to win in life",<ref name=Saunders/> and included guests such as [[Joe Theismann]] and [[Verne Lundquist]]. It was paused in the spring of 2021 when Shapiro's health deteriorated.<ref name=Mullen/><br />
<br />
He was partners in a popular Denver restaurant with former [[Chicago Cubs]] pitcher and [[Cy Young]] Award winner [[Steve Stone]].<br />
<br />
==Personal life==<br />
Shapiro was married for 38 years until his death. They met while in high school. Together, they had two children: Jessie and Cary. He and his wife moved to [[Scottsdale, Arizona]], in February 2020.<ref name=Saunders/><ref>{{cite news|title=Les Shapiro Leaving Mile High Sports in Denver|url=https://barrettsportsmedia.com/2020/02/27/les-shapiro-leaving-mile-high-sports-in-denver/|first=Brandon|last=Contes|date=February 27, 2020|access-date=February 2, 2022|newspaper=The Denver Post}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Illness and death==<br />
<br />
Shapiro died at his home in Scottsdale, Arizona on January 29, 2022, at the age of 65 after a five-year-long battle with lung cancer. He was never a smoker. <ref>{{cite news|date=January 29, 2022|title=Former Denver Sports Anchor Les Shapiro Passes Away|publisher=[[KDVR]]|url=https://kdvr.com/news/local/former-denver-sports-anchor-les-shapiro-passes-away/|access-date=January 30, 2022}}</ref> He was predeceased by his parents Jordan and Fran and his younger brother David Zev. He leaves his two sons, his wife, and his sister Karyn of Phoenix.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:1950s births]]<br />
[[Category:2022 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:People from Morton Grove, Illinois]]<br />
[[Category:American sports announcers]]<br />
[[Category:American people of Jewish descent]]<br />
[[Category:Walter Cronkite School of Journalism and Mass Communication alumni]]<br />
[[Category:ESPN announcers]]<br />
[[Category:Radio personalities from Denver]]<br />
[[Category:People from Chicago]]<br />
[[Category:People from Wilmette, Illinois]]<br />
[[Category:People from Scottsdale, Arizona]]<br />
[[Category:Deaths from lung cancer]]<br />
[[Category:Deaths from cancer in Arizona]]</div>Drlesmgoldenhttps://mywikibiz.com/index.php?title=Les_Shapiro&diff=480446Les Shapiro2022-02-03T23:18:37Z<p>Drlesmgolden: </p>
<hr />
<div>'''Leslie Mark (“Les”) Shapiro''' (March 4, 1956 – January 29, 2022) was an American sports media figure, an anchor for [[CBS Sports]], and a host of the [[ESPN]] radio talk program, in [[Denver]], Colorado.<ref>Hauser, Jeff (2022), “Les Shapiro, Colorado sports broadcast legend, passes away at 65,” January 30;<br />
https://www.msn.com/en-us/sports/ncaafb/les-shapiro-colorado-sports-broadcast-legend-passes-away-at-65/ar-AATjfhp</ref><br />
<ref>{{cite web|last=Saunders |first=Dusty |url=http://www.denverpost.com/sports/ci_15562708 |title=Les Shapiro gets new sports radio gig |publisher=The Denver Post |date=July 21, 2010 |accessdate=March 8, 2015}}</ref> He was the play-by-play voice of the [[Bradley University]] athletic teams in [[Peoria, Illinois]], before obtaining the post of sports anchor on the Denver [[CBS]] affiliate, CBS4, and later the [[Fox Broadcasting Company|Fox TV]] affiliate, both of which featured him as the voice of the [[Denver Broncos]]. He was a frequent master of ceremonies for charitable events in the Denver area.<ref>{{cite web|title=Recently seen on "Have You Met"|url=https://www.blacktie-colorado.com/have-you-met/archive-detail.cfm?id=249|url-status=dead|accessdate=June 15, 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102172956/https://www.blacktie-colorado.com/have-you-met/archive-detail.cfm?id=249|archivedate=November 2, 2013}}</ref> One of his two sons is a free-lance film producer and song writer in [[Los Angeles]].<br />
<br />
==Early life==<br />
Leslie Mark Shapiro was an observant Jew, named after his maternal grandfather Morris (Eliezer Moshe) Eisenberg. Born in a Jewish neighborhood near the lake front on the north side of [[Chicago, Illinois]], and raised in [[Morton Grove, Illinois]] and [[Wilmette, Illinois]], he was graduated in mass communications from [[Arizona State University]]. .<ref>{{cite web|last=Saunders |first=Dusty |url=http://www.denverpost.com/sports/ci_15562708 |title=Les Shapiro gets new sports radio gig |publisher=The Denver Post |date=July 21, 2010 |accessdate=March 8, 2015}}</ref> Shapiro grew up in a sports-loving family. His father, Jordan Shapiro, a Navy veteran, and uncle, Sherwin Shapiro, owner of "Sherwins," a high-end women's clothing retailer first on Oakton Street in [[Skokie, Illinois]] and then on Happ Road in [[Northfield, Illinois]], were avid fans of Chicago sports teams. Shapiro excelled in youth sports before playing baseball as a pitcher at [[New Trier High School]]. He married the girl he had courted since high school. They were married for thirty-eight years. The Shapiro family relocated to Scottsdale in 1975 after many years in the northern suburbs of Chicago.<br />
<br />
==Career==<br />
Shapiro started his career as a news writer and producer for KPNX-TV in [[Phoenix, Arizona]]. He then worked as a sports anchor for WEEK-TV in [[Peoria, Illinois]], before moving to Denver in 1983. .<ref>{{cite web|last=Saunders |first=Dusty |url=http://www.denverpost.com/sports/ci_15562708 |title=Les Shapiro gets new sports radio gig |publisher=The Denver Post |date=July 21, 2010 |accessdate=March 8, 2015}}</ref> He was employed as a sports reporter and anchor by [[KCNC-TV]], CBS4, for fifteen years from 1984 to 1999. .<ref>{{cite web|last=Saunders |first=Dusty |url=http://www.denverpost.com/sports/ci_15562708 |title=Les Shapiro gets new sports radio gig |publisher=The Denver Post |date=July 21, 2010 |accessdate=March 8, 2015}}</ref> <br />
<br />
After leaving CBS4, Shapiro worked for FOX-31, ESPN Radio, and Mile High Sports radio. He also served as the master of ceremonies for many charitable functions around Denver, at which he would also display his considerable singing talent.<ref>{{Cite news|date=January 29, 2022|title=Les Shapiro, Former CBS4 Sports Anchor, Passes Away|url=https://denver.cbslocal.com/2022/01/29/les-shapiro-cbs4-sports/|access-date=January 30, 2022|work=[[KCNC-TV]]|language=en-US}}</ref> He covered the Broncos Super Bowl victories in 1998 and 1999, the Avalanche’s first Stanley Cup championship, the inaugural season of the Colorado Rockies and performed the play-by-play for the station’s coverage of the University of Colorado Boulder football.<br />
<br />
Shapiro was noted for mentoring other local reporters and broadcasters, such as [[Adam Schefter]] and Vic Lombardi.<ref name=Saunders/><ref name=Mullen/> He also served as the master of ceremonies for many charitable functions around Denver, at which he would also display his considerable singing talent.<ref name=Christensen/><br />
<br />
Shapiro left Mile High Sports in February 2020 after relocating to Arizona. Two months later, he partnered with Lombardi – a [[prostate cancer]] survivor<ref name=Saunders/> – to create a podcast called "We Are Unstoppable". It was intended to "shar[e] inspirational stories from great athletes, celebrities, and the most brilliant minds in medicine on how to beat adversity to win in life",<ref name=Saunders/> and included guests such as [[Joe Theismann]] and [[Verne Lundquist]]. It was paused in the spring of 2021 when Shapiro's health deteriorated.<ref name=Mullen/><br />
<br />
He was partners in a popular Denver restaurant with former [[Chicago Cubs]] pitcher and [[Cy Young]] Award winner [[Steve Stone]].<br />
<br />
==Personal life==<br />
Shapiro was married for 38 years until his death. They met while in high school. Together, they had two children: Jessie and Cary. He and his wife moved to [[Scottsdale, Arizona]], in February 2020.<ref name=Saunders/><ref>{{cite news|title=Les Shapiro Leaving Mile High Sports in Denver|url=https://barrettsportsmedia.com/2020/02/27/les-shapiro-leaving-mile-high-sports-in-denver/|first=Brandon|last=Contes|date=February 27, 2020|access-date=February 2, 2022|newspaper=The Denver Post}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Illness and death==<br />
<br />
Shapiro died at his home in Scottsdale, Arizona on January 29, 2022, at the age of 65 after a five-year-long battle with lung cancer. He was never a smoker. <ref>{{cite news|date=January 29, 2022|title=Former Denver Sports Anchor Les Shapiro Passes Away|publisher=[[KDVR]]|url=https://kdvr.com/news/local/former-denver-sports-anchor-les-shapiro-passes-away/|access-date=January 30, 2022}}</ref> He was predeceased by his parents Jordan and Fran and his younger brother David Zev. He leaves his two sons, his wife, and his sister Karyn of Phoenix.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:1950s births]]<br />
[[Category:2022 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:People from Morton Grove, Illinois]]<br />
[[Category:American sports announcers]]<br />
[[Category:American people of Jewish descent]]<br />
[[Category:Walter Cronkite School of Journalism and Mass Communication alumni]]<br />
[[Category:ESPN announcers]]<br />
[[Category:Radio personalities from Denver]]<br />
[[Category:People from Chicago]]<br />
[[Category:People from Wilmette, Illinois]]<br />
[[Category:People from Scottsdale, Arizona]]<br />
[[Category:Deaths from lung cancer]]<br />
[[Category:Deaths from cancer in Arizona]]</div>Drlesmgoldenhttps://mywikibiz.com/index.php?title=Les_Shapiro&diff=480445Les Shapiro2022-02-03T18:07:06Z<p>Drlesmgolden: /* Early life */</p>
<hr />
<div>'''Leslie Mark (“Les”) Shapiro''' (March 4, 1956 – January 29, 2022) was an American sports media figure, an anchor for [[CBS Sports]], and a host of the [[ESPN]] radio talk program, in [[Denver]], Colorado.<ref>{{cite web|last=Saunders |first=Dusty |url=http://www.denverpost.com/sports/ci_15562708 |title=Les Shapiro gets new sports radio gig |publisher=The Denver Post |date=July 21, 2010 |accessdate=March 8, 2015}}</ref> He was the play-by-play voice of the [[Bradley University]] athletic teams in [[Peoria, Illinois]], before obtaining the post of sports anchor on the Denver [[CBS]] affiliate, CBS4, and later the [[Fox Broadcasting Company|Fox TV]] affiliate, both of which featured him as the voice of the [[Denver Broncos]]. He was a frequent master of ceremonies for charitable events in the Denver area.<ref>{{cite web|title=Recently seen on "Have You Met"|url=https://www.blacktie-colorado.com/have-you-met/archive-detail.cfm?id=249|url-status=dead|accessdate=June 15, 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102172956/https://www.blacktie-colorado.com/have-you-met/archive-detail.cfm?id=249|archivedate=November 2, 2013}}</ref> One of his two sons is a free-lance film producer and song writer in [[Los Angeles]].<br />
<br />
==Early life==<br />
Leslie Mark Shapiro was an observant Jew, named after his maternal grandfather Morris (Eliezer Moshe) Eisenberg. Born in a Jewish neighborhood near the lake front on the north side of [[Chicago, Illinois]], and raised in [[Morton Grove, Illinois]] and [[Wilmette, Illinois]], he was graduated in mass communications from [[Arizona State University]]. .<ref>{{cite web|last=Saunders |first=Dusty |url=http://www.denverpost.com/sports/ci_15562708 |title=Les Shapiro gets new sports radio gig |publisher=The Denver Post |date=July 21, 2010 |accessdate=March 8, 2015}}</ref> Shapiro grew up in a sports-loving family. His father, Jordan Shapiro, a Navy veteran, and uncle, Sherwin Shapiro, owner of "Sherwins," a high-end women's clothing retailer first on Oakton Street in [[Skokie, Illinois]] and then on Happ Road in [[Northfield, Illinois]], were avid fans of Chicago sports teams. Shapiro excelled in youth sports before playing baseball as a pitcher at [[New Trier High School]]. He married the girl he had courted since high school. They were married for thirty-eight years. The Shapiro family relocated to Scottsdale in 1975 after many years in the northern suburbs of Chicago.<br />
<br />
==Career==<br />
Shapiro started his career as a news writer and producer for KPNX-TV in [[Phoenix, Arizona]]. He then worked as a sports anchor for WEEK-TV in [[Peoria, Illinois]], before moving to Denver in 1983. .<ref>{{cite web|last=Saunders |first=Dusty |url=http://www.denverpost.com/sports/ci_15562708 |title=Les Shapiro gets new sports radio gig |publisher=The Denver Post |date=July 21, 2010 |accessdate=March 8, 2015}}</ref> He was employed as a sports reporter and anchor by [[KCNC-TV]], CBS4, for fifteen years from 1984 to 1999. .<ref>{{cite web|last=Saunders |first=Dusty |url=http://www.denverpost.com/sports/ci_15562708 |title=Les Shapiro gets new sports radio gig |publisher=The Denver Post |date=July 21, 2010 |accessdate=March 8, 2015}}</ref> <br />
<br />
After leaving CBS4, Shapiro worked for FOX-31, ESPN Radio, and Mile High Sports radio. He also served as the master of ceremonies for many charitable functions around Denver, at which he would also display his considerable singing talent.<ref>{{Cite news|date=January 29, 2022|title=Les Shapiro, Former CBS4 Sports Anchor, Passes Away|url=https://denver.cbslocal.com/2022/01/29/les-shapiro-cbs4-sports/|access-date=January 30, 2022|work=[[KCNC-TV]]|language=en-US}}</ref> He covered the Broncos Super Bowl victories in 1998 and 1999, the Avalanche’s first Stanley Cup championship, the inaugural season of the Colorado Rockies and performed the play-by-play for the station’s coverage of the University of Colorado Boulder football.<br />
<br />
Shapiro was noted for mentoring other local reporters and broadcasters, such as [[Adam Schefter]] and Vic Lombardi.<ref name=Saunders/><ref name=Mullen/> He also served as the master of ceremonies for many charitable functions around Denver, at which he would also display his considerable singing talent.<ref name=Christensen/><br />
<br />
Shapiro left Mile High Sports in February 2020 after relocating to Arizona. Two months later, he partnered with Lombardi – a [[prostate cancer]] survivor<ref name=Saunders/> – to create a podcast called "We Are Unstoppable". It was intended to "shar[e] inspirational stories from great athletes, celebrities, and the most brilliant minds in medicine on how to beat adversity to win in life",<ref name=Saunders/> and included guests such as [[Joe Theismann]] and [[Verne Lundquist]]. It was paused in the spring of 2021 when Shapiro's health deteriorated.<ref name=Mullen/><br />
<br />
He was partners in a popular Denver restaurant with former [[Chicago Cubs]] pitcher and [[Cy Young]] Award winner [[Steve Stone]].<br />
<br />
==Personal life==<br />
Shapiro was married for 38 years until his death. They met while in high school. Together, they had two children: Jessie and Cary. He and his wife moved to [[Scottsdale, Arizona]], in February 2020.<ref name=Saunders/><ref>{{cite news|title=Les Shapiro Leaving Mile High Sports in Denver|url=https://barrettsportsmedia.com/2020/02/27/les-shapiro-leaving-mile-high-sports-in-denver/|first=Brandon|last=Contes|date=February 27, 2020|access-date=February 2, 2022|newspaper=The Denver Post}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Illness and death==<br />
<br />
Shapiro died at his home in Scottsdale, Arizona on January 29, 2022, at the age of 65 after a five-year-long battle with lung cancer. He was never a smoker. <ref>{{cite news|date=January 29, 2022|title=Former Denver Sports Anchor Les Shapiro Passes Away|publisher=[[KDVR]]|url=https://kdvr.com/news/local/former-denver-sports-anchor-les-shapiro-passes-away/|access-date=January 30, 2022}}</ref> He was predeceased by his parents Jordan and Fran and his younger brother David Zev. He leaves his two sons, his wife, and his sister Karyn of Phoenix.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:1950s births]]<br />
[[Category:2022 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:People from Morton Grove, Illinois]]<br />
[[Category:American sports announcers]]<br />
[[Category:American people of Jewish descent]]<br />
[[Category:Walter Cronkite School of Journalism and Mass Communication alumni]]<br />
[[Category:ESPN announcers]]<br />
[[Category:Radio personalities from Denver]]<br />
[[Category:People from Chicago]]<br />
[[Category:People from Wilmette, Illinois]]<br />
[[Category:People from Scottsdale, Arizona]]<br />
[[Category:Deaths from lung cancer]]<br />
[[Category:Deaths from cancer in Arizona]]</div>Drlesmgoldenhttps://mywikibiz.com/index.php?title=Les_Shapiro&diff=480444Les Shapiro2022-02-03T18:06:43Z<p>Drlesmgolden: /* Early life */</p>
<hr />
<div>'''Leslie Mark (“Les”) Shapiro''' (March 4, 1956 – January 29, 2022) was an American sports media figure, an anchor for [[CBS Sports]], and a host of the [[ESPN]] radio talk program, in [[Denver]], Colorado.<ref>{{cite web|last=Saunders |first=Dusty |url=http://www.denverpost.com/sports/ci_15562708 |title=Les Shapiro gets new sports radio gig |publisher=The Denver Post |date=July 21, 2010 |accessdate=March 8, 2015}}</ref> He was the play-by-play voice of the [[Bradley University]] athletic teams in [[Peoria, Illinois]], before obtaining the post of sports anchor on the Denver [[CBS]] affiliate, CBS4, and later the [[Fox Broadcasting Company|Fox TV]] affiliate, both of which featured him as the voice of the [[Denver Broncos]]. He was a frequent master of ceremonies for charitable events in the Denver area.<ref>{{cite web|title=Recently seen on "Have You Met"|url=https://www.blacktie-colorado.com/have-you-met/archive-detail.cfm?id=249|url-status=dead|accessdate=June 15, 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102172956/https://www.blacktie-colorado.com/have-you-met/archive-detail.cfm?id=249|archivedate=November 2, 2013}}</ref> One of his two sons is a free-lance film producer and song writer in [[Los Angeles]].<br />
<br />
==Early life==<br />
Leslie Mark Shapiro was an observant Jew, named after his maternal grandfather Morris (Eliezer Moshe) Eisenberg. Born in a Jewish neighborhood near the lake front on the north side of [[Chicago, Illinois]], and raised in [[Morton Grove, Illinois]] and [[Wilmette, Illinois]], he was graduated in mass communications from [[Arizona State University]]. .<ref>{{cite web|last=Saunders |first=Dusty |url=http://www.denverpost.com/sports/ci_15562708 |title=Les Shapiro gets new sports radio gig |publisher=The Denver Post |date=July 21, 2010 |accessdate=March 8, 2015}}</ref> Shapiro grew up in a sports-loving family. His father, Jordan Shapiro, a Navy veteran, and uncle, Sherwin Shapiro, owner of "Sherwins," a high-end women's clothing retailer first on Oakton Street in [[Skokie, Illiois]] and then on Happ Road in [[Northfield, Illinois]], were avid fans of Chicago sports teams. Shapiro excelled in youth sports before playing baseball as a pitcher at [[New Trier High School]]. He married the girl he had courted since high school. They were married for thirty-eight years. The Shapiro family relocated to Scottsdale in 1975 after many years in the northern suburbs of Chicago.<br />
<br />
==Career==<br />
Shapiro started his career as a news writer and producer for KPNX-TV in [[Phoenix, Arizona]]. He then worked as a sports anchor for WEEK-TV in [[Peoria, Illinois]], before moving to Denver in 1983. .<ref>{{cite web|last=Saunders |first=Dusty |url=http://www.denverpost.com/sports/ci_15562708 |title=Les Shapiro gets new sports radio gig |publisher=The Denver Post |date=July 21, 2010 |accessdate=March 8, 2015}}</ref> He was employed as a sports reporter and anchor by [[KCNC-TV]], CBS4, for fifteen years from 1984 to 1999. .<ref>{{cite web|last=Saunders |first=Dusty |url=http://www.denverpost.com/sports/ci_15562708 |title=Les Shapiro gets new sports radio gig |publisher=The Denver Post |date=July 21, 2010 |accessdate=March 8, 2015}}</ref> <br />
<br />
After leaving CBS4, Shapiro worked for FOX-31, ESPN Radio, and Mile High Sports radio. He also served as the master of ceremonies for many charitable functions around Denver, at which he would also display his considerable singing talent.<ref>{{Cite news|date=January 29, 2022|title=Les Shapiro, Former CBS4 Sports Anchor, Passes Away|url=https://denver.cbslocal.com/2022/01/29/les-shapiro-cbs4-sports/|access-date=January 30, 2022|work=[[KCNC-TV]]|language=en-US}}</ref> He covered the Broncos Super Bowl victories in 1998 and 1999, the Avalanche’s first Stanley Cup championship, the inaugural season of the Colorado Rockies and performed the play-by-play for the station’s coverage of the University of Colorado Boulder football.<br />
<br />
Shapiro was noted for mentoring other local reporters and broadcasters, such as [[Adam Schefter]] and Vic Lombardi.<ref name=Saunders/><ref name=Mullen/> He also served as the master of ceremonies for many charitable functions around Denver, at which he would also display his considerable singing talent.<ref name=Christensen/><br />
<br />
Shapiro left Mile High Sports in February 2020 after relocating to Arizona. Two months later, he partnered with Lombardi – a [[prostate cancer]] survivor<ref name=Saunders/> – to create a podcast called "We Are Unstoppable". It was intended to "shar[e] inspirational stories from great athletes, celebrities, and the most brilliant minds in medicine on how to beat adversity to win in life",<ref name=Saunders/> and included guests such as [[Joe Theismann]] and [[Verne Lundquist]]. It was paused in the spring of 2021 when Shapiro's health deteriorated.<ref name=Mullen/><br />
<br />
He was partners in a popular Denver restaurant with former [[Chicago Cubs]] pitcher and [[Cy Young]] Award winner [[Steve Stone]].<br />
<br />
==Personal life==<br />
Shapiro was married for 38 years until his death. They met while in high school. Together, they had two children: Jessie and Cary. He and his wife moved to [[Scottsdale, Arizona]], in February 2020.<ref name=Saunders/><ref>{{cite news|title=Les Shapiro Leaving Mile High Sports in Denver|url=https://barrettsportsmedia.com/2020/02/27/les-shapiro-leaving-mile-high-sports-in-denver/|first=Brandon|last=Contes|date=February 27, 2020|access-date=February 2, 2022|newspaper=The Denver Post}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Illness and death==<br />
<br />
Shapiro died at his home in Scottsdale, Arizona on January 29, 2022, at the age of 65 after a five-year-long battle with lung cancer. He was never a smoker. <ref>{{cite news|date=January 29, 2022|title=Former Denver Sports Anchor Les Shapiro Passes Away|publisher=[[KDVR]]|url=https://kdvr.com/news/local/former-denver-sports-anchor-les-shapiro-passes-away/|access-date=January 30, 2022}}</ref> He was predeceased by his parents Jordan and Fran and his younger brother David Zev. He leaves his two sons, his wife, and his sister Karyn of Phoenix.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:1950s births]]<br />
[[Category:2022 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:People from Morton Grove, Illinois]]<br />
[[Category:American sports announcers]]<br />
[[Category:American people of Jewish descent]]<br />
[[Category:Walter Cronkite School of Journalism and Mass Communication alumni]]<br />
[[Category:ESPN announcers]]<br />
[[Category:Radio personalities from Denver]]<br />
[[Category:People from Chicago]]<br />
[[Category:People from Wilmette, Illinois]]<br />
[[Category:People from Scottsdale, Arizona]]<br />
[[Category:Deaths from lung cancer]]<br />
[[Category:Deaths from cancer in Arizona]]</div>Drlesmgoldenhttps://mywikibiz.com/index.php?title=Les_Shapiro&diff=480443Les Shapiro2022-02-03T13:48:25Z<p>Drlesmgolden: /* Career */</p>
<hr />
<div>'''Leslie Mark (“Les”) Shapiro''' (March 4, 1956 – January 29, 2022) was an American sports media figure, an anchor for [[CBS Sports]], and a host of the [[ESPN]] radio talk program, in [[Denver]], Colorado.<ref>{{cite web|last=Saunders |first=Dusty |url=http://www.denverpost.com/sports/ci_15562708 |title=Les Shapiro gets new sports radio gig |publisher=The Denver Post |date=July 21, 2010 |accessdate=March 8, 2015}}</ref> He was the play-by-play voice of the [[Bradley University]] athletic teams in [[Peoria, Illinois]], before obtaining the post of sports anchor on the Denver [[CBS]] affiliate, CBS4, and later the [[Fox Broadcasting Company|Fox TV]] affiliate, both of which featured him as the voice of the [[Denver Broncos]]. He was a frequent master of ceremonies for charitable events in the Denver area.<ref>{{cite web|title=Recently seen on "Have You Met"|url=https://www.blacktie-colorado.com/have-you-met/archive-detail.cfm?id=249|url-status=dead|accessdate=June 15, 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102172956/https://www.blacktie-colorado.com/have-you-met/archive-detail.cfm?id=249|archivedate=November 2, 2013}}</ref> One of his two sons is a free-lance film producer and song writer in [[Los Angeles]].<br />
<br />
==Early life==<br />
Leslie Mark Shapiro was an observant Jew, named after his maternal grandfather Morris (Eliezer Moshe) Eisenberg. Born in a Jewish neighborhood near the lake front on the north side of [[Chicago, Illinois]], and raised in [[Morton Grove, Illinois]] and [[Wilmette, Illinois]], he was graduated in mass communications from [[Arizona State University]]. .<ref>{{cite web|last=Saunders |first=Dusty |url=http://www.denverpost.com/sports/ci_15562708 |title=Les Shapiro gets new sports radio gig |publisher=The Denver Post |date=July 21, 2010 |accessdate=March 8, 2015}}</ref> Shapiro grew up in a sports-loving family. His father, Jordan Shapiro, a Navy veteran, and uncle, Sherwin Shapiro, a high-end women's clothing retailer in [[Northbrook, Illinois]], were avid fans of Chicago sports teams. Shapiro excelled in youth sports before playing baseball as a pitcher at [[New Trier High School]]. He married the girl he had courted since high school. They were married for thirty-eight years. The Shapiro family relocated to Scottsdale in 1975 after many years in the northern suburbs of Chicago.<br />
<br />
==Career==<br />
Shapiro started his career as a news writer and producer for KPNX-TV in [[Phoenix, Arizona]]. He then worked as a sports anchor for WEEK-TV in [[Peoria, Illinois]], before moving to Denver in 1983. .<ref>{{cite web|last=Saunders |first=Dusty |url=http://www.denverpost.com/sports/ci_15562708 |title=Les Shapiro gets new sports radio gig |publisher=The Denver Post |date=July 21, 2010 |accessdate=March 8, 2015}}</ref> He was employed as a sports reporter and anchor by [[KCNC-TV]], CBS4, for fifteen years from 1984 to 1999. .<ref>{{cite web|last=Saunders |first=Dusty |url=http://www.denverpost.com/sports/ci_15562708 |title=Les Shapiro gets new sports radio gig |publisher=The Denver Post |date=July 21, 2010 |accessdate=March 8, 2015}}</ref> <br />
<br />
After leaving CBS4, Shapiro worked for FOX-31, ESPN Radio, and Mile High Sports radio. He also served as the master of ceremonies for many charitable functions around Denver, at which he would also display his considerable singing talent.<ref>{{Cite news|date=January 29, 2022|title=Les Shapiro, Former CBS4 Sports Anchor, Passes Away|url=https://denver.cbslocal.com/2022/01/29/les-shapiro-cbs4-sports/|access-date=January 30, 2022|work=[[KCNC-TV]]|language=en-US}}</ref> He covered the Broncos Super Bowl victories in 1998 and 1999, the Avalanche’s first Stanley Cup championship, the inaugural season of the Colorado Rockies and performed the play-by-play for the station’s coverage of the University of Colorado Boulder football.<br />
<br />
Shapiro was noted for mentoring other local reporters and broadcasters, such as [[Adam Schefter]] and Vic Lombardi.<ref name=Saunders/><ref name=Mullen/> He also served as the master of ceremonies for many charitable functions around Denver, at which he would also display his considerable singing talent.<ref name=Christensen/><br />
<br />
Shapiro left Mile High Sports in February 2020 after relocating to Arizona. Two months later, he partnered with Lombardi – a [[prostate cancer]] survivor<ref name=Saunders/> – to create a podcast called "We Are Unstoppable". It was intended to "shar[e] inspirational stories from great athletes, celebrities, and the most brilliant minds in medicine on how to beat adversity to win in life",<ref name=Saunders/> and included guests such as [[Joe Theismann]] and [[Verne Lundquist]]. It was paused in the spring of 2021 when Shapiro's health deteriorated.<ref name=Mullen/><br />
<br />
He was partners in a popular Denver restaurant with former [[Chicago Cubs]] pitcher and [[Cy Young]] Award winner [[Steve Stone]].<br />
<br />
==Personal life==<br />
Shapiro was married for 38 years until his death. They met while in high school. Together, they had two children: Jessie and Cary. He and his wife moved to [[Scottsdale, Arizona]], in February 2020.<ref name=Saunders/><ref>{{cite news|title=Les Shapiro Leaving Mile High Sports in Denver|url=https://barrettsportsmedia.com/2020/02/27/les-shapiro-leaving-mile-high-sports-in-denver/|first=Brandon|last=Contes|date=February 27, 2020|access-date=February 2, 2022|newspaper=The Denver Post}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Illness and death==<br />
<br />
Shapiro died at his home in Scottsdale, Arizona on January 29, 2022, at the age of 65 after a five-year-long battle with lung cancer. He was never a smoker. <ref>{{cite news|date=January 29, 2022|title=Former Denver Sports Anchor Les Shapiro Passes Away|publisher=[[KDVR]]|url=https://kdvr.com/news/local/former-denver-sports-anchor-les-shapiro-passes-away/|access-date=January 30, 2022}}</ref> He was predeceased by his parents Jordan and Fran and his younger brother David Zev. He leaves his two sons, his wife, and his sister Karyn of Phoenix.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:1950s births]]<br />
[[Category:2022 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:People from Morton Grove, Illinois]]<br />
[[Category:American sports announcers]]<br />
[[Category:American people of Jewish descent]]<br />
[[Category:Walter Cronkite School of Journalism and Mass Communication alumni]]<br />
[[Category:ESPN announcers]]<br />
[[Category:Radio personalities from Denver]]<br />
[[Category:People from Chicago]]<br />
[[Category:People from Wilmette, Illinois]]<br />
[[Category:People from Scottsdale, Arizona]]<br />
[[Category:Deaths from lung cancer]]<br />
[[Category:Deaths from cancer in Arizona]]</div>Drlesmgoldenhttps://mywikibiz.com/index.php?title=Les_Shapiro&diff=480442Les Shapiro2022-02-03T03:02:23Z<p>Drlesmgolden: Created page with "'''Leslie Mark (“Les”) Shapiro''' (March 4, 1956 – January 29, 2022) was an American sports media figure, an anchor for CBS Sports, and a host of the ESPN radio..."</p>
<hr />
<div>'''Leslie Mark (“Les”) Shapiro''' (March 4, 1956 – January 29, 2022) was an American sports media figure, an anchor for [[CBS Sports]], and a host of the [[ESPN]] radio talk program, in [[Denver]], Colorado.<ref>{{cite web|last=Saunders |first=Dusty |url=http://www.denverpost.com/sports/ci_15562708 |title=Les Shapiro gets new sports radio gig |publisher=The Denver Post |date=July 21, 2010 |accessdate=March 8, 2015}}</ref> He was the play-by-play voice of the [[Bradley University]] athletic teams in [[Peoria, Illinois]], before obtaining the post of sports anchor on the Denver [[CBS]] affiliate, CBS4, and later the [[Fox Broadcasting Company|Fox TV]] affiliate, both of which featured him as the voice of the [[Denver Broncos]]. He was a frequent master of ceremonies for charitable events in the Denver area.<ref>{{cite web|title=Recently seen on "Have You Met"|url=https://www.blacktie-colorado.com/have-you-met/archive-detail.cfm?id=249|url-status=dead|accessdate=June 15, 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102172956/https://www.blacktie-colorado.com/have-you-met/archive-detail.cfm?id=249|archivedate=November 2, 2013}}</ref> One of his two sons is a free-lance film producer and song writer in [[Los Angeles]].<br />
<br />
==Early life==<br />
Leslie Mark Shapiro was an observant Jew, named after his maternal grandfather Morris (Eliezer Moshe) Eisenberg. Born in a Jewish neighborhood near the lake front on the north side of [[Chicago, Illinois]], and raised in [[Morton Grove, Illinois]] and [[Wilmette, Illinois]], he was graduated in mass communications from [[Arizona State University]]. .<ref>{{cite web|last=Saunders |first=Dusty |url=http://www.denverpost.com/sports/ci_15562708 |title=Les Shapiro gets new sports radio gig |publisher=The Denver Post |date=July 21, 2010 |accessdate=March 8, 2015}}</ref> Shapiro grew up in a sports-loving family. His father, Jordan Shapiro, a Navy veteran, and uncle, Sherwin Shapiro, a high-end women's clothing retailer in [[Northbrook, Illinois]], were avid fans of Chicago sports teams. Shapiro excelled in youth sports before playing baseball as a pitcher at [[New Trier High School]]. He married the girl he had courted since high school. They were married for thirty-eight years. The Shapiro family relocated to Scottsdale in 1975 after many years in the northern suburbs of Chicago.<br />
<br />
==Career==<br />
Shapiro started his career as a news writer and producer for KPNX-TV in [[Phoenix, Arizona]]. He then worked as a sports anchor for WEEK-TV in [[Peoria, Illinois]], before moving to Denver in 1983. .<ref>{{cite web|last=Saunders |first=Dusty |url=http://www.denverpost.com/sports/ci_15562708 |title=Les Shapiro gets new sports radio gig |publisher=The Denver Post |date=July 21, 2010 |accessdate=March 8, 2015}}</ref> He was employed as a sports reporter and anchor by [[KCNC-TV]], CBS4, for fifteen years from 1984 to 1999. .<ref>{{cite web|last=Saunders |first=Dusty |url=http://www.denverpost.com/sports/ci_15562708 |title=Les Shapiro gets new sports radio gig |publisher=The Denver Post |date=July 21, 2010 |accessdate=March 8, 2015}}</ref> <br />
<br />
After leaving CBS4, Shapiro worked for FOX-31, ESPN Radio, and Mile High Sports radio. He also served as the master of ceremonies for many charitable functions around Denver, at which he would also display his considerable singing talent.<ref>{{Cite news|date=January 29, 2022|title=Les Shapiro, Former CBS4 Sports Anchor, Passes Away|url=https://denver.cbslocal.com/2022/01/29/les-shapiro-cbs4-sports/|access-date=January 30, 2022|work=[[KCNC-TV]]|language=en-US}}</ref> He covered the Broncos Super Bowl victories in 1998 and 1999, the Avalanche’s first Stanley Cup championship, the inaugural season of the Colorado Rockies and performed the play-by-play for the station’s coverage of the University of Colorado Boulder football.<br />
<br />
He was partners in a popular Denver restaurant with former [[Chicago Cubs]] pitcher and [[Cy Young]] Award winner [[Steve Stone]].<br />
<br />
==Personal life==<br />
Shapiro was married for 38 years until his death. They met while in high school. Together, they had two children: Jessie and Cary. He and his wife moved to [[Scottsdale, Arizona]], in February 2020.<ref name=Saunders/><ref>{{cite news|title=Les Shapiro Leaving Mile High Sports in Denver|url=https://barrettsportsmedia.com/2020/02/27/les-shapiro-leaving-mile-high-sports-in-denver/|first=Brandon|last=Contes|date=February 27, 2020|access-date=February 2, 2022|newspaper=The Denver Post}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Illness and death==<br />
<br />
Shapiro died at his home in Scottsdale, Arizona on January 29, 2022, at the age of 65 after a five-year-long battle with lung cancer. He was never a smoker. <ref>{{cite news|date=January 29, 2022|title=Former Denver Sports Anchor Les Shapiro Passes Away|publisher=[[KDVR]]|url=https://kdvr.com/news/local/former-denver-sports-anchor-les-shapiro-passes-away/|access-date=January 30, 2022}}</ref> He was predeceased by his parents Jordan and Fran and his younger brother David Zev. He leaves his two sons, his wife, and his sister Karyn of Phoenix.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:1950s births]]<br />
[[Category:2022 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:People from Morton Grove, Illinois]]<br />
[[Category:American sports announcers]]<br />
[[Category:American people of Jewish descent]]<br />
[[Category:Walter Cronkite School of Journalism and Mass Communication alumni]]<br />
[[Category:ESPN announcers]]<br />
[[Category:Radio personalities from Denver]]<br />
[[Category:People from Chicago]]<br />
[[Category:People from Wilmette, Illinois]]<br />
[[Category:People from Scottsdale, Arizona]]<br />
[[Category:Deaths from lung cancer]]<br />
[[Category:Deaths from cancer in Arizona]]</div>Drlesmgoldenhttps://mywikibiz.com/index.php?title=Drake_equation&diff=480441Drake equation2022-01-22T13:44:33Z<p>Drlesmgolden: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[File:Dr. Frank Drake.jpg|thumb|Dr. [[Frank Drake]]]]<br />
<br />
The '''Drake equation''' is a [[probability theory|probabilistic argument]] used to estimate the number of active, communicative [[extraterrestrial life|extraterrestrial civilizations]] in the [[Milky Way]] [[Galaxy]].<ref name="Burchell"/><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Glade |first1=N. |last2=Ballet |first2=P. |last3=Bastien |first3=O. |date=2012 |title=A stochastic process approach of the drake equation parameters |journal=[[International Journal of Astrobiology]] |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=103–108 |arxiv=1112.1506 |bibcode=2012IJAsB..11..103G |doi=10.1017/S1473550411000413|s2cid=119250730 }}</ref><br />
<br />
The equation was formulated in 1961 by [[Frank Drake]], not for purposes of quantifying the number of civilizations, but as a way to stimulate scientific dialogue at the first scientific meeting on the [[search for extraterrestrial intelligence]] (SETI).<ref name='December 2002'>{{cite web |date=December 2002 |title=Chapter 3 – Philosophy: "Solving the Drake Equation |url=http://www.setileague.org/askdr/drake.htm |work=Ask Dr. SETI |publisher=SETI League |access-date=2013-04-10}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Drake |first=N. |date=30 June 2014 |title=How my Dad's Equation Sparked the Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence |url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2014/06/140630-drake-equation-50-years-later-aliens-science/ |work=[[National Geographic (magazine)|National Geographic]] |access-date=2 October 2016}}</ref> The equation summarizes the main concepts which scientists must contemplate when considering the question of other radio-communicative life.<ref name='December 2002'/> It is more properly thought of as an approximation than as a serious attempt to determine a precise number.<br />
<br />
Criticism related to the Drake equation focuses not on the equation itself, but on the fact that the estimated values for several of its factors are highly conjectural, the combined multiplicative effect being that the uncertainty associated with any derived value is so large that the equation cannot be used to draw firm conclusions.<br />
<br />
==Equation==<br />
The Drake equation is:<br />
<br />
:<math>N = R_* \cdot f_\mathrm{p} \cdot n_\mathrm{e} \cdot f_\mathrm{l} \cdot f_\mathrm{i} \cdot f_\mathrm{c} \cdot L</math><br />
<br />
where<br />
<br />
:{{math|''N''}} = the number of [[civilization]]s in our galaxy with which communication might be possible (i.e. which are on our current past [[light cone]]);<br />
<br />
and<br />
<br />
:{{math|''R''<sub>∗</sub>}} = the average rate of [[star formation]] in [[Milky Way|our Galaxy]]<br />
:{{math|''f''<sub>p</sub>}} = the fraction of those stars that have [[planet]]s<br />
:{{math|''n''<sub>e</sub>}} = the average number of planets that can potentially support [[life]] per star that has planets<br />
:{{math|''f''<sub>l</sub>}} = the fraction of planets that could support life that actually develop life at some point<br />
:{{math|''f''<sub>i</sub>}} = the fraction of planets with life that actually go on to develop [[intelligence|intelligent]] life (civilizations)<br />
:{{math|''f''<sub>c</sub>}} = the fraction of civilizations that develop a technology that releases detectable signs of their existence into space<br />
:{{math|''L''}} = the length of time for which such civilizations release detectable signals into space<ref name="NOVA"><br />
{{cite web<br />
|last=Aguirre |first=L.<br />
|date=1 July 2008<br />
|title=The Drake Equation<br />
|url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/origins/drake.html<br />
|work=[[Nova ScienceNow]]<br />
|publisher=[[PBS]]<br />
|access-date=2010-03-07<br />
}}</ref><ref name="SETI-Drake-Equation">{{cite web | url=http://www.seti.org/drakeequation | title=What do we need to know about to discover life in space? | publisher=[[SETI Institute]] | access-date=2013-04-16}}</ref><br />
<br />
==History==<br />
In September 1959, physicists [[Giuseppe Cocconi]] and [[Philip Morrison]] published an article in the journal ''[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]'' with the provocative title "Searching for Interstellar Communications".<ref name='Cocconi 1959'><br />
{{cite journal<br />
|last1=Cocconi |first1=G.<br />
|last2=Morisson |first2=P.<br />
|year=1959<br />
|title=Searching for Interstellar Communications<br />
|url=http://www.iaragroup.org/_OLD/seti/pdf_IARA/cocconi.pdf<br />
|journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]<br />
|volume=184 |issue=4690 |pages=844–846<br />
|access-date=2013-04-10<br />
|bibcode=1959Natur.184..844C<br />
|doi=10.1038/184844a0<br />
|s2cid=4220318<br />
}}</ref><ref name="history">{{cite web<br />
|last1=Schilling<br />
|first1=G.<br />
|last2=MacRobert<br />
|first2=A. M.<br />
|year=2013<br />
|title=The Chance of Finding Aliens<br />
|url=http://www.skyandtelescope.com/resources/seti/3304541.html<br />
|work=[[Sky & Telescope]]<br />
|access-date=2013-04-10<br />
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130214073858/http://www.skyandtelescope.com/resources/seti/3304541.html<br />
|archive-date=14 February 2013<br />
|url-status=dead<br />
}}</ref> Cocconi and Morrison argued that [[radio telescope]]s had become sensitive enough to pick up transmissions that might be broadcast into space by civilizations orbiting other stars. Such messages, they suggested, might be transmitted at a [[wavelength]] of 21&nbsp;cm (1,420.4&nbsp;[[megahertz|MHz]]). This is the wavelength of radio emission by neutral [[hydrogen]], the most common element in the universe, and they reasoned that other intelligences might see this as a logical landmark in the [[radio spectrum]].<br />
<br />
Two months later, Harvard University astronomy professor [[Harlow Shapley]] speculated on the number of inhabited planets in the universe, saying "The universe has 10 million, million, million suns (10 followed by 18 zeros) similar to our own. One in a million has planets around it. Only one in a million million has the right combination of chemicals, temperature, water, days and nights to support planetary life as we know it. This calculation arrives at the estimated figure of 100 million worlds where life has been forged by evolution."<ref name="SydneyMorningHerald"><br />
{{cite news<br />
|last=newspaper |first=staff<br />
|date=8 November 1959<br />
|title=Life On Other Planets?<br />
|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1301&dat=19591108&id=s39WAAAAIBAJ&pg=2212,2112869&hl=en<br />
|work=[[Sydney Morning Herald]]<br />
|access-date=2015-10-02<br />
}}</ref><br />
<br />
Seven months after Cocconi and Morrison published their article, Drake made the first systematic search for signals from communicative extraterrestrial civilizations. Using the {{convert|85|foot|abbr=on}} dish of the [[Green Bank Observatory|National Radio Astronomy Observatory, Green Bank]] in [[Green Bank, West Virginia]], Drake monitored two nearby Sun-like stars: [[Epsilon Eridani]] and [[Tau Ceti]]. In this project, which he called [[Project Ozma]], he slowly scanned frequencies close to the 21&nbsp;cm wavelength for six hours per day from April to July 1960.<ref name="history"/> The project was well designed, inexpensive, and simple by today's standards. It detected no signals.<br />
<br />
Soon thereafter, Drake hosted a "[[search for extraterrestrial intelligence]]" meeting on detecting their radio signals. The meeting was held at the Green Bank facility in 1961. The equation that bears Drake's name arose out of his preparations for the meeting.<ref name="Astrobiology Magazine">{{cite web | url=http://www.astrobio.net/alien-life/the-drake-equation-revisited-part-i/ | title=The Drake Equation Revisited: Part I | work=[[Astrobiology Magazine]] | date=29 September 2003 | access-date=20 May 2017}}</ref><br />
<br />
<blockquote> As I planned the meeting, I realized a few day[s] ahead of time we needed an agenda. And so I wrote down all the things you needed to know to predict how hard it's going to be to detect extraterrestrial life. And looking at them it became pretty evident that if you multiplied all these together, you got a number, N, which is the number of detectable civilizations in our galaxy. This was aimed at the radio search, and not to search for primordial or primitive life forms.<br />
:—Frank Drake</blockquote><br />
<br />
The ten attendees were conference organizer J. Peter Pearman, Frank Drake, [[Philip Morrison]], businessman and radio amateur Dana Atchley, chemist [[Melvin Calvin]], astronomer [[Su-Shu Huang]], neuroscientist [[John C. Lilly]], inventor [[Barney Oliver]], astronomer [[Carl Sagan]] and radio-astronomer [[Otto Struve]].<ref name="Wende"><br />
{{cite news<br />
|last=Zaun |first=H.<br />
|date=1 November 2011<br />
|title=Es war wie eine 180-Grad-Wende von diesem peinlichen Geheimnis!<br />
|trans-title=It was like a 180 degree turn from this embarrassing secret<br />
|url=http://www.heise.de/tp/artikel/35/35756/1.html<br />
|work=[[Telepolis]]<br />
|language=de<br />
|access-date=2013-08-13<br />
}}</ref> These participants dubbed themselves "'''The Order of the Dolphin'''" (because of Lilly's work on [[dolphin communication]]), and commemorated their first meeting with a plaque at the observatory hall.<ref><br />
{{cite web<br />
|title=Drake Equation Plaque<br />
|url=http://www.setileague.org/photos/miscpix/drakeqn.jpg<br />
|access-date=2013-08-13<br />
}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia<br />
|last = Darling<br />
|first = D. J.<br />
|title = Green Bank conference (1961)<br />
|url = http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/G/GreenBankconf.html<br />
|encyclopedia = [[The Encyclopedia of Science]]<br />
|access-date = 13 August 2013<br />
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130518091722/http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/G/GreenBankconf.html<br />
|archive-date = 18 May 2013<br />
|url-status = dead<br />
|df = dmy-all<br />
}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Usefulness==<br />
[[File:C G-K - DSC 0421.jpg|thumb|The [[Allen Telescope Array]] for SETI]]<br />
The Drake equation amounts to a summary of the factors affecting the likelihood that we might detect radio-communication from intelligent extraterrestrial life.<ref name="Burchell">{{cite journal |title=W(h)ither the Drake equation? |author=Burchell, M.J. |journal=International Journal of Astrobiology |volume=5 |issue=3 |pages=243–250 |date=2006 |doi = 10.1017/S1473550406003107<br />
|bibcode = 2006IJAsB...5..243B |s2cid=121060763 }}</ref><ref name="NOVA"/><ref><br />
{{cite web<br />
|last=Jones |first=D. S.<br />
|date=26 September 2001<br />
|title=Beyond the Drake Equation<br />
|url=http://frombob.to/drake.html<br />
|access-date=2013-04-17<br />
}}</ref> The last three parameters, {{math|''f''<sub>i</sub>}}, {{math|''f''<sub>c</sub>}}, and {{mvar|L}}, are not known and are very difficult to estimate, with values ranging over many orders of magnitude (see [[#Criticism|criticism]]). Therefore, the usefulness of the Drake equation is not in the solving, but rather in the contemplation of all the various concepts which scientists must incorporate when considering the question of life elsewhere,<ref name="Burchell"/><ref name='December 2002'/> and gives the question of life elsewhere a basis for [[Scientific method|scientific analysis]]. The equation has helped draw attention to some particular scientific problems related to life in the universe, for example [[abiogenesis]], the development of multi-cellular life, and the development of [[intelligence]] itself.<ref>{{cite web<br />
|year=2010<br />
|title=The Search For Life : The Drake Equation 2010 – Part 1<br />
|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?list=PL56DCB81E2F59166A&v=U3UyAoYkhTo&feature=player_embedded<br />
|publisher=[[BBC Four]]<br />
|access-date=2013-04-17<br />
}}</ref><br />
<br />
Within the limits of our existing technology, any practical search for distant intelligent life must necessarily be a search for some manifestation of a distant technology. After about 50 years, the Drake equation is still of seminal importance because it is a 'road map' of what we need to learn in order to solve this fundamental existential question.<ref name="Burchell"/> It also formed the backbone of [[astrobiology]] as a science; although speculation is entertained to give context, astrobiology concerns itself primarily with [[hypotheses]] that fit firmly into existing [[Theory#Science|scientific theories]]. Some 50 years of SETI have failed to find anything, even though radio telescopes, receiver techniques, and computational abilities have improved significantly since the early 1960s. It has, however, been discovered that our galaxy is not teeming with very powerful alien transmitters continuously broadcasting near the 21&nbsp;cm wavelength of the [[Hydrogen frequencies|hydrogen frequency]]; this was not known in 1961.<ref>[http://www.astronomynow.com/news/n1004/SETI/ SETI: A celebration of the first 50 years]. Keith Cooper. ''Astronomy Now''. 2000</ref><br />
<br />
==Estimates==<br />
<br />
===Original estimates===<br />
There is considerable disagreement on the values of these parameters, but the 'educated guesses' used by Drake and his colleagues in 1961 were:<ref><br />
{{cite book<br />
| last1 = Drake | first1 = F.<br />
| last2 = Sobel |first2 = D.<br />
| year = 1992<br />
| title = Is Anyone Out There? The Scientific Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence<br />
| pages = 55–62<br />
| publisher = [[Delta (publisher)|Delta]]<br />
| isbn = 0-385-31122-2<br />
}}</ref><ref><br />
{{cite journal<br />
|last1=Glade |first1=N.<br />
|last2=Ballet |first2=P.<br />
|last3=Bastien |first3=O.<br />
|year=2012<br />
|title=A stochastic process approach of the drake equation parameters<br />
|journal=[[International Journal of Astrobiology]]<br />
|volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=103–108<br />
|arxiv=1112.1506<br />
|bibcode=2012IJAsB..11..103G<br />
|doi=10.1017/S1473550411000413<br />
|s2cid=119250730<br />
}} Note: This reference has a table of 1961 values, claimed to be taken from Drake & Sobel, but these differ from the book.</ref> <br />
* {{math|''R''<sub>∗</sub>}} = 1 yr<sup>−1</sup> (1 star formed per year, on the average over the life of the galaxy; this was regarded as conservative)<br />
* {{math|''f''<sub>p</sub>}} = 0.2 to 0.5 (one fifth to one half of all stars formed will have planets)<br />
* {{math|''n''<sub>e</sub>}} = 1 to 5 (stars with planets will have between 1 and 5 planets capable of developing life)<br />
* {{math|''f''<sub>l</sub>}} = 1 (100% of these planets will develop life)<br />
* {{math|''f''<sub>i</sub>}} = 1 (100% of which will develop intelligent life)<br />
* {{math|''f''<sub>c</sub>}} = 0.1 to 0.2 (10–20% of which will be able to communicate)<br />
* {{math|''L''}} = 1000 to 100,000,000 communicative civilizations (which will last somewhere between 1000 and 100,000,000 years)<br />
<br />
Inserting the above minimum numbers into the equation gives a minimum N of 20 (see: [[#Range of results|Range of results]]). Inserting the maximum numbers gives a maximum of 50,000,000. Drake states that given the uncertainties, the original meeting concluded that {{math|''N'' ≈ ''L''}}, and there were probably between 1000 and 100,000,000 planets with civilizations in the [[Milky Way]] Galaxy.<br />
<br />
===Current estimates===<br />
This section discusses and attempts to list the best current estimates for the parameters of the Drake equation.<br />
<!-- Please state the rationale behind the estimate and a citation to their source. --><br />
<br />
====Rate of star creation in our Galaxy, {{math|''R''<sub>∗</sub>}}====<br />
Calculations in 2010, from [[NASA]] and the [[European Space Agency]] indicate that the rate of star formation in our Galaxy is about {{solar mass|0.68–1.45|link=yes}} of material per year.<ref name=Robitaille>{{cite journal |author1=Robitaille, Thomas P. |author2=Barbara A. Whitney |title=The present-day star formation rate of the Milky Way determined from Spitzer-detected young stellar objects |journal=The Astrophysical Journal Letters |volume=710 |issue=1 |year=2010 |pages=L11 |arxiv=1001.3672 |bibcode=2010ApJ...710L..11R |doi=10.1088/2041-8205/710/1/L11|s2cid=118703635 }}</ref><ref name="The Drake Equation"><br />
{{cite book<br />
|last=Wanjek |first=C.<br />
|date=2 July 2015<br />
|title=The Drake Equation<br />
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jcnSCQAAQBAJ&q=Robitaille+and+Whitney+came+up+with+a+figure+for+R*+between+0.68+and+1.45&pg=PA45<br />
|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]<br />
|access-date=2016-09-09<br />
|isbn=9781107073654<br />
}}</ref> To get the number of stars per year, we divide this by the [[initial mass function]] (IMF) for stars, where the average new star's mass is about {{solar mass|0.5}}.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kennicutt |first1=Robert C. |last2=Evans |first2=Neal J. |title=Star Formation in the Milky Way and Nearby Galaxies |journal=Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics |date=22 September 2012 |volume=50 |issue=1 |pages=531–608 |arxiv=1204.3552 |bibcode=2012ARA&A..50..531K |doi=10.1146/annurev-astro-081811-125610|s2cid=118667387 }}</ref> This gives a star formation rate of about 1.5–3 stars per year.<br />
<br />
{{anchor|eta-earth|}}<br />
<br />
====Fraction of those stars that have planets, {{math|''f''<sub>p</sub>}}====<br />
Analysis of [[Gravitational microlensing|microlensing]] surveys, in 2012, has found that {{math|''f''<sub>p</sub>}} may approach 1—that is, stars are orbited by planets as a rule, rather than the exception; and that there are one or more bound planets per Milky Way star.<ref name="bbc.co.uk"><br />
{{cite news<br />
|last=Palmer |first=J.<br />
|date=11 January 2012<br />
|title=Exoplanets are around every star, study suggests<br />
|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-16515944<br />
|publisher=[[BBC]]<br />
|access-date=2012-01-12<br />
}}</ref><ref name="Nature-20120111"><br />
{{cite journal<br />
|last=Cassan |first=A.<br />
|display-authors=etal<br />
|date=11 January 2012<br />
|title=One or more bound planets per Milky Way star from microlensing observations<br />
|journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]<br />
|volume=481 |issue=7380 |pages=167–169<br />
|arxiv=1202.0903<br />
|bibcode=2012Natur.481..167C<br />
|doi=10.1038/nature10684<br />
|pmid=22237108<br />
|s2cid=2614136<br />
}}</ref><br />
<br />
====Average number of planets that might support life per star that has planets, {{math|''n''<sub>e</sub>}}====<br />
In November 2013, astronomers reported, based on [[Kepler (spacecraft)|''Kepler'' space mission]] data, that there could be as many as 40&nbsp;billion [[Terrestrial planet|Earth-sized]] [[extrasolar planets|planets]] orbiting in the [[habitable zone]]s of [[sun-like|sun-like stars]] and [[red dwarf stars]] within the [[Milky Way Galaxy]].<ref name="NYT-20131104">{{cite news |last=Overbye |first=Dennis |title=Far-Off Planets Like the Earth Dot the Galaxy |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/11/05/science/cosmic-census-finds-billions-of-planets-that-could-be-like-earth.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220101/https://www.nytimes.com/2013/11/05/science/cosmic-census-finds-billions-of-planets-that-could-be-like-earth.html |archive-date=2022-01-01 |url-access=limited |date=4 November 2013 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=5 November 2013 }}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref name="PNAS-20131031">{{cite journal |last1=Petigura |first1=Eric A. |last2=Howard |first2=Andrew W. |last3=Marcy |first3=Geoffrey W. |title=Prevalence of Earth-size planets orbiting Sun-like stars |date=31 October 2013 |journal=[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America]] |doi=10.1073/pnas.1319909110 |arxiv = 1311.6806 |bibcode = 2013PNAS..11019273P |volume=110 |issue=48 |pages=19273–19278 |pmid=24191033 |pmc=3845182|doi-access=free }}</ref> 11 billion of these estimated planets may be orbiting sun-like stars.<ref name="LATimes-20131104">{{cite news |last=Khan |first=Amina |title=Milky Way may host billions of Earth-size planets |url=http://www.latimes.com/science/la-sci-earth-like-planets-20131105,0,2673237.story |date=4 November 2013 |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |access-date=5 November 2013 }}</ref> Since there are about 100 billion stars in the galaxy, this implies {{math|''f''<sub>p</sub> · ''n''<sub>e</sub>}} is roughly 0.4. The nearest planet in the habitable zone is [[Proxima Centauri b]], which is as close as about 4.2 light-years away.<br />
<br />
The consensus at the Green Bank meeting was that {{math|''n''<sub>e</sub>}} had a minimum value between 3 and 5. Dutch science journalist [[Govert Schilling]] has opined that this is optimistic.<ref name=schilling2011 /> Even if planets are in the [[habitable zone]], the number of planets with the right proportion of elements is difficult to estimate.<ref name="Trimble">{{cite journal<br />
|last=Trimble |first=V.<br />
|year=1997<br />
|title=Origin of the biologically important elements<br />
|journal=[[Origins of Life and Evolution of the Biosphere]]<br />
|volume=27 |issue=1–3 |pages=3–21<br />
|doi=10.1023/A:1006561811750<br />
|pmid=9150565<br />
|bibcode=1997OLEB...27....3T<br />
|s2cid=7612499<br />
}}</ref> Brad Gibson, Yeshe Fenner, and Charley Lineweaver determined that about 10% of [[star system]]s in the Milky Way Galaxy are hospitable to life, by having heavy elements, being far from [[supernova]]e and being stable for a sufficient time.<ref><br />
{{cite journal<br />
|last1=Lineweaver |first1=C. H.<br />
|last2=Fenner |first2=Y.<br />
|last3=Gibson |first3=B. K.<br />
|year=2004<br />
|title=The Galactic Habitable Zone and the Age Distribution of Complex Life in the Milky Way<br />
|journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]]<br />
|volume=303 |issue=5654 |pages= 59–62<br />
|arxiv=astro-ph/0401024<br />
|bibcode=2004Sci...303...59L<br />
|doi=10.1126/science.1092322<br />
|pmid=14704421<br />
|s2cid=18140737<br />
}}</ref><br />
<br />
The discovery of numerous [[gas giant]]s in close orbit with their stars has introduced doubt that life-supporting planets commonly survive the formation of their stellar systems. So-called [[hot Jupiter]]s may migrate from distant orbits to near orbits, in the process disrupting the orbits of habitable planets.<br />
<br />
On the other hand, the variety of [[star system]]s that might have habitable zones is not just limited to solar-type stars and Earth-sized planets. It is now estimated that even tidally locked planets close to [[red dwarf]] stars [[habitability of red dwarf systems|might have habitable zones]],<ref><br />
{{cite journal<br />
|last1=Dressing |first1=C. D.<br />
|last2=Charbonneau |first2=D.<br />
|year=2013<br />
|title=The Occurrence Rate of Small Planets around Small Stars<br />
|journal=[[The Astrophysical Journal]]<br />
|volume=767 |issue= 1|pages=95<br />
|arxiv=1302.1647<br />
|bibcode=2013ApJ...767...95D<br />
|doi=10.1088/0004-637X/767/1/95<br />
|s2cid=29441006<br />
}}</ref> although the flaring behavior of these stars might speak against this.<ref>{{cite web|title=Red Dwarf Stars Could Leave Habitable Earth-Like Planets Vulnerable to Radiation|url=http://scitechdaily.com/red-dwarf-stars-could-leave-habitable-earth-like-planets-vulnerable-to-radiation/|website=SciTech Daily|access-date=22 September 2015|date=2 July 2013}}</ref> The possibility of life on [[natural satellite|moons]] of gas giants (such as [[Jupiter]]'s moon [[Europa (moon)|Europa]], or [[Saturn]]'s moons [[Titan (moon)|Titan]] and Enceladus) adds further uncertainty to this figure.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Heller |first1=René |last2=Barnes |first2=Rory |title=Constraints on the Habitability of Extrasolar Moons |journal=Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union |date=29 April 2014 |volume=8 |issue=S293 |pages=159–164 |arxiv=1210.5172 |bibcode=2014IAUS..293..159H |doi=10.1017/S1743921313012738|s2cid=92988047 }}</ref><br />
<br />
The authors of the [[rare Earth hypothesis]] propose a number of additional constraints on habitability for planets, including being in galactic zones with suitably low radiation, high star metallicity, and low enough density to avoid excessive asteroid bombardment. They also propose that it is necessary to have a planetary system with large gas giants which provide bombardment protection without a [[hot Jupiter]]; and a planet with [[plate tectonic]]s, a large moon that creates tidal pools, and moderate [[axial tilt]] to generate seasonal variation.<ref name="RareEarth">{{cite book |last1=Ward |first1=Peter D. |last2=Brownlee |first2=Donald |title=Rare Earth: Why Complex Life is Uncommon in the Universe |publisher=Copernicus Books (Springer Verlag) |date=2000 |isbn=0-387-98701-0 }}</ref><br />
<br />
====Fraction of the above that actually go on to develop life, {{math|''f''<sub>l</sub>}}====<br />
Geological evidence from the Earth suggests that {{math|''f''<sub>l</sub>}} may be high; life on Earth appears to have begun around the same time as favorable conditions arose, suggesting that [[abiogenesis]] may be relatively common once conditions are right. However, this evidence only looks at the Earth (a single model planet), and contains [[anthropic bias]], as the planet of study was not chosen randomly, but by the living organisms that already inhabit it (ourselves). From a classical [[hypothesis testing]] standpoint, without assuming that the underlying distribution of {{math|''f''<sub>l</sub>}} is the same for all planets in the Milky Way, there are zero [[degrees of freedom (statistics)|degrees of freedom]], permitting no valid estimates to be made. If life (or evidence of past life) were to be found on [[life on Mars|Mars]], [[Europa (moon)|Europa]], [[Enceladus]] or [[Titan (moon)|Titan]] that developed independently from life on Earth it would imply a value for {{math|''f''<sub>l</sub>}} close to 1. While this would raise the number of degrees of freedom from zero to one, there would remain a great deal of uncertainty on any estimate due to the small sample size, and the chance they are not really independent.<br />
<br />
Countering this argument is that there is no evidence for abiogenesis occurring more than once on the Earth—that is, all terrestrial life stems from a common origin. If abiogenesis were more common it would be speculated to have occurred more than once on the Earth. Scientists have searched for this by looking for [[bacteria]] that are unrelated to other life on Earth, but none have been found yet.<ref><br />
{{cite journal<br />
|last=Davies |first=P.<br />
|year=2007<br />
|title=Are Aliens Among Us?<br />
|journal=[[Scientific American]]<br />
|volume=297 |issue=6 |pages=62–69<br />
|doi=10.1038/scientificamerican1207-62<br />
|bibcode = 2007SciAm.297f..62D }}</ref> It is also possible that life arose more than once, but that other branches were out-competed, or died in mass extinctions, or were lost in other ways. Biochemists [[Francis Crick]] and [[Leslie Orgel]] laid special emphasis on this uncertainty: "At the moment we have no means at all of knowing" whether we are "likely to be alone in the galaxy (Universe)" or whether "the galaxy may be pullulating with life of many different forms."<ref><br />
{{cite journal<br />
|last1=Crick |first1=F. H. C.<br />
|last2=Orgel |first2=L. E.<br />
|year=1973<br />
|title=Directed Panspermia<br />
|url=http://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/ps/access/SCBCCP.pdf<br />
|journal=[[Icarus (journal)|Icarus]]<br />
|volume=19 |issue=3 |pages=341–346<br />
|bibcode=1973Icar...19..341C<br />
|doi=10.1016/0019-1035(73)90110-3<br />
}}</ref> As an alternative to abiogenesis on Earth, they proposed the hypothesis of [[directed panspermia]], which states that Earth life began with "microorganisms sent here deliberately by a technological society on another planet, by means of a special long-range unmanned spaceship".<br />
<br />
In 2020, a paper by scholars at the [[University of Nottingham]] proposed an "Astrobiological Copernican" principle, based on the [[Principle of Mediocrity]], and speculated that "intelligent life would form on other [Earth-like] planets like it has on Earth, so within a few billion years life would automatically form as a natural part of evolution". In the authors' framework, {{math|''f''<sub>l</sub>}}, {{math|''f''<sub>i</sub>}}, and {{math|''f''<sub>c</sub>}} are all set to a probability of 1 (certainty). Their resultant calculation concludes there are more than thirty current technological civilizations in the galaxy (disregarding error bars).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Westby |first1=Tom |last2=Conselice |first2=Christopher J. |title=The Astrobiological Copernican Weak and Strong Limits for Intelligent Life |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |date=15 June 2020 |volume=896 |issue=1 |pages=58 |doi=10.3847/1538-4357/ab8225|arxiv=2004.03968 |bibcode=2020ApJ...896...58W |s2cid=215415788 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Davis |first1=Nicola |title=Scientists say most likely number of contactable alien civilisations is 36 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2020/jun/15/scientists-say-most-likely-number-of-contactable-alien-civilisations-is-36 |access-date=19 June 2020 |work=The Guardian |date=15 June 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
====Fraction of the above that develops intelligent life, {{math|''f''<sub>i</sub>}}====<br />
This value remains particularly controversial. Those who favor a low value, such as the biologist [[Ernst Mayr]], point out that of the billions of species that have existed on Earth, only one has become intelligent and from this, infer a tiny value for {{math|''f''<sub>i</sub>}}.<ref name="Ernst Mayr on SETI"><br />
{{cite web<br />
|title = Ernst Mayr on SETI<br />
|url = http://www.planetary.org/explore/topics/search_for_life/seti/mayr.html<br />
|publisher = [[The Planetary Society]]<br />
|url-status = dead<br />
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101206171624/http://www.planetary.org/explore/topics/search_for_life/seti/mayr.html<br />
|archive-date = 6 December 2010<br />
|df = dmy-all<br />
}}</ref> Likewise, the Rare Earth hypothesis, notwithstanding their low value for {{math|''n''<sub>e</sub>}} above, also think a low value for {{math|''f''<sub>i</sub>}} dominates the analysis.<ref>Rare Earth, p. xviii.: "We believe that life in the form of microbes or their equivalents is very common in the universe, perhaps more common than even Drake or Sagan envisioned. However, ''complex'' life—animals and higher plants—is likely to be far more rare than commonly assumed."</ref> Those who favor higher values note the generally increasing complexity of life over time, concluding that the appearance of intelligence is almost inevitable,<ref name="acampbell.ukfsn.org"><br />
{{cite web<br />
|last = Campbell<br />
|first = A.<br />
|date = 13 March 2005<br />
|title = Review of ''Life's Solution'' by Simon Conway Morris<br />
|url = http://www.acampbell.ukfsn.org/bookreviews/r/morris.html<br />
|url-status = dead<br />
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110716063324/http://www.acampbell.ukfsn.org/bookreviews/r/morris.html<br />
|archive-date = 16 July 2011<br />
|df = dmy-all<br />
}}</ref><ref><br />
{{cite book<br />
|last=Bonner |first=J. T.<br />
|year=1988<br />
|title=The evolution of complexity by means of natural selection<br />
|url=https://archive.org/details/evolutionofcompl0000bonn |url-access=registration |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]]<br />
|isbn=0-691-08494-7<br />
}}</ref> implying an {{math|''f''<sub>i</sub>}} approaching 1. Skeptics point out that the large spread of values in this factor and others make all estimates unreliable. (See [[#Criticism|Criticism]]).<br />
<br />
In addition, while it appears that life developed soon after the formation of Earth, the [[Cambrian explosion]], in which a large variety of multicellular life forms came into being, occurred a considerable amount of time after the formation of Earth, which suggests the possibility that special conditions were necessary. Some scenarios such as the [[snowball Earth]] or research into [[extinction events]] have raised the possibility that life on Earth is relatively fragile. Research on any past [[life on Mars]] is relevant since a discovery that life did form on Mars but ceased to exist might raise our estimate of {{math|''f''<sub>l</sub>}} but would indicate that in half the known cases, intelligent life did not develop.<br />
<br />
Estimates of {{math|''f''<sub>i</sub>}} have been affected by discoveries that the Solar System's orbit is circular in the galaxy, at such a distance that it remains out of the spiral arms for tens of millions of years (evading radiation from [[nova]]e). Also, Earth's large moon may aid the evolution of life by [[Rare Earth hypothesis#A large moon|stabilizing the planet's axis of rotation]].<br />
<br />
There has been quantitative work to begin to define <math>f_\mathrm{l} \cdot f_\mathrm{i}</math> . One example is a Bayesian analysis published in 2020. In the conclusion, the author cautions that this study applies to Earth's conditions. In Bayesian terms, the study favors the formation of intelligence on a planet with identical conditions to Earth but does not do so with high confidence.<ref name="Kipping2020"><br />
{{cite journal<br />
|last1=Kipping<br />
|first1=David<br />
|date=18 May 2020<br />
|title=An objective Bayesian analysis of life's early start and our late arrival<br />
|journal=[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences]]<br />
|volume=117<br />
|issue=22<br />
|pages=11995–12003<br />
|doi=10.1073/pnas.1921655117|pmid=32424083<br />
|pmc=7275750<br />
|arxiv=2005.09008<br />
}}</ref><ref name="ColumbiaPR"><br />
{{cite web<br />
|author1=Columbia University<br />
|title=New study estimates the odds of life and intelligence emerging beyond our planet<br />
|url=https://phys.org/news/2020-05-odds-life-intelligence-emerging-planet.html<br />
|website=Phys.org<br />
|publisher=Phys.org<br />
|access-date=23 May 2020}}<br />
</ref><br />
<br />
Planetary scientist [[Pascal Lee]] of the [[SETI Institute]] proposes that this fraction is very low (0.0002). He based this estimate on how long it took Earth to develop intelligent life (1 million years since [[Homo erectus]] evolved, compared to 4.6 billion years since Earth formed).<ref>{{Cite web|last=Lee|first=Pascal|title=N~1: Alone in the Milky Way, Mt Tam|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cuJDkIUuDBg| archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/cuJDkIUuDBg| archive-date=2021-12-11|url-status=live}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Lee|first=Pascal|title=N~1: Alone in the Milky Way - Kalamazoo Astronomical Society|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wj5nmgoQr50| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210315085249/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wj5nmgoQr50| archive-date=2021-03-15|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
====Fraction of the above revealing their existence via signal release into space, {{math|''f''<sub>c</sub>}}====<br />
For deliberate communication, the one example we have (the Earth) does not do much explicit communication, though there are [[Active SETI|some efforts]] covering only a tiny fraction of the stars that might look for our presence. (See [[Arecibo message]], for example). There is [[Fermi paradox#They choose not to interact with us|considerable speculation]] why an extraterrestrial civilization might exist but choose not to communicate. However, deliberate communication is not required, and calculations indicate that current or near-future Earth-level technology might well be detectable to civilizations not too much more advanced than our own.<ref><br />
{{cite journal<br />
|last1=Forgan |first1=D.<br />
|last2=Elvis |first2=M.<br />
|year=2011<br />
|title=Extrasolar Asteroid Mining as Forensic Evidence for Extraterrestrial Intelligence<br />
|journal=[[International Journal of Astrobiology]]<br />
|volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=307–313<br />
|arxiv=1103.5369<br />
|bibcode=2011IJAsB..10..307F<br />
|doi=10.1017/S1473550411000127<br />
|s2cid=119111392<br />
}}</ref> By this standard, the Earth is a communicating civilization.<br />
<br />
Another question is what percentage of civilizations in the galaxy are close enough for us to detect, assuming that they send out signals. For example, existing Earth radio telescopes could only detect Earth radio transmissions from roughly a light year away.<ref>{{cite journal |title=The Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence (SETI) |journal=Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics |first=Jill C. |last=Tarter |author-link=Jill Tarter |volume=39 |pages=511–548 |date=September 2001 |doi=10.1146/annurev.astro.39.1.511 |bibcode=2001ARA&A..39..511T}}</ref><br />
<br />
====Lifetime of such a civilization wherein it communicates its signals into space, {{math|''L''}}====<br />
[[Michael Shermer]] estimated {{math|''L''}} as 420 years, based on the duration of sixty historical Earthly civilizations.<ref name="Why ET Hasn’t Called"><br />
{{cite journal<br />
|last=Shermer |first=M.<br />
|date=August 2002<br />
|title=Why ET Hasn't Called<br />
|url=http://www.michaelshermer.com/2002/08/why-et-hasnt-called/<br />
|journal=[[Scientific American]]<br />
|volume=287<br />
|issue=2<br />
|page=21<br />
|bibcode=2002SciAm.287b..33S<br />
|doi=10.1038/scientificamerican0802-33<br />
}}</ref> Using 28 civilizations more recent than the Roman Empire, he calculates a figure of 304 years for "modern" civilizations. It could also be argued from Michael Shermer's results that the fall of most of these civilizations was followed by later civilizations that carried on the technologies, so it is doubtful that they are separate civilizations in the context of the Drake equation. In the expanded version, including ''reappearance number'', this lack of specificity in defining single civilizations does not matter for the end result, since such a civilization turnover could be described as an increase in the ''reappearance number'' rather than increase in {{math|''L''}}, stating that a civilization reappears in the form of the succeeding cultures. Furthermore, since none could communicate over interstellar space, the method of comparing with historical civilizations could be regarded as invalid.<br />
<br />
[[David Grinspoon]] has argued that once a civilization has developed enough, it might overcome all threats to its survival. It will then last for an indefinite period of time, making the value for {{math|''L''}} potentially billions of years. If this is the case, then he proposes that the Milky Way Galaxy may have been steadily accumulating advanced civilizations since it formed.<ref name="David Grinspoon 2004"><br />
{{cite book<br />
|last=Grinspoon |first=D.<br />
|year=2004<br />
|title=Lonely Planets<br />
}}</ref> He proposes that the last factor {{math|''L''}} be replaced with {{math|''f''<sub>IC</sub> · ''T''}}, where {{math|''f''<sub>IC</sub>}} is the fraction of communicating civilizations that become "immortal" (in the sense that they simply do not die out), and {{math|''T''}} representing the length of time during which this process has been going on. This has the advantage that {{math|''T''}} would be a relatively easy-to-discover number, as it would simply be some fraction of the age of the universe.<br />
<br />
It has also been hypothesized that once a civilization has learned of a more advanced one, its longevity could increase because it can learn from the experiences of the other.<ref name="GoldsmithOwen"><br />
{{Cite book<br />
|last1=Goldsmith |first1=D.<br />
|last2=Owen |first2=T.<br />
|year=1992<br />
|title=The Search for Life in the Universe<br />
|edition=2nd |page=415<br />
|publisher=[[Addison-Wesley]]<br />
|isbn=1-891389-16-5<br />
}}</ref><br />
<br />
The astronomer [[Carl Sagan]] speculated that all of the terms, except for the lifetime of a civilization, are relatively high and the determining factor in whether there are large or small numbers of civilizations in the universe is the civilization lifetime, or in other words, the ability of technological civilizations to avoid self-destruction. In Sagan's case, the Drake equation was a strong motivating factor for his interest in environmental issues and his efforts to warn against the dangers of [[nuclear warfare]].<br />
<br />
An intelligent civilization might not be organic, as some have suggested that [[artificial general intelligence]] may replace humanity.<ref>{{cite news |title=Stephen Hawking warns artificial intelligence 'may replace humans altogether'|date=2 November 2017|author=Aatif Sulleyman|work=independent.co.uk<br />
| url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/news/stephen-hawking-artificial-intelligence-fears-ai-will-replace-humans-virus-life-a8034341.html}}</ref><br />
===Probabilistic combination of results===<br />
Combining the estimates of the original six factors by major researchers via a Monte Carlo procedure leads to a best value for the non-longevity factors of 0.85 1/years.<ref>Golden, Leslie M. (2021) “A joint mind consideration of the Drake equation in the search for extraterrestrial intelligence,” <i>Acta Astronautica</i>, 185, 333-336; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actaastro.2021.03.020</ref> This result differs insignificantly from the estimate of unity given both by Drake and the Cyclops report.<br />
<br />
===Range of results===<br />
As many skeptics have pointed out, the Drake equation can give a very wide range of values, depending on the assumptions,<ref>"The value of {{mvar|N}} remains highly uncertain. Even if we had a perfect knowledge of the first two terms in the equation, there are still five remaining terms, each of which could be uncertain by factors of 1,000." from {{cite journal |title=The search for extraterrestrial intelligence<br />
|author=Wilson, TL<br />
|journal=Nature<br />
|volume=409<br />
|issue=6823<br />
|pages=1110–1114<br />
|year=2001<br />
|publisher=Nature Publishing Group |bibcode = 2001Natur.409.1110W |doi = 10.1038/35059235 |pmid=11234025<br />
|s2cid=205014501<br />
}}, or more informally, "The Drake Equation can have any value from "billions and billions" to zero", Michael Crichton, as quoted in {{cite book |author=Douglas A. Vakoch |title=The Drake Equation: Estimating the prevalence of extraterrestrial life through the ages |publisher=Cambridge University Press |date=2015 |isbn=978-1-10-707365-4|display-authors=etal}}, p. 13</ref> as the values used in portions of the Drake equation are not well established.<ref name=schilling2011>{{cite web|url=http://www.astro-tom.com/technical_data/alien_life.htm|title=The Chance of Finding Aliens: Reevaluating the Drake Equation |author=Govert Schilling|date=November 2011|work=astro-tom.com}}</ref><ref name=renamed_from_2011_on_20160211035411>{{cite web|url=https://www.e-education.psu.edu/astro801/content/l12_p5.html|title=The Drake Equation|work=psu.edu}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.space.com/22648-drake-equation-alien-life-seager.html|title=The Drake Equation Revisited: Interview with Planet Hunter Sara Seager|author=Devin Powell, Astrobiology Magazine|work=Space.com|date=4 September 2013}}</ref><ref name=schilling2009>{{cite web|url=http://www.skyandtelescope.com/astronomy-news/the-chance-of-finding-aliens/|title=The Chance of Finding Aliens|author1=Govert Schilling|author2=Alan M. MacRobert|date=3 June 2009|work=Sky & Telescope}}</ref> In particular, the result can be {{math|''N'' ≪ 1}}, meaning we are likely alone in the galaxy, or {{math|''N'' ≫ 1}}, implying there are many civilizations we might contact. One of the few points of wide agreement is that the presence of humanity implies a probability of intelligence arising of greater than zero.<ref name="Dean">{{better source needed|date=August 2015}}<br />
{{cite web<br />
|last = Dean<br />
|first = T.<br />
|date = 10 August 2009<br />
|title = A review of the Drake Equation<br />
|url = http://www.cosmosmagazine.com/features/are-we-alone-a-review-drake-equation/<br />
|work = [[Cosmos Magazine]]<br />
|access-date = 16 April 2013<br />
|url-status = dead<br />
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130603043832/http://www.cosmosmagazine.com/features/are-we-alone-a-review-drake-equation/<br />
|archive-date = 3 June 2013<br />
|df = dmy-all<br />
}}</ref><br />
<br />
As an example of a low estimate, combining NASA's star formation rates, the [[rare Earth hypothesis]] value of {{math|''f''<sub>p</sub> · ''n''<sub>e</sub> · ''f''<sub>l</sub> {{=}} 10<sup>−5</sup>}},<ref>Rare Earth, page 270: "When we take into account factors such as the abundance of planets and the location and lifetime of the habitable zone, the Drake Equation suggests that only between 1% and 0.001% of all stars might have planets with habitats similar to Earth. [...] If microbial life forms readily, then millions to hundreds of millions of planets in the galaxy have the ''potential'' for developing advanced life. (We expect that a much higher number will have microbial life.)"</ref> Mayr's view on intelligence arising, Drake's view of communication, and Shermer's estimate of lifetime:<br />
:{{math|''R''<sub>∗</sub> {{=}} 1.5–3 yr<sup>−1</sup>}},<ref name=Robitaille/> {{math|''f''<sub>p</sub> · ''n''<sub>e</sub> · ''f''<sub>l</sub> {{=}} 10<sup>−5</sup>}},<ref name="RareEarth"/> {{math|''f''<sub>i</sub> {{=}} 10<sup>−9</sup>}},<ref name="Ernst Mayr on SETI"/> {{math|''f''<sub>c</sub> {{=}} 0.2}}<sup>[Drake, above]</sup>, and {{math|''L'' {{=}} 304}} years<ref name="Why ET Hasn’t Called"/><br />
gives:<br />
:{{math|''N'' {{=}} 1.5 × 10<sup>−5</sup> × 10<sup>−9</sup> × 0.2 × 304 {{=}} 9.1 × 10<sup>−13</sup>}}<br />
i.e., suggesting that we are probably alone in this galaxy, and possibly in the observable universe.<br />
<br />
On the other hand, with larger values for each of the parameters above, values of {{math|''N''}} can be derived that are greater than 1. The following higher values that have been proposed for each of the parameters:<br />
:{{math|''R''<sub>∗</sub> {{=}} 1.5–3 yr<sup>−1</sup>}},<ref name=Robitaille/> {{math|''f''<sub>p</sub> {{=}} 1}},<ref name="bbc.co.uk"/> {{math|''n''<sub>e</sub> {{=}} 0.2}},<ref name="W. von Bloh, C.Bounama, M. Cuntz, and S. Franck. 2007 1365"><br />
{{cite journal<br />
|last1=von Bloh |first1=W.<br />
|last2=Bounama |first2=C.<br />
|last3=Cuntz |first3=M.<br />
|last4=Franck |first4=S.<br />
|year=2007<br />
|title=The habitability of super-Earths in Gliese 581<br />
|journal=[[Astronomy & Astrophysics]]<br />
|volume=476 |issue=3 |pages=1365–1371<br />
|arxiv=0705.3758<br />
|bibcode=2007A&A...476.1365V<br />
|doi=10.1051/0004-6361:20077939<br />
|s2cid=14475537<br />
}}</ref><ref name="F. Selsis, J.F. Kasting, B. Levrard, J. Paillet, I. Ribas, and X. Delfosse. 2007 1373"><br />
{{cite journal |doi=10.1051/0004-6361:20078091 |bibcode=2007A&A...476.1373S |title=Habitable planets around the star Gl 581? |journal=[[Astronomy and Astrophysics]] |volume=476 |issue=3 |year=2007 |pages=1373–1387 |last1=Selsis |first1=Franck |last2=Kasting |first2=James F. |last3=Levrard |first3=Benjamin |last4=Paillet |first4=Jimmy |last5=Ribas |first5=Ignasi |last6=Delfosse |first6=Xavier |arxiv=0710.5294 |s2cid=11492499 |ref=Selsis |url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00182743 }}</ref> {{math|''f''<sub>l</sub> {{=}} 0.13}},<ref name="Lineweaver, C. H. & Davis, T. M. 2002 293–304"><br />
{{cite journal<br />
|last1=Lineweaver |first1=C. H.<br />
|last2=Davis |first2=T. M.<br />
|year=2002<br />
|title=Does the rapid appearance of life on Earth suggest that life is common in the universe?<br />
|journal=[[Astrobiology (journal)|Astrobiology]]<br />
|volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=293–304<br />
|arxiv=astro-ph/0205014<br />
|bibcode=2002AsBio...2..293L<br />
|doi=10.1089/153110702762027871<br />
|pmid=12530239<br />
|s2cid=431699<br />
}}</ref> {{math|''f''<sub>i</sub> {{=}} 1}},<ref name="acampbell.ukfsn.org"/> {{math|''f''<sub>c</sub> {{=}} 0.2}}<sup>[Drake, above]</sup>, and {{math|''L'' {{=}} 10<sup>9</sup>}} years<ref name="David Grinspoon 2004"/><br />
Use of these parameters gives:<br />
:{{math|''N'' {{=}} 3 × 1 × 0.2 × 0.13 × 1 × 0.2 × 10<sup>9</sup> {{=}} 15,600,000}}<br />
<br />
[[Monte Carlo method|Monte Carlo]] simulations of estimates of the Drake equation factors based on a stellar and planetary model of the Milky Way have resulted in the number of civilizations varying by a factor of 100.<ref><br />
{{cite journal<br />
|last1=Forgan |first1=D.<br />
|year=2009<br />
|title=A numerical testbed for hypotheses of extraterrestrial life and intelligence<br />
|journal=[[International Journal of Astrobiology]]<br />
|volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=121–131<br />
|arxiv=0810.2222<br />
|bibcode=2009IJAsB...8..121F<br />
|doi=10.1017/S1473550408004321<br />
|s2cid=17469638<br />
}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Have other technological species ''ever'' existed?===<br />
In 2016, Adam Frank and Woodruff Sullivan modified the Drake equation to determine just how unlikely the event of a technological species arising on a given habitable planet must be, to give the result that Earth hosts the ''only'' technological species that has ''ever'' arisen, for two cases: (a) our Galaxy, and (b) the universe as a whole. By asking this different question, one removes the lifetime and simultaneous communication uncertainties. Since the numbers of habitable planets per star can today be reasonably estimated, the only remaining unknown in the Drake equation is the probability that a habitable planet ''ever'' develops a technological species over its lifetime. For Earth to have the only technological species that has ever occurred in the universe, they calculate the probability of any given habitable planet ever developing a technological species must be less than {{val|2.5|e=-24}}. Similarly, for Earth to have been the only case of hosting a technological species over the history of our Galaxy, the odds of a habitable zone planet ever hosting a technological species must be less than {{val|1.7|e=-11}} (about 1 in 60 billion). The figure for the universe implies that it is extremely unlikely that Earth hosts the only technological species that has ever occurred. On the other hand, for our Galaxy one must think that fewer than 1 in 60 billion habitable planets develop a technological species for there not to have been at least a second case of such a species over the past history of our Galaxy.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://phys.org/news/2016-04-limits-uniqueness.html |title= Are we alone? Setting some limits to our uniqueness |date= 28 April 2016 |publisher= phys.org }}</ref><ref>{{cite episode |title= Are We Alone? Galactic Civilization Challenge |series= PBS Space Time |date= 5 October 2016 |network= PBS Digital Studios }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/12/opinion/sunday/yes-there-have-been-aliens.html |title= Yes, There Have Been Aliens |author= Adam Frank |date= 10 June 2016 |work=The New York Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title= A New Empirical Constraint on the Prevalence of Technological Species in the Universe |author= A. Frank |author2=W.T. Sullivan III |journal= Astrobiology |volume= 16 |issue= 5 |publication-date= 13 May 2016 |pages= 359–362 |doi= 10.1089/ast.2015.1418 |date= 22 April 2016 |arxiv= 1510.08837 |bibcode= 2016AsBio..16..359F |pmid=27105054}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Modifications==<br />
As many observers have pointed out, the Drake equation is a very simple model that omits potentially relevant parameters,<ref><br />
{{cite journal<br />
|last1 = Hetesi<br />
|first1 = Z.<br />
|last2 = Regaly<br />
|first2 = Z.<br />
|year = 2006<br />
|title = A new interpretation of Drake-equation<br />
|url = http://astro.elte.hu/~hetesizs/Hetesi%20Zsolt%20cikkei/new%20interpretation%20fo%20drake%20eq.pdf<br />
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090205123935/http://astro.elte.hu/~hetesizs/Hetesi%20Zsolt%20cikkei/new%20interpretation%20fo%20drake%20eq.pdf<br />
|url-status = dead<br />
|archive-date = 2009-02-05<br />
|journal = [[Journal of the British Interplanetary Society]]<br />
|volume = 59<br />
|pages = 11–14<br />
|bibcode = 2006JBIS...59...11H<br />
}}</ref> and many changes and modifications to the equation have been proposed. One line of modification, for example, attempts to account for the uncertainty inherent in many of the terms.<ref><br />
{{cite journal<br />
|last=Maccone |first=C.<br />
|year=2010<br />
|title=The Statistical Drake Equation<br />
|journal=[[Acta Astronautica]]<br />
|volume=67 |issue=11–12 |pages=1366–1383<br />
|bibcode= 2010AcAau..67.1366M<br />
|doi=10.1016/j.actaastro.2010.05.003<br />
}}</ref><br />
<br />
Others note that the Drake equation ignores many concepts that might be relevant to the odds of contacting other civilizations. For example, [[David Brin]] states: "The Drake equation merely speaks of the number of sites at which ETIs spontaneously arise. The equation says nothing directly about the contact cross-section between an ETIS and contemporary human society".<ref name="GS"><br />
{{cite journal<br />
|last=Brin |first=G. D.<br />
|year=1983<br />
|title=The Great Silence – The Controversy Concerning Extraterrestrial Intelligent Life<br />
|journal=[[Quarterly Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society]]<br />
|volume=24 |issue=3 |pages=283–309<br />
|bibcode=1983QJRAS..24..283B<br />
}}</ref> Because it is the contact cross-section that is of interest to the SETI community, many additional factors and modifications of the Drake equation have been proposed.<br />
<br />
;Colonization : It has been proposed to generalize the Drake equation to include additional effects of alien civilizations colonizing other [[star system]]s. Each original site expands with an expansion velocity {{mvar|v}}, and establishes additional sites that survive for a lifetime {{mvar|L}}. The result is a more complex set of 3 equations.<ref name="GS"/><br />
<br />
;Reappearance factor : The Drake equation may furthermore be multiplied by ''how many times'' an intelligent civilization may occur on planets where it has happened once. Even if an intelligent civilization reaches the end of its lifetime after, for example, 10,000 years, life may still prevail on the planet for billions of years, permitting the next [[Sociocultural evolution|civilization to evolve]]. Thus, several civilizations may come and go during the lifespan of one and the same planet. Thus, if {{math|''n''<sub>r</sub>}} is the average number of times a new civilization reappears on the same planet where a previous civilization once has appeared and ended, then the total number of civilizations on such a planet would be {{math|1 + ''n''<sub>r</sub>}}, which is the actual ''reappearance factor'' added to the equation.<br />
<br />
:The factor depends on what generally is the cause of [[civilization extinction]]. If it is generally by temporary uninhabitability, for example a [[nuclear winter]], then {{math|''n''<sub>r</sub>}} may be relatively high. On the other hand, if it is generally by permanent uninhabitability, such as [[stellar evolution]], then {{math|''n''<sub>r</sub>}} may be almost zero. In the case of total life extinction, a similar factor may be applicable for {{math|''f''<sub>l</sub>}}, that is, ''how many times'' life may appear on a planet where it has appeared once.<br />
<br />
;METI factor : [[Aleksandr Leonidovich Zaitsev|Alexander Zaitsev]] said that to be in a communicative phase and emit dedicated messages are not the same. For example, humans, although being in a communicative phase, are not a communicative civilization; we do not practise such activities as the purposeful and regular transmission of interstellar messages. For this reason, he suggested introducing the METI factor (messaging to extraterrestrial intelligence) to the classical Drake equation.<ref><br />
{{cite web<br />
|last=Zaitsev |first=A.<br />
|date=May 2005<br />
|title=The Drake Equation: Adding a METI Factor<br />
|url=http://www.cplire.ru/html/ra&sr/irm/Drake_equation.html<br />
|publisher=[[SETI League]]<br />
|access-date=2013-04-20<br />
}}</ref> He defined the factor as "the fraction of communicative civilizations with clear and non-paranoid planetary consciousness", or alternatively expressed, the fraction of communicative civilizations that actually engage in deliberate interstellar transmission.<br />
<br />
:The METI factor is somewhat misleading since active, purposeful transmission of messages by a civilization is not required for them to receive a broadcast sent by another that is seeking first contact. It is merely required they have capable and compatible receiver systems operational; however, this is a variable humans cannot accurately estimate.<br />
<br />
;Biogenic gases : Astronomer [[Sara Seager]] proposed a revised equation that focuses on the search for planets with biosignature gases.<ref name="NYT-20161207">{{cite news |last=Jones |first=Chris |title='The World Sees Me as the One Who Will Find Another Earth' – The star-crossed life of Sara Seager, an astrophysicist obsessed with discovering distant planets. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/07/magazine/the-world-sees-me-as-the-one-who-will-find-another-earth.html |date=7 December 2016 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=8 December 2016 }}</ref> These gases are produced by living organisms that can accumulate in a planet atmosphere to levels that can be detected with remote space telescopes.<ref name=equation>[http://www.space.com/22648-drake-equation-alien-life-seager.html?cid=51463011558824 The Drake Equation Revisited: Interview with Planet Hunter Sara Seager] Devin Powell, ''Astrobiology Magazine'' 4 September 2013.</ref><br />
<br />
:The Seager equation looks like this:<ref name=equation />{{refn|group=lower-alpha|The rendering of the equation here is slightly modified for clarity of presentation from the rendering in the cited source.<ref name=equation />}}<br />
::<math display=block>N = N_* \cdot F_\mathrm{Q} \cdot F_\mathrm{HZ} \cdot F_\mathrm{O} \cdot F_\mathrm{L} \cdot F_\mathrm{S}</math><br />
:where:<br />
<br />
::{{math|''N''}} = the number of planets with detectable signs of life<br />
::{{math|''N''<sub>∗</sub>}} = the number of stars observed<br />
::{{math|''F''<sub>Q</sub>}} = the fraction of stars that are quiet<br />
::{{math|''F''<sub>HZ</sub>}} = the fraction of stars with rocky planets in the habitable zone<br />
::{{math|''F''<sub>O</sub>}} = the fraction of those planets that can be observed<br />
::{{math|''F''<sub>L</sub>}} = the fraction that have life<br />
::{{math|''F''<sub>S</sub>}} = the fraction on which life produces a detectable signature gas<br />
<br />
:Seager stresses, “We’re not throwing out the Drake Equation, which is really a different topic,” explaining, “Since Drake came up with the equation, we have discovered thousands of exoplanets. We as a community have had our views revolutionized as to what could possibly be out there. And now we have a real question on our hands, one that's not related to intelligent life: Can we detect any signs of life in any way in the very near future?”<ref>{{cite web|url=http://io9.com/what-a-brand-new-equation-reveals-about-our-odds-of-fin-531575395|title=A New Equation Reveals Our Exact Odds of Finding Alien Life|publisher=[[io9]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Criticism==<br />
Criticism of the Drake equation follows mostly from the observation that several terms in the equation are largely or entirely based on conjecture. Star formation rates are well-known, and the incidence of planets has a sound theoretical and observational basis, but the other terms in the equation become very speculative. The uncertainties revolve around our understanding of the evolution of life, intelligence, and civilization, not physics. No statistical estimates are possible for some of the parameters, where only one example is known. The net result is that the equation cannot be used to draw firm conclusions of any kind, and the resulting margin of error is huge, far beyond what some consider acceptable or meaningful.<ref><br />
{{cite web<br />
|last=Dvorsky |first=G.<br />
|date=31 May 2007<br />
|title=The Drake Equation is obsolete<br />
|url=http://www.sentientdevelopments.com/2007/05/drake-equation-is-obsolete.html<br />
|work=Sentient Developments<br />
|access-date=2013-08-21<br />
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.space.com/42739-stop-using-the-drake-equation.html|title=Alien Hunters, Stop Using the Drake Equation|last=Sutter|first=Paul|date=2018-12-27|website=Space.com|language=en|access-date=2019-02-18}}</ref><br />
<br />
One reply to such criticisms<ref><br />
{{Cite journal<br />
|last=Tarter |first=Jill C.<br />
|date=May–June 2006<br />
|title=The Cosmic Haystack Is Large<br />
|url=http://www.csicop.org/si/show/cosmic_haystack_is_large/<br />
|journal=[[Skeptical Inquirer]]<br />
|volume=30 |issue=3<br />
|access-date=2013-08-21<br />
}}</ref> is that even though the Drake equation currently involves speculation about unmeasured parameters, it was intended as a way to stimulate dialogue on these topics. Then the focus becomes how to proceed experimentally. Indeed, Drake originally formulated the equation merely as an agenda for discussion at the Green Bank conference.<ref><br />
{{cite web<br />
|last=Alexander |first=A.<br />
|title=The Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence: A Short History – Part 7: The Birth of the Drake Equation<br />
|url=http://www.planetary.org/html/UPDATES/seti/history/History07.htm<br />
|publisher=[[The Planetary Society]]<br />
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050306072552/http://www.planetary.org/html/UPDATES/seti/history/History07.htm<br />
|archive-date=2005-03-06<br />
}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Fermi paradox===<br />
{{main|Fermi paradox}}<br />
A civilization lasting for tens of millions of years could be able to spread throughout the galaxy, even at the slow speeds foreseeable with our own current technology. However, no confirmed signs of civilizations or intelligent life elsewhere have been found, either in our Galaxy or in the [[observable universe]] of 2&nbsp;[[trillion (short scale)|trillion]] galaxies.<ref name="Conselice">{{cite journal|title=The Evolution of Galaxy Number Density at {{math|''z'' < 8}} and its Implications|author=Christopher J. Conselice|journal=The Astrophysical Journal|volume=830|issue=2|year=2016|arxiv=1607.03909|bibcode= 2016ApJ...830...83C|doi=10.3847/0004-637X/830/2/83|display-authors=etal|pages=83|s2cid=17424588}}</ref><ref name="NYT-20161017">{{cite news |last=Fountain |first=Henry |title=Two Trillion Galaxies, at the Very Least |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/18/science/two-trillion-galaxies-at-the-very-least.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220101/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/18/science/two-trillion-galaxies-at-the-very-least.html |archive-date=2022-01-01 |url-access=limited |date=17 October 2016 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=17 October 2016 }}{{cbignore}}</ref> According to this line of thinking, the tendency to fill up (or at least explore) all available territory seems to be a universal trait of living things, so the Earth should have already been colonized, or at least visited, but no evidence of this exists. Hence Fermi's question "Where is everybody?".<ref name="OSTI-19850301"><br />
{{cite report<br />
|last=Jones |first=E. M.<br />
|date=1 March 1985<br />
|title="Where is everybody?" An account of Fermi's question<br />
|url=http://www.osti.gov/accomplishments/documents/fullText/ACC0055.pdf<br />
|publisher=[[Los Alamos National Laboratory]]<br />
|access-date=2013-08-21<br />
|bibcode=1985STIN...8530988J<br />
|osti=5746675<br />
|osti-access=free<br />
|doi=10.2172/5746675<br />
|doi-access=free<br />
}}</ref><ref><br />
{{Cite news<br />
|last=Krauthammer |first=C.<br />
|date=29 December 2011<br />
|title=Are we alone in the Universe?<br />
|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/are-we-alone-in-the-universe/2011/12/29/gIQA2wSOPP_story.html<br />
|work=[[The Washington Post]]<br />
|access-date=2013-08-21<br />
}}</ref><br />
<br />
A large number of explanations have been proposed to explain this lack of contact; a book published in 2015 elaborated on 75 different explanations.<ref><br />
{{cite book<br />
|last=Webb |first=S.<br />
|year=2015<br />
|title=If the Universe Is Teeming with Aliens ... WHERE IS EVERYBODY?: Seventy-Five Solutions to the Fermi Paradox and the Problem of Extraterrestrial Life<br />
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QWKyrQEACAAJ&q=Universe-Teeming-Aliens-WHERE-EVERYBODY<br />
|publisher=Springer International Publishing<br />
|isbn=978-3319132358<br />
}}</ref> In terms of the Drake Equation, the explanations can be divided into three classes:<br />
<br />
*Few intelligent civilizations ever arise. This is an argument that at least one of the first few terms, {{math|''R''<sub>∗</sub> · ''f''<sub>p</sub> · ''n''<sub>e</sub> · ''f''<sub>l</sub> · ''f''<sub>i</sub>}}, has a low value. The most common suspect is {{math|''f''<sub>i</sub>}}, but explanations such as the rare Earth hypothesis argue that {{math|''n''<sub>e</sub>}} is the small term.<br />
*Intelligent civilizations exist, but we see no evidence, meaning {{math|''f''<sub>c</sub>}} is small. Typical arguments include [[Fermi paradox#Intelligent life may be too far away|that civilizations are too far apart]], [[Fermi paradox#Economic explanations|it is too expensive to spread throughout the galaxy]], [[Fermi paradox#Civilizations only broadcast detectable signals for a brief period of time|civilizations broadcast signals for only a brief period of time]], [[Fermi paradox#Communication is dangerous|communication is dangerous]], and many others.<br />
*The lifetime of intelligent, communicative civilizations is short, meaning the value of {{mvar|L}} is small. Drake suggested that a large number of extraterrestrial civilizations would form, and he further speculated that the lack of evidence of such civilizations may be because technological civilizations tend to disappear rather quickly. Typical explanations include [[Fermi paradox#It is the nature of intelligent life to destroy itself|it is the nature of intelligent life to destroy itself]], [[Fermi paradox#It is the nature of intelligent life to destroy others|it is the nature of intelligent life to destroy others]], [[Fermi paradox#Periodic extinction by natural events|they tend to be destroyed by natural events]], and others.<br />
<br />
These lines of reasoning lead to the [[Great Filter]] hypothesis,<ref><br />
{{cite web<br />
|last=Hanson |first=R.<br />
|date=15 September 1998<br />
|title=The Great Filter — Are We Almost Past It?<br />
|url=http://hanson.gmu.edu/greatfilter.html<br />
|access-date=2013-08-21<br />
}}</ref> which states that since there are no observed extraterrestrial civilizations despite the vast number of stars, at least one step in the process must be acting as a filter to reduce the final value. According to this view, either it is very difficult for intelligent life to arise, or the lifetime of technologically advanced civilizations, or the period of time they reveal their existence must be relatively short.<br />
<br />
An analysis by [[Anders Sandberg]], [[Eric Drexler]] and [[Toby Ord]] suggests "a substantial ''ex ante'' probability of there being no other intelligent life in our observable universe".<ref>{{cite arxiv|last1=Sandberg|first1=Anders|last2=Drexler|first2=Eric|last3=Ord|first3=Toby|date=2018-06-06|title=Dissolving the Fermi Paradox|class=physics.pop-ph|eprint=1806.02404}}</ref><br />
<br />
==In fiction and popular culture==<br />
The equation was cited by [[Gene Roddenberry]] as supporting the multiplicity of inhabited planets shown on ''[[Star Trek]]'', the television series he created. However, Roddenberry did not have the equation with him, and he was forced to "invent" it for his original proposal.<ref>''The Making of Star Trek'' by Stephen E. Whitfield and Gene Roddenberry, New York: Ballantine Books, 1968</ref> The invented equation created by Roddenberry is:<br />
::<math>Ff^2 (MgE)-C^1 Ri^1 \cdot M=L/So </math><br />
However, a number raised to the first power is merely the number itself.<br />
<br />
The equation was referenced in 'The Hofstadter Isotope', a season 2 episode of ''[[The Big Bang Theory]]'', in which it is compared to the characters' probability of successfully picking up women in a bar.<br />
<br />
The equation was also referenced in 'The Weeping Somnambulist', a season 2 episode of ''[[The Expanse (TV series)|The Expanse]]'', in which it is referenced by a scientist on board a scout vessel investigating a phenomenon on Venus which turns out to be sourced from an extraterrestrial entity.<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* {{annotated link|Astrobiology}}<br />
* {{annotated link|Fermi paradox}}<br />
* {{annotated link|Goldilocks principle}}<br />
* {{annotated link|Kardashev scale}}<br />
* {{annotated link|Planetary habitability}}<br />
* {{annotated link|Ufology}}<br />
* {{annotated link|Lincoln index}}<br />
* ''[[The Search for Life: The Drake Equation]]'', BBC documentary<br />
<br />
==Notes==<br />
{{notelist}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist|38em}}<br />
<br />
== Further reading ==<br />
* {{cite book | first = Oliver | last = Morton | editor=Graham Formelo |chapter=A Mirror in the Sky | title = It Must Be Beautiful | publisher = Granta Books | year = 2002 | isbn = 1-86207-555-7}}<br />
* {{cite book | first = Robert T. | last = Rood |author2=James S. Trefil | title = Are We Alone? The Possibility of Extraterrestrial Civilizations | publisher = Scribner | location = New York | year = 1981 | isbn = 0684178427}} <br />
* {{Cite book |editor1-link=Douglas Vakoch |editor1-first=Douglas A. |editor1-last=Vakoch |editor2-first=Matthew F. |editor2-last=Dowd |year=2015 |title=The Drake Equation: Estimating the Prevalence of Extraterrestrial Life Through the Ages |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jcnSCQAAQBAJ |location=Cambridge, UK |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-10-707365-4}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{wiktionary|Drake equation}}<br />
*[http://spacegeek.org/calc/ Interactive Drake Equation Calculator]<br />
*[https://astrosociety.org/file_download/inline/58ee6041-5f61-4f88-8b15-d2d3d22ab83d Frank Drake's 2010 article on "The Origin of the Drake Equation"]<br />
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20100411202244/http://www.cosmosmagazine.com/features/online/3384/qa-with-frank-drake "Only a matter of time, says Frank Drake"]. A Q&A with Frank Drake in February 2010.<br />
* {{cite news | url = https://www.wired.com/wired/archive/12.12/life.html | title = The E.T. Equation, Recalculated | author = Frank Drake |date=December 2004 | work = [[Wired (magazine)|Wired]]| author-link = Frank Drake }}<br />
* [https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/origins/drake.html Macromedia Flash page allowing the user to modify Drake's values] from [[Public Broadcasting Service|PBS]] [[Nova (American TV series)|Nova]]<br />
*[http://www.astronomycast.com/solar-system/episode-23-the-drake-equation/ The Drake Equation] ''[[Astronomy Cast]]'' episode #23, includes full transcript.<br />
*[http://www.area52online.com/sections/simulations/drake/guessinggame.htm Animated simulation of the Drake equation.] <br />
*[http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p009rtr0 The Alien Equation] 22 September 2010, BBC Radio program ''Discovery''.<br />
*[https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/S1473550413000207 "Reflections on the Equation"] (PDF), by Frank Drake, 2013<br />
<br />
{{Astrobiology}}<br />
{{Extraterrestrial life}}<br />
{{Interstellar messages}}<br />
{{Molecules detected in outer space}}<br />
{{Portal bar|Stars|Spaceflight|Solar System|Science}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:1961 introductions]]<br />
[[Category:Astrobiology]]<br />
[[Category:Astronomical controversies]]<br />
[[Category:Astronomical hypotheses]]<br />
[[Category:Equations]]<br />
[[Category:Extraterrestrial life]]<br />
[[Category:Fermi paradox]]<br />
[[Category:Interstellar messages]]<br />
[[Category:Scientific controversies]]<br />
[[Category:Search for extraterrestrial intelligence]]</div>Drlesmgoldenhttps://mywikibiz.com/index.php?title=Drake_equation&diff=480440Drake equation2022-01-22T13:36:33Z<p>Drlesmgolden: Created page with "Dr. [[Frank Drake]] The '''Drake equation''' is a probabilistic argument used to estimate the number of active, comm..."</p>
<hr />
<div>[[File:Dr. Frank Drake.jpg|thumb|Dr. [[Frank Drake]]]]<br />
<br />
The '''Drake equation''' is a [[probability theory|probabilistic argument]] used to estimate the number of active, communicative [[extraterrestrial life|extraterrestrial civilizations]] in the [[Milky Way]] [[Galaxy]].<ref name="Burchell"/><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Glade |first1=N. |last2=Ballet |first2=P. |last3=Bastien |first3=O. |date=2012 |title=A stochastic process approach of the drake equation parameters |journal=[[International Journal of Astrobiology]] |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=103–108 |arxiv=1112.1506 |bibcode=2012IJAsB..11..103G |doi=10.1017/S1473550411000413|s2cid=119250730 }}</ref><br />
<br />
The equation was formulated in 1961 by [[Frank Drake]], not for purposes of quantifying the number of civilizations, but as a way to stimulate scientific dialogue at the first scientific meeting on the [[search for extraterrestrial intelligence]] (SETI).<ref name='December 2002'>{{cite web |date=December 2002 |title=Chapter 3 – Philosophy: "Solving the Drake Equation |url=http://www.setileague.org/askdr/drake.htm |work=Ask Dr. SETI |publisher=SETI League |access-date=2013-04-10}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Drake |first=N. |date=30 June 2014 |title=How my Dad's Equation Sparked the Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence |url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2014/06/140630-drake-equation-50-years-later-aliens-science/ |work=[[National Geographic (magazine)|National Geographic]] |access-date=2 October 2016}}</ref> The equation summarizes the main concepts which scientists must contemplate when considering the question of other radio-communicative life.<ref name='December 2002'/> It is more properly thought of as an approximation than as a serious attempt to determine a precise number.<br />
<br />
Criticism related to the Drake equation focuses not on the equation itself, but on the fact that the estimated values for several of its factors are highly conjectural, the combined multiplicative effect being that the uncertainty associated with any derived value is so large that the equation cannot be used to draw firm conclusions.<br />
<br />
==Equation==<br />
The Drake equation is:<br />
<br />
:<math>N = R_* \cdot f_\mathrm{p} \cdot n_\mathrm{e} \cdot f_\mathrm{l} \cdot f_\mathrm{i} \cdot f_\mathrm{c} \cdot L</math><br />
<br />
where<br />
<br />
:{{math|''N''}} = the number of [[civilization]]s in our galaxy with which communication might be possible (i.e. which are on our current past [[light cone]]);<br />
<br />
and<br />
<br />
:{{math|''R''<sub>∗</sub>}} = the average rate of [[star formation]] in [[Milky Way|our Galaxy]]<br />
:{{math|''f''<sub>p</sub>}} = the fraction of those stars that have [[planet]]s<br />
:{{math|''n''<sub>e</sub>}} = the average number of planets that can potentially support [[life]] per star that has planets<br />
:{{math|''f''<sub>l</sub>}} = the fraction of planets that could support life that actually develop life at some point<br />
:{{math|''f''<sub>i</sub>}} = the fraction of planets with life that actually go on to develop [[intelligence|intelligent]] life (civilizations)<br />
:{{math|''f''<sub>c</sub>}} = the fraction of civilizations that develop a technology that releases detectable signs of their existence into space<br />
:{{math|''L''}} = the length of time for which such civilizations release detectable signals into space<ref name="NOVA"><br />
{{cite web<br />
|last=Aguirre |first=L.<br />
|date=1 July 2008<br />
|title=The Drake Equation<br />
|url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/origins/drake.html<br />
|work=[[Nova ScienceNow]]<br />
|publisher=[[PBS]]<br />
|access-date=2010-03-07<br />
}}</ref><ref name="SETI-Drake-Equation">{{cite web | url=http://www.seti.org/drakeequation | title=What do we need to know about to discover life in space? | publisher=[[SETI Institute]] | access-date=2013-04-16}}</ref><br />
<br />
==History==<br />
In September 1959, physicists [[Giuseppe Cocconi]] and [[Philip Morrison]] published an article in the journal ''[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]'' with the provocative title "Searching for Interstellar Communications".<ref name='Cocconi 1959'><br />
{{cite journal<br />
|last1=Cocconi |first1=G.<br />
|last2=Morisson |first2=P.<br />
|year=1959<br />
|title=Searching for Interstellar Communications<br />
|url=http://www.iaragroup.org/_OLD/seti/pdf_IARA/cocconi.pdf<br />
|journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]<br />
|volume=184 |issue=4690 |pages=844–846<br />
|access-date=2013-04-10<br />
|bibcode=1959Natur.184..844C<br />
|doi=10.1038/184844a0<br />
|s2cid=4220318<br />
}}</ref><ref name="history">{{cite web<br />
|last1=Schilling<br />
|first1=G.<br />
|last2=MacRobert<br />
|first2=A. M.<br />
|year=2013<br />
|title=The Chance of Finding Aliens<br />
|url=http://www.skyandtelescope.com/resources/seti/3304541.html<br />
|work=[[Sky & Telescope]]<br />
|access-date=2013-04-10<br />
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130214073858/http://www.skyandtelescope.com/resources/seti/3304541.html<br />
|archive-date=14 February 2013<br />
|url-status=dead<br />
}}</ref> Cocconi and Morrison argued that [[radio telescope]]s had become sensitive enough to pick up transmissions that might be broadcast into space by civilizations orbiting other stars. Such messages, they suggested, might be transmitted at a [[wavelength]] of 21&nbsp;cm (1,420.4&nbsp;[[megahertz|MHz]]). This is the wavelength of radio emission by neutral [[hydrogen]], the most common element in the universe, and they reasoned that other intelligences might see this as a logical landmark in the [[radio spectrum]].<br />
<br />
Two months later, Harvard University astronomy professor [[Harlow Shapley]] speculated on the number of inhabited planets in the universe, saying "The universe has 10 million, million, million suns (10 followed by 18 zeros) similar to our own. One in a million has planets around it. Only one in a million million has the right combination of chemicals, temperature, water, days and nights to support planetary life as we know it. This calculation arrives at the estimated figure of 100 million worlds where life has been forged by evolution."<ref name="SydneyMorningHerald"><br />
{{cite news<br />
|last=newspaper |first=staff<br />
|date=8 November 1959<br />
|title=Life On Other Planets?<br />
|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1301&dat=19591108&id=s39WAAAAIBAJ&pg=2212,2112869&hl=en<br />
|work=[[Sydney Morning Herald]]<br />
|access-date=2015-10-02<br />
}}</ref><br />
<br />
Seven months after Cocconi and Morrison published their article, Drake made the first systematic search for signals from communicative extraterrestrial civilizations. Using the {{convert|85|foot|abbr=on}} dish of the [[Green Bank Observatory|National Radio Astronomy Observatory, Green Bank]] in [[Green Bank, West Virginia]], Drake monitored two nearby Sun-like stars: [[Epsilon Eridani]] and [[Tau Ceti]]. In this project, which he called [[Project Ozma]], he slowly scanned frequencies close to the 21&nbsp;cm wavelength for six hours per day from April to July 1960.<ref name="history"/> The project was well designed, inexpensive, and simple by today's standards. It detected no signals.<br />
<br />
Soon thereafter, Drake hosted a "[[search for extraterrestrial intelligence]]" meeting on detecting their radio signals. The meeting was held at the Green Bank facility in 1961. The equation that bears Drake's name arose out of his preparations for the meeting.<ref name="Astrobiology Magazine">{{cite web | url=http://www.astrobio.net/alien-life/the-drake-equation-revisited-part-i/ | title=The Drake Equation Revisited: Part I | work=[[Astrobiology Magazine]] | date=29 September 2003 | access-date=20 May 2017}}</ref><br />
<br />
<blockquote> As I planned the meeting, I realized a few day[s] ahead of time we needed an agenda. And so I wrote down all the things you needed to know to predict how hard it's going to be to detect extraterrestrial life. And looking at them it became pretty evident that if you multiplied all these together, you got a number, N, which is the number of detectable civilizations in our galaxy. This was aimed at the radio search, and not to search for primordial or primitive life forms.<br />
:—Frank Drake</blockquote><br />
<br />
The ten attendees were conference organizer J. Peter Pearman, Frank Drake, [[Philip Morrison]], businessman and radio amateur Dana Atchley, chemist [[Melvin Calvin]], astronomer [[Su-Shu Huang]], neuroscientist [[John C. Lilly]], inventor [[Barney Oliver]], astronomer [[Carl Sagan]] and radio-astronomer [[Otto Struve]].<ref name="Wende"><br />
{{cite news<br />
|last=Zaun |first=H.<br />
|date=1 November 2011<br />
|title=Es war wie eine 180-Grad-Wende von diesem peinlichen Geheimnis!<br />
|trans-title=It was like a 180 degree turn from this embarrassing secret<br />
|url=http://www.heise.de/tp/artikel/35/35756/1.html<br />
|work=[[Telepolis]]<br />
|language=de<br />
|access-date=2013-08-13<br />
}}</ref> These participants dubbed themselves "'''The Order of the Dolphin'''" (because of Lilly's work on [[dolphin communication]]), and commemorated their first meeting with a plaque at the observatory hall.<ref><br />
{{cite web<br />
|title=Drake Equation Plaque<br />
|url=http://www.setileague.org/photos/miscpix/drakeqn.jpg<br />
|access-date=2013-08-13<br />
}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia<br />
|last = Darling<br />
|first = D. J.<br />
|title = Green Bank conference (1961)<br />
|url = http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/G/GreenBankconf.html<br />
|encyclopedia = [[The Encyclopedia of Science]]<br />
|access-date = 13 August 2013<br />
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130518091722/http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/G/GreenBankconf.html<br />
|archive-date = 18 May 2013<br />
|url-status = dead<br />
|df = dmy-all<br />
}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Usefulness==<br />
[[File:C G-K - DSC 0421.jpg|thumb|The [[Allen Telescope Array]] for SETI]]<br />
The Drake equation amounts to a summary of the factors affecting the likelihood that we might detect radio-communication from intelligent extraterrestrial life.<ref name="Burchell">{{cite journal |title=W(h)ither the Drake equation? |author=Burchell, M.J. |journal=International Journal of Astrobiology |volume=5 |issue=3 |pages=243–250 |date=2006 |doi = 10.1017/S1473550406003107<br />
|bibcode = 2006IJAsB...5..243B |s2cid=121060763 }}</ref><ref name="NOVA"/><ref><br />
{{cite web<br />
|last=Jones |first=D. S.<br />
|date=26 September 2001<br />
|title=Beyond the Drake Equation<br />
|url=http://frombob.to/drake.html<br />
|access-date=2013-04-17<br />
}}</ref> The last three parameters, {{math|''f''<sub>i</sub>}}, {{math|''f''<sub>c</sub>}}, and {{mvar|L}}, are not known and are very difficult to estimate, with values ranging over many orders of magnitude (see [[#Criticism|criticism]]). Therefore, the usefulness of the Drake equation is not in the solving, but rather in the contemplation of all the various concepts which scientists must incorporate when considering the question of life elsewhere,<ref name="Burchell"/><ref name='December 2002'/> and gives the question of life elsewhere a basis for [[Scientific method|scientific analysis]]. The equation has helped draw attention to some particular scientific problems related to life in the universe, for example [[abiogenesis]], the development of multi-cellular life, and the development of [[intelligence]] itself.<ref>{{cite web<br />
|year=2010<br />
|title=The Search For Life : The Drake Equation 2010 – Part 1<br />
|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?list=PL56DCB81E2F59166A&v=U3UyAoYkhTo&feature=player_embedded<br />
|publisher=[[BBC Four]]<br />
|access-date=2013-04-17<br />
}}</ref><br />
<br />
Within the limits of our existing technology, any practical search for distant intelligent life must necessarily be a search for some manifestation of a distant technology. After about 50 years, the Drake equation is still of seminal importance because it is a 'road map' of what we need to learn in order to solve this fundamental existential question.<ref name="Burchell"/> It also formed the backbone of [[astrobiology]] as a science; although speculation is entertained to give context, astrobiology concerns itself primarily with [[hypotheses]] that fit firmly into existing [[Theory#Science|scientific theories]]. Some 50 years of SETI have failed to find anything, even though radio telescopes, receiver techniques, and computational abilities have improved significantly since the early 1960s. It has, however, been discovered that our galaxy is not teeming with very powerful alien transmitters continuously broadcasting near the 21&nbsp;cm wavelength of the [[Hydrogen frequencies|hydrogen frequency]]; this was not known in 1961.<ref>[http://www.astronomynow.com/news/n1004/SETI/ SETI: A celebration of the first 50 years]. Keith Cooper. ''Astronomy Now''. 2000</ref><br />
<br />
==Estimates==<br />
<br />
===Original estimates===<br />
There is considerable disagreement on the values of these parameters, but the 'educated guesses' used by Drake and his colleagues in 1961 were:<ref><br />
{{cite book<br />
| last1 = Drake | first1 = F.<br />
| last2 = Sobel |first2 = D.<br />
| year = 1992<br />
| title = Is Anyone Out There? The Scientific Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence<br />
| pages = 55–62<br />
| publisher = [[Delta (publisher)|Delta]]<br />
| isbn = 0-385-31122-2<br />
}}</ref><ref><br />
{{cite journal<br />
|last1=Glade |first1=N.<br />
|last2=Ballet |first2=P.<br />
|last3=Bastien |first3=O.<br />
|year=2012<br />
|title=A stochastic process approach of the drake equation parameters<br />
|journal=[[International Journal of Astrobiology]]<br />
|volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=103–108<br />
|arxiv=1112.1506<br />
|bibcode=2012IJAsB..11..103G<br />
|doi=10.1017/S1473550411000413<br />
|s2cid=119250730<br />
}} Note: This reference has a table of 1961 values, claimed to be taken from Drake & Sobel, but these differ from the book.</ref> <br />
* {{math|''R''<sub>∗</sub>}} = 1 yr<sup>−1</sup> (1 star formed per year, on the average over the life of the galaxy; this was regarded as conservative)<br />
* {{math|''f''<sub>p</sub>}} = 0.2 to 0.5 (one fifth to one half of all stars formed will have planets)<br />
* {{math|''n''<sub>e</sub>}} = 1 to 5 (stars with planets will have between 1 and 5 planets capable of developing life)<br />
* {{math|''f''<sub>l</sub>}} = 1 (100% of these planets will develop life)<br />
* {{math|''f''<sub>i</sub>}} = 1 (100% of which will develop intelligent life)<br />
* {{math|''f''<sub>c</sub>}} = 0.1 to 0.2 (10–20% of which will be able to communicate)<br />
* {{math|''L''}} = 1000 to 100,000,000 communicative civilizations (which will last somewhere between 1000 and 100,000,000 years)<br />
<br />
Inserting the above minimum numbers into the equation gives a minimum N of 20 (see: [[#Range of results|Range of results]]). Inserting the maximum numbers gives a maximum of 50,000,000. Drake states that given the uncertainties, the original meeting concluded that {{math|''N'' ≈ ''L''}}, and there were probably between 1000 and 100,000,000 planets with civilizations in the [[Milky Way]] Galaxy.<br />
<br />
===Current estimates===<br />
This section discusses and attempts to list the best current estimates for the parameters of the Drake equation.<br />
<!-- Please state the rationale behind the estimate and a citation to their source. --><br />
<br />
====Rate of star creation in our Galaxy, {{math|''R''<sub>∗</sub>}}====<br />
Calculations in 2010, from [[NASA]] and the [[European Space Agency]] indicate that the rate of star formation in our Galaxy is about {{solar mass|0.68–1.45|link=yes}} of material per year.<ref name=Robitaille>{{cite journal |author1=Robitaille, Thomas P. |author2=Barbara A. Whitney |title=The present-day star formation rate of the Milky Way determined from Spitzer-detected young stellar objects |journal=The Astrophysical Journal Letters |volume=710 |issue=1 |year=2010 |pages=L11 |arxiv=1001.3672 |bibcode=2010ApJ...710L..11R |doi=10.1088/2041-8205/710/1/L11|s2cid=118703635 }}</ref><ref name="The Drake Equation"><br />
{{cite book<br />
|last=Wanjek |first=C.<br />
|date=2 July 2015<br />
|title=The Drake Equation<br />
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jcnSCQAAQBAJ&q=Robitaille+and+Whitney+came+up+with+a+figure+for+R*+between+0.68+and+1.45&pg=PA45<br />
|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]<br />
|access-date=2016-09-09<br />
|isbn=9781107073654<br />
}}</ref> To get the number of stars per year, we divide this by the [[initial mass function]] (IMF) for stars, where the average new star's mass is about {{solar mass|0.5}}.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kennicutt |first1=Robert C. |last2=Evans |first2=Neal J. |title=Star Formation in the Milky Way and Nearby Galaxies |journal=Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics |date=22 September 2012 |volume=50 |issue=1 |pages=531–608 |arxiv=1204.3552 |bibcode=2012ARA&A..50..531K |doi=10.1146/annurev-astro-081811-125610|s2cid=118667387 }}</ref> This gives a star formation rate of about 1.5–3 stars per year.<br />
<br />
{{anchor|eta-earth|}}<br />
<br />
====Fraction of those stars that have planets, {{math|''f''<sub>p</sub>}}====<br />
Analysis of [[Gravitational microlensing|microlensing]] surveys, in 2012, has found that {{math|''f''<sub>p</sub>}} may approach 1—that is, stars are orbited by planets as a rule, rather than the exception; and that there are one or more bound planets per Milky Way star.<ref name="bbc.co.uk"><br />
{{cite news<br />
|last=Palmer |first=J.<br />
|date=11 January 2012<br />
|title=Exoplanets are around every star, study suggests<br />
|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-16515944<br />
|publisher=[[BBC]]<br />
|access-date=2012-01-12<br />
}}</ref><ref name="Nature-20120111"><br />
{{cite journal<br />
|last=Cassan |first=A.<br />
|display-authors=etal<br />
|date=11 January 2012<br />
|title=One or more bound planets per Milky Way star from microlensing observations<br />
|journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]<br />
|volume=481 |issue=7380 |pages=167–169<br />
|arxiv=1202.0903<br />
|bibcode=2012Natur.481..167C<br />
|doi=10.1038/nature10684<br />
|pmid=22237108<br />
|s2cid=2614136<br />
}}</ref><br />
<br />
====Average number of planets that might support life per star that has planets, {{math|''n''<sub>e</sub>}}====<br />
In November 2013, astronomers reported, based on [[Kepler (spacecraft)|''Kepler'' space mission]] data, that there could be as many as 40&nbsp;billion [[Terrestrial planet|Earth-sized]] [[extrasolar planets|planets]] orbiting in the [[habitable zone]]s of [[sun-like|sun-like stars]] and [[red dwarf stars]] within the [[Milky Way Galaxy]].<ref name="NYT-20131104">{{cite news |last=Overbye |first=Dennis |title=Far-Off Planets Like the Earth Dot the Galaxy |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/11/05/science/cosmic-census-finds-billions-of-planets-that-could-be-like-earth.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220101/https://www.nytimes.com/2013/11/05/science/cosmic-census-finds-billions-of-planets-that-could-be-like-earth.html |archive-date=2022-01-01 |url-access=limited |date=4 November 2013 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=5 November 2013 }}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref name="PNAS-20131031">{{cite journal |last1=Petigura |first1=Eric A. |last2=Howard |first2=Andrew W. |last3=Marcy |first3=Geoffrey W. |title=Prevalence of Earth-size planets orbiting Sun-like stars |date=31 October 2013 |journal=[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America]] |doi=10.1073/pnas.1319909110 |arxiv = 1311.6806 |bibcode = 2013PNAS..11019273P |volume=110 |issue=48 |pages=19273–19278 |pmid=24191033 |pmc=3845182|doi-access=free }}</ref> 11 billion of these estimated planets may be orbiting sun-like stars.<ref name="LATimes-20131104">{{cite news |last=Khan |first=Amina |title=Milky Way may host billions of Earth-size planets |url=http://www.latimes.com/science/la-sci-earth-like-planets-20131105,0,2673237.story |date=4 November 2013 |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |access-date=5 November 2013 }}</ref> Since there are about 100 billion stars in the galaxy, this implies {{math|''f''<sub>p</sub> · ''n''<sub>e</sub>}} is roughly 0.4. The nearest planet in the habitable zone is [[Proxima Centauri b]], which is as close as about 4.2 light-years away.<br />
<br />
The consensus at the Green Bank meeting was that {{math|''n''<sub>e</sub>}} had a minimum value between 3 and 5. Dutch science journalist [[Govert Schilling]] has opined that this is optimistic.<ref name=schilling2011 /> Even if planets are in the [[habitable zone]], the number of planets with the right proportion of elements is difficult to estimate.<ref name="Trimble">{{cite journal<br />
|last=Trimble |first=V.<br />
|year=1997<br />
|title=Origin of the biologically important elements<br />
|journal=[[Origins of Life and Evolution of the Biosphere]]<br />
|volume=27 |issue=1–3 |pages=3–21<br />
|doi=10.1023/A:1006561811750<br />
|pmid=9150565<br />
|bibcode=1997OLEB...27....3T<br />
|s2cid=7612499<br />
}}</ref> Brad Gibson, Yeshe Fenner, and Charley Lineweaver determined that about 10% of [[star system]]s in the Milky Way Galaxy are hospitable to life, by having heavy elements, being far from [[supernova]]e and being stable for a sufficient time.<ref><br />
{{cite journal<br />
|last1=Lineweaver |first1=C. H.<br />
|last2=Fenner |first2=Y.<br />
|last3=Gibson |first3=B. K.<br />
|year=2004<br />
|title=The Galactic Habitable Zone and the Age Distribution of Complex Life in the Milky Way<br />
|journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]]<br />
|volume=303 |issue=5654 |pages= 59–62<br />
|arxiv=astro-ph/0401024<br />
|bibcode=2004Sci...303...59L<br />
|doi=10.1126/science.1092322<br />
|pmid=14704421<br />
|s2cid=18140737<br />
}}</ref><br />
<br />
The discovery of numerous [[gas giant]]s in close orbit with their stars has introduced doubt that life-supporting planets commonly survive the formation of their stellar systems. So-called [[hot Jupiter]]s may migrate from distant orbits to near orbits, in the process disrupting the orbits of habitable planets.<br />
<br />
On the other hand, the variety of [[star system]]s that might have habitable zones is not just limited to solar-type stars and Earth-sized planets. It is now estimated that even tidally locked planets close to [[red dwarf]] stars [[habitability of red dwarf systems|might have habitable zones]],<ref><br />
{{cite journal<br />
|last1=Dressing |first1=C. D.<br />
|last2=Charbonneau |first2=D.<br />
|year=2013<br />
|title=The Occurrence Rate of Small Planets around Small Stars<br />
|journal=[[The Astrophysical Journal]]<br />
|volume=767 |issue= 1|pages=95<br />
|arxiv=1302.1647<br />
|bibcode=2013ApJ...767...95D<br />
|doi=10.1088/0004-637X/767/1/95<br />
|s2cid=29441006<br />
}}</ref> although the flaring behavior of these stars might speak against this.<ref>{{cite web|title=Red Dwarf Stars Could Leave Habitable Earth-Like Planets Vulnerable to Radiation|url=http://scitechdaily.com/red-dwarf-stars-could-leave-habitable-earth-like-planets-vulnerable-to-radiation/|website=SciTech Daily|access-date=22 September 2015|date=2 July 2013}}</ref> The possibility of life on [[natural satellite|moons]] of gas giants (such as [[Jupiter]]'s moon [[Europa (moon)|Europa]], or [[Saturn]]'s moons [[Titan (moon)|Titan]] and Enceladus) adds further uncertainty to this figure.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Heller |first1=René |last2=Barnes |first2=Rory |title=Constraints on the Habitability of Extrasolar Moons |journal=Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union |date=29 April 2014 |volume=8 |issue=S293 |pages=159–164 |arxiv=1210.5172 |bibcode=2014IAUS..293..159H |doi=10.1017/S1743921313012738|s2cid=92988047 }}</ref><br />
<br />
The authors of the [[rare Earth hypothesis]] propose a number of additional constraints on habitability for planets, including being in galactic zones with suitably low radiation, high star metallicity, and low enough density to avoid excessive asteroid bombardment. They also propose that it is necessary to have a planetary system with large gas giants which provide bombardment protection without a [[hot Jupiter]]; and a planet with [[plate tectonic]]s, a large moon that creates tidal pools, and moderate [[axial tilt]] to generate seasonal variation.<ref name="RareEarth">{{cite book |last1=Ward |first1=Peter D. |last2=Brownlee |first2=Donald |title=Rare Earth: Why Complex Life is Uncommon in the Universe |publisher=Copernicus Books (Springer Verlag) |date=2000 |isbn=0-387-98701-0 }}</ref><br />
<br />
====Fraction of the above that actually go on to develop life, {{math|''f''<sub>l</sub>}}====<br />
Geological evidence from the Earth suggests that {{math|''f''<sub>l</sub>}} may be high; life on Earth appears to have begun around the same time as favorable conditions arose, suggesting that [[abiogenesis]] may be relatively common once conditions are right. However, this evidence only looks at the Earth (a single model planet), and contains [[anthropic bias]], as the planet of study was not chosen randomly, but by the living organisms that already inhabit it (ourselves). From a classical [[hypothesis testing]] standpoint, without assuming that the underlying distribution of {{math|''f''<sub>l</sub>}} is the same for all planets in the Milky Way, there are zero [[degrees of freedom (statistics)|degrees of freedom]], permitting no valid estimates to be made. If life (or evidence of past life) were to be found on [[life on Mars|Mars]], [[Europa (moon)|Europa]], [[Enceladus]] or [[Titan (moon)|Titan]] that developed independently from life on Earth it would imply a value for {{math|''f''<sub>l</sub>}} close to 1. While this would raise the number of degrees of freedom from zero to one, there would remain a great deal of uncertainty on any estimate due to the small sample size, and the chance they are not really independent.<br />
<br />
Countering this argument is that there is no evidence for abiogenesis occurring more than once on the Earth—that is, all terrestrial life stems from a common origin. If abiogenesis were more common it would be speculated to have occurred more than once on the Earth. Scientists have searched for this by looking for [[bacteria]] that are unrelated to other life on Earth, but none have been found yet.<ref><br />
{{cite journal<br />
|last=Davies |first=P.<br />
|year=2007<br />
|title=Are Aliens Among Us?<br />
|journal=[[Scientific American]]<br />
|volume=297 |issue=6 |pages=62–69<br />
|doi=10.1038/scientificamerican1207-62<br />
|bibcode = 2007SciAm.297f..62D }}</ref> It is also possible that life arose more than once, but that other branches were out-competed, or died in mass extinctions, or were lost in other ways. Biochemists [[Francis Crick]] and [[Leslie Orgel]] laid special emphasis on this uncertainty: "At the moment we have no means at all of knowing" whether we are "likely to be alone in the galaxy (Universe)" or whether "the galaxy may be pullulating with life of many different forms."<ref><br />
{{cite journal<br />
|last1=Crick |first1=F. H. C.<br />
|last2=Orgel |first2=L. E.<br />
|year=1973<br />
|title=Directed Panspermia<br />
|url=http://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/ps/access/SCBCCP.pdf<br />
|journal=[[Icarus (journal)|Icarus]]<br />
|volume=19 |issue=3 |pages=341–346<br />
|bibcode=1973Icar...19..341C<br />
|doi=10.1016/0019-1035(73)90110-3<br />
}}</ref> As an alternative to abiogenesis on Earth, they proposed the hypothesis of [[directed panspermia]], which states that Earth life began with "microorganisms sent here deliberately by a technological society on another planet, by means of a special long-range unmanned spaceship".<br />
<br />
In 2020, a paper by scholars at the [[University of Nottingham]] proposed an "Astrobiological Copernican" principle, based on the [[Principle of Mediocrity]], and speculated that "intelligent life would form on other [Earth-like] planets like it has on Earth, so within a few billion years life would automatically form as a natural part of evolution". In the authors' framework, {{math|''f''<sub>l</sub>}}, {{math|''f''<sub>i</sub>}}, and {{math|''f''<sub>c</sub>}} are all set to a probability of 1 (certainty). Their resultant calculation concludes there are more than thirty current technological civilizations in the galaxy (disregarding error bars).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Westby |first1=Tom |last2=Conselice |first2=Christopher J. |title=The Astrobiological Copernican Weak and Strong Limits for Intelligent Life |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |date=15 June 2020 |volume=896 |issue=1 |pages=58 |doi=10.3847/1538-4357/ab8225|arxiv=2004.03968 |bibcode=2020ApJ...896...58W |s2cid=215415788 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Davis |first1=Nicola |title=Scientists say most likely number of contactable alien civilisations is 36 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2020/jun/15/scientists-say-most-likely-number-of-contactable-alien-civilisations-is-36 |access-date=19 June 2020 |work=The Guardian |date=15 June 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
====Fraction of the above that develops intelligent life, {{math|''f''<sub>i</sub>}}====<br />
This value remains particularly controversial. Those who favor a low value, such as the biologist [[Ernst Mayr]], point out that of the billions of species that have existed on Earth, only one has become intelligent and from this, infer a tiny value for {{math|''f''<sub>i</sub>}}.<ref name="Ernst Mayr on SETI"><br />
{{cite web<br />
|title = Ernst Mayr on SETI<br />
|url = http://www.planetary.org/explore/topics/search_for_life/seti/mayr.html<br />
|publisher = [[The Planetary Society]]<br />
|url-status = dead<br />
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101206171624/http://www.planetary.org/explore/topics/search_for_life/seti/mayr.html<br />
|archive-date = 6 December 2010<br />
|df = dmy-all<br />
}}</ref> Likewise, the Rare Earth hypothesis, notwithstanding their low value for {{math|''n''<sub>e</sub>}} above, also think a low value for {{math|''f''<sub>i</sub>}} dominates the analysis.<ref>Rare Earth, p. xviii.: "We believe that life in the form of microbes or their equivalents is very common in the universe, perhaps more common than even Drake or Sagan envisioned. However, ''complex'' life—animals and higher plants—is likely to be far more rare than commonly assumed."</ref> Those who favor higher values note the generally increasing complexity of life over time, concluding that the appearance of intelligence is almost inevitable,<ref name="acampbell.ukfsn.org"><br />
{{cite web<br />
|last = Campbell<br />
|first = A.<br />
|date = 13 March 2005<br />
|title = Review of ''Life's Solution'' by Simon Conway Morris<br />
|url = http://www.acampbell.ukfsn.org/bookreviews/r/morris.html<br />
|url-status = dead<br />
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110716063324/http://www.acampbell.ukfsn.org/bookreviews/r/morris.html<br />
|archive-date = 16 July 2011<br />
|df = dmy-all<br />
}}</ref><ref><br />
{{cite book<br />
|last=Bonner |first=J. T.<br />
|year=1988<br />
|title=The evolution of complexity by means of natural selection<br />
|url=https://archive.org/details/evolutionofcompl0000bonn |url-access=registration |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]]<br />
|isbn=0-691-08494-7<br />
}}</ref> implying an {{math|''f''<sub>i</sub>}} approaching 1. Skeptics point out that the large spread of values in this factor and others make all estimates unreliable. (See [[#Criticism|Criticism]]).<br />
<br />
In addition, while it appears that life developed soon after the formation of Earth, the [[Cambrian explosion]], in which a large variety of multicellular life forms came into being, occurred a considerable amount of time after the formation of Earth, which suggests the possibility that special conditions were necessary. Some scenarios such as the [[snowball Earth]] or research into [[extinction events]] have raised the possibility that life on Earth is relatively fragile. Research on any past [[life on Mars]] is relevant since a discovery that life did form on Mars but ceased to exist might raise our estimate of {{math|''f''<sub>l</sub>}} but would indicate that in half the known cases, intelligent life did not develop.<br />
<br />
Estimates of {{math|''f''<sub>i</sub>}} have been affected by discoveries that the Solar System's orbit is circular in the galaxy, at such a distance that it remains out of the spiral arms for tens of millions of years (evading radiation from [[nova]]e). Also, Earth's large moon may aid the evolution of life by [[Rare Earth hypothesis#A large moon|stabilizing the planet's axis of rotation]].<br />
<br />
There has been quantitative work to begin to define <math>f_\mathrm{l} \cdot f_\mathrm{i}</math> . One example is a Bayesian analysis published in 2020. In the conclusion, the author cautions that this study applies to Earth's conditions. In Bayesian terms, the study favors the formation of intelligence on a planet with identical conditions to Earth but does not do so with high confidence.<ref name="Kipping2020"><br />
{{cite journal<br />
|last1=Kipping<br />
|first1=David<br />
|date=18 May 2020<br />
|title=An objective Bayesian analysis of life's early start and our late arrival<br />
|journal=[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences]]<br />
|volume=117<br />
|issue=22<br />
|pages=11995–12003<br />
|doi=10.1073/pnas.1921655117|pmid=32424083<br />
|pmc=7275750<br />
|arxiv=2005.09008<br />
}}</ref><ref name="ColumbiaPR"><br />
{{cite web<br />
|author1=Columbia University<br />
|title=New study estimates the odds of life and intelligence emerging beyond our planet<br />
|url=https://phys.org/news/2020-05-odds-life-intelligence-emerging-planet.html<br />
|website=Phys.org<br />
|publisher=Phys.org<br />
|access-date=23 May 2020}}<br />
</ref><br />
<br />
Planetary scientist [[Pascal Lee]] of the [[SETI Institute]] proposes that this fraction is very low (0.0002). He based this estimate on how long it took Earth to develop intelligent life (1 million years since [[Homo erectus]] evolved, compared to 4.6 billion years since Earth formed).<ref>{{Cite web|last=Lee|first=Pascal|title=N~1: Alone in the Milky Way, Mt Tam|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cuJDkIUuDBg| archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/cuJDkIUuDBg| archive-date=2021-12-11|url-status=live}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Lee|first=Pascal|title=N~1: Alone in the Milky Way - Kalamazoo Astronomical Society|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wj5nmgoQr50| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210315085249/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wj5nmgoQr50| archive-date=2021-03-15|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
====Fraction of the above revealing their existence via signal release into space, {{math|''f''<sub>c</sub>}}====<br />
For deliberate communication, the one example we have (the Earth) does not do much explicit communication, though there are [[Active SETI|some efforts]] covering only a tiny fraction of the stars that might look for our presence. (See [[Arecibo message]], for example). There is [[Fermi paradox#They choose not to interact with us|considerable speculation]] why an extraterrestrial civilization might exist but choose not to communicate. However, deliberate communication is not required, and calculations indicate that current or near-future Earth-level technology might well be detectable to civilizations not too much more advanced than our own.<ref><br />
{{cite journal<br />
|last1=Forgan |first1=D.<br />
|last2=Elvis |first2=M.<br />
|year=2011<br />
|title=Extrasolar Asteroid Mining as Forensic Evidence for Extraterrestrial Intelligence<br />
|journal=[[International Journal of Astrobiology]]<br />
|volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=307–313<br />
|arxiv=1103.5369<br />
|bibcode=2011IJAsB..10..307F<br />
|doi=10.1017/S1473550411000127<br />
|s2cid=119111392<br />
}}</ref> By this standard, the Earth is a communicating civilization.<br />
<br />
Another question is what percentage of civilizations in the galaxy are close enough for us to detect, assuming that they send out signals. For example, existing Earth radio telescopes could only detect Earth radio transmissions from roughly a light year away.<ref>{{cite journal |title=The Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence (SETI) |journal=Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics |first=Jill C. |last=Tarter |author-link=Jill Tarter |volume=39 |pages=511–548 |date=September 2001 |doi=10.1146/annurev.astro.39.1.511 |bibcode=2001ARA&A..39..511T}}</ref><br />
<br />
====Lifetime of such a civilization wherein it communicates its signals into space, {{math|''L''}}====<br />
[[Michael Shermer]] estimated {{math|''L''}} as 420 years, based on the duration of sixty historical Earthly civilizations.<ref name="Why ET Hasn’t Called"><br />
{{cite journal<br />
|last=Shermer |first=M.<br />
|date=August 2002<br />
|title=Why ET Hasn't Called<br />
|url=http://www.michaelshermer.com/2002/08/why-et-hasnt-called/<br />
|journal=[[Scientific American]]<br />
|volume=287<br />
|issue=2<br />
|page=21<br />
|bibcode=2002SciAm.287b..33S<br />
|doi=10.1038/scientificamerican0802-33<br />
}}</ref> Using 28 civilizations more recent than the Roman Empire, he calculates a figure of 304 years for "modern" civilizations. It could also be argued from Michael Shermer's results that the fall of most of these civilizations was followed by later civilizations that carried on the technologies, so it is doubtful that they are separate civilizations in the context of the Drake equation. In the expanded version, including ''reappearance number'', this lack of specificity in defining single civilizations does not matter for the end result, since such a civilization turnover could be described as an increase in the ''reappearance number'' rather than increase in {{math|''L''}}, stating that a civilization reappears in the form of the succeeding cultures. Furthermore, since none could communicate over interstellar space, the method of comparing with historical civilizations could be regarded as invalid.<br />
<br />
[[David Grinspoon]] has argued that once a civilization has developed enough, it might overcome all threats to its survival. It will then last for an indefinite period of time, making the value for {{math|''L''}} potentially billions of years. If this is the case, then he proposes that the Milky Way Galaxy may have been steadily accumulating advanced civilizations since it formed.<ref name="David Grinspoon 2004"><br />
{{cite book<br />
|last=Grinspoon |first=D.<br />
|year=2004<br />
|title=Lonely Planets<br />
}}</ref> He proposes that the last factor {{math|''L''}} be replaced with {{math|''f''<sub>IC</sub> · ''T''}}, where {{math|''f''<sub>IC</sub>}} is the fraction of communicating civilizations that become "immortal" (in the sense that they simply do not die out), and {{math|''T''}} representing the length of time during which this process has been going on. This has the advantage that {{math|''T''}} would be a relatively easy-to-discover number, as it would simply be some fraction of the age of the universe.<br />
<br />
It has also been hypothesized that once a civilization has learned of a more advanced one, its longevity could increase because it can learn from the experiences of the other.<ref name="GoldsmithOwen"><br />
{{Cite book<br />
|last1=Goldsmith |first1=D.<br />
|last2=Owen |first2=T.<br />
|year=1992<br />
|title=The Search for Life in the Universe<br />
|edition=2nd |page=415<br />
|publisher=[[Addison-Wesley]]<br />
|isbn=1-891389-16-5<br />
}}</ref><br />
<br />
The astronomer [[Carl Sagan]] speculated that all of the terms, except for the lifetime of a civilization, are relatively high and the determining factor in whether there are large or small numbers of civilizations in the universe is the civilization lifetime, or in other words, the ability of technological civilizations to avoid self-destruction. In Sagan's case, the Drake equation was a strong motivating factor for his interest in environmental issues and his efforts to warn against the dangers of [[nuclear warfare]].<br />
<br />
An intelligent civilization might not be organic, as some have suggested that [[artificial general intelligence]] may replace humanity.<ref>{{cite news |title=Stephen Hawking warns artificial intelligence 'may replace humans altogether'|date=2 November 2017|author=Aatif Sulleyman|work=independent.co.uk<br />
| url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/news/stephen-hawking-artificial-intelligence-fears-ai-will-replace-humans-virus-life-a8034341.html}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Range of results===<br />
As many skeptics have pointed out, the Drake equation can give a very wide range of values, depending on the assumptions,<ref>"The value of {{mvar|N}} remains highly uncertain. Even if we had a perfect knowledge of the first two terms in the equation, there are still five remaining terms, each of which could be uncertain by factors of 1,000." from {{cite journal |title=The search for extraterrestrial intelligence<br />
|author=Wilson, TL<br />
|journal=Nature<br />
|volume=409<br />
|issue=6823<br />
|pages=1110–1114<br />
|year=2001<br />
|publisher=Nature Publishing Group |bibcode = 2001Natur.409.1110W |doi = 10.1038/35059235 |pmid=11234025<br />
|s2cid=205014501<br />
}}, or more informally, "The Drake Equation can have any value from "billions and billions" to zero", Michael Crichton, as quoted in {{cite book |author=Douglas A. Vakoch |title=The Drake Equation: Estimating the prevalence of extraterrestrial life through the ages |publisher=Cambridge University Press |date=2015 |isbn=978-1-10-707365-4|display-authors=etal}}, p. 13</ref> as the values used in portions of the Drake equation are not well established.<ref name=schilling2011>{{cite web|url=http://www.astro-tom.com/technical_data/alien_life.htm|title=The Chance of Finding Aliens: Reevaluating the Drake Equation |author=Govert Schilling|date=November 2011|work=astro-tom.com}}</ref><ref name=renamed_from_2011_on_20160211035411>{{cite web|url=https://www.e-education.psu.edu/astro801/content/l12_p5.html|title=The Drake Equation|work=psu.edu}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.space.com/22648-drake-equation-alien-life-seager.html|title=The Drake Equation Revisited: Interview with Planet Hunter Sara Seager|author=Devin Powell, Astrobiology Magazine|work=Space.com|date=4 September 2013}}</ref><ref name=schilling2009>{{cite web|url=http://www.skyandtelescope.com/astronomy-news/the-chance-of-finding-aliens/|title=The Chance of Finding Aliens|author1=Govert Schilling|author2=Alan M. MacRobert|date=3 June 2009|work=Sky & Telescope}}</ref> In particular, the result can be {{math|''N'' ≪ 1}}, meaning we are likely alone in the galaxy, or {{math|''N'' ≫ 1}}, implying there are many civilizations we might contact. One of the few points of wide agreement is that the presence of humanity implies a probability of intelligence arising of greater than zero.<ref name="Dean">{{better source needed|date=August 2015}}<br />
{{cite web<br />
|last = Dean<br />
|first = T.<br />
|date = 10 August 2009<br />
|title = A review of the Drake Equation<br />
|url = http://www.cosmosmagazine.com/features/are-we-alone-a-review-drake-equation/<br />
|work = [[Cosmos Magazine]]<br />
|access-date = 16 April 2013<br />
|url-status = dead<br />
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130603043832/http://www.cosmosmagazine.com/features/are-we-alone-a-review-drake-equation/<br />
|archive-date = 3 June 2013<br />
|df = dmy-all<br />
}}</ref><br />
<br />
As an example of a low estimate, combining NASA's star formation rates, the [[rare Earth hypothesis]] value of {{math|''f''<sub>p</sub> · ''n''<sub>e</sub> · ''f''<sub>l</sub> {{=}} 10<sup>−5</sup>}},<ref>Rare Earth, page 270: "When we take into account factors such as the abundance of planets and the location and lifetime of the habitable zone, the Drake Equation suggests that only between 1% and 0.001% of all stars might have planets with habitats similar to Earth. [...] If microbial life forms readily, then millions to hundreds of millions of planets in the galaxy have the ''potential'' for developing advanced life. (We expect that a much higher number will have microbial life.)"</ref> Mayr's view on intelligence arising, Drake's view of communication, and Shermer's estimate of lifetime:<br />
:{{math|''R''<sub>∗</sub> {{=}} 1.5–3 yr<sup>−1</sup>}},<ref name=Robitaille/> {{math|''f''<sub>p</sub> · ''n''<sub>e</sub> · ''f''<sub>l</sub> {{=}} 10<sup>−5</sup>}},<ref name="RareEarth"/> {{math|''f''<sub>i</sub> {{=}} 10<sup>−9</sup>}},<ref name="Ernst Mayr on SETI"/> {{math|''f''<sub>c</sub> {{=}} 0.2}}<sup>[Drake, above]</sup>, and {{math|''L'' {{=}} 304}} years<ref name="Why ET Hasn’t Called"/><br />
gives:<br />
:{{math|''N'' {{=}} 1.5 × 10<sup>−5</sup> × 10<sup>−9</sup> × 0.2 × 304 {{=}} 9.1 × 10<sup>−13</sup>}}<br />
i.e., suggesting that we are probably alone in this galaxy, and possibly in the observable universe.<br />
<br />
On the other hand, with larger values for each of the parameters above, values of {{math|''N''}} can be derived that are greater than 1. The following higher values that have been proposed for each of the parameters:<br />
:{{math|''R''<sub>∗</sub> {{=}} 1.5–3 yr<sup>−1</sup>}},<ref name=Robitaille/> {{math|''f''<sub>p</sub> {{=}} 1}},<ref name="bbc.co.uk"/> {{math|''n''<sub>e</sub> {{=}} 0.2}},<ref name="W. von Bloh, C.Bounama, M. Cuntz, and S. Franck. 2007 1365"><br />
{{cite journal<br />
|last1=von Bloh |first1=W.<br />
|last2=Bounama |first2=C.<br />
|last3=Cuntz |first3=M.<br />
|last4=Franck |first4=S.<br />
|year=2007<br />
|title=The habitability of super-Earths in Gliese 581<br />
|journal=[[Astronomy & Astrophysics]]<br />
|volume=476 |issue=3 |pages=1365–1371<br />
|arxiv=0705.3758<br />
|bibcode=2007A&A...476.1365V<br />
|doi=10.1051/0004-6361:20077939<br />
|s2cid=14475537<br />
}}</ref><ref name="F. Selsis, J.F. Kasting, B. Levrard, J. Paillet, I. Ribas, and X. Delfosse. 2007 1373"><br />
{{cite journal |doi=10.1051/0004-6361:20078091 |bibcode=2007A&A...476.1373S |title=Habitable planets around the star Gl 581? |journal=[[Astronomy and Astrophysics]] |volume=476 |issue=3 |year=2007 |pages=1373–1387 |last1=Selsis |first1=Franck |last2=Kasting |first2=James F. |last3=Levrard |first3=Benjamin |last4=Paillet |first4=Jimmy |last5=Ribas |first5=Ignasi |last6=Delfosse |first6=Xavier |arxiv=0710.5294 |s2cid=11492499 |ref=Selsis |url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00182743 }}</ref> {{math|''f''<sub>l</sub> {{=}} 0.13}},<ref name="Lineweaver, C. H. & Davis, T. M. 2002 293–304"><br />
{{cite journal<br />
|last1=Lineweaver |first1=C. H.<br />
|last2=Davis |first2=T. M.<br />
|year=2002<br />
|title=Does the rapid appearance of life on Earth suggest that life is common in the universe?<br />
|journal=[[Astrobiology (journal)|Astrobiology]]<br />
|volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=293–304<br />
|arxiv=astro-ph/0205014<br />
|bibcode=2002AsBio...2..293L<br />
|doi=10.1089/153110702762027871<br />
|pmid=12530239<br />
|s2cid=431699<br />
}}</ref> {{math|''f''<sub>i</sub> {{=}} 1}},<ref name="acampbell.ukfsn.org"/> {{math|''f''<sub>c</sub> {{=}} 0.2}}<sup>[Drake, above]</sup>, and {{math|''L'' {{=}} 10<sup>9</sup>}} years<ref name="David Grinspoon 2004"/><br />
Use of these parameters gives:<br />
:{{math|''N'' {{=}} 3 × 1 × 0.2 × 0.13 × 1 × 0.2 × 10<sup>9</sup> {{=}} 15,600,000}}<br />
<br />
[[Monte Carlo method|Monte Carlo]] simulations of estimates of the Drake equation factors based on a stellar and planetary model of the Milky Way have resulted in the number of civilizations varying by a factor of 100.<ref><br />
{{cite journal<br />
|last1=Forgan |first1=D.<br />
|year=2009<br />
|title=A numerical testbed for hypotheses of extraterrestrial life and intelligence<br />
|journal=[[International Journal of Astrobiology]]<br />
|volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=121–131<br />
|arxiv=0810.2222<br />
|bibcode=2009IJAsB...8..121F<br />
|doi=10.1017/S1473550408004321<br />
|s2cid=17469638<br />
}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Have other technological species ''ever'' existed?===<br />
In 2016, Adam Frank and Woodruff Sullivan modified the Drake equation to determine just how unlikely the event of a technological species arising on a given habitable planet must be, to give the result that Earth hosts the ''only'' technological species that has ''ever'' arisen, for two cases: (a) our Galaxy, and (b) the universe as a whole. By asking this different question, one removes the lifetime and simultaneous communication uncertainties. Since the numbers of habitable planets per star can today be reasonably estimated, the only remaining unknown in the Drake equation is the probability that a habitable planet ''ever'' develops a technological species over its lifetime. For Earth to have the only technological species that has ever occurred in the universe, they calculate the probability of any given habitable planet ever developing a technological species must be less than {{val|2.5|e=-24}}. Similarly, for Earth to have been the only case of hosting a technological species over the history of our Galaxy, the odds of a habitable zone planet ever hosting a technological species must be less than {{val|1.7|e=-11}} (about 1 in 60 billion). The figure for the universe implies that it is extremely unlikely that Earth hosts the only technological species that has ever occurred. On the other hand, for our Galaxy one must think that fewer than 1 in 60 billion habitable planets develop a technological species for there not to have been at least a second case of such a species over the past history of our Galaxy.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://phys.org/news/2016-04-limits-uniqueness.html |title= Are we alone? Setting some limits to our uniqueness |date= 28 April 2016 |publisher= phys.org }}</ref><ref>{{cite episode |title= Are We Alone? Galactic Civilization Challenge |series= PBS Space Time |date= 5 October 2016 |network= PBS Digital Studios }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/12/opinion/sunday/yes-there-have-been-aliens.html |title= Yes, There Have Been Aliens |author= Adam Frank |date= 10 June 2016 |work=The New York Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title= A New Empirical Constraint on the Prevalence of Technological Species in the Universe |author= A. Frank |author2=W.T. Sullivan III |journal= Astrobiology |volume= 16 |issue= 5 |publication-date= 13 May 2016 |pages= 359–362 |doi= 10.1089/ast.2015.1418 |date= 22 April 2016 |arxiv= 1510.08837 |bibcode= 2016AsBio..16..359F |pmid=27105054}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Modifications==<br />
As many observers have pointed out, the Drake equation is a very simple model that omits potentially relevant parameters,<ref><br />
{{cite journal<br />
|last1 = Hetesi<br />
|first1 = Z.<br />
|last2 = Regaly<br />
|first2 = Z.<br />
|year = 2006<br />
|title = A new interpretation of Drake-equation<br />
|url = http://astro.elte.hu/~hetesizs/Hetesi%20Zsolt%20cikkei/new%20interpretation%20fo%20drake%20eq.pdf<br />
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090205123935/http://astro.elte.hu/~hetesizs/Hetesi%20Zsolt%20cikkei/new%20interpretation%20fo%20drake%20eq.pdf<br />
|url-status = dead<br />
|archive-date = 2009-02-05<br />
|journal = [[Journal of the British Interplanetary Society]]<br />
|volume = 59<br />
|pages = 11–14<br />
|bibcode = 2006JBIS...59...11H<br />
}}</ref> and many changes and modifications to the equation have been proposed. One line of modification, for example, attempts to account for the uncertainty inherent in many of the terms.<ref><br />
{{cite journal<br />
|last=Maccone |first=C.<br />
|year=2010<br />
|title=The Statistical Drake Equation<br />
|journal=[[Acta Astronautica]]<br />
|volume=67 |issue=11–12 |pages=1366–1383<br />
|bibcode= 2010AcAau..67.1366M<br />
|doi=10.1016/j.actaastro.2010.05.003<br />
}}</ref><br />
<br />
Others note that the Drake equation ignores many concepts that might be relevant to the odds of contacting other civilizations. For example, [[David Brin]] states: "The Drake equation merely speaks of the number of sites at which ETIs spontaneously arise. The equation says nothing directly about the contact cross-section between an ETIS and contemporary human society".<ref name="GS"><br />
{{cite journal<br />
|last=Brin |first=G. D.<br />
|year=1983<br />
|title=The Great Silence – The Controversy Concerning Extraterrestrial Intelligent Life<br />
|journal=[[Quarterly Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society]]<br />
|volume=24 |issue=3 |pages=283–309<br />
|bibcode=1983QJRAS..24..283B<br />
}}</ref> Because it is the contact cross-section that is of interest to the SETI community, many additional factors and modifications of the Drake equation have been proposed.<br />
<br />
;Colonization : It has been proposed to generalize the Drake equation to include additional effects of alien civilizations colonizing other [[star system]]s. Each original site expands with an expansion velocity {{mvar|v}}, and establishes additional sites that survive for a lifetime {{mvar|L}}. The result is a more complex set of 3 equations.<ref name="GS"/><br />
<br />
;Reappearance factor : The Drake equation may furthermore be multiplied by ''how many times'' an intelligent civilization may occur on planets where it has happened once. Even if an intelligent civilization reaches the end of its lifetime after, for example, 10,000 years, life may still prevail on the planet for billions of years, permitting the next [[Sociocultural evolution|civilization to evolve]]. Thus, several civilizations may come and go during the lifespan of one and the same planet. Thus, if {{math|''n''<sub>r</sub>}} is the average number of times a new civilization reappears on the same planet where a previous civilization once has appeared and ended, then the total number of civilizations on such a planet would be {{math|1 + ''n''<sub>r</sub>}}, which is the actual ''reappearance factor'' added to the equation.<br />
<br />
:The factor depends on what generally is the cause of [[civilization extinction]]. If it is generally by temporary uninhabitability, for example a [[nuclear winter]], then {{math|''n''<sub>r</sub>}} may be relatively high. On the other hand, if it is generally by permanent uninhabitability, such as [[stellar evolution]], then {{math|''n''<sub>r</sub>}} may be almost zero. In the case of total life extinction, a similar factor may be applicable for {{math|''f''<sub>l</sub>}}, that is, ''how many times'' life may appear on a planet where it has appeared once.<br />
<br />
;METI factor : [[Aleksandr Leonidovich Zaitsev|Alexander Zaitsev]] said that to be in a communicative phase and emit dedicated messages are not the same. For example, humans, although being in a communicative phase, are not a communicative civilization; we do not practise such activities as the purposeful and regular transmission of interstellar messages. For this reason, he suggested introducing the METI factor (messaging to extraterrestrial intelligence) to the classical Drake equation.<ref><br />
{{cite web<br />
|last=Zaitsev |first=A.<br />
|date=May 2005<br />
|title=The Drake Equation: Adding a METI Factor<br />
|url=http://www.cplire.ru/html/ra&sr/irm/Drake_equation.html<br />
|publisher=[[SETI League]]<br />
|access-date=2013-04-20<br />
}}</ref> He defined the factor as "the fraction of communicative civilizations with clear and non-paranoid planetary consciousness", or alternatively expressed, the fraction of communicative civilizations that actually engage in deliberate interstellar transmission.<br />
<br />
:The METI factor is somewhat misleading since active, purposeful transmission of messages by a civilization is not required for them to receive a broadcast sent by another that is seeking first contact. It is merely required they have capable and compatible receiver systems operational; however, this is a variable humans cannot accurately estimate.<br />
<br />
;Biogenic gases : Astronomer [[Sara Seager]] proposed a revised equation that focuses on the search for planets with biosignature gases.<ref name="NYT-20161207">{{cite news |last=Jones |first=Chris |title='The World Sees Me as the One Who Will Find Another Earth' – The star-crossed life of Sara Seager, an astrophysicist obsessed with discovering distant planets. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/07/magazine/the-world-sees-me-as-the-one-who-will-find-another-earth.html |date=7 December 2016 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=8 December 2016 }}</ref> These gases are produced by living organisms that can accumulate in a planet atmosphere to levels that can be detected with remote space telescopes.<ref name=equation>[http://www.space.com/22648-drake-equation-alien-life-seager.html?cid=51463011558824 The Drake Equation Revisited: Interview with Planet Hunter Sara Seager] Devin Powell, ''Astrobiology Magazine'' 4 September 2013.</ref><br />
<br />
:The Seager equation looks like this:<ref name=equation />{{refn|group=lower-alpha|The rendering of the equation here is slightly modified for clarity of presentation from the rendering in the cited source.<ref name=equation />}}<br />
::<math display=block>N = N_* \cdot F_\mathrm{Q} \cdot F_\mathrm{HZ} \cdot F_\mathrm{O} \cdot F_\mathrm{L} \cdot F_\mathrm{S}</math><br />
:where:<br />
<br />
::{{math|''N''}} = the number of planets with detectable signs of life<br />
::{{math|''N''<sub>∗</sub>}} = the number of stars observed<br />
::{{math|''F''<sub>Q</sub>}} = the fraction of stars that are quiet<br />
::{{math|''F''<sub>HZ</sub>}} = the fraction of stars with rocky planets in the habitable zone<br />
::{{math|''F''<sub>O</sub>}} = the fraction of those planets that can be observed<br />
::{{math|''F''<sub>L</sub>}} = the fraction that have life<br />
::{{math|''F''<sub>S</sub>}} = the fraction on which life produces a detectable signature gas<br />
<br />
:Seager stresses, “We’re not throwing out the Drake Equation, which is really a different topic,” explaining, “Since Drake came up with the equation, we have discovered thousands of exoplanets. We as a community have had our views revolutionized as to what could possibly be out there. And now we have a real question on our hands, one that's not related to intelligent life: Can we detect any signs of life in any way in the very near future?”<ref>{{cite web|url=http://io9.com/what-a-brand-new-equation-reveals-about-our-odds-of-fin-531575395|title=A New Equation Reveals Our Exact Odds of Finding Alien Life|publisher=[[io9]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Criticism==<br />
Criticism of the Drake equation follows mostly from the observation that several terms in the equation are largely or entirely based on conjecture. Star formation rates are well-known, and the incidence of planets has a sound theoretical and observational basis, but the other terms in the equation become very speculative. The uncertainties revolve around our understanding of the evolution of life, intelligence, and civilization, not physics. No statistical estimates are possible for some of the parameters, where only one example is known. The net result is that the equation cannot be used to draw firm conclusions of any kind, and the resulting margin of error is huge, far beyond what some consider acceptable or meaningful.<ref><br />
{{cite web<br />
|last=Dvorsky |first=G.<br />
|date=31 May 2007<br />
|title=The Drake Equation is obsolete<br />
|url=http://www.sentientdevelopments.com/2007/05/drake-equation-is-obsolete.html<br />
|work=Sentient Developments<br />
|access-date=2013-08-21<br />
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.space.com/42739-stop-using-the-drake-equation.html|title=Alien Hunters, Stop Using the Drake Equation|last=Sutter|first=Paul|date=2018-12-27|website=Space.com|language=en|access-date=2019-02-18}}</ref><br />
<br />
One reply to such criticisms<ref><br />
{{Cite journal<br />
|last=Tarter |first=Jill C.<br />
|date=May–June 2006<br />
|title=The Cosmic Haystack Is Large<br />
|url=http://www.csicop.org/si/show/cosmic_haystack_is_large/<br />
|journal=[[Skeptical Inquirer]]<br />
|volume=30 |issue=3<br />
|access-date=2013-08-21<br />
}}</ref> is that even though the Drake equation currently involves speculation about unmeasured parameters, it was intended as a way to stimulate dialogue on these topics. Then the focus becomes how to proceed experimentally. Indeed, Drake originally formulated the equation merely as an agenda for discussion at the Green Bank conference.<ref><br />
{{cite web<br />
|last=Alexander |first=A.<br />
|title=The Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence: A Short History – Part 7: The Birth of the Drake Equation<br />
|url=http://www.planetary.org/html/UPDATES/seti/history/History07.htm<br />
|publisher=[[The Planetary Society]]<br />
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050306072552/http://www.planetary.org/html/UPDATES/seti/history/History07.htm<br />
|archive-date=2005-03-06<br />
}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Fermi paradox===<br />
{{main|Fermi paradox}}<br />
A civilization lasting for tens of millions of years could be able to spread throughout the galaxy, even at the slow speeds foreseeable with our own current technology. However, no confirmed signs of civilizations or intelligent life elsewhere have been found, either in our Galaxy or in the [[observable universe]] of 2&nbsp;[[trillion (short scale)|trillion]] galaxies.<ref name="Conselice">{{cite journal|title=The Evolution of Galaxy Number Density at {{math|''z'' < 8}} and its Implications|author=Christopher J. Conselice|journal=The Astrophysical Journal|volume=830|issue=2|year=2016|arxiv=1607.03909|bibcode= 2016ApJ...830...83C|doi=10.3847/0004-637X/830/2/83|display-authors=etal|pages=83|s2cid=17424588}}</ref><ref name="NYT-20161017">{{cite news |last=Fountain |first=Henry |title=Two Trillion Galaxies, at the Very Least |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/18/science/two-trillion-galaxies-at-the-very-least.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220101/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/18/science/two-trillion-galaxies-at-the-very-least.html |archive-date=2022-01-01 |url-access=limited |date=17 October 2016 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=17 October 2016 }}{{cbignore}}</ref> According to this line of thinking, the tendency to fill up (or at least explore) all available territory seems to be a universal trait of living things, so the Earth should have already been colonized, or at least visited, but no evidence of this exists. Hence Fermi's question "Where is everybody?".<ref name="OSTI-19850301"><br />
{{cite report<br />
|last=Jones |first=E. M.<br />
|date=1 March 1985<br />
|title="Where is everybody?" An account of Fermi's question<br />
|url=http://www.osti.gov/accomplishments/documents/fullText/ACC0055.pdf<br />
|publisher=[[Los Alamos National Laboratory]]<br />
|access-date=2013-08-21<br />
|bibcode=1985STIN...8530988J<br />
|osti=5746675<br />
|osti-access=free<br />
|doi=10.2172/5746675<br />
|doi-access=free<br />
}}</ref><ref><br />
{{Cite news<br />
|last=Krauthammer |first=C.<br />
|date=29 December 2011<br />
|title=Are we alone in the Universe?<br />
|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/are-we-alone-in-the-universe/2011/12/29/gIQA2wSOPP_story.html<br />
|work=[[The Washington Post]]<br />
|access-date=2013-08-21<br />
}}</ref><br />
<br />
A large number of explanations have been proposed to explain this lack of contact; a book published in 2015 elaborated on 75 different explanations.<ref><br />
{{cite book<br />
|last=Webb |first=S.<br />
|year=2015<br />
|title=If the Universe Is Teeming with Aliens ... WHERE IS EVERYBODY?: Seventy-Five Solutions to the Fermi Paradox and the Problem of Extraterrestrial Life<br />
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QWKyrQEACAAJ&q=Universe-Teeming-Aliens-WHERE-EVERYBODY<br />
|publisher=Springer International Publishing<br />
|isbn=978-3319132358<br />
}}</ref> In terms of the Drake Equation, the explanations can be divided into three classes:<br />
<br />
*Few intelligent civilizations ever arise. This is an argument that at least one of the first few terms, {{math|''R''<sub>∗</sub> · ''f''<sub>p</sub> · ''n''<sub>e</sub> · ''f''<sub>l</sub> · ''f''<sub>i</sub>}}, has a low value. The most common suspect is {{math|''f''<sub>i</sub>}}, but explanations such as the rare Earth hypothesis argue that {{math|''n''<sub>e</sub>}} is the small term.<br />
*Intelligent civilizations exist, but we see no evidence, meaning {{math|''f''<sub>c</sub>}} is small. Typical arguments include [[Fermi paradox#Intelligent life may be too far away|that civilizations are too far apart]], [[Fermi paradox#Economic explanations|it is too expensive to spread throughout the galaxy]], [[Fermi paradox#Civilizations only broadcast detectable signals for a brief period of time|civilizations broadcast signals for only a brief period of time]], [[Fermi paradox#Communication is dangerous|communication is dangerous]], and many others.<br />
*The lifetime of intelligent, communicative civilizations is short, meaning the value of {{mvar|L}} is small. Drake suggested that a large number of extraterrestrial civilizations would form, and he further speculated that the lack of evidence of such civilizations may be because technological civilizations tend to disappear rather quickly. Typical explanations include [[Fermi paradox#It is the nature of intelligent life to destroy itself|it is the nature of intelligent life to destroy itself]], [[Fermi paradox#It is the nature of intelligent life to destroy others|it is the nature of intelligent life to destroy others]], [[Fermi paradox#Periodic extinction by natural events|they tend to be destroyed by natural events]], and others.<br />
<br />
These lines of reasoning lead to the [[Great Filter]] hypothesis,<ref><br />
{{cite web<br />
|last=Hanson |first=R.<br />
|date=15 September 1998<br />
|title=The Great Filter — Are We Almost Past It?<br />
|url=http://hanson.gmu.edu/greatfilter.html<br />
|access-date=2013-08-21<br />
}}</ref> which states that since there are no observed extraterrestrial civilizations despite the vast number of stars, at least one step in the process must be acting as a filter to reduce the final value. According to this view, either it is very difficult for intelligent life to arise, or the lifetime of technologically advanced civilizations, or the period of time they reveal their existence must be relatively short.<br />
<br />
An analysis by [[Anders Sandberg]], [[Eric Drexler]] and [[Toby Ord]] suggests "a substantial ''ex ante'' probability of there being no other intelligent life in our observable universe".<ref>{{cite arxiv|last1=Sandberg|first1=Anders|last2=Drexler|first2=Eric|last3=Ord|first3=Toby|date=2018-06-06|title=Dissolving the Fermi Paradox|class=physics.pop-ph|eprint=1806.02404}}</ref><br />
<br />
==In fiction and popular culture==<br />
The equation was cited by [[Gene Roddenberry]] as supporting the multiplicity of inhabited planets shown on ''[[Star Trek]]'', the television series he created. However, Roddenberry did not have the equation with him, and he was forced to "invent" it for his original proposal.<ref>''The Making of Star Trek'' by Stephen E. Whitfield and Gene Roddenberry, New York: Ballantine Books, 1968</ref> The invented equation created by Roddenberry is:<br />
::<math>Ff^2 (MgE)-C^1 Ri^1 \cdot M=L/So </math><br />
However, a number raised to the first power is merely the number itself.<br />
<br />
The equation was referenced in 'The Hofstadter Isotope', a season 2 episode of ''[[The Big Bang Theory]]'', in which it is compared to the characters' probability of successfully picking up women in a bar.<br />
<br />
The equation was also referenced in 'The Weeping Somnambulist', a season 2 episode of ''[[The Expanse (TV series)|The Expanse]]'', in which it is referenced by a scientist on board a scout vessel investigating a phenomenon on Venus which turns out to be sourced from an extraterrestrial entity.<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* {{annotated link|Astrobiology}}<br />
* {{annotated link|Fermi paradox}}<br />
* {{annotated link|Goldilocks principle}}<br />
* {{annotated link|Kardashev scale}}<br />
* {{annotated link|Planetary habitability}}<br />
* {{annotated link|Ufology}}<br />
* {{annotated link|Lincoln index}}<br />
* ''[[The Search for Life: The Drake Equation]]'', BBC documentary<br />
<br />
==Notes==<br />
{{notelist}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist|38em}}<br />
<br />
== Further reading ==<br />
* {{cite book | first = Oliver | last = Morton | editor=Graham Formelo |chapter=A Mirror in the Sky | title = It Must Be Beautiful | publisher = Granta Books | year = 2002 | isbn = 1-86207-555-7}}<br />
* {{cite book | first = Robert T. | last = Rood |author2=James S. Trefil | title = Are We Alone? The Possibility of Extraterrestrial Civilizations | publisher = Scribner | location = New York | year = 1981 | isbn = 0684178427}} <br />
* {{Cite book |editor1-link=Douglas Vakoch |editor1-first=Douglas A. |editor1-last=Vakoch |editor2-first=Matthew F. |editor2-last=Dowd |year=2015 |title=The Drake Equation: Estimating the Prevalence of Extraterrestrial Life Through the Ages |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jcnSCQAAQBAJ |location=Cambridge, UK |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-10-707365-4}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{wiktionary|Drake equation}}<br />
*[http://spacegeek.org/calc/ Interactive Drake Equation Calculator]<br />
*[https://astrosociety.org/file_download/inline/58ee6041-5f61-4f88-8b15-d2d3d22ab83d Frank Drake's 2010 article on "The Origin of the Drake Equation"]<br />
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20100411202244/http://www.cosmosmagazine.com/features/online/3384/qa-with-frank-drake "Only a matter of time, says Frank Drake"]. A Q&A with Frank Drake in February 2010.<br />
* {{cite news | url = https://www.wired.com/wired/archive/12.12/life.html | title = The E.T. Equation, Recalculated | author = Frank Drake |date=December 2004 | work = [[Wired (magazine)|Wired]]| author-link = Frank Drake }}<br />
* [https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/origins/drake.html Macromedia Flash page allowing the user to modify Drake's values] from [[Public Broadcasting Service|PBS]] [[Nova (American TV series)|Nova]]<br />
*[http://www.astronomycast.com/solar-system/episode-23-the-drake-equation/ The Drake Equation] ''[[Astronomy Cast]]'' episode #23, includes full transcript.<br />
*[http://www.area52online.com/sections/simulations/drake/guessinggame.htm Animated simulation of the Drake equation.] <br />
*[http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p009rtr0 The Alien Equation] 22 September 2010, BBC Radio program ''Discovery''.<br />
*[https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/S1473550413000207 "Reflections on the Equation"] (PDF), by Frank Drake, 2013<br />
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[[Category:Search for extraterrestrial intelligence]]</div>Drlesmgoldenhttps://mywikibiz.com/index.php?title=Malayan_tiger&diff=480438Malayan tiger2021-12-30T23:50:40Z<p>Drlesmgolden: /* In captivity */</p>
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<div>The '''Malayan tiger''' is a [[tiger]] from a specific population of the ''[[Panthera tigris tigris]]'' subspecies that is native to [[Peninsular Malaysia]].<ref name=catsg>{{cite journal |author1=Kitchener, A. C. |author2=Breitenmoser-Würsten, C. |author3=Eizirik, E. |author4=Gentry, A. |author5=Werdelin, L. |author6=Wilting, A. |author7=Yamaguchi, N. |author8=Abramov, A. V. |author9=Christiansen, P. |author10=Driscoll, C. |author11=Duckworth, J. W. |author12=Johnson, W. |author13=Luo, S.-J. |author14=Meijaard, E. |author15=O’Donoghue, P. |author16=Sanderson, J. |author17=Seymour, K. |author18=Bruford, M. |author19=Groves, C. |author20=Hoffmann, M. |author21=Nowell, K. |author22=Timmons, Z. |author23=Tobe, S. |year=2017 |title=A revised taxonomy of the Felidae: The final report of the Cat Classification Task Force of the IUCN Cat Specialist Group |journal=Cat News |volume=Special Issue 11 |pages=66–68 |url=https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/32616/A_revised_Felidae_Taxonomy_CatNews.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y}}</ref> This population inhabits the southern and central parts of the [[Malay Peninsula]] and has been classified as [[critically endangered]] on the [[IUCN Red List]] since 2015. {{As of|2014|April}}, the population was estimated at 80 to 120 mature individuals with a continuous declining trend.<ref name=iucn>{{cite iucn |author=Kawanishi, K. |date=2015 |title=''Panthera tigris'' subsp. ''jacksoni'' |page=e.T136893A50665029}}</ref><br />
<br />
In the [[Malay language]], the tiger is called ''harimau'', also abbreviated to ''rimau''.<ref>{{cite book |last=Wilkinson |first=R. J. |year=1901 |title=A Malay-English dictionary |publisher=Kelly & Walsh Limited |location=Hongkong, Shanghai and Yokohama |url=https://archive.org/stream/aeg2034.0001.001.umich.edu#page/352/mode/2up}}</ref> It is also known as the southern Indochinese tiger, to distinguish it from tiger populations in northern parts of [[Mainland Southeast Asia|Indochina]], which are genetically different to this population.<ref name=Luo04>{{cite journal |author=Luo, S.-J. |author2=Kim, J.-H. |author3=Johnson, W. E. |author4=van der Walt, J. |author5=Martenson, J. |author6=Yuhki, N. |author7=Miquelle, D. G. |author8=Uphyrkina, O. |author9=Goodrich, J. M. |author10=Quigley, H. B. |author11=Tilson, R. |author12=Brady, G. |author13=Martelli, P. |author14=Subramaniam, V. |author15=McDougal, C. |author16=Hean, S. |author17=Huang, S.-Q. |author18=Pan, W. |author19=Karanth, U. K. |author20=Sunquist, M. |author21=Smith, J. L. D. |author22=O'Brien, S. J. |year=2004 |title=Phylogeography and genetic ancestry of tigers (''Panthera tigris'') |journal=PLOS Biology |volume=2 |issue=12 |pages=e442 |pmid=15583716 |pmc=534810 |doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.0020442 |url=http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.0020442}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Taxonomy ==<br />
''Felis tigris'' was the [[scientific name]] used by [[Carl Linnaeus]] in 1758 for the tiger.<ref>{{cite book |author=Linnaeus, C. |year=1758 |title=Caroli Linnæi Systema naturæ per regna tria naturæ, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I |edition=decima, reformata |location=Holmiae |publisher=Laurentius Salvius |chapter=''Felis tigris'' |page=41 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/mobot31753000798865#page/41/mode/2up}}</ref><br />
''Panthera tigris corbetti'' was proposed by [[Vratislav Mazák]] in 1968 for the tiger subspecies in Southeast Asia.<ref name=Mazak1968>{{cite journal |last1=Mazák |first1=V. |year=1968 |title=Nouvelle sous-espèce de tigre provenant de l'Asie du sud-est |journal=Mammalia |volume=32 |issue=1 |pages=104−112 |doi=10.1515/mamm.1968.32.1.104|s2cid=84054536 }}</ref><ref name=Khan1986>{{cite journal |last=Khan |first=M.K.M. |year=1986 |title=Tigers in Malaysia |journal=The Journal of Wildlife and Parks |volume=V |pages=1–23}}</ref> ''Panthera tigris jacksoni'' was proposed in 2004 as a subspecies as a genetic analysis indicated differences in [[Mitochondrial DNA|mtDNA]] and [[Nucleic acid sequence|micro-satellite sequences]] to ''P. t. corbetti''.<ref name=Luo04/> Since revision of felid [[Taxonomy (biology)|taxonomy]] in 2017, the Malayan tiger is recognised as a ''P. t. tigris'' population.<ref name="catsg" /> However, a genetic study published in 2018 supported six [[Monophyly|monophyletic]] [[clade]]s based on [[Whole genome sequencing|whole-genome sequencing]] analysis of 32 specimens. The Malayan tiger appeared to be distinct from other mainland Asian tiger specimens, thus supporting the concept of six subspecies.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Liu |first1=Y.-C. |first2=X. |last2=Sun |first3=C. |last3=Driscoll |first4=D. G. |last4=Miquelle |first5=X. |last5=Xu |first6=P. |last6=Martelli |first7=O. |last7=Uphyrkina |first8=J. L. D. |last8=Smith |first9=S. J. |last9=O’Brien |first10=S.-J. |last10=Luo |title=Genome-wide evolutionary analysis of natural history and adaptation in the world's tigers |journal=Current Biology |volume=28 |issue=23 |year=2018 |pages=3840–3849 |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2018.09.019 |pmid=30482605|doi-access=free }}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Naming ===<br />
When the tiger population of the Malay Peninsula was accepted as a distinct subspecies in 2004, the chairman of the ''Malaysian Association of Zoos, Parks and Aquaria'' argued that the new subspecies should be named ''Panthera tigris malayensis'' to reflect the geographical region of its range.<ref>{{cite news |last=Peng |first=L. Y. |title=Research team: Malayan tiger a new subspecies |newspaper=The Star Online |location=Malacca |date=2004 |access-date=2019-08-10 |url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2004/11/04/research-team-malayan-tiger-a-new-subspecies#SM2vgF1vy1Amjzrm.99}}</ref> As a compromise, it received the vernacular name "Malayan tiger", and the scientific name ''jacksoni'', which honours the tiger conservationist [[Peter Jackson (conservationist)|Peter Jackson]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=O’Brien |first1=S. J. |last2=Luo |first2=S.-J. |last3=Kim |first3=J.-H. |last4=Johnson |first4=W. E. |year=2005 |title=Molecular Genetic Analysis Reveals Six Living Subspecies of Tiger ''Panthera tigris'' |publisher=Cat News |volume=42 |pages=6−8}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |author=McMullin, A. |year=2005 |url=http://www.iucn.org/news_homepage/news_by_date/?3487/IUCN-Tiger-Specialist-Peter-Jackson-Earns-His-Stripes |title=IUCN tiger specialist Peter Jackson earns his stripes |publisher=[[International Union for Conservation of Nature]], Gland}}</ref> Nevertheless, ''P. t. malayensis'' was used by other authors.<ref name="Schirmer2012">{{cite book |last=Schirmer |first=E. M. |title=When There were Tigers in Singapore: A family saga of the Japanese occupation |date=2012 |publisher=[[Marshall Cavendish International Asia Pte Ltd]] |chapter=4: When There Were Tigers In Singapore |page=50 |isbn=978-9-8144-0884-4 |location=Singapore |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lfuIAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA50}}</ref><ref name="Ashraf_al2017">{{cite book |date=2017 |editor1-last=Ashraf |editor1-first=M. A. |editor2-last=Othman |editor2-first=R. |editor3-last=Ishak |editor3-first=C. F. |title=Soils of Malaysia |publisher=[[CRC Press]] |chapter=1: Climate, Ecosystem, Flora, and Fauna |last1=Jaafar |first1=H. Z. E. |last2=Ashraf |first2=M. A. |name-list-style=amp |isbn=978-1-3519-9857-4 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FuM2DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT258}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Characteristics ==<br />
[[File:Malay tiger.jpg|thumb|Close up of a tiger's head]]<br />
There is no clear difference between the Malayan and the [[Indochinese tiger]]s, when specimens from the two regions are compared cranially or in pelage. No [[Type (biology)|type specimen]] was designated.<ref name=mazak06>{{cite journal|last1=Mazák |first1=J. H. |last2=Groves |first2=C. P. |year=2006 |title=A taxonomic revision of the tigers (Panthera tigris) |url=http://arts.anu.edu.au/grovco/tiger%20SEAsia%20Mazak.pdf |journal=Mammalian Biology |volume=71 |issue=5 |pages=268–287 |doi=10.1016/j.mambio.2006.02.007 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130313144127/http://arts.anu.edu.au/grovco/tiger%20SEAsia%20Mazak.pdf |archive-date=2013-03-13 }}</ref> Malayan tigers appear to be smaller than [[Bengal tiger]]s. From measurements of 11 males and 8 females, the average length of a male is {{convert|8|ft|6|in|cm|abbr=on}}, and of a female {{convert|7|ft|10|in|cm|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite book |author=Locke, A. |year=1956 |title=The tigers of Terengganu |publisher=Museum Press Ltd. |location=London}}</ref><br />
Body length of 16 female tigers in the [[Terengganu|State of Terengganu]] ranged from {{convert|70|to|103|in|cm|abbr=on}} and averaged {{convert|80.1|in|cm|abbr=on}}. Their height ranged from {{convert|23|to|41|in|cm|abbr=on}}, and their body weight from {{convert|52|to|195|lb|kg|abbr=on}}. Data from 21 males showed that total length ranged from {{convert|75|to|112|in|cm|abbr=on}}, with an average of {{convert|94.2|in|cm|abbr=on}}. Their height ranged from {{convert|24|to|45|in|cm|abbr=on}}, and their body weight from {{convert|104|to|284.7|lb|kg|abbr=on}}.<ref name="Khan1986" /><br />
<br />
== Distribution and habitat ==<br />
The geographic division between Malayan and Indochinese tigers is unclear as tiger populations in northern Malaysia are contiguous with those in southern [[Thailand]].<ref name=iucn/><br />
<br />
Tigers abounded on [[Singapore Island]] in the 1830s when it was still a dense jungle and were also seen crossing the [[Strait of Johor]]. The first fatal attack of a tiger on a human was reported in 1831. [[Tiger hunting]] became a sport in those years.<ref>{{cite book |editor1=Makepeace, W. |editor2=Brooke, G. |editor3=Braddell, R. |name-list-style=amp |title=One hundred years of Singapore |date=1921 |publisher=John Murray |place=London |volume=II |isbn=9789354033353 |author=Owen, G. P. |chapter=A Century of Sport: The Tigers of Singapore |pages=368–374 |chapter-url=https://ia902803.us.archive.org/12/items/onehundredyearso02braduoft/onehundredyearso02braduoft.pdf#page=466}}</ref> The expansion of plantations on Singapore Island led to more encounters between humans and tigers; daily tiger attacks were reported in the late 1840s. Local authorities organized tiger [[Bounty (reward)|bounties]], and the tiger population in Singapore decreased significantly.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Buckley |first1=C. |title=An anecdotal history of old times in Singapore, from the foundation of the settlement under the honourable the East India company, on Feb. 6th, 1819, to the transfer to the colonial office as part of the colonial possessions of the crown on April 1st, 1867 |volume=II |date=1902 |publisher=Fraser & Neave |location=Singapore |chapter=Section 2 |pages=407–622}}</ref> Tigers were [[Local extinction|extirpated]] on Singapore Island by the 1950s, and the last one was shot in 1932.<ref name=Khan1986/><br />
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In Malaysia, tiger signs were reported in early-succession vegetation fields between 1991 and 2003, agricultural areas outside forests in [[Kelantan]], [[Terengganu]], [[Pahang]], and [[Johor]], and many [[Riparian zone|riparian habitats]] outside forests in Pahang, [[Perak]], Kelantan, Terengganu, and Johor. Most of the major rivers that drain into the [[South China Sea]] had some evidence of tigers, whereas those draining into the [[Strait of Malacca]] in the west did not.<ref name=Kawanishi03/> The total potential tiger habitat was {{cvt|66211|km2}}, which comprised {{cvt|37674|km2}} of confirmed tiger habitat, {{cvt|11655|km2}} of expected tiger habitat and {{cvt|16882|km2}} of possible tiger habitat. All the protected areas greater than {{cvt|402|km2}} in size had tigers.<ref name="Kawanishi03">{{cite journal |last1=Kawanishi |first1=K. |last2=Yatim |first2=S. H. |last3=Abu Hashim |first3=A. K. |last4=Topani |first4=R. |name-list-style=amp |year=2003 |title=Distribution and potential population size of the tiger in Peninsular Malaysia |journal=Journal of Wildlife Parks (Malaysia) |volume=21 |pages=29–50 |url=http://www.nfwf.org/AM/Template.cfm?Section=Home&TEMPLATE=/CM/ContentDisplay.cfm&CONTENTID=8055 |archive-date=2012-04-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120406225521/http://www.nfwf.org/AM/Template.cfm?Section=Home&TEMPLATE=%2FCM%2FContentDisplay.cfm&CONTENTID=8055}}</ref><br />
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In September 2014, two conservation organisations announced that camera trap surveys in seven sites in three separate habitats from 2010 to 2013 had produced an estimate of the surviving population of 250–340 individuals, with a few additional isolated small pockets probable. The decline meant that the population might have to be moved to the "Critically Endangered" category in the IUCN Red List.<ref>{{cite news |last=Hance |first=J. |year=2014 |url=http://news.mongabay.com/2014/0916-hance-malayan-tiger-drop.html |title=Malayan tiger population plunges to just 250-340 individuals |publisher=[[Mongabay]]}}</ref> As of 2019, poaching and depletion of prey has caused the tiger population in [[Belum-Temengor]] Forest Reserve to decline about 60% over a period of 7–8 years, from approximately 60 to 23.<ref name="FMT 07-2019" /><ref name="TSO 07-2019" /><ref name="NST 08-2019" /><br />
<br />
== Ecology and behaviour ==<br />
Malayan tigers prey on [[sambar deer]], [[Muntjac|barking deer]], [[wild boar]], [[Bornean bearded pig]]s and [[serow]]. Malayan tigers also prey on [[sun bear]]s,<ref name="KawanishiSunquist2004">{{cite journal |author1=Kawanishi, K. |author2=Sunquist, M. E. |date=2004 |title=Conservation status of tigers in a primary rainforest of Peninsular Malaysia |journal=Biological Conservation |volume=120 |issue=3 |pages=329–344 |doi=10.1016/j.biocon.2004.03.005}}</ref> young [[elephant]]s and [[rhinoceros]] calves. Whether their principal prey includes adult [[gaur]] and [[tapir]] is unknown. Occasionally, livestock is also taken; however, tiger predation reduces the numbers of wild boar which can become a serious pest in plantations and other croplands. Studies indicate that in areas where large predators (tigers and leopards) are extinct, wild pigs are over 10 times more numerous than in areas where tigers and leopards are still present.<ref>{{cite journal |first=D. L. |last=Yong |author2=Lee, P. Y.-H. |author3=Ang, A. |author4= Tan, K. H. |year=2010 |title=The status on Singapore island of the Eurasian wild pig ''Sus scrofa'' (Mammalia: Suidae) |journal=Nature in Singapore |volume=3 |pages=227–237 |url=http://rmbr.nus.edu.sg/nis/bulletin2010/2010nis227-237.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Ickes, K. |author2=Paciorek, C. J. |author3=Thomas. S. C. |year=2005 |title=Impacts of nest construction by native pigs (''Sus scrofa'') on lowland Malaysian rain forest saplings |journal=Ecology |volume=86 |issue=6 |pages=1540–1547 |url=http://www.forestry.toronto.edu/thomas/Ickes.et.al.Ecology.2005.pdf |jstor=3450779 |doi=10.1890/04-0867 |access-date=2010-10-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720060105/http://www.forestry.toronto.edu/thomas/Ickes.et.al.Ecology.2005.pdf |archive-date=2011-07-20 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |first=K. |last=Ickes |year=2001 |title=Hyper-abundance of native wild pigs (''Sus scrofa'') in a lowland dipterocarp rain forest of Peninsular Malaysia |journal=Biotropica |volume=33 |pages=682–690 |jstor=3593170 |issue=4 |doi=10.1646/0006-3606(2001)033[0682:haonwp]2.0.co;2}}</ref><br />
<br />
Tigers occur at very low densities of 1.1–1.98 tigers per {{cvt|100|km²}} in the rainforest as a result of low prey densities, thus to maintain viable tiger populations of minimum of 6 breeding females, reserves need to be larger than {{cvt|1000|km²}}. Information on dietary preference, morphological measurements, demographic parameters, social structure, communication, home range sizes, dispersal capabilities are all lacking.{{citation needed|date=January 2012}}<br />
<br />
== Threats ==<br />
[[Habitat fragmentation]] because of development projects and agriculture is a serious threat.<ref name=Kawanishi03/> Between 1988 and 2012, an area of about {{convert|13500|sqkm|abbr=on}} natural forest was lost in Peninsular Malaysia. Nearly {{convert|64800|sqkm|abbr=on}} was converted to large-scale industrial plantations, primarily for [[palm oil]] production. An area of around {{convert|8300|sqkm|abbr=on}} constituted prime tiger habitat.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Shevade, V.S. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Potapov, P.V. |author3=Harris, N.L. |author4=Loboda, T.V. |year=2017 |title=Expansion of industrial plantations continues to threaten Malayan tiger habitat |journal=Remote Sensing |volume=9 |issue=7 |pages=747 |doi=10.3390/rs9070747 |doi-access=free }}</ref><br />
<br />
Commercial [[poaching]] occurs at varying levels in all tiger range states. In Malaysia there is a substantial domestic market in recent years for tiger meat and manufactured tiger bone medicines.<ref name=Nowell07>{{cite book |last=Nowell |first=K. |year=2007 |url=http://www.felidae.org/KNOWELLPUBL/abc_report.pdf |title=Asian big cat conservation and trade control in selected range States: evaluating implementation and effectiveness of CITES Recommendations |publisher=[[Traffic (conservation programme)|Traffic International]] |location=[[Cambridge]], UK}}</ref> Between 2001 and 2012, body parts from at least 100 tigers were confiscated in Malaysia. In 2008, police found 19 frozen tiger cubs in a zoo. In 2012, skins and bones of 22 tigers were seized.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Shepherd, C. R. S. |author2=Khan, S. |author3=Krishnasamy, K. |year=2013 |title=Largest Tiger seizure ever in Malaysia |journal=Cat News |issue=59 |page=11}}</ref> The demand for tiger body parts used in [[Chinese traditional medicine]] apparently also attracts poachers from Vietnam, Thailand and Cambodia. Between 2014 and 2019, anti-poaching units removed around 1,400 [[Trapping#Snares|snares]] from protected areas.<ref name="FMT 07-2019">{{cite news |work=[[Bernama]] |title=Poachers, limited prey push Malayan tiger to brink of extinction |publisher=[[Free Malaysia Today]] |location=[[Kuala Lumpur]] |url=https://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/nation/2019/07/30/poachers-limited-prey-push-malayan-tiger-to-brink-of-extinction/ |date=2019 |access-date=2019-08-10}}</ref><ref name="TSO 07-2019">{{cite news |last=Yahaya |first=A. M. |title=Poachers and limited prey driving Malayan Tiger to extinction |newspaper=[[The Star Online]] |location=[[Kuala Lumpur]] |url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2019/07/30/poachers-and-limited-prey-driving-malayan-tiger-to-extinction |date=2019-07-30 |access-date=2019-08-10}}</ref><ref name="NST 08-2019">{{cite news |last=Arif |first=Z. M. |title=Malayan tiger teetering on the brink of extinction; 23 left in Belum-Temenggor Forest Reserve |newspaper=[[New Straits Times]] |location=[[Gerik]] |url=https://www.nst.com.my/news/nation/2019/08/509651/malayan-tiger-teetering-brink-extinction-23-left-belum-temenggor-forest |date=2019-08-03 |access-date=2019-08-10}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Conservation ==<br />
[[File:MalayanTiger.jpg|thumb|A tiger at the [[National Zoo of Malaysia]]]]<br />
Tigers are included on [[CITES|CITES Appendix I]], banning international trade. All tiger range states and countries with consumer markets have banned domestic trade as well.<ref name=Nowell07/> The Malaysian Conservation Alliance for Tigers ([[MYCAT]]) is "an alliance of non-governmental organisations comprising the [[Malaysian Nature Society]] (MNS), [[Traffic (conservation programme)|Traffic Southeast Asia]], [[Wildlife Conservation Society|Wildlife Conservation Society-Malaysia Programme]] and [[World Wide Fund for Nature|WWF-Malaysia]]."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www2.nst.com.my/streets/central/take-action-with-maybank-wild-tiger-run-1.360128|title=Take action with Maybank Wild Tiger Run|last=Shahar|first=F. M.|work=[[New Straits Times]]|date=2013|access-date=2014-09-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141025085303/http://www2.nst.com.my/streets/central/take-action-with-maybank-wild-tiger-run-1.360128|archive-date=2014-10-25|url-status=dead}}</ref> It also includes the [[Department of Wildlife and National Parks]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www2.nst.com.my/streets/central/tigers-our-heritage-1.385035|title=Tigers, our heritage|last=Sundararaj|first=A.|work=[[New Straits Times]]|date=2013|access-date=2014-09-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141025083302/http://www2.nst.com.my/streets/central/tigers-our-heritage-1.385035|archive-date=2014-10-25|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2007, they implemented a hotline to report tiger-related crimes, such as poaching.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thestar.com.my/story/?file=%2f2007%2f12%2f22%2fnation%2f19837070&sec=nation|title=Tiger hotline gets good response from public|author=<!-- Staff -->|work=[[The Star (Malaysia)|The Star]]|date=2007|access-date=2014-09-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170730025048/http://www.thestar.com.my/story/?file=%2f2007%2f12%2f22%2fnation%2f19837070&sec=nation|archive-date=2017-07-30|url-status=dead}}</ref> In order to deter poaching, they organize "Cat Walks", a citizen patrol in danger zones.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thestar.com.my/story/?file=%2F2013%2F1%2F22%2Flifefocus%2F12492812&|title=Nature lovers trail after poachers in bid to deter illegal hunting|last=Heing|first=N.|work=[[The Star (Malaysia)|The Star]]|date=2013|access-date=2014-09-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160315030430/http://www.thestar.com.my/story/?file=%2F2013%2F1%2F22%2Flifefocus%2F12492812&|archive-date=2016-03-15|url-status=dead}}</ref> MYCAT has a goal of increasing the tiger population.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thestar.com.my/News/Nation/2014/09/15/Malayan-tiger-critically-endangered/|title=Malayan tiger now critically endangered, numbering as few as 250|last=Lee|first=P. |work=[[The Star (Malaysia)|The Star]] |date=2014 |access-date=2014-09-18}}</ref><br />
<br />
In November 2021, the [[Cabinet of Malaysia]] announced the initiation of nine [[Conservation biology|conservation]] strategies (through 2030) to ensure the survival of the Malayan tiger; the strategies include enforcement of [[patrol]]s, preservation and conservation of the Malayan tiger's natural [[habitat]]; establishment of a National Task Force for its conservation under the [[Department of Wildlife and National Parks Peninsular Malaysia]]’s Tiger Conservation Unit; the wildlife crime bureau under the [[Royal Malaysia Police]] and the National Wildlife [[Forensic science|Forensics]] Laboratory were emboldened for its [[ex situ conservation]], and provisions for a Malayan tiger habitat [[accreditation]] schemes enabled. The government also cooperates with [[zoo]]s and [[University|universities]] in other countries to further research into [[inbreeding]], and establishes a Malayan Tiger conservation centre to temporarily accommodate tigers before releasing them into the wild. The [[Moratorium (law)|moratorium]] ban on [[deer hunting]] was extended further.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=Govt going all out to prevent extinction of Malayan Tiger, Dewan Rakyat told|url=https://www.thesundaily.my/local/govt-going-all-out-to-prevent-extinction-of-malayan-tiger-dewan-rakyat-told-FA8552788|access-date=2021-11-11|website=www.thesundaily.my|language=en-MY}}</ref> <br />
<br />
=== In captivity ===<br />
[[File:ZOO Ústí n L - výběhy šelem 07.jpg|thumb|Tiger in the [[Ústí nad Labem Zoo]], [[Ústí nad Labem]] in [[Czech Republic]]]]<br />
The [[Cincinnati Zoo and Botanical Garden|Cincinnati Zoo]] was the first zoo in North America to begin a captive breeding program for Malayan tigers with the importation of a male and three females from Asia between 1990 and 1992. There are also a few Malayan tigers in [[Johor Zoo]], [[National Zoo of Malaysia|Zoo Negara]] in Kuala Lumpur, and [[Taiping Zoo]]. As of 2011 there were 54 of this subspecies in North American zoos, located in 25 institutions and are descended from only 11 founders. Therefore, the plan of retaining a target of 90% genetic diversity over the next century is not possible unless other founders are added.{{citation needed|date=August 2019}}<br />
<br />
On December 29, 2021, Eko, a young critically-endangered Malayan tiger in the Naples Zoo, which can live up to 20 years in their native habitat, and which was transferred in December, 2019, from the Seattle Zoo, was shot to death by a policeman after dragging a third-party-vendor cleaning man in his 20s, authorized only to clean rest rooms and gift shops, who had improperly entered the tiger’s enclosure to either feed or pet the tiger.<ref>https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/us/tiger-shot-dead-after-grabbing-man-s-arm-dragging-it-zoo-says/ar-AASgMQY?ocid=msedgdhp&pc=U531<br />
</ref><ref>https://www.msn.com/en-us/video/animals/tiger-shot-and-killed-at-florida-zoo-after-attacking-man-who-stuck-arm-through-enclosure/vi-AAShU3F?ocid=msedgdhp&pc=U531</ref> The Naples Zoo is supposedly a captive breeding location but since Eko's fatal transfer not a single incident of visitation, in vitro, or introduction of a mate has occurred. The unauthorized incursion during the night was a featured piece on national network news on December 30, 2021, from, for example, 5:41 to 5:43 pm on network ABC News.<br />
<br />
== Cultural references ==<br />
The Malayan tiger is the national animal of Malaysia.<ref name="DiPiazza2006">{{cite book |author=DiPiazza, F. |title=Malaysia in Pictures |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o1Yhov_ejW0C&pg=PA14 |year=2006 |publisher=Twenty-First Century Books |isbn=978-0-8225-2674-2}}</ref><br />
In [[Emilio Salgari]]'s cycle of novels on the 19th century fictional pirate [[Sandokan]], the protagonist is known as "The Tiger of Malaysia".<ref>{{cite book |author=Adami, S. |date=2006 |editor=Marrone, G. |editor2=Puppa, P. |title=Encyclopedia of Italian Literary Studies |publisher=Routledge |location=New York, London |pages=1654–1655 |chapter=Emilio Salgari (1862–1911) |isbn=9781135455309 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d9NcAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA1654}}</ref><br />
<br />
Two tigers are depicted as [[supporter]]s in the [[coat of arms of Malaysia]] and the [[Flag and coat of arms of Johor|coat of arms of Johor]]. The [[coat of arms of Singapore]] features both a lion, being the namesake of the city-state, and a Malayan tiger, as a symbol of its cultural and historical ties to the Malay Peninsula. The tiger appears in various [[heraldry]] of Malaysian public institutions such as the [[Royal Malaysia Police]] and [[Football Association of Malaysia]]. The tiger symbolises bravery and strength among Malaysians. It is also the nickname for the [[Malaysia national football team]]. The tiger has been given various nicknames by Malaysians, notably "''Pak Belang''," which literally means "Uncle Stripes." ''Pak Belang'' features prominently in folklore as one of the adversaries of [[Kancil Story|Sang Kancil]] (the [[Chevrotain|mouse deer]]).{{cn|date=November 2021}}<br />
Within the [[private sector]] of the region, the tiger is also depicted within the iconic emblems of [[Maybank]], [[Proton Holdings|Proton]] and [[Tiger Beer]].{{cn|date=November 2021}}<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
{{see also/tigers}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist|30em}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
{{Wikispecies|Panthera tigris jacksoni}}<br />
{{Commons category|Panthera tigris jacksoni}}<br />
*{{cite web |title=Tiger Malayan tiger (''P. t. jacksoni'') |website=IUCN/SSC Cat Specialist Group |url=http://www.catsg.org/index.php?id=572}}<br />
*{{cite web |title=Tiger Projects Malaysia |website=21st Century Tiger (Archive) |url=http://www.21stcenturytiger.org/tiger-conservation/tiger-projects-malaysia/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150608212923/http://www.21stcenturytiger.org/tiger-conservation/tiger-projects-malaysia/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=2015-06-08 }}<br />
*{{cite web |title=Malayan tiger |website=WWF |date=2010 |url=http://www.panda.org/what_we_do/endangered_species/tigers/about_tigers/malayan_tiger/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100216152257/http://www.panda.org/what_we_do/endangered_species/tigers/about_tigers/malayan_tiger/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=2010-02-16 }}<br />
*{{cite news |title=Malaysian Indochinese tiger at Kuala Lumpur Zoo|url=http://www.ibtimes.com/woman-wrestles-tiger-stick-bloodied-selfie-goes-viral-2669244}}<br />
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{{Malaysia topics}}<br />
{{Taxonbar|from=Q215836}}<br />
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Tiger, Malayan}}<br />
[[Category:Mammals of Thailand]]<br />
[[Category:Carnivorans of Malaysia]]<br />
[[Category:Peninsular Malaysia]]<br />
[[Category:National symbols of Malaysia]]<br />
[[Category:Critically endangered fauna of Asia]]<br />
[[Category:Mammals described in 2004]]<br />
[[Category:Mammals of Malaysia]]<br />
[[Category:Tigers|Malayan tiger]]</div>Drlesmgoldenhttps://mywikibiz.com/index.php?title=Malayan_tiger&diff=480437Malayan tiger2021-12-30T18:23:28Z<p>Drlesmgolden: Created page with "The '''Malayan tiger''' is a tiger from a specific population of the ''Panthera tigris tigris'' subspecies that is native to Peninsular Malaysia.<ref name=catsg>{{..."</p>
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<div>The '''Malayan tiger''' is a [[tiger]] from a specific population of the ''[[Panthera tigris tigris]]'' subspecies that is native to [[Peninsular Malaysia]].<ref name=catsg>{{cite journal |author1=Kitchener, A. C. |author2=Breitenmoser-Würsten, C. |author3=Eizirik, E. |author4=Gentry, A. |author5=Werdelin, L. |author6=Wilting, A. |author7=Yamaguchi, N. |author8=Abramov, A. V. |author9=Christiansen, P. |author10=Driscoll, C. |author11=Duckworth, J. W. |author12=Johnson, W. |author13=Luo, S.-J. |author14=Meijaard, E. |author15=O’Donoghue, P. |author16=Sanderson, J. |author17=Seymour, K. |author18=Bruford, M. |author19=Groves, C. |author20=Hoffmann, M. |author21=Nowell, K. |author22=Timmons, Z. |author23=Tobe, S. |year=2017 |title=A revised taxonomy of the Felidae: The final report of the Cat Classification Task Force of the IUCN Cat Specialist Group |journal=Cat News |volume=Special Issue 11 |pages=66–68 |url=https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/32616/A_revised_Felidae_Taxonomy_CatNews.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y}}</ref> This population inhabits the southern and central parts of the [[Malay Peninsula]] and has been classified as [[critically endangered]] on the [[IUCN Red List]] since 2015. {{As of|2014|April}}, the population was estimated at 80 to 120 mature individuals with a continuous declining trend.<ref name=iucn>{{cite iucn |author=Kawanishi, K. |date=2015 |title=''Panthera tigris'' subsp. ''jacksoni'' |page=e.T136893A50665029}}</ref><br />
<br />
In the [[Malay language]], the tiger is called ''harimau'', also abbreviated to ''rimau''.<ref>{{cite book |last=Wilkinson |first=R. J. |year=1901 |title=A Malay-English dictionary |publisher=Kelly & Walsh Limited |location=Hongkong, Shanghai and Yokohama |url=https://archive.org/stream/aeg2034.0001.001.umich.edu#page/352/mode/2up}}</ref> It is also known as the southern Indochinese tiger, to distinguish it from tiger populations in northern parts of [[Mainland Southeast Asia|Indochina]], which are genetically different to this population.<ref name=Luo04>{{cite journal |author=Luo, S.-J. |author2=Kim, J.-H. |author3=Johnson, W. E. |author4=van der Walt, J. |author5=Martenson, J. |author6=Yuhki, N. |author7=Miquelle, D. G. |author8=Uphyrkina, O. |author9=Goodrich, J. M. |author10=Quigley, H. B. |author11=Tilson, R. |author12=Brady, G. |author13=Martelli, P. |author14=Subramaniam, V. |author15=McDougal, C. |author16=Hean, S. |author17=Huang, S.-Q. |author18=Pan, W. |author19=Karanth, U. K. |author20=Sunquist, M. |author21=Smith, J. L. D. |author22=O'Brien, S. J. |year=2004 |title=Phylogeography and genetic ancestry of tigers (''Panthera tigris'') |journal=PLOS Biology |volume=2 |issue=12 |pages=e442 |pmid=15583716 |pmc=534810 |doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.0020442 |url=http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.0020442}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Taxonomy ==<br />
''Felis tigris'' was the [[scientific name]] used by [[Carl Linnaeus]] in 1758 for the tiger.<ref>{{cite book |author=Linnaeus, C. |year=1758 |title=Caroli Linnæi Systema naturæ per regna tria naturæ, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I |edition=decima, reformata |location=Holmiae |publisher=Laurentius Salvius |chapter=''Felis tigris'' |page=41 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/mobot31753000798865#page/41/mode/2up}}</ref><br />
''Panthera tigris corbetti'' was proposed by [[Vratislav Mazák]] in 1968 for the tiger subspecies in Southeast Asia.<ref name=Mazak1968>{{cite journal |last1=Mazák |first1=V. |year=1968 |title=Nouvelle sous-espèce de tigre provenant de l'Asie du sud-est |journal=Mammalia |volume=32 |issue=1 |pages=104−112 |doi=10.1515/mamm.1968.32.1.104|s2cid=84054536 }}</ref><ref name=Khan1986>{{cite journal |last=Khan |first=M.K.M. |year=1986 |title=Tigers in Malaysia |journal=The Journal of Wildlife and Parks |volume=V |pages=1–23}}</ref> ''Panthera tigris jacksoni'' was proposed in 2004 as a subspecies as a genetic analysis indicated differences in [[Mitochondrial DNA|mtDNA]] and [[Nucleic acid sequence|micro-satellite sequences]] to ''P. t. corbetti''.<ref name=Luo04/> Since revision of felid [[Taxonomy (biology)|taxonomy]] in 2017, the Malayan tiger is recognised as a ''P. t. tigris'' population.<ref name="catsg" /> However, a genetic study published in 2018 supported six [[Monophyly|monophyletic]] [[clade]]s based on [[Whole genome sequencing|whole-genome sequencing]] analysis of 32 specimens. The Malayan tiger appeared to be distinct from other mainland Asian tiger specimens, thus supporting the concept of six subspecies.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Liu |first1=Y.-C. |first2=X. |last2=Sun |first3=C. |last3=Driscoll |first4=D. G. |last4=Miquelle |first5=X. |last5=Xu |first6=P. |last6=Martelli |first7=O. |last7=Uphyrkina |first8=J. L. D. |last8=Smith |first9=S. J. |last9=O’Brien |first10=S.-J. |last10=Luo |title=Genome-wide evolutionary analysis of natural history and adaptation in the world's tigers |journal=Current Biology |volume=28 |issue=23 |year=2018 |pages=3840–3849 |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2018.09.019 |pmid=30482605|doi-access=free }}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Naming ===<br />
When the tiger population of the Malay Peninsula was accepted as a distinct subspecies in 2004, the chairman of the ''Malaysian Association of Zoos, Parks and Aquaria'' argued that the new subspecies should be named ''Panthera tigris malayensis'' to reflect the geographical region of its range.<ref>{{cite news |last=Peng |first=L. Y. |title=Research team: Malayan tiger a new subspecies |newspaper=The Star Online |location=Malacca |date=2004 |access-date=2019-08-10 |url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2004/11/04/research-team-malayan-tiger-a-new-subspecies#SM2vgF1vy1Amjzrm.99}}</ref> As a compromise, it received the vernacular name "Malayan tiger", and the scientific name ''jacksoni'', which honours the tiger conservationist [[Peter Jackson (conservationist)|Peter Jackson]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=O’Brien |first1=S. J. |last2=Luo |first2=S.-J. |last3=Kim |first3=J.-H. |last4=Johnson |first4=W. E. |year=2005 |title=Molecular Genetic Analysis Reveals Six Living Subspecies of Tiger ''Panthera tigris'' |publisher=Cat News |volume=42 |pages=6−8}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |author=McMullin, A. |year=2005 |url=http://www.iucn.org/news_homepage/news_by_date/?3487/IUCN-Tiger-Specialist-Peter-Jackson-Earns-His-Stripes |title=IUCN tiger specialist Peter Jackson earns his stripes |publisher=[[International Union for Conservation of Nature]], Gland}}</ref> Nevertheless, ''P. t. malayensis'' was used by other authors.<ref name="Schirmer2012">{{cite book |last=Schirmer |first=E. M. |title=When There were Tigers in Singapore: A family saga of the Japanese occupation |date=2012 |publisher=[[Marshall Cavendish International Asia Pte Ltd]] |chapter=4: When There Were Tigers In Singapore |page=50 |isbn=978-9-8144-0884-4 |location=Singapore |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lfuIAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA50}}</ref><ref name="Ashraf_al2017">{{cite book |date=2017 |editor1-last=Ashraf |editor1-first=M. A. |editor2-last=Othman |editor2-first=R. |editor3-last=Ishak |editor3-first=C. F. |title=Soils of Malaysia |publisher=[[CRC Press]] |chapter=1: Climate, Ecosystem, Flora, and Fauna |last1=Jaafar |first1=H. Z. E. |last2=Ashraf |first2=M. A. |name-list-style=amp |isbn=978-1-3519-9857-4 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FuM2DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT258}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Characteristics ==<br />
[[File:Malay tiger.jpg|thumb|Close up of a tiger's head]]<br />
There is no clear difference between the Malayan and the [[Indochinese tiger]]s, when specimens from the two regions are compared cranially or in pelage. No [[Type (biology)|type specimen]] was designated.<ref name=mazak06>{{cite journal|last1=Mazák |first1=J. H. |last2=Groves |first2=C. P. |year=2006 |title=A taxonomic revision of the tigers (Panthera tigris) |url=http://arts.anu.edu.au/grovco/tiger%20SEAsia%20Mazak.pdf |journal=Mammalian Biology |volume=71 |issue=5 |pages=268–287 |doi=10.1016/j.mambio.2006.02.007 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130313144127/http://arts.anu.edu.au/grovco/tiger%20SEAsia%20Mazak.pdf |archive-date=2013-03-13 }}</ref> Malayan tigers appear to be smaller than [[Bengal tiger]]s. From measurements of 11 males and 8 females, the average length of a male is {{convert|8|ft|6|in|cm|abbr=on}}, and of a female {{convert|7|ft|10|in|cm|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite book |author=Locke, A. |year=1956 |title=The tigers of Terengganu |publisher=Museum Press Ltd. |location=London}}</ref><br />
Body length of 16 female tigers in the [[Terengganu|State of Terengganu]] ranged from {{convert|70|to|103|in|cm|abbr=on}} and averaged {{convert|80.1|in|cm|abbr=on}}. Their height ranged from {{convert|23|to|41|in|cm|abbr=on}}, and their body weight from {{convert|52|to|195|lb|kg|abbr=on}}. Data from 21 males showed that total length ranged from {{convert|75|to|112|in|cm|abbr=on}}, with an average of {{convert|94.2|in|cm|abbr=on}}. Their height ranged from {{convert|24|to|45|in|cm|abbr=on}}, and their body weight from {{convert|104|to|284.7|lb|kg|abbr=on}}.<ref name="Khan1986" /><br />
<br />
== Distribution and habitat ==<br />
The geographic division between Malayan and Indochinese tigers is unclear as tiger populations in northern Malaysia are contiguous with those in southern [[Thailand]].<ref name=iucn/><br />
<br />
Tigers abounded on [[Singapore Island]] in the 1830s when it was still a dense jungle and were also seen crossing the [[Strait of Johor]]. The first fatal attack of a tiger on a human was reported in 1831. [[Tiger hunting]] became a sport in those years.<ref>{{cite book |editor1=Makepeace, W. |editor2=Brooke, G. |editor3=Braddell, R. |name-list-style=amp |title=One hundred years of Singapore |date=1921 |publisher=John Murray |place=London |volume=II |isbn=9789354033353 |author=Owen, G. P. |chapter=A Century of Sport: The Tigers of Singapore |pages=368–374 |chapter-url=https://ia902803.us.archive.org/12/items/onehundredyearso02braduoft/onehundredyearso02braduoft.pdf#page=466}}</ref> The expansion of plantations on Singapore Island led to more encounters between humans and tigers; daily tiger attacks were reported in the late 1840s. Local authorities organized tiger [[Bounty (reward)|bounties]], and the tiger population in Singapore decreased significantly.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Buckley |first1=C. |title=An anecdotal history of old times in Singapore, from the foundation of the settlement under the honourable the East India company, on Feb. 6th, 1819, to the transfer to the colonial office as part of the colonial possessions of the crown on April 1st, 1867 |volume=II |date=1902 |publisher=Fraser & Neave |location=Singapore |chapter=Section 2 |pages=407–622}}</ref> Tigers were [[Local extinction|extirpated]] on Singapore Island by the 1950s, and the last one was shot in 1932.<ref name=Khan1986/><br />
<br />
In Malaysia, tiger signs were reported in early-succession vegetation fields between 1991 and 2003, agricultural areas outside forests in [[Kelantan]], [[Terengganu]], [[Pahang]], and [[Johor]], and many [[Riparian zone|riparian habitats]] outside forests in Pahang, [[Perak]], Kelantan, Terengganu, and Johor. Most of the major rivers that drain into the [[South China Sea]] had some evidence of tigers, whereas those draining into the [[Strait of Malacca]] in the west did not.<ref name=Kawanishi03/> The total potential tiger habitat was {{cvt|66211|km2}}, which comprised {{cvt|37674|km2}} of confirmed tiger habitat, {{cvt|11655|km2}} of expected tiger habitat and {{cvt|16882|km2}} of possible tiger habitat. All the protected areas greater than {{cvt|402|km2}} in size had tigers.<ref name="Kawanishi03">{{cite journal |last1=Kawanishi |first1=K. |last2=Yatim |first2=S. H. |last3=Abu Hashim |first3=A. K. |last4=Topani |first4=R. |name-list-style=amp |year=2003 |title=Distribution and potential population size of the tiger in Peninsular Malaysia |journal=Journal of Wildlife Parks (Malaysia) |volume=21 |pages=29–50 |url=http://www.nfwf.org/AM/Template.cfm?Section=Home&TEMPLATE=/CM/ContentDisplay.cfm&CONTENTID=8055 |archive-date=2012-04-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120406225521/http://www.nfwf.org/AM/Template.cfm?Section=Home&TEMPLATE=%2FCM%2FContentDisplay.cfm&CONTENTID=8055}}</ref><br />
<br />
In September 2014, two conservation organisations announced that camera trap surveys in seven sites in three separate habitats from 2010 to 2013 had produced an estimate of the surviving population of 250–340 individuals, with a few additional isolated small pockets probable. The decline meant that the population might have to be moved to the "Critically Endangered" category in the IUCN Red List.<ref>{{cite news |last=Hance |first=J. |year=2014 |url=http://news.mongabay.com/2014/0916-hance-malayan-tiger-drop.html |title=Malayan tiger population plunges to just 250-340 individuals |publisher=[[Mongabay]]}}</ref> As of 2019, poaching and depletion of prey has caused the tiger population in [[Belum-Temengor]] Forest Reserve to decline about 60% over a period of 7–8 years, from approximately 60 to 23.<ref name="FMT 07-2019" /><ref name="TSO 07-2019" /><ref name="NST 08-2019" /><br />
<br />
== Ecology and behaviour ==<br />
Malayan tigers prey on [[sambar deer]], [[Muntjac|barking deer]], [[wild boar]], [[Bornean bearded pig]]s and [[serow]]. Malayan tigers also prey on [[sun bear]]s,<ref name="KawanishiSunquist2004">{{cite journal |author1=Kawanishi, K. |author2=Sunquist, M. E. |date=2004 |title=Conservation status of tigers in a primary rainforest of Peninsular Malaysia |journal=Biological Conservation |volume=120 |issue=3 |pages=329–344 |doi=10.1016/j.biocon.2004.03.005}}</ref> young [[elephant]]s and [[rhinoceros]] calves. Whether their principal prey includes adult [[gaur]] and [[tapir]] is unknown. Occasionally, livestock is also taken; however, tiger predation reduces the numbers of wild boar which can become a serious pest in plantations and other croplands. Studies indicate that in areas where large predators (tigers and leopards) are extinct, wild pigs are over 10 times more numerous than in areas where tigers and leopards are still present.<ref>{{cite journal |first=D. L. |last=Yong |author2=Lee, P. Y.-H. |author3=Ang, A. |author4= Tan, K. H. |year=2010 |title=The status on Singapore island of the Eurasian wild pig ''Sus scrofa'' (Mammalia: Suidae) |journal=Nature in Singapore |volume=3 |pages=227–237 |url=http://rmbr.nus.edu.sg/nis/bulletin2010/2010nis227-237.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Ickes, K. |author2=Paciorek, C. J. |author3=Thomas. S. C. |year=2005 |title=Impacts of nest construction by native pigs (''Sus scrofa'') on lowland Malaysian rain forest saplings |journal=Ecology |volume=86 |issue=6 |pages=1540–1547 |url=http://www.forestry.toronto.edu/thomas/Ickes.et.al.Ecology.2005.pdf |jstor=3450779 |doi=10.1890/04-0867 |access-date=2010-10-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720060105/http://www.forestry.toronto.edu/thomas/Ickes.et.al.Ecology.2005.pdf |archive-date=2011-07-20 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |first=K. |last=Ickes |year=2001 |title=Hyper-abundance of native wild pigs (''Sus scrofa'') in a lowland dipterocarp rain forest of Peninsular Malaysia |journal=Biotropica |volume=33 |pages=682–690 |jstor=3593170 |issue=4 |doi=10.1646/0006-3606(2001)033[0682:haonwp]2.0.co;2}}</ref><br />
<br />
Tigers occur at very low densities of 1.1–1.98 tigers per {{cvt|100|km²}} in the rainforest as a result of low prey densities, thus to maintain viable tiger populations of minimum of 6 breeding females, reserves need to be larger than {{cvt|1000|km²}}. Information on dietary preference, morphological measurements, demographic parameters, social structure, communication, home range sizes, dispersal capabilities are all lacking.{{citation needed|date=January 2012}}<br />
<br />
== Threats ==<br />
[[Habitat fragmentation]] because of development projects and agriculture is a serious threat.<ref name=Kawanishi03/> Between 1988 and 2012, an area of about {{convert|13500|sqkm|abbr=on}} natural forest was lost in Peninsular Malaysia. Nearly {{convert|64800|sqkm|abbr=on}} was converted to large-scale industrial plantations, primarily for [[palm oil]] production. An area of around {{convert|8300|sqkm|abbr=on}} constituted prime tiger habitat.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Shevade, V.S. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Potapov, P.V. |author3=Harris, N.L. |author4=Loboda, T.V. |year=2017 |title=Expansion of industrial plantations continues to threaten Malayan tiger habitat |journal=Remote Sensing |volume=9 |issue=7 |pages=747 |doi=10.3390/rs9070747 |doi-access=free }}</ref><br />
<br />
Commercial [[poaching]] occurs at varying levels in all tiger range states. In Malaysia there is a substantial domestic market in recent years for tiger meat and manufactured tiger bone medicines.<ref name=Nowell07>{{cite book |last=Nowell |first=K. |year=2007 |url=http://www.felidae.org/KNOWELLPUBL/abc_report.pdf |title=Asian big cat conservation and trade control in selected range States: evaluating implementation and effectiveness of CITES Recommendations |publisher=[[Traffic (conservation programme)|Traffic International]] |location=[[Cambridge]], UK}}</ref> Between 2001 and 2012, body parts from at least 100 tigers were confiscated in Malaysia. In 2008, police found 19 frozen tiger cubs in a zoo. In 2012, skins and bones of 22 tigers were seized.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Shepherd, C. R. S. |author2=Khan, S. |author3=Krishnasamy, K. |year=2013 |title=Largest Tiger seizure ever in Malaysia |journal=Cat News |issue=59 |page=11}}</ref> The demand for tiger body parts used in [[Chinese traditional medicine]] apparently also attracts poachers from Vietnam, Thailand and Cambodia. Between 2014 and 2019, anti-poaching units removed around 1,400 [[Trapping#Snares|snares]] from protected areas.<ref name="FMT 07-2019">{{cite news |work=[[Bernama]] |title=Poachers, limited prey push Malayan tiger to brink of extinction |publisher=[[Free Malaysia Today]] |location=[[Kuala Lumpur]] |url=https://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/nation/2019/07/30/poachers-limited-prey-push-malayan-tiger-to-brink-of-extinction/ |date=2019 |access-date=2019-08-10}}</ref><ref name="TSO 07-2019">{{cite news |last=Yahaya |first=A. M. |title=Poachers and limited prey driving Malayan Tiger to extinction |newspaper=[[The Star Online]] |location=[[Kuala Lumpur]] |url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2019/07/30/poachers-and-limited-prey-driving-malayan-tiger-to-extinction |date=2019-07-30 |access-date=2019-08-10}}</ref><ref name="NST 08-2019">{{cite news |last=Arif |first=Z. M. |title=Malayan tiger teetering on the brink of extinction; 23 left in Belum-Temenggor Forest Reserve |newspaper=[[New Straits Times]] |location=[[Gerik]] |url=https://www.nst.com.my/news/nation/2019/08/509651/malayan-tiger-teetering-brink-extinction-23-left-belum-temenggor-forest |date=2019-08-03 |access-date=2019-08-10}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Conservation ==<br />
[[File:MalayanTiger.jpg|thumb|A tiger at the [[National Zoo of Malaysia]]]]<br />
Tigers are included on [[CITES|CITES Appendix I]], banning international trade. All tiger range states and countries with consumer markets have banned domestic trade as well.<ref name=Nowell07/> The Malaysian Conservation Alliance for Tigers ([[MYCAT]]) is "an alliance of non-governmental organisations comprising the [[Malaysian Nature Society]] (MNS), [[Traffic (conservation programme)|Traffic Southeast Asia]], [[Wildlife Conservation Society|Wildlife Conservation Society-Malaysia Programme]] and [[World Wide Fund for Nature|WWF-Malaysia]]."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www2.nst.com.my/streets/central/take-action-with-maybank-wild-tiger-run-1.360128|title=Take action with Maybank Wild Tiger Run|last=Shahar|first=F. M.|work=[[New Straits Times]]|date=2013|access-date=2014-09-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141025085303/http://www2.nst.com.my/streets/central/take-action-with-maybank-wild-tiger-run-1.360128|archive-date=2014-10-25|url-status=dead}}</ref> It also includes the [[Department of Wildlife and National Parks]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www2.nst.com.my/streets/central/tigers-our-heritage-1.385035|title=Tigers, our heritage|last=Sundararaj|first=A.|work=[[New Straits Times]]|date=2013|access-date=2014-09-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141025083302/http://www2.nst.com.my/streets/central/tigers-our-heritage-1.385035|archive-date=2014-10-25|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2007, they implemented a hotline to report tiger-related crimes, such as poaching.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thestar.com.my/story/?file=%2f2007%2f12%2f22%2fnation%2f19837070&sec=nation|title=Tiger hotline gets good response from public|author=<!-- Staff -->|work=[[The Star (Malaysia)|The Star]]|date=2007|access-date=2014-09-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170730025048/http://www.thestar.com.my/story/?file=%2f2007%2f12%2f22%2fnation%2f19837070&sec=nation|archive-date=2017-07-30|url-status=dead}}</ref> In order to deter poaching, they organize "Cat Walks", a citizen patrol in danger zones.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thestar.com.my/story/?file=%2F2013%2F1%2F22%2Flifefocus%2F12492812&|title=Nature lovers trail after poachers in bid to deter illegal hunting|last=Heing|first=N.|work=[[The Star (Malaysia)|The Star]]|date=2013|access-date=2014-09-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160315030430/http://www.thestar.com.my/story/?file=%2F2013%2F1%2F22%2Flifefocus%2F12492812&|archive-date=2016-03-15|url-status=dead}}</ref> MYCAT has a goal of increasing the tiger population.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thestar.com.my/News/Nation/2014/09/15/Malayan-tiger-critically-endangered/|title=Malayan tiger now critically endangered, numbering as few as 250|last=Lee|first=P. |work=[[The Star (Malaysia)|The Star]] |date=2014 |access-date=2014-09-18}}</ref><br />
<br />
In November 2021, the [[Cabinet of Malaysia]] announced the initiation of nine [[Conservation biology|conservation]] strategies (through 2030) to ensure the survival of the Malayan tiger; the strategies include enforcement of [[patrol]]s, preservation and conservation of the Malayan tiger's natural [[habitat]]; establishment of a National Task Force for its conservation under the [[Department of Wildlife and National Parks Peninsular Malaysia]]’s Tiger Conservation Unit; the wildlife crime bureau under the [[Royal Malaysia Police]] and the National Wildlife [[Forensic science|Forensics]] Laboratory were emboldened for its [[ex situ conservation]], and provisions for a Malayan tiger habitat [[accreditation]] schemes enabled. The government also cooperates with [[zoo]]s and [[University|universities]] in other countries to further research into [[inbreeding]], and establishes a Malayan Tiger conservation centre to temporarily accommodate tigers before releasing them into the wild. The [[Moratorium (law)|moratorium]] ban on [[deer hunting]] was extended further.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=Govt going all out to prevent extinction of Malayan Tiger, Dewan Rakyat told|url=https://www.thesundaily.my/local/govt-going-all-out-to-prevent-extinction-of-malayan-tiger-dewan-rakyat-told-FA8552788|access-date=2021-11-11|website=www.thesundaily.my|language=en-MY}}</ref> <br />
<br />
=== In captivity ===<br />
[[File:ZOO Ústí n L - výběhy šelem 07.jpg|thumb|Tiger in the [[Ústí nad Labem Zoo]], [[Ústí nad Labem]] in [[Czech Republic]]]]<br />
The [[Cincinnati Zoo and Botanical Garden|Cincinnati Zoo]] was the first zoo in North America to begin a captive breeding program for Malayan tigers with the importation of a male and three females from Asia between 1990 and 1992. There are also a few Malayan tigers in [[Johor Zoo]], [[National Zoo of Malaysia|Zoo Negara]] in Kuala Lumpur, and [[Taiping Zoo]]. As of 2011 there were 54 of this subspecies in North American zoos, located in 25 institutions and are descended from only 11 founders. Therefore, the plan of retaining a target of 90% genetic diversity over the next century is not possible unless other founders are added.{{citation needed|date=August 2019}}<br />
<br />
On December 29, 2021, Eko, a young critically-endangered Malayan tiger in the Naples Zoo, which can live up to 20 years in their native habitat, and which was transferred in December, 2019, from the Seattle Zoo, was shot to death by a policeman after dragging a third-party-vendor cleaning man in his 20s, authorized only to clean rest rooms and gift shops, who had improperly entered the tiger’s enclosure to either feed or pet the tiger.<ref>https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/us/tiger-shot-dead-after-grabbing-man-s-arm-dragging-it-zoo-says/ar-AASgMQY?ocid=msedgdhp&pc=U531<br />
</ref><br />
<br />
== Cultural references ==<br />
The Malayan tiger is the national animal of Malaysia.<ref name="DiPiazza2006">{{cite book |author=DiPiazza, F. |title=Malaysia in Pictures |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o1Yhov_ejW0C&pg=PA14 |year=2006 |publisher=Twenty-First Century Books |isbn=978-0-8225-2674-2}}</ref><br />
In [[Emilio Salgari]]'s cycle of novels on the 19th century fictional pirate [[Sandokan]], the protagonist is known as "The Tiger of Malaysia".<ref>{{cite book |author=Adami, S. |date=2006 |editor=Marrone, G. |editor2=Puppa, P. |title=Encyclopedia of Italian Literary Studies |publisher=Routledge |location=New York, London |pages=1654–1655 |chapter=Emilio Salgari (1862–1911) |isbn=9781135455309 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d9NcAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA1654}}</ref><br />
<br />
Two tigers are depicted as [[supporter]]s in the [[coat of arms of Malaysia]] and the [[Flag and coat of arms of Johor|coat of arms of Johor]]. The [[coat of arms of Singapore]] features both a lion, being the namesake of the city-state, and a Malayan tiger, as a symbol of its cultural and historical ties to the Malay Peninsula. The tiger appears in various [[heraldry]] of Malaysian public institutions such as the [[Royal Malaysia Police]] and [[Football Association of Malaysia]]. The tiger symbolises bravery and strength among Malaysians. It is also the nickname for the [[Malaysia national football team]]. The tiger has been given various nicknames by Malaysians, notably "''Pak Belang''," which literally means "Uncle Stripes." ''Pak Belang'' features prominently in folklore as one of the adversaries of [[Kancil Story|Sang Kancil]] (the [[Chevrotain|mouse deer]]).{{cn|date=November 2021}}<br />
Within the [[private sector]] of the region, the tiger is also depicted within the iconic emblems of [[Maybank]], [[Proton Holdings|Proton]] and [[Tiger Beer]].{{cn|date=November 2021}}<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
{{see also/tigers}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist|30em}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
{{Wikispecies|Panthera tigris jacksoni}}<br />
{{Commons category|Panthera tigris jacksoni}}<br />
*{{cite web |title=Tiger Malayan tiger (''P. t. jacksoni'') |website=IUCN/SSC Cat Specialist Group |url=http://www.catsg.org/index.php?id=572}}<br />
*{{cite web |title=Tiger Projects Malaysia |website=21st Century Tiger (Archive) |url=http://www.21stcenturytiger.org/tiger-conservation/tiger-projects-malaysia/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150608212923/http://www.21stcenturytiger.org/tiger-conservation/tiger-projects-malaysia/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=2015-06-08 }}<br />
*{{cite web |title=Malayan tiger |website=WWF |date=2010 |url=http://www.panda.org/what_we_do/endangered_species/tigers/about_tigers/malayan_tiger/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100216152257/http://www.panda.org/what_we_do/endangered_species/tigers/about_tigers/malayan_tiger/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=2010-02-16 }}<br />
*{{cite news |title=Malaysian Indochinese tiger at Kuala Lumpur Zoo|url=http://www.ibtimes.com/woman-wrestles-tiger-stick-bloodied-selfie-goes-viral-2669244}}<br />
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{{Malaysia topics}}<br />
{{Taxonbar|from=Q215836}}<br />
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Tiger, Malayan}}<br />
[[Category:Mammals of Thailand]]<br />
[[Category:Carnivorans of Malaysia]]<br />
[[Category:Peninsular Malaysia]]<br />
[[Category:National symbols of Malaysia]]<br />
[[Category:Critically endangered fauna of Asia]]<br />
[[Category:Mammals described in 2004]]<br />
[[Category:Mammals of Malaysia]]<br />
[[Category:Tigers|Malayan tiger]]</div>Drlesmgoldenhttps://mywikibiz.com/index.php?title=Artificial_turf&diff=480418Artificial turf2021-12-19T19:55:34Z<p>Drlesmgolden: create</p>
<hr />
<div>'''Artificial turf''' is a surface of [[synthetic fiber]]s made to look like natural [[grass]]. It is most often used in arenas for sports that were originally or are normally played on grass. It is now being used on residential lawns and commercial applications. The main reason is maintenance{{snd}}artificial turf stands up to heavy use, such as in sports, and requires no [[irrigation]] or trimming, unless the turf is of the hybrid type, combining the plastics with natural grass, with the notable exception of irrigating to reduce the high temperatures the turf reaches in summer days. Domed, covered, and partially covered stadiums may require artificial turf because of the difficulty of getting grass enough sunlight to stay healthy. <br />
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Artificial turf has many downsides: high cost, limited life, periodic cleaning requirements, petroleum use, toxic and carcinogenic chemicals in the infill material, high temperatures attained, contribution to global warming, inability to recycle, and heightened health and safety concerns.<br />
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Artificial turf first gained substantial attention in 1966, when it was installed in the year-old [[Astrodome]]. The specific product used was "ChemGrass", developed by [[Monsanto]] and rebranded as [[AstroTurf]]; this term since then became a [[generic trademark]] for any artificial turf throughout the late 20th century. AstroTurf remains a registered trademark but is no longer owned by Monsanto.<br />
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The first generation turf systems (i.e., short-pile fibers without infill) of the 1960s have been largely replaced by the second generation and third generation turf systems. Second-generation synthetic turf systems feature longer fibers and sand infills, and third-generation systems, which are most widely used today, offer infills that are mixtures of sand and granules of [[recycled rubber]], or "rubber crumb".<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
David Chaney, who moved to [[Raleigh, North Carolina]], in 1960 and later served as Dean of the [[North Carolina State University]] College of Textiles, headed the team of [[Research Triangle Park]] researchers who created the first notable artificial turf. That accomplishment led ''[[Sports Illustrated]]'' to declare Chaney as the man "responsible for indoor major league baseball and millions of welcome mats."<br />
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Artificial turf was first installed in 1964 on a recreation area at the [[Moses Brown School]] in [[Providence, Rhode Island|Providence]], [[Rhode Island]].<ref name=Brady>Dave Brady, "It's All So Artificial: The Uncommon Ground", ''Petersen's 12th Pro Football Annual, 1972.'' Los Angeles: Petersen Publishing Co., 1972; pp. 62–65.</ref> The material came to public prominence in 1966, when [[AstroTurf]] was installed in the [[Astrodome]] in [[Houston]], [[Texas]].<ref name=Brady /> The state-of-the-art indoor stadium had attempted to use natural grass during its initial season in [[1965 Houston Astros season|1965]], but this failed miserably and the field conditions were grossly inadequate during the second half of the season, with the dead grass painted green. Due to a limited supply of the new artificial grass, only the infield was installed before the [[Houston Astros]]' home opener in April [[1966 Houston Astros season|1966]]; the outfield was installed in early summer during an extended Astros road trip and first used after the [[1966 Major League Baseball All-Star Game|All-Star]] Break in July.<br />
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The use of AstroTurf and similar surfaces became widespread in the U.S. and Canada in the early 1970s, installed in both indoor and outdoor stadiums used for [[baseball]] and [[American football|football]]. More than 11,000 artificial turf playing fields have been installed nationally.<ref name=Weeks/> More than 1,200 were installed in the U.S. in 2013 alone, according to the industry group the Synthetic Turf Council.<ref name=Weeks/><br />
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==Sports applications==<br />
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===Baseball===<br />
[[File:Tropicana field.jpg|thumb|right|[[Tropicana Field]] is installed with an artificial turf field.]]<br />
[[File:Sunset HS artificial-turf baseball field - Beaverton, Oregon (2016).jpg|thumb|right|An artificial-turf field at a high school in [[Oregon]]]]<br />
Artificial turf was first used in [[Major League Baseball]] in the Houston [[Astrodome]] in 1966, replacing the grass field used when the stadium opened a year earlier. Even though the grass was specifically bred for indoor use, the dome's semi-transparent [[Lucite]] ceiling panels, which had been painted white to cut down on glare that bothered the players, did not pass enough sunlight to support the grass. For most of the [[1965 Houston Astros season|1965 season]], the [[Houston Astros|Astros]] played on green-painted dirt and dead grass.<br />
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The solution was to install a new type of artificial grass on the field, ChemGrass, which became known as AstroTurf. Because the supply of AstroTurf was still low, only a limited amount was available for the first home game. There was not enough for the entire outfield, but there was enough to cover the traditional grass portion of the infield. The outfield remained painted dirt until after the [[1966 Major League Baseball All-Star Game|All-Star Break]]. The team was sent on an extended road trip before the break, and on July 19, 1966, the installation of the outfield portion of AstroTurf was completed.<br />
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The [[Chicago White Sox]] became the first team to install artificial turf in an outdoor stadium, as they used it only in the infield and adjacent foul territory at [[Comiskey Park]] from 1969 through 1975.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1969/04/16/page/77/article/sox-home-opener-today-horlen-to-start|title=Chicago Tribune - Historical Newspapers|website=Archives.chicagotribune.com|access-date=1 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161105133126/http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1969/04/16/page/77/article/sox-home-opener-today-horlen-to-start/|archive-date=5 November 2016|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Artificial turf was later installed in other new [[multi-purpose stadium]]s such as [[Pittsburgh]]'s [[Three Rivers Stadium]], [[Philadelphia]]'s [[Veterans Stadium]], and [[Cincinnati]]'s [[Riverfront Stadium]]. Early AstroTurf baseball fields used the traditional all-dirt path, but in the early 1970s, teams began using the "base cutout" layout on the diamond, with the only dirt being on the pitcher's mound, batter's circle, and in a five-sided "sliding box" around each base. With this layout, a painted arc would indicate where the edge of the outfield grass would normally be, to assist fielders in positioning themselves properly. The last stadium in MLB to use this configuration was Rogers Centre in Toronto, when they switched to an all-dirt infield (but keeping the artificial turf) for the 2016 season.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://m.mlb.com/news/article/164164706/blue-jays-adding-dirt-infield-at-rogers-centre/ |title=Blue Jays adding dirt infield at Rogers Centre |date=10 February 2016 |website=MLB.com |access-date=1 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107023132/http://m.mlb.com/news/article/164164706/blue-jays-adding-dirt-infield-at-rogers-centre/ |archive-date=7 November 2017 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thestar.com/sports/bluejays/2016/02/11/blue-jays-begin-work-on-all-dirt-infield-at-rogers-centre.html|title = Blue Jays begin work on all-dirt infield at Rogers Centre|website = [[Toronto Star]]|date = February 11, 2016}}</ref><br />
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[[File:Joe Austin Park Qns 35 - Resurfacing.jpg|thumb|right|Artificial turf being installed on a baseball field in [[Queens|Queens, New York City]].]]<br />
The biggest difference in play on artificial turf was that the ball bounced higher than on real grass and also traveled faster, causing infielders to play farther back than they would normally so that they would have sufficient time to react. The ball also had a truer bounce than on grass so that on long throws fielders could deliberately bounce the ball in front of the player they were throwing to, with the certainty that it would travel in a straight line and not be deflected to the right or left. However, the biggest impact on the game of "turf", as it came to be called, was on the bodies of the players. The artificial surface, which was generally placed over a concrete base, had much less give to it than a traditional dirt and grass field did, which caused more wear-and-tear on knees, ankles, feet, and the lower back, possibly even shortening the careers of those players who played a significant portion of their games on artificial surfaces. Players also complained that the turf was much hotter than grass, sometimes causing the metal spikes to burn their feet or plastic ones to melt. These factors eventually provoked a number of stadiums, such as the [[Kansas City Royals]]' [[Kauffman Stadium]], to switch from artificial turf back to natural grass.<br />
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In 2000, St. Petersburg's [[Tropicana Field]] became the first MLB field to use a third-generation artificial surface, [[FieldTurf]]. All other remaining artificial turf stadiums were either converted to third-generation surfaces or were replaced entirely by new natural grass stadiums. In a span of 13 years, between 1992 and 2005, the [[National League]] went from having half of its teams using artificial turf to all of them playing on natural grass. With the replacement of Minneapolis's [[Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome]] by [[Target Field]] in 2010, only two MLB stadiums used artificial turf from 2010 through 2018: Tropicana Field and Toronto's [[Rogers Centre]]. This number grew to three when the Arizona Diamondbacks switched [[Chase Field]] to artificial turf for the 2019 season; the stadium had grass from its opening in 1998 until 2018, but the difficulty of maintaining the grass in the stadium, which has a retractable roof and is located in a desert city, was cited as the reason for the switch.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.azcentral.com/story/sports/mlb/diamondbacks/2018/10/12/arizona-diamondbacks-installing-synthetic-grass-chase-field-2019/1614391002/ |title=Arizona Diamondbacks installing synthetic grass at Chase Field |date=October 12, 2018 |website=azcentral.com |access-date=October 13, 2018}}</ref> In 2020, Miami's [[Marlins Park]] also switched to artificial turf for similar reasons, while the Texas Rangers' new [[Globe Life Field]] was opened with an artificial surface, as it too is a retractable roof ballpark in a hot weather city; this puts the number of teams using synthetic turf in MLB at five as of 2021.<br />
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===American football===<br />
The first professional American football team to play on artificial turf was the [[History of the Houston Oilers|Houston Oilers]], then part of the [[American Football League]], who moved into the [[Astrodome]] in 1968, which had installed AstroTurf two years prior. In 1969, the [[Penn Quakers football|University of Pennsylvania]]'s [[Franklin Field]] in Philadelphia, at the time also home field of the [[Philadelphia Eagles]], switched from grass to AstroTurf, making it the first [[National Football League]] stadium to use artificial turf.<br />
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In 2002, [[CenturyLink Field]], originally planned to have a natural grass field, was instead surfaced with FieldTurf upon positive reaction from the [[Seattle Seahawks]] when they played on the surface at their temporary home of [[Husky Stadium]] during the 2000 and 2001 seasons. This would be the first of a leaguewide trend taking place over the next several seasons that would not only result in teams already using artificial surfaces for their fields switching to the new FieldTurf or other similar surfaces but would also see several teams playing on grass adopt a new surface. (The [[Indianapolis Colts]]' [[RCA Dome]] and the [[Los Angeles Rams|St. Louis Rams]]' [[The Dome at America's Center|Edward Jones Dome]] were the last two stadiums in the NFL to replace their first-generation AstroTurf surfaces for next-generation ones after the [[2004 NFL season|2004 season]]). For example, after a three-year experiment with a natural surface, [[Giants Stadium]] went to FieldTurf for 2003, while [[M&T Bank Stadium]] added its own artificial surface the same year (it has since been removed and replaced with a natural surface, which the stadium had before installing the turf). Later examples include [[Paul Brown Stadium]], which went from grass to turf in 2004; [[Gillette Stadium]], which made the switch in 2006;<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.usatoday.com/sports/football/nfl/patriots/2006-11-14-testaverde-turf_x.htm|title=Pats sign Testaverde; Gillette Stadium's grass field replaced with Field Turf|date=14 November 2006|access-date=1 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120419100741/http://www.usatoday.com/sports/football/nfl/patriots/2006-11-14-testaverde-turf_x.htm|archive-date=19 April 2012|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> and [[NRG Stadium]], which did so in 2015. As of 2021, 14 NFL fields out of 30 are artificial.<br />
NFL players overwhelmingly prefer natural grass over synthetic surfaces, according to a league survey conducted in 2010. When asked, "Which surface do you think is more likely to shorten your career?", 90% responded artificial turf.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.turfgrasssod.org/files/file/51cac15a-90c9-4c9f-be03-6d398c916a05 |title=Archived copy |access-date=15 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150111184506/http://www.turfgrasssod.org/files/file/51cac15a-90c9-4c9f-be03-6d398c916a05 |archive-date=11 January 2015 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref><br />
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[[Arena football]] is played indoors on the older short-pile artificial turf.<br />
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===Canadian football===<br />
The first professional [[Canadian football]] stadium to use artificial turf was [[Empire Stadium (Vancouver)|Empire Stadium]] in [[Vancouver|Vancouver, British Columbia]], then home of the [[Canadian Football League|CFL]]'s [[BC Lions]], which installed 3M TartanTurf in 1970. Today, eight of the nine stadiums in the Canadian Football League currently use artificial turf, largely because of the harsh weather conditions in the latter-half of the season. The only one that does not is [[BMO Field]] in Toronto, which initially had an artificial pitch and has been shared by the CFL's Toronto Argonauts since 2016 (however, part of the endzones at that stadium are covered with artificial turf).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cbc.ca/sports/soccer/bmo-field-tfc-argonauts-1.3522032|title=BMO Field: New renovations accommodate TFC, Argos - CBC Sports|website=Cbc.ca|access-date=1 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170131015552/http://www.cbc.ca/sports/soccer/bmo-field-tfc-argonauts-1.3522032|archive-date=31 January 2017|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The first stadium to use the next-generation surface was Ottawa's Frank Clair Stadium (now [[TD Place Stadium]]), which the [[Ottawa Renegades]] used when they began play in [[2002 CFL season|2002]]. The last stadium to replace their first-generation artificial surface for a newer one was the [[Saskatchewan Roughriders]]' [[Mosaic Stadium at Taylor Field|Taylor Field]], which replaced it in 2007; Taylor Field was the only major professional sports venue in North America to use a second-generation artificial playing surface, OmniTurf, which was used from 1988 to 1999.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.riderville.com/2002/06/12/history/ |title=History |publisher=Saskatchewan Roughriders |date=June 12, 2002 |access-date=May 9, 2019 |quote=In 1988, the Roughriders replaced the first artificial turf with a new type of system called OmniTurf. Unlike AstroTurf, OmniTurf was an inlay turf system, which relied on 300 tons of sand to hold it in place (rather than the traditional glued-down system). Over the years, a number of problems occurred with this system and it eventually became necessary to replace it prior to its usable age being reached.}}</ref><br />
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===Cricket===<br />
Some [[cricket pitch]]es are made of synthetic grass<ref>{{Cite web|last=June 2015|first=Friday 12|title=Artificial (pitch) intelligence - all you need to know|url=https://www.cricketworld.com/artificial-pitch-intelligence-all-you-need-to-know/41473.htm|access-date=2020-11-27|website=Cricket World}}</ref> or of a hybrid of mostly natural and some artificial grass, with these "hybrid pitches" having been implemented across several parts of the [[United Kingdom]]<ref>{{Cite web|last=Nolan|first=Grace|date=2019-04-04|title=SIS Pitches uses hybrid grass technology to transform cricket|url=https://www.britishplastics.co.uk/api/content/6b0fdbea-56af-11e9-9dff-12f1225286c6/|access-date=2020-11-27|website=British Plastics and Rubber|language=en-gb}}</ref> and Australia.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Stitched pitch – SACA adds hybrid wickets|url=http://www.saca.com.au/news/hybrid-pitch-install-park-25/2019-08-19|access-date=2020-11-27|website=Cricket SA|language=en}}</ref> The first synthetic turf cricket field in the USA was opened in [[Fremont, California]] in 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-08-11|title=Fremont: First official, fully lighted cricket field opens Aug. 21|url=https://www.mercurynews.com/2016/08/11/fremont-first-official-fully-lighted-cricket-field-opens-aug-21/|access-date=2020-11-27|website=The Mercury News|language=en-US}}</ref><br />
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===Field hockey===<br />
{{Further|Field hockey history#The synthetic revolution}}<br />
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The introduction of synthetic surfaces has significantly changed the sport of [[field hockey]]. Since being introduced in the 1970s, competitions in western countries are now mostly played on artificial surfaces. This has increased the speed of the game considerably and changed the shape of hockey sticks to allow for different techniques, such as reverse stick trapping and hitting.<br />
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Field hockey artificial turf differs from artificial turf for other sports, in that it does not try to reproduce a grass "feel", being made of shorter fibers. This shorter fiber structure allows the improvement in speed brought by earlier artificial turfs to be retained. This development in the game, however, is problematic for many local communities who often cannot afford to build two artificial fields: one for field hockey and one for other sports. The [[International Hockey Federation]] and manufacturers are driving research in order to produce new fields that will be suitable for a variety of sports.<br />
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The use of artificial turf in conjunction with changes in the game's rules (e.g., the removal of offside, introduction of rolling substitutes and the self-pass, and to the interpretation of obstruction) have contributed significantly to change the nature of the game, greatly increasing the speed and intensity of play as well as placing far greater demands on the conditioning of the players.<br />
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===Association football===<br />
[[File:Aspmyra stadion.jpg|thumb|right|[[Aspmyra]], Norway: home of the [[association football|football]] club [[FK Bodø/Glimt]]]]<br />
Some [[association football]] clubs in Europe installed synthetic surfaces in the 1980s, which were called "plastic pitches" (often derisively) in countries such as England. There, four professional club venues had adopted them; [[Queens Park Rangers F.C.|QPR's]] [[Loftus Road]] (1981-1988), [[Luton Town F.C.|Luton Town's]] [[Kenilworth Road]] (1985-1991), [[Oldham Athletic A.F.C.|Oldham Athletic's]] [[Boundary Park]] (1986-1991) and [[Preston North End F.C.|Preston North End's]] [[Deepdale]] (1986-1994). QPR had been the first team to install an artificial pitch at their stadium in 1981, but were the first to remove it when they did so in 1988. Artificial pitches were banned from top-flight (then First Division) football in 1991, forcing Oldham Athletic to remove their artificial pitch after their promotion to the First Division in 1991, while relegated Luton Town also removed their artificial pitch at the same time. The last [[Football League]] team to have an artificial pitch in England was Preston North End, who removed their pitch in 1994 after eight years in use.<br />
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Artificial turf gained a bad reputation on both sides of the Atlantic with fans and especially with players. The first-generation artificial turf surfaces were carpet-like in their look and feel, and thusly, a far harder surface than grass and soon became known as an unforgiving playing surface that was prone to cause more [[injury|injuries]], and in particular, more serious joint injuries, than would comparatively be suffered on a grass surface. This turf was also regarded as aesthetically unappealing to many fans.<br />
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<blockquote>In 1981, London football club [[Queens Park Rangers F.C.|Queens Park Rangers]] dug up its grass pitch and installed an artificial one. Others followed, and by the mid-1980s there were four artificial surfaces in operation in the English league. They soon became a national joke: the ball pinged round like it was made of rubber, the players kept losing their footing, and anyone who fell over risked carpet burns. Unsurprisingly, fans complained that the football was awful to watch and, one by one, the clubs returned to natural grass.<ref name=newscientist>{{cite journal | last=Lawton | first=Graham | title=Field battle over artificial grass | journal=New Scientist | issue=2502 | page=35 | date=4 June 2005 | url=https://www.newscientist.com/channel/mech-tech/mg18625021.300 | access-date=11 January 2008 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060217120227/http://www.newscientist.com/channel/mech-tech/mg18625021.300 | archive-date=17 February 2006 | url-status=live | df=dmy-all }}</ref></blockquote><br />
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In the 1990s, many North American soccer clubs also removed their artificial surfaces and re-installed grass, while others moved to new stadiums with state-of-the-art grass surfaces that were designed to withstand cold temperatures where the climate demanded it. The use of artificial turf was later banned by [[FIFA]], [[UEFA]] and by many domestic football associations, though, in recent years,{{when|date=December 2020}} both governing bodies have expressed resurrected interest in the use of artificial surfaces in competition, provided that they are FIFA Recommended. UEFA has now been heavily involved in programs to test artificial turf, with tests made in several grounds meeting with FIFA approval. A team of UEFA, FIFA and German company Polytan conducted tests in the Stadion Salzburg Wals-Siezenheim in Salzburg, Austria which had matches played on it in UEFA Euro 2008. It is the second FIFA 2 Star approved artificial turf in a European domestic top flight, after Dutch club [[Heracles Almelo]] received the FIFA certificate in August 2005.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070210221002/http://www.uefa.com/uefa/keytopics/kind%3D1048576/newsid%3D384286.html Salzburg turf approval]. UEFA.com (12 January 2006)</ref> The tests were approved.<ref>Mark Chaplin (10 November 2004) [https://web.archive.org/web/20070210221002/http://www.uefa.com/uefa/keytopics/kind%3D1048576/newsid%3D256667.html Approval for artificial fields]. UEFA.com</ref><br />
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FIFA originally launched its FIFA Quality Concept in February 2001. UEFA announced that starting from the 2005–06 season, approved artificial surfaces were to be permitted in their competitions.<br />
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A full international fixture for the [[UEFA Euro 2008 qualifying Group E|2008 European Championships]] was played on 17 October 2007 between [[England national football team|England]] and [[Russia national football team|Russia]] on an artificial surface, which was installed to counteract adverse weather conditions, at the [[Luzhniki Stadium]] in Moscow.<ref>{{cite news | title=England to play on synthetic turf | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/internationals/6292200.stm | work=BBC News | date=11 July 2007 | access-date=11 January 2008 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071008203351/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/internationals/6292200.stm | archive-date=8 October 2007 | url-status=live | df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite news| title=Field 'No Excuse' For England| url=http://www.sportinglife.com/football/international/england/news/story_get.cgi?STORY_NAME=soccer/07/10/10/SOCCER_England_Pitch.html| work=Sporting Life UK| access-date=11 January 2008| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605001522/http://www.sportinglife.com/football/international/england/news/story_get.cgi?STORY_NAME=soccer%2F07%2F10%2F10%2FSOCCER_England_Pitch.html| archive-date=5 June 2011| url-status=live| df=dmy-all}}</ref> It was one of the first full international games to be played on such a surface approved by both FIFA and UEFA. However, UEFA ordered that the [[2007–08 UEFA Champions League|2008 European Champions League]] final hosted in the same stadium in May 2008 must take place on grass, so a temporary natural grass field was installed just for the final.<br />
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UEFA stressed that artificial turf should only be considered an option where climatic conditions necessitate.<ref>{{cite news | author=Martyn Ziegler | title=England could slip up on plastic field, warns Ferguson | url=http://sport.independent.co.uk/football/internationals/article3043695.ece | work=The Independent | date=10 October 2007 | access-date=11 January 2008 | location=London | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080112050947/http://sport.independent.co.uk/football/internationals/article3043695.ece | archive-date=12 January 2008 | url-status=dead | df=dmy-all }}</ref> One Desso "[[hybrid grass]]" product incorporates both natural grass and artificial elements.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dessosports.com/hybrid-grass |title=Desso GrassMaster hybrid grass > reinforced natural grass &#124; Desso Sports Systems |publisher=Dessosports.com |access-date=24 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151210154517/http://www.dessosports.com/hybrid-grass |archive-date=10 December 2015 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref><br />
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In June 2009, following a match played at [[Estadio Ricardo Saprissa]] in Costa Rica, [[United States men's national soccer team|American national team]] manager [[Bob Bradley]] called on FIFA to "have some courage" and ban artificial surfaces.{{citation needed|date=June 2015}}<br />
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FIFA designated a star system for artificial turf fields that have undergone a series of tests that examine quality and performance based on a two star system.<ref>{{cite web|title=FIFA Quality Concept – Handbook of Test Methods for Football Turf|publisher=FIFA|access-date=20 July 2017|url=https://www.fifa.com/mm/document/afdeveloping/pitch&equipment/68/52/24/fqctestmethodmanual(may2009).pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180403132527/http://www.fifa.com/mm/document/afdeveloping/pitch%26equipment/68/52/24/fqctestmethodmanual%28may2009%29.pdf|archive-date=3 April 2018|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Recommended two-star fields may be used for FIFA Final Round Competitions as well as for [[UEFA Europa League]] and [[UEFA Champions League|Champions League]] matches.<ref>{{cite web|title=Football Turf |url=https://www.fifa.com/aboutfifa/developing/pitchequipment/footballturf/recommendedinstallations.html |work=Fifa.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080228035516/http://www.fifa.com/aboutfifa/developing/pitchequipment/footballturf/recommendedinstallations.html |archive-date=28 February 2008 }}</ref> There are currently 130 FIFA Recommended 2-Star installations in the world.<ref>{{cite web|title=Football Fields |url=https://www.fifa.com/aboutfifa/developing/pitchequipment/footballturf/recommendedinstallations.html |work=Fifa.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080228035516/http://www.fifa.com/aboutfifa/developing/pitchequipment/footballturf/recommendedinstallations.html |archive-date=28 February 2008 }}</ref><br />
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In 2009, FIFA launched the Preferred Producer Initiative to improve the quality of artificial football turf at each stage of the life cycle (manufacturing, installation and maintenance).<ref>[https://www.fifa.com/aboutfifa/footballdevelopment/pitchequipment/footballfields/preferredproducers/list.html] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111204043106/http://www.fifa.com/aboutfifa/footballdevelopment/pitchequipment/footballfields/preferredproducers/list.html|date=4 December 2011}}</ref> Currently, there are five manufacturers that were selected by FIFA: Act Global, Limonta, Desso, GreenFields, and Edel Grass. These firms have made quality guarantees directly to FIFA and have agreed to increased research and development.<br />
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In 2010, [[Estadio Omnilife]] with an artificial turf opened in [[Guadalajara, Mexico|Guadalajara]] to be the new home of [[Chivas de Guadalajara|Chivas]], one of the most popular teams in Mexico. The owner of Chivas, [[Jorge Vergara]], defended the reasoning behind using artificial turf because the stadium was designed to be "environment friendly and as such, having grass would result [in] using too much water."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.obrasweb.mx/construccion/2012/05/17/chivas-cambiara-el-pasto-sintetico-que-costo-1-mdd|title=Chivas quitará el pasto sintético que costó 1 mdd - construccion|website=Obrasweb.mx|access-date=1 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180801221323/http://obrasweb.mx/construccion/2012/05/17/chivas-cambiara-el-pasto-sintetico-que-costo-1-mdd|archive-date=1 August 2018|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> However, players harshly criticized the field, saying it caused many injuries as a result of the harder surface. When [[Johan Cruyff]] became the adviser of the team, he recommended the switch to natural grass, which the team did in 2012.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mediotiempo.com/futbol/mexico/noticias/2012/07/19/el-estadio-omnilife-listo-con-pasto-natural|title=El Estadio Omnilife, listo con pasto natural|website=Mediotiempo.com|access-date=1 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180708191912/http://www.mediotiempo.com/futbol/mexico/noticias/2012/07/19/el-estadio-omnilife-listo-con-pasto-natural|archive-date=8 July 2018|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref><br />
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In November 2011, it was reported that a number of English football clubs were interested in using artificial pitches again on economic grounds.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/15722636.stm | work=BBC News | title=Clubs want artificial turf return | date=18 November 2011}}</ref> As of January 2020, artificial pitches are not permitted in the [[Premier League]] or [[Football League]] but are permitted in the [[National League (division)|National League]] and lower divisions. [[Bromley F.C.|Bromley]] are an example of an English football club who currently use a third-generation artificial pitch.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.footballgroundguide.com/news/artificial-3g-pitches-rise-up-the-football-league-pyramid.html|title=Artificial 3G Pitches: Coming to a ground near you?|access-date=30 October 2016|publisher=Football Ground Guide|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161031085223/http://www.footballgroundguide.com/news/artificial-3g-pitches-rise-up-the-football-league-pyramid.html|archive-date=31 October 2016|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> In 2018, Sutton United were close to achieving promotion to the Football League and the debate in England about artificial pitches resurfaced again. It was reported that, if Sutton won promotion, they would subsequently be demoted two leagues if they refused to replace their pitch with natural grass.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/football-league/artificial-pitches-english-football-league-sutton-united-maidstone-united-3g-a8233561.html|title=Plastic liberals vs conservative stick-in-the-muds: The debate around artificial pitches which isn't going away|date=28 February 2018|access-date=25 January 2020|newspaper=The Independent}}</ref> With Harrogate Town's promotion to the Football League in 2020, the club will now have to install a natural grass pitch at [[Wetherby Road]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/53541549|title=National League promotion final: Harrogate Town beat Notts County 3-1 to secure place in League 2|date=2 August 2020|access-date=2 August 2020|website=BBC Sport}}</ref> Artificial pitches are permitted in all rounds of the [[FA Cup]] competition.<br />
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The first stadium to use artificial turf in Brazil was [[Atlético Paranaense]]'s [[Arena da Baixada]] in 2016. In 2020, the administration of [[Allianz Parque]], home of [[Sociedade Esportiva Palmeiras]], started the implementation of the second artificial pitch in the country.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-01/14/c_138703767.htm|title=Palmeiras begin installing synthetic pitch at Allianz Parque - Xinhua {{!}} English.news.cn|website=www.xinhuanet.com|access-date=2020-01-25}}</ref><br />
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====2015 Women's World Cup====<br />
The [[2015 FIFA Women's World Cup|Women's World Cup]] took place entirely on artificial surfaces, as the event was played in Canada, where almost all of the country's stadiums use artificial turf due to climate issues. This plan garnered criticism from players and fans, some believing the artificial surfaces make players more susceptible to injuries. Over fifty of the female athletes protested against the use of artificial turf on the basis of [[Sexism|gender discrimination]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.foxsports.com/soccer/story/uswnt-stars-not-backing-down-on-stance-artificial-playing-surface-2015-womens-world-cup-091014|title=USWNT stars not backing down on artificial playing surface stance|author=Fox Sports|work=FOX Sports|access-date=9 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141020174608/http://www.foxsports.com/soccer/story/uswnt-stars-not-backing-down-on-stance-artificial-playing-surface-2015-womens-world-cup-091014|archive-date=20 October 2014|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://espn.go.com/espnw/news-commentary/article/11593274/elite-female-players-sue-fifa-canada-soccer-association-turf-use-women-world-cup|title=elite female players sue|work=espnW|date=26 September 2014|access-date=9 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141003141251/http://espn.go.com/espnw/news-commentary/article/11593274/elite-female-players-sue-fifa-canada-soccer-association-turf-use-women-world-cup|archive-date=3 October 2014|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref><br />
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However [[Australia women's national soccer team|Australia]] winger [[Caitlin Foord]] said that after playing 90 minutes there was no difference to her post-match recovery – a view shared by the rest of the squad. The squad spent much time preparing on the surface and had no problems with its use in Winnipeg. "We've been training on [artificial] turf pretty much all year so I think we're kind of used to it in that way ... I think grass or turf you can still pull up sore after a game so it's definitely about getting the recovery in and getting it right", Foord said.<ref>{{cite news |author=Dominic Bossi |url=http://www.smh.com.au/sport/soccer/matildas-stay-out-of-turf-war-at-womens-world-cup-20150610-ghkmbi |title=Matildas stay out of turf war at women's World Cup |newspaper=The Sydney Morning Herald|date=10 June 2015 |access-date=24 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160109114213/http://www.smh.com.au/sport/soccer/matildas-stay-out-of-turf-war-at-womens-world-cup-20150610-ghkmbi |archive-date=9 January 2016 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref><br />
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The 2012 Women's World Player of the Year, [[Abby Wambach]], noted "The men would strike, playing on artificial turf."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.coworker.org/petitions/fifa-the-world-cup-should-be-played-on-natural-grass|title=FIFA: The World Cup Should Be Played on Natural Grass|website=Coworker.org|access-date=9 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141016125531/https://www.coworker.org/petitions/fifa-the-world-cup-should-be-played-on-natural-grass|archive-date=16 October 2014|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref><br />
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The controversial issue of gender equality and an equal playing field for all has sparked debate in many countries around the world.{{citation needed|date=August 2015}} A lawsuit was filed on 1 October 2014 in an Ontario tribunal court by a group of women's international soccer players against FIFA and the Canadian Soccer Association and specifically points out that in 1994 FIFA spent $2 million to plant natural grass over artificial turf in [[Giants Stadium|New Jersey]] and [[Silverdome|Detroit]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://womens.soccerly.com/2014/10/01/players-officially-file-lawsuit-against-fifa-csa-over-artificial-turf-at-2015-womens-world-cup/|title=Equalizer Soccer – Players officially file lawsuit against FIFA, CSA over artificial turf at 2015 Women's World Cup|website=Womens.soccerly.com|access-date=9 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141005054909/http://womens.soccerly.com/2014/10/01/players-officially-file-lawsuit-against-fifa-csa-over-artificial-turf-at-2015-womens-world-cup|archive-date=5 October 2014|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref><br />
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Various celebrities showed their support for the women soccer players in defense of their lawsuit, including actor [[Tom Hanks]], NBA player [[Kobe Bryant]] and [[United States men's national soccer team|U.S. men's soccer team]] keeper [[Tim Howard]]. Even with the possibility of boycotts, [[FIFA]]'s head of women's competitions, Tatjana Haenni, made it clear that "we play on artificial turf and there's no Plan B."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://globalnews.ca/news/1593031/players-file-lawsuit-in-canada-over-artificial-womens-world-cup-turf/|title=Players file lawsuit in Canada over artificial Women's World Cup turf|date=1 October 2014|work=Global News|access-date=9 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141008140210/http://globalnews.ca/news/1593031/players-file-lawsuit-in-canada-over-artificial-womens-world-cup-turf/|archive-date=8 October 2014|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://globalnews.ca/news/1603131/fifa-officials-to-inspect-bc-place-turf-in-light-of-controversy/|title=FIFA officials to inspect BC Place turf in light of controversy|date=7 October 2014|work=Global News|access-date=9 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141008020435/http://globalnews.ca/news/1603131/fifa-officials-to-inspect-bc-place-turf-in-light-of-controversy/|archive-date=8 October 2014|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref><br />
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===Rugby Union===<br />
Rugby union also uses artificial surfaces at a professional level. Infill fields are used by English [[Premiership Rugby]] teams [[Gloucester Rugby|Gloucester]], [[Newcastle Falcons]], [[Saracens F.C.]] and [[Worcester Warriors]], as well as [[United Rugby Championship]] teams [[Cardiff Rugby|Cardiff]] and [[Glasgow Warriors]]. Some fields, including [[Twickenham Stadium]], have incorporated a hybrid field, with grass and synthetic fibers used on the surface. This allows for the field to be much more hard wearing, making it less susceptible to weather conditions and frequent use.<br />
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===Tennis===<br />
{{Main article|Tennis court}}<br />
<br />
Carpet has been used as a surface for indoor tennis courts for decades, though the first carpets used were more similar to home carpets than a synthetic grass. After the introduction of [[AstroTurf]], it came to be used for tennis courts, both indoor and outdoor, though only a small minority of courts use the surface.<ref name=ITF>{{cite web|url=http://www.itftennis.com/technical/facilities/facilities-guide/surface-descriptions.aspx|title=ITF surface descriptions|website=Itftennis.com|access-date=1 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613062539/https://www.itftennis.com/technical/facilities/facilities-guide/surface-descriptions.aspx|archive-date=13 June 2018|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dow.com/artificialturfsolutions/other/tennis.htm |title=Tennis |website=Dow.com |date=3 August 2001 |access-date=24 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151215170849/http://www.dow.com/artificialturfsolutions/other/tennis.htm |archive-date=15 December 2015 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Both infill and non-infill versions are used, and are typically considered medium-fast to fast surfaces under the International Tennis Federation's classification scheme.<ref name=ITF/> A distinct form found in tennis is an "artificial clay" surface,<ref name=ITF/> which seeks to simulate a [[clay court]] by using a very short pile carpet with an infill of the same loose aggregate used for clay courts that rises above the carpet fibers.<ref name=ITF/><br />
<br />
[[Tennis court]]s such as [[The Championships, Wimbledon|Wimbledon]] are considering using an artificial hybrid grass to replace their natural lawn courts. Such systems incorporate synthetic fibers into natural grass to create a more durable surface on which to play.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.tennis365.com/grand-slam/wimbledon-artificial-grass-henman/|title=Wimbledon considering controversial plans to introduce artificial grass courts|work=Tennis365|access-date=2018-07-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180731124038/https://www.tennis365.com/grand-slam/wimbledon-artificial-grass-henman/|archive-date=31 July 2018|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Such hybrid surfaces are currently used for some association football stadiums, including [[Wembley Stadium]].<br />
<br />
===Golf===<br />
{{Unreferenced section|date=October 2021}}<br />
Synthetic turf can also be used in the golf industry, such as on driving ranges, putting greens and even in some circumstances tee boxes. For low budget courses, particularly those catering to casual golfers, synthetic putting greens offer the advantage of being a relatively cheap alternative to installing and maintaining grass greens, but are much more similar to real grass in appearance and feel compared to sand greens which are the traditional alternative surface. Because of the vast areas of golf courses and the damage from clubs during shots, it is not feasible to surface fairways with artificial turf.<br />
<br />
===Motor racing===<br />
Artificial grass is used to line the perimeter of some sections of some motor circuits, and offers less grip than some other surfaces.<ref>{{Cite news|url= https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/formula1/48593772 |title= Sebastian Vettel: F1's rules-for-everything culture led to Canada penalty, says GPDA boss |work= [[BBC Sport]] |last= Benson |first= Andrew |date=11 June 2019 |access-date= 11 April 2021}}</ref> It can pose an obstacle to drivers if it gets caught on their car.<ref>{{Cite news|url= https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/av/formula1/19941017 |title= Korean GP: Hamilton hampered by loose astroturf |work= [[BBC Sport]] |date= 12 October 2012 |access-date= 11 April 2021}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Other applications==<br />
<br />
===Landscaping===<br />
[[File:Artificial grass in the front yard.jpg|thumb|A home's yard with artificial grass.]]<br />
Since the early 1990s, the use of synthetic grass in the more arid western states of the United States has moved beyond athletic fields to residential and commercial landscaping.<ref>{{cite web|title=Pros and Cons: Artificial Grass Versus a Live Lawn|last=Hall|first=Janet|url=https://www.gardenista.com/posts/pros-and-cons-artificial-grass-versus-a-live-lawn-hardscaping-101/amp/|date=March 11, 2018|access-date=April 30, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180501092759/https://www.gardenista.com/posts/pros-and-cons-artificial-grass-versus-a-live-lawn-hardscaping-101/amp/|archive-date=1 May 2018|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> New water saving programs, as of 2019, which grant rebates for turf removal, do not accept artificial turf as replacement and require a minimum of plants.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://laist.com/2019/09/16/los_angeles_california_rip_out_your_lawn_rebates_cash_for_grass_mwd.php|title=You Can Rip Out Your SoCal Lawn For Money Again - Now Without Landscaping Abominations|publisher=LAist|first=Sharon|last=McNary|date=16 September 2019|access-date=29 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200413080348/https://laist.com/2019/09/16/los_angeles_california_rip_out_your_lawn_rebates_cash_for_grass_mwd.php|archive-date=13 April 2020|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://socalwatersmart.com/en/residential/rebates/available-rebates/turf-replacement-program/turf-replacement-terms-conditions/|publisher=SoCal Water$mart|title=Turf Replacement Program, Terms & Conditions|access-date=29 April 2020}}</ref><br />
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The use of artificial grass for convenience sometimes faces opposition: Legislation frequently seeks to preserve natural gardens and fully water permeable surfaces, therefore restricting the use of hardscape and plantless areas, including artificial turf. In several locations in different countries, homeowners have been fined or forced to remove artificial turf or had to defend themselves in courts. Many of these restrictions can be found in local bylaws and ordinances, and are not always applied in a consistent manner.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indaily.com.au/news/local/2019/09/12/council-bans-fake-grass-from-city-verges/|title=Council bans fake grass from city verges|work=INDaily Adelaide Independent News|first=Stefanie|last=Richards|date=12 September 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title='It breaks my heart to do it': Toronto homeowner ordered to remove fake grass|last=Yuen|first=Kelda|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/artificial-turf-homeowner-toronto-bylaw-fine-1.5228289|date=29 July 2019|access-date=29 April 2020|work=CBC News}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sltrib.com/news/2019/07/10/gehrke-salt-lake-city/|title=Gehrke: Salt Lake City should revisit its ban on artificial grass and give some leniency to property owners|first=Robert|last=Gehrke|work=The Salt Lake City Tribune|date=10 July 2019}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Airports===<br />
Artificial turf has been used at airports.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tc.faa.gov/its/worldpac/techrpt/ar06-23.pdf |title=Airside Applications for Artificial Turf |year=2006 |publisher=Federal Aviation Administration |access-date=9 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120414211618/http://www.tc.faa.gov/its/worldpac/techrpt/ar06-23.pdf |archive-date=14 April 2012 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Here it provides several advantages over natural turf – it does not support wildlife, it has high visual contrast with runways in all seasons, it reduces [[foreign object damage]] (FOD) since the surface has no rocks or clumps, and it drains well.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.aviationpros.com/aoa/article/12239032/airport-artificial-turf |title=Going Green – Artificial Turf for Tortoise Troubles and More}}</ref><br />
<br />
Some artificial turf systems allow for the integration of [[fiber-optic]] fibers into the turf. This would allow for runway lighting to be embedded in artificial landing surfaces for aircraft (or lighting or advertisements to be directly embedded in a playing surface).<ref>{{cite news | author=Monte Burke | title=Field of Screens | url=https://www.forbes.com/forbes/2006/1127/058_print.html | work=Forbes | date=27 November 2006 | access-date=11 January 2008 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071215074437/http://www.forbes.com/forbes/2006/1127/058_print.html | archive-date=15 December 2007 | url-status=live | df=dmy-all }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Environmental concerns==<br />
<br />
Both the rubber granules (often made from [[tyre recycling|recycled]] [[waste tires]]) and the [[synthetic fiber]]s of artificial turf are subject to wear and can be [[surface runoff|washed]] into the environment. Second only to ''[[tire wear|tire]] and [[road wear]] particles'' (TRWP) that make up a large portion of the fine [[road debris]], the rubber granulate from artificial turf infill constitutes a significant source of [[rubber pollution]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Kole|first1=Pieter Jan|last2=Löhr|first2=Ansje J.|last3=Van Belleghem|first3=Frank|last4=Ragas|first4=Ad|last5=Kole|first5=Pieter Jan|last6=Löhr|first6=Ansje J.|last7=Van Belleghem|first7=Frank G. A. J.|last8=Ragas|first8=Ad M. J.|date=2017-10-20|title=Wear and Tear of Tyres: A Stealthy Source of Microplastics in the Environment|journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health|language=en|volume=14|issue=10|pages=1265|doi=10.3390/ijerph14101265|df=dmy-all|pmc=5664766|pmid=29053641|doi-access=free}}</ref> Fragments from the artificial reeds make their way into the environment as [[Microplastics#Potential effects on the environment|microplastics]] [[plastic pollution|pollution]] in both [[marine pollution|marine]] as well as [[soil pollution|soil]] environments.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ivl.se/english/startpage/top-menu/pressroom/press-releases/press-releases---arkiv/2016-03-29-tire-wear-foremost-source-of-microplastics.html|title=Tire wear foremost source of microplastics|date=29 March 2016|publisher=IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute|quote=researchers have ranked the sources of microplastic particles by size. The amount of microplastic particles emitted by traffic is estimated to 13 500 tonnes per year. Artificial turf ranks as the second largest source of emissions and is responsible for approximately 2300-3900 tonnes per year.|access-date=19 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170419195015/http://www.ivl.se/english/startpage/top-menu/pressroom/press-releases/press-releases---arkiv/2016-03-29-tire-wear-foremost-source-of-microplastics.html|archive-date=19 April 2017|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kimointernational.org/news/microplastic-pollution-from-artificial-grass-a-field-guide/|date=27 February 2017|title=Microplastic Pollution from Artificial Grass – A Field Guide|publisher=KIMO|access-date=19 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170419193327/http://www.kimointernational.org/news/microplastic-pollution-from-artificial-grass-a-field-guide/|archive-date=19 April 2017|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|publisher=SELVA|title=Artificial Turf. Why it is not the answer|url=http://www.selvainternational.org/artificialturf.htm|access-date=19 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160803035027/http://selvainternational.org/artificialturf.htm|archive-date=3 August 2016|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Microplastics in agricultural soils: A reason to worry?|quote=Microplastics are increasingly seen as an environmental problem of global proportions. While the focus to date has been on microplastics in the ocean and their effects on marine life, microplastics in soils have largely been overlooked. Researchers are concerned about the lack of knowledge regarding potential consequences of microplastics in agricultural landscapes from application of sewage sludge.|url=http://www.niva.no/en/microplastics-in-agricultural-soils-a-reason-to-worry|publisher=Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA)|date=3 February 2017|access-date=19 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170419205543/http://www.niva.no/en/microplastics-in-agricultural-soils-a-reason-to-worry|archive-date=19 April 2017|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|journal=Environ Sci Technol|year=2014 |volume=48|issue=4|pages=2114–29|title=Environmental and health impacts of artificial turf: a review.|vauthors=Cheng H, Hu Y, Reinhard M |quote=The major concerns stem from the infill material that is typically derived from scrap tires. Tire rubber crumb contains a range of organic contaminants and heavy metals that can volatilize into the air and/or leach into the percolating rainwater, thereby posing a potential risk to the environment and human health. |pmid= 24467230|doi=10.1021/es4044193}}</ref><br />
<br />
Artificial turf has been shown to contribute to global warming<ref>Golden, Leslie M. (2021) "The Contribution of Artificial Turf to Global Warming," <i>Sustainability and Climate Change</i>, December,<b>14</b> (6) 436-449; http://doi.org/10.1089/scc.2021.0038</ref><br />
<br />
==Health and safety==<br />
===Chemical safety===<br />
{{Further|Artificial turf–cancer hypothesis}}<br />
The rubber crumb that makes up the infill of most artificial turf is derived from old tires. These crumbs are known to contain heavy metals, some cancer causing compounds, and many chemicals whose effects are unknown.<ref name="Perkins">{{cite journal <br />
|title=Evaluation of potential carcinogenicity of organic chemicals in synthetic turf crumb rubber<br />
|author=Perkins, Alaina N and Inayat-Hussain, Salmaan H and Deziel, Nicole C and Johnson, Caroline H and Ferguson, Stephen S and Garcia-Milian, Rolando and Thompson, David C and Vasiliou, Vasilis<br />
|journal=Environmental Research<br />
|volume=169<br />
|pages=163–172<br />
|year=2019<br />
|publisher=Elsevier<br />
|doi=10.1016/j.envres.2018.10.018<br />
|pmid=30458352<br />
|pmc=6396308<br />
|bibcode=2019ER....169..163P<br />
}}</ref><br />
What is not clear is how much gets ingested, by what route – abrasions, swallowing crumbs, or inhalation – and the health effect of this exposure. An epidemiological study was started in 2016 and is ongoing.<ref name="Perkins"/> While this data is being gathered, different groups have tried to estimate exposure and its effects. Although most of the debate has centered on whether these exposures cause cancer, there is growing evidence that exposure to these endocrine disrupting chemicals can affect early puberty, obesity, and children's attention spans<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Grun|first=F.|date=2009|title=Endocrine disruptors as obesogens|journal=Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology|volume=304|issue=1–2|pages=19–29|doi=10.1016/j.mce.2009.02.018|pmid=19433244|pmc=2713042}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Newbold|first=RR|title=Environmental estrogens and obesity|journal=Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology|year=2009|volume=304|issue=1–2|pages=84–89|doi=10.1016/j.mce.2009.02.024|pmid=19433252|pmc=2682588}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Colon|first=I|title=Identification of phthalate esters in the serum of young Puerto Rican girls with premature breast development|journal=Environmental Health Perspectives|year=2000|volume=108|issue=9|pages=895–900|doi=10.1289/ehp.108-2556932|pmid=11017896|pmc=2556932}}</ref><br />
<br />
Different experts have come to different conclusions. Some say we should take no chances and crumb infill should not be used: "Caution would argue against use of these materials where human exposure is likely, and this is especially true for playgrounds and athletic playing fields where young people may be affected.”<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Benoit G & Demars S|s2cid=103861679|date=2018|title=Evaluation of organic and inorganic compounds extractable by multiple methods from commercially available crumb rubber mulch.|journal=Water, Air, & Soil Pollution|volume=229|issue=3|pages=64|doi=10.1007/s11270-018-3711-7|bibcode=2018WASP..229...64B}}</ref> Others believe that since the overall cancer risk for adolescents is low, but the health problems from inactivity are high, that the health benefits of the additional sports that can be played on artificial fields outweighs the possible cancer risk. "Regular physical activity during adolescence and early adulthood helps prevent cancer later in life. Restricting the use or availability of all-weather year-round synthetic fields and thereby potentially reducing exercise could, in the long run, actually increase cancer incidence, as well as cardiovascular disease and other chronic illnesses."<ref>{{cite journal |title=Synthetic turf fields, crumb rubber, and alleged cancer risk<br />
|author=Bleyer, Archie<br />
|s2cid=46183771<br />
|journal=Sports Medicine<br />
|volume=47<br />
|issue=12<br />
|pages=2437–2441<br />
|year=2017<br />
|publisher=Springer|doi=10.1007/s40279-017-0735-x<br />
|pmid=28493060}}</ref><br />
<br />
However, the latter argument ignores the scientific studies of the impact of these chemicals on obesity and children's healthy emotional and cognitive development.<br />
<br />
For example, a study for the [[New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection]] analyzed lead and other metals in dust kicked into the air by physical activity on 5 artificial turf fields. The results suggest that even low levels of activity on the field can cause particulate matter containing these chemicals to get into the air where it can be inhaled and be harmful. The authors state that since no level of lead exposure is considered safe for children, “only a comprehensive mandated testing of fields can provide assurance that no health hazard on these fields exists from lead or other metals used in their construction and maintenance.”<ref>Shalat SL. An evaluation of potential exposures to lead and other metals as the result of aerosolized particulate matter from artificial turf playing fields. 2011. New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection. http://www.nj.gov/dep/dsr/publications/artificial-turf-report.pdf</ref><br />
<br />
A 2018 report by [[Yale University|Yale]] scientists analyzed the chemicals found in 6 samples of tire crumbs from different companies that install school athletic fields, and 9 different samples taken from 9 unopened bags of rubber mulch. The researchers detected 92 chemicals in the samples.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Benoit|first1=Gaboury|last2=Demars|first2=Sara|year=2018|title=Evaluation of Organic and Inorganic Compounds Extractable by Multiple Methods from Commercially Available Crumb Rubber Mulch|journal=Water, Air, & Soil Pollution|volume=229|issue=3|page=64|bibcode=2018WASP..229...64B|doi=10.1007/s11270-018-3711-7|s2cid=103861679}}</ref> Only about half have ever been studied for their health effects, so the risks of the other chemicals are unknown. Some of the chemicals that have been tested for health effects were not examined thoroughly. Of this chemicals that had been tested previously, 20% are considered to likely cause cancer, and 40% are irritants that can cause breathing problems such as asthma or can irritate skin and eyes. The researchers concluded that “people routinely ingest, inhale, handle, and have abrasions which contact ground tire material…Caution would argue against use of these materials where human exposure is likely, and this is especially true for playgrounds and athletic playing fields where young people may be affected.”<br />
<br />
===Injuries===<br />
A number of health and safety concerns have been raised about artificial turf.<ref name=Weeks>{{cite journal |last1=Weeks |first1=Jennifer |title=Turf Wars |journal=Distillations Magazine |date=2015 |volume=1 |issue=3 |pages=34–37 |url=https://www.sciencehistory.org/distillations/magazine/turf-wars |access-date=22 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180321192635/https://www.sciencehistory.org/distillations/magazine/turf-wars |archive-date=21 March 2018 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Friction between skin and older generations of artificial turf can cause abrasions and/or burns to a much greater extent than natural grass.<ref name=pennstate/> Artificial turf tends to retain heat from the sun and can be much hotter than natural grass with prolonged exposure to the sun.<ref>{{Cite journal | author=C. Frank Williams, Gilbert E. Pulley | title=Synthetic Surface Heat Studies | publisher=Brigham Young University | url=http://cahe.nmsu.edu/programs/turf/documents/brigham-young-study.pdf | year=2002 | access-date=19 February 2008 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080410113457/http://cahe.nmsu.edu/programs/turf/documents/brigham-young-study.pdf | archive-date=10 April 2008 | url-status=live | df=dmy-all }}</ref><br />
<br />
There is some evidence that periodic disinfection of artificial turf is required as pathogens are not broken down by natural processes in the same manner as natural grass. Despite this, a 2006 study suggests certain microbial life is less active in artificial turf.<ref name=pennstate>{{cite press release | title=New Penn State Study Debunks Staph Bacteria Scare In Synthetic Turf | url=http://aginfo.psu.edu/News/06August/Staph.htm | publisher=Penn State College of Agricultural Sciences | date=30 August 2006 | access-date=11 January 2008 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060830223317/http://aginfo.psu.edu/News/06August/Staph.htm | archive-date=30 August 2006 | url-status=live | df=dmy-all }}</ref><br />
<br />
There is evidence showing higher rates of player injury on artificial turf. By November 1971, the injury toll on first-generation artificial turf had reached a threshold that resulted in [[92nd United States Congress|congressional]] hearings by the [[United States House of Representatives|House]] subcommittee on commerce and finance.<ref name=mdsdh>{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=eu9LAAAAIBAJ&pg=7308%2C284121 |work=Spokane Daily Chronicle |location=(Washington) |agency=Associated Press |title=Senate (House) studies 'Mod Sod' |date=November 2, 1971 |page=16}}</ref><ref name=ftmdf>{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=29lVAAAAIBAJ&pg=5501%2C605975 |work=Eugene Register-Guard |location=(Oregon) |agency=Associated Press |title=Fake turf makers deny fault |date=November 3, 1971 |page=5D}}</ref><ref name=sltmsd>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.si.com/vault/1971/11/15/613905/new-slant-on-the-mod-sod |magazine=Sports Illustrated |title=New Slant on the Mod Sod |last=Underwood |first=John |date=November 15, 1971 |page=32}}</ref> In a study performed by the National Football League Injury and Safety Panel, published in the October 2012 issue of the ''[[American Journal of Sports Medicine]]'', Elliott B. Hershman et al. reviewed injury data from NFL games played between 2000 and 2009. "...the injury rate of knee [[sprain]]s as a whole was 22% higher on FieldTurf than on natural grass. While MCL sprains did not occur at a rate significantly higher than on grass, rates of ACL sprains were 67% higher on FieldTurf."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.drdavidgeier.com/ask-dr-geier-acl-tears-on-natural-grass-or-fieldturf/ |title=Ask Dr. Geier – Are ACL tears more common on grass or FieldTurf? &#124; Dr. David Geier – Sports Medicine Simplified |publisher=Dr. David Geier |date=18 January 2013 |access-date=24 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160109114213/http://www.drdavidgeier.com/ask-dr-geier-acl-tears-on-natural-grass-or-fieldturf/ |archive-date=9 January 2016 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref> [[Metatarsophalangeal joint]] sprain, known as "[[Metatarsophalangeal joint sprain|turf toe]]" when the big toe is involved, is named from the injury being associated with playing sports on rigid surfaces such as artificial turf and is a fairly common injury among professional American football players. Artificial turf is a harder surface than grass and does not have much "give" when forces are placed on it.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://orthoinfo.aaos.org/topic.cfm?topic=A00645 |title=Turf Toe-OrthoInfo – AAOS |publisher=Orthoinfo.aaos.org |date=1 August 2012 |access-date=24 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151209003402/http://orthoinfo.aaos.org/topic.cfm?topic=A00645 |archive-date=9 December 2015 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref><br />
<br />
===Materials used===<br />
Some artificial turf uses infill such as silicon sand and/or granulated [[rubber]], referred to as "[[crumb rubber]]". Some granulated rubber is made from [[Tire recycling|recycled car tires]] and may carry [[heavy metals]] which can leach into the water table. As early as 2007, a moratorium on the use of ground-up rubber tires in fields and playgrounds was recommended based on health concerns.<ref name=Brown>{{Cite journal | author=David R. Brown, Sc.D. | title=Artificial Turf | publisher=Environment & Human Health, Inc | year=2007 | url=http://www.ehhi.org/reports/turf/turf_report07.pdf | access-date=21 December 2007 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080410113457/http://www.ehhi.org/reports/turf/turf_report07.pdf | archive-date=10 April 2008 | url-status=live | df=dmy-all }}</ref><br />
As of 2013, the [[United States Environmental Protection Agency|EPA]] called for further studies to monitor the impact of particulate matter from fields and playgrounds that use artificial turf.<ref name=Weeks/><br />
<br />
[[Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances|PFAS chemicals]] have also been found in turf samples, possibly a residual from the extrusion process.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Lerner |first1=Sharon |title=Toxic PFAS Chemicals Found in Artificial Turf |url=https://theintercept.com/2019/10/08/pfas-chemicals-artificial-turf-soccer/ |access-date=4 January 2020 |work=The Intercept |date=8 October 2019}}</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[International Association for Sports Surface Sciences]]<br />
* [[Poly-Turf]]<br />
* [[List of college football stadiums with non-traditional field colors]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{CC-notice|bysa3|National Center for Health Research|otrs=1}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Artificial Turf}}<br />
[[Category:Artificial turf| ]]<br />
[[Category:Gardening aids]]<br />
[[Category:Plastics applications]]<br />
[[Category:Water conservation]]</div>Drlesmgoldenhttps://mywikibiz.com/index.php?title=Leslie_M_Golden&diff=480267Leslie M Golden2021-10-14T14:08:31Z<p>Drlesmgolden: Created page with "'''Leslie M. Golden''' is an American astronomer<ref>Nolan, Herb (1989), “An Astronomer Tackles the Music Software Marketplace,” ''Upbeat'', November, p. 45-46</ref><ref>(..."</p>
<hr />
<div>'''Leslie M. Golden''' is an American astronomer<ref>Nolan, Herb (1989), “An Astronomer Tackles the Music Software Marketplace,” ''Upbeat'', November, p. 45-46</ref><ref>(2005) Anderson, Holly, “Day shortened by quake, astronomer calculates,” http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1N1-110D9F0B0030ACF0.html, January 5</ref><ref>http://blog.chicagoweathercenter.com/2004/12/27/aftermath_of_the_earthquake_sh/</ref><br />
, professor, software developer, writer<ref>Nichols, Diane (2012) “Les Golden Receives Listing on Prestigious Authors Den Web Encyclopedia,” Chicago Tribune, May 18; http://www.triblocal.com/lombard/community/stories/2012/05/les-golden-receives-listing-on-prestigious-authors-den-web-encyclopedia/index.html</ref><ref> http://www.illinoisauthors.org/authors/Leslie_Morris_Golden</ref><br />
<ref>http://www.librarything.com/profile/Les_Golden</ref><br />
<ref> http://www.librarything.com/author/goldenlesliem</ref><ref>http://www.authorsden.com/lesgolden</ref><br />
, musician<ref>Trainor, Ken (1997), “Who is Les Golden?”, ''Wednesday Journal of Oak Park and River Forest'', April 2, p. 29-37</ref><br />
, actor<ref>(1994), A film career far (but not removed) from Tinseltown, ''Compuserve magazine'', August, p. 55</ref>, cartoonist<ref>https://www.lambiek.net/artists/g/golden_les.htm</ref>, <br />
animal welfare and environmental activist<ref>https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/05/07/les-golden-oak-park-dog-a_n_1497423.html</ref><ref> {{cite news | first = Brian | last = Haynes | title = Group hopes to save dog that killed 1-year-old | date = May 5, 2012 | url = http://www.lvrj.com/news/group-hopes-to-save-dog-that-killed-1-year-old-150272485.html | work = Las Vegas Review-Journal | accessdate = 2012-06-11}}</ref>, and political reformer<ref>Zorn, Eric. (1995) This candidate is a Cut the Taxes above the rest, ''Chicago Tribune'' (Metrowest), October 3, p. 1; http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1995-10-03/news/9510030038_1_wallace-gator-bradley-candidates-taxes</ref><ref> (1996) Hevrkejs, Judy and Conklin, Mike, “Cutting Les,” ''Chicago Tribune'', March 12, p. 2</ref><ref>(2002), “Mission: Fool voters” (editorial), ''Chicago Tribune'', January 18, p. 18</ref><ref>(2008) Sweeney, Chuck, Constitutional convention? Here's a pro-con, <i>Rockford Register Star</i>, June 18; http://www.rrstar.com/opinions/x1713643550/Constitutional-convention-Heres-a-pro-con</ref>. A graduate of Cornell University with the Ph.D in astronomy from the University of California, Berkeley, he lives in Oak Park, Illinois.<br />
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==References==<br />
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</div></div>Drlesmgolden